考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略
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2020年07月28日 17:41
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度日如年的意思-自便
4)t定语从句:that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句,其先行词是manner。
5)t拆分后句子的总结构是:
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
○1主句 ○2定语从句
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
○3方式状语
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
○4定语从句
二、t改变原文顺序,组合汉语译文
究竟如何改变原文顺序,完全要根据汉语习惯来安排,但是也是有一定的规律可以遵循的。比如说:
这样,上面的两个句子可以把句子重新组合成:
例1
1)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry主干,“社会科学是知识探索的一个分支”;
2)which seeks to study humans and their endeavors定语从句比较复杂,可以放在所修饰的先行词后面,“它试图研究人类及其行为”;
3)in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner方式状语,如果照原来顺序放在动词后面不是太通顺,可以放到动词“试图”后面翻译成“它试图以一种。。。的方式来研究人类及其行为”;
4)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.定语从句直接放到所修饰的词“方式”前面,“自然科学家用来研究自然想象那样同样的方式”;
5)这样,整个句子的就可以组合成一个准确而有通顺的译文:
社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它试图象自然科学家用来研究自然现象那样,以理性的,有序的,系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为。
第三讲 翻译技巧:词法翻译法
词义选择和词义引申
词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
在考研翻译中,这中现象更是比比皆是:
在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends中,school是“学派”的意思,而不是“学校”的意思;
在1996年74)题elegant system中,elegant是“完美,完善”的意思,而不是“优雅”的意思;
在2001年75)题And home appliances will become so smart that...中,smart是“智能化”的意思,而不是“聪明”的意思;
在2003年75)题like the concept of set in mathematics中,set是“集,集合”而不是“一套,放置”等意思.......。
一、词义的选择
如:
I’ll see her home tonight
今晚我送她回家。
India is the home of elephants.
印度是大象的生长地。
He’s at home with the classics.
他精通古典文学
New homes are for sale.
新房出售。
难以理解的奥妙;a deep thinker知识渊博的思想家;deep outrage强烈的愤怒。
又如动词work在翻译时如果上下文不同,汉语习惯搭配也不一样,翻译时应该选择不同的词义来表达。
I think your suggestion will work.
我想你的建议行得通。
The new treatment works like magic.
新疗法疗效神奇。
My watch doesn’t work.
我的表不走了。
The sea works high.
海浪汹涌起伏。
She worked her way to the front.
她好不容易才挤到前面。
The root of the pine tree worked down between the stones.
松树的树根在石缝间扎下去。
The new regulation is working well
新规定执行得很顺利。
二、词义的引申
(一)通过抽象化加以引申
例如:
They have their smiles and tears.
他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。(原文中的smiles and tears本来是“微笑和眼泪”,但是可以引申为抽象的“欢乐与悲哀”。)
We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.
我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。(在原文中,one-way street本意为“单行道”,将“单行道”与国际贸易联系在一起,便不难引申为“有来无往”这一含义。)
I have no head for mathematics.
我没有数学方面的天赋。(原文中的head本来是“头脑”的意思,但是可以引申为“对数学没有天赋”。)
(二)通过具体化加以引申
例如;
The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.
我前面的车停住了,我错过了绿灯。(在原文中,green本来是“绿色”的意思,但是根据上下文,可以引申为具体的事物:“绿灯”。)
Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses.
就某些用途来说,铜的唯一缺点也许是硬度不够。(原文的trouble本来是“麻烦”的意思,但是与“铜”联系在一起,就可以引申为“缺点”来翻译了。)
第四讲 翻译技巧:词法翻译法
词性转换
一、转译成动词
例如:I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.
译文:你决定战胜复习考试中的困难,这一点我很羡慕。
(一)名词转译成动词
1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.
在中国,人们非常注重讲礼貌。
2.含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。
A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.
仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。
The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。
3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词, He is a good singer.
他唱歌唱得好。
Those small factories are also lavish consum
er and waster of raw materials.
那些小工厂还在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。
4.有些短语中作为中心主体词的名词往往可转译成动词,如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look.
You must be tired. Why don’t you take a rest?
你一定很累了,为什么不休息一会呢?
The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff.
汽车猛的刹住,停在悬崖边上。
(二)形容词转译成动词
I am anxious about his health.
我担心他的身体健康。
Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.
科学家们都深信,所有的物质都是不灭的。
常见的有:
与思维和知觉相关的形容词:aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等;
与情感相关的形容词:glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等;
与欲望相关的形容词:desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous等。
(三)副词转译成动词
She opened the window to let fresh air in.
她把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。
After careful investigation they found the design behind.
经过仔细研究之后,他们发现这个设计落后了。
二、转译成名词
(一)英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1.名词派生的动词
This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.
这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。
To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。
2.名词转用的动词
Our age is witnessing a profound political change.
我们的时代是深刻政治变革的见证。
Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions.
美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气层中焚毁。
(二)有些英语被动式句子中的动词,可以译成“受(遭)到……+名词”、“予(加)以+名词”这类结构。
He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period.
在这期间,他受到了新闻界极不公正的对待。
I was encouraged by our president.
我得到了校长的鼓励。
(三)形容词转译成名词
1.英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人,汉译时常译成名词。
They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak.
这两种都是酸。前者是强酸,后者是弱酸。
2.有时候根据情况,可以灵活处理,把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译。
He was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
他有口才、有风度,但性格软弱。
His whole family were religious.
他全家都
是虔诚的教徒。
三、转译成形容词
(一)t形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。
This issue is of vital importance.
这个问题至关重要。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
(二)t有些名词加不定冠词作表语时,往往要以转译成形容词。
Our performance was a success.
我们的演出很成功。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
四、其它词类转译
(一)形容词与副词的互相转译
1.由于英语中的名词在翻译的时候可以转换成汉语动词,所以修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。
We must make full use of exiting technical equipment.
我们必须充分利用现有的技术设备。
This is sheer nonsense.
这完全是胡说
2.由于英语中的动词在翻译的时候可以转换成汉语名词,所以修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。
This film impressed him deeply.
这部电影给了他深刻的印象。
(二)名词与副词的互相转译
1.名词转译成副词
The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。
2.副词转译成名词
It is officially announced that China has successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.
官方宣布,中国已经成功的实现了载人航天。
第五讲
翻译技巧:词法翻译法
增词法
一、增加原文中省略的部分
(一)增补回答句中省略的词语
Do you like sport? Yes, I do.
你喜欢体育运动吗?是的,我喜欢体育运动。
Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.
给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来?请把两样都带来。
Are you tired? Not very.
你累了吗?不太累。
(二)增补并列结构中省略的词语
We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。
我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat)
A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted)
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。
(三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语
Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?
如果对自己的错误都不能认识到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢?
Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.
假设准备工作完成不了,那可怎么办?
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed
in it.
因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力
Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.
学生应该想老师学习,老师也应该向学生学习。
二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分
(一)增加动词
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。
He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.
他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。
After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.
在观看篮球比赛之后,主席还有一个重要会议要参加。
(二)增加形容词或者副词
What a leader he was!
他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。
The crowds melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。
As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
(三)增加名词
1.在不及物动词后面增加名词
Day after day he came to his work –sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。
He never drinks before driving.
他开车前从不喝酒。
Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.
哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。
2.在形容词前增加名词
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。
A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型的飞机正越来截止引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大,价钱便宜,无人驾驶。
3.在抽象名词后增加名词
如:
to innovate革新——innovation革新措施
to evolve进化——evolution进化过程
to solve解决——solution解决方法
to derive推导——derivation推导过程
to persuade说服——persuasion说服工作
to prepare准备——preparation准备工作
backward落后——backwardness落后状态
tense紧张——tension紧张局势
arrogant自满——arrogance自满情绪
mad疯狂——madness疯狂行为
antagonistic敌对——antagonism敌对态度
redundant多余——redundancy多余信息
After all preparations were made, our meeting will begin.
一切准备工作就绪以后,会议就开始。
They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。
(四)增加表示名词复数的词
1.增加重迭词表示复数
Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
一排排的房子,都是他从来没有见过的。
2.增加数词或其他词表示复数
The lion is the king of animals.
狮是百兽之王。
We have to face different problems.
我们得面对各种不同的问题。
Mr. Hobbs didn’t talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.
直到昨天下午,霍布斯先
生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。
(五)增加表达时态的词
1.对某种时间概念作强调时,往往要加一些词。
Ihad known two great social systems.
那时以前,我就经历过两大社会制度。(这里除了用“过”字外,还增加了“那时以前”,强调过去完成的动作。)
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼,所以孩子很爱他。
2.强调时间上的对比时,往往需要加一些词
Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。
I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的,对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激。
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
第六讲
翻译技巧:词法翻译法
省略法
一、从语法角度来看
(一)省代词
1.省略作主语的人称代词
(1)省略作主语的人称代词
I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.
我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少数付诸实践了。
He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他瘦弱憔悴,看上去一副可怜相。
(2)英语中,泛指人称代词作主语时,即使是作第一个主语,在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。
We live and learn.
活到老,学到老。
When will he arrive?—You can never tell.
他什么时候到?——说不准。
The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获取的,而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。
2.省略作宾语的代词
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.
他越是想要掩盖他的错误,就越是容易暴露。
Please take off the old picture and throw it away.
请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。
3.省略物主代词
I put my hand into my pocket.
我把手放进口袋。
She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
她睁大双眼,听我说话。
(二)代词it的省略
Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。
He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.
他一看表,是七点一刻了。
It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
我花了很长时间才到了医院。
It is the people who are really powerful.
人民才是最强大的。
(三)省略连接词
He looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些忧愁不安。(省略并列连接词)
As it is late, you had better go home.
时间不早了,你最好回家去吧。(省略表示原因的连接词)
If sinter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省略表示条件的连接词)
If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.
早
知如此,我就不参加了。(省略表示条件的连接词)
John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.
火车停了,约翰郁郁地站了起来,因为他想起了病中的母亲。(省略表示时间的连接词)
(四)省略冠词
1.英语有冠词,汉语没有冠词;因此,英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。
A teacher should have patience in his work.
当教员的应当有耐心。(省略不定冠词A)
The horse is a useful animal.
马是有益的动物。(省略定完词The)
It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.
在过去,飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。(省略定完词The)
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
月亮慢慢从海上升起。(省略定冠词The)
2.英译汉时,省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合,冠词却不能省略,可以翻译为“一个,每一,这个,那个”等。例如:
He left without saying a word.
他一句话不说就走了。
Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.
埃格伯特说,他(开车)每天一英里就赚一块钱。
This is the book you wanted.
这就是你要的那本书。
(五)省略介词
1.省略表示时间的前置词
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
比较:中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
(介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略,在句尾就没有省略)
On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the People’s Republic of China.
一九九七年七月,香港回归了中华人民共和国。
2.省略表示地点的前置词
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。
In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.
冬天,北方的天气比南方冷得多。
如:
He stood by the desk.
他站在桌旁。
I stayed in my brother’s house.
我住在弟弟家里。
(四)省略动词
When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low.
气压低,沸点就低。
Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.
必须在购货单规定的时间交货。
二、从修辞角度看
(一)英语句子中有些短语重复出现,或者具有相同意义的词重复出现,英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取。
Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。
(二)根据汉语习惯,译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
没有下雪,但叶落草枯。
第七讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
名词性从句
一、主语从句
(一)以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how,
why等词引导的主语从句,在翻译的时候,一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
What he told me was only half-truth.
他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。
Whatever is worth doing should be done well.
任何值得做的事情都应该做好。
Whether he comes or not makes no difference.
他来不来都没有关系。
When we can begin the expedition is still a question.
我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。
How he is going to do it is a mystery.
他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。
(二)用it作形式主语的主语从句,可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见,it一般可以译出来;如果不需要强调,it也可以不译出来。
It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。(It没有翻译)
It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.
驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后,竟然还能活着,这看来是不可想象的。(It翻译为“这”)
有时候,如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话,it一般不需要译出来。在汉语译文的开始,一般可以用“...的是,...”这样的结构来翻译。
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
真奇怪,她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。(It不用翻译,还可以用“奇怪的是...”这样的结构来翻译)
二、宾语从句
(一)用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句,翻译成汉语的时候,一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.
我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只得谢绝。
Can you hear what I say?
你听得到我所讲的吗?
I don’t know that he swam across the river.
我不知道他游过了那条河。
I don’t know how he swam across the river.
我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。
有时可加“说”字,再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith replied that he was sorry.
斯密斯回答说,他感到遗憾。
He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.
他再三提醒大家说,决定这件事的不只是他一个人,还有其他许多人。
(二)用it 作形式宾语的句子,在翻译的时候,that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译;it有时候可以不用翻译。
I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.
我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。(it没有翻译)
I heard it said that he had gone abroad.
听说他已经出国了。(it没有翻译)
但有时候,也可
以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
我被选参加会议,感到光荣。(it没有翻译)
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.
打开国门,实行开放,我们认为这是绝对必要的。(it翻译为“这”)
三、表语从句
It seems that it is going to snow.
看起来要下雪了。
That is why Jack got scolded.
这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。
The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。
His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.
他对新闻界的看法是,记者们不是支持他,就是反对他。
四、同位语从句
能接同位语从句的名词主要有:belief(相信),fact(事实),hope(希望), idea(想法,观点),doubt(怀疑),news(新闻,消息),rumor(传闻),conclusion(结论),evidence(证据),suggestion(建议),problem(问题),order(命令),answer(回答),decision(决定),discovery(发现),explanation(解释),information(消息),knowledge(知识),law(法律),opinion(意见,观点),truth(真理,事实),promise(承诺),report(报告),thought(思想),statement(声明),rule(规定),possibility(可能)等。
(一)一般来说,同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国来访问。
There is a possibility that he is a spy.
有可能他是一个间谍。
(二)有时候在翻译同位语从句时,可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面,相当于前置的修饰语,但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下,同位语从句都是比较简单。
We know the fact that bodies possess weight.
我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。
The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.
关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。
(三)增加“即”(或者“以为”)这样的词来连接,或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。
But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.
但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实,即从实用的观点来看,他们今天仍是不合理的。
We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.
我们已经得出这样的结论:实践是检验真理的标准。
Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
不久前,科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现——可以把这种废物变成塑料。
第八讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
定语从句的翻译
一、前置法:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
二、后置法:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
(一)重复先行词。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.
你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.
他虽然经验不足,但很有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
(二)省略先行词。
ceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
三、融合法:把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
楼下有人要见你。
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志
She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.
她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎
四、状译法
(一)译成表示“时间”的分句
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
(二)译成表示“原因”的分句
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
(三)译成表示“条件”的分句
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行
”的分句,放在主句之前翻译,显示“前因后果”的关系。
The crops failed because the season was dry.
因为气候干旱,作物歉收。
We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent.
由于很多人没有来,会议只好延期。
(二)有时候可以用汉语的“之所以...是因为”的结构来连接。
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
气体不同于固体是因为(就在于)它没有固定的形状。
He will get promoted, for he has done good work.
他将得到提升,因为他工作干得好。
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
理论之所以有价值,是因为它能给实践指出方向。
(三)not...because的结构
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.
我之所以教书并不是因为教书对我来说太容易
三、条件状语从句
英语中连接条件状语从句的连接词常常有:if(如果),unless(除非,如果不),providing that(假如),so long as(只要),on condition that(条件是),suppose that(假如),in case(如果),only if(只要),if only(但愿,要是...就好了)等。
(一)翻译在主句前面。
It was better in case they were captured.
要是把他们捉到了,那就更好了。
If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.
假如你把一切都告诉我,那么我就能够作出决定。
(二)翻译在主句后面,用来补充说明条件。
You can drive tonight if you are ready.
你今晚就可以出车,如果你愿意的话
No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.
毫无疑问,我本来是可以赚到一点的,如果我真有那样打算的话。
四、让步状语从句
英语中,表示让步关系的连接词常常有:though(虽然),although(虽然),even if(即使),as(尽管),while(尽管),whatever(无论什么),wherever(无论哪里),whoever(无论谁),however(无论怎样),no matter(不论,不管),for all that(尽管),granted that(即使),in spite of that fact that(尽管),despite the fact that(不管)等等。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
不管我说什么,也不管我怎么说,他说是认为我错了。
While we can not see the air, we can feel it.
我们虽然看不见空气,但却能感觉到它。
Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.
即使你不喜欢这个建议,你也不应该没有同别人商量就把它否决了。
五、目的状语从句
在英语中,连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有:that(为了,以便),so that(为了,以便),lest(以防),in case(以防,以免),for fear that(以防)in order that(为了)等等。
(一)一般翻译在主句前面。
一般来说,
这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
为了不惊醒她,他轻轻推开房门,悄悄地溜了出去。
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
为了正午以前赶到那里,我们很早就动身了。
(二)还可以翻译在主句后面,表示“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.
他反复强调这一点,免得她忘了。
They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.
他们躲在树丛后面,以防被敌人发现。
六、结果状语从句
(一)英语中,连接结果状语从句的连词常常有:so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree等等,通常可以翻译为“结果,如此...以致于...”,可以直接翻译。
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
他做了错误的决定,结果浪费了自己半生的时间。
The difference is such that all will perceive it.
差别这么大,所有的人都看得出来。(可以省略连接词而不翻译)
(二)有时候,如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等否定词,“but that和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句,构成双重否定。翻译的时候,可以翻译为“没有...不”。
She never comes but she borrow.
她不借东西不来。(即:他如果不借东西就不来。)
She is not so old but that she can read.
他并没有老到不能读书。
第十讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
被动语态的翻译
一、译成汉语主动句
(一)t保存原文主语
The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.
会议定于四月六日举行。
Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
水能从液体变成固体。
When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place.
当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。
(二)t主宾颠倒
She was given a new pen by her father.
她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。
Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.
这种化学反应能放出热和光。
Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.
现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。
Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.
我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。
The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.
下一章提供了有关的数据资料。
(三)t增加主语
The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。
She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。
What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world.
我们在这里所讲的话,人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事,却能改变世界。
二、译成汉语无主句
Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。
Water can be shown as containing impurities.
可以证明,水含有杂质。
The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.
必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。
三、译成汉语判断句
The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution.
手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
四、译成汉语被动句
使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。
The minister was found to have appropriated government money.
部长被发现挪用公款。
He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office.
他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。
The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.
那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。
He was praised by his teacher.
他得到了老师的表扬。
Problems should be resolved in good time.
问题应及时加以解决。
For a long period to come, most of China’s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.
在未来较长的一段时间里,中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。
五、常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
有人认为,生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。
It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.
有人强调说,科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域:自然科学和社会科学。
It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.
应该指出,这一过程就是氧化。
下面是一些常用被动句型的习惯译法:
It is hoped that... 希望,有人希望
It is assumed that... 假设,假定
It is claimed that... 据说,有人主张
It is believed that... 有人想信,大家相信
It is reported that... 据报道,据通报
It is considered that... 人们认为,据估计
It is said that... 据说,有人说
It is supposed that... 据推测,人们猜测
It has been announced that... 已经宣布
It is asserted that... 有人主张
It is rumored that... 有人主张
It is rumored that... 听说,谣传
It is noticed that... 有人指出,人们注意到
It is suggested that... 有人建议,建议
It is reputed that... 人们
认为,可以认为
It is learned that... 据说,据闻,已经查明
It is demonstrated that... 据证实,已经证明
It is estimated that... 据估计,有人估计
It is estimated that... 有人指出,人们指出
It is pointed out that... 有人推荐,有人建议
It is proposed that... 有人提出
It was told that... 有人曾经说
It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法
It will be said that... 有人会说
It will be seen from this that... 由此可见,因此可知
It was noted above that... 前面已经指出
It must be admitted that... 必须承认,老实说
It has been illustrated that... 据图示,据说明
It is stressed that... 有人强调说
It is stressed that... 有人列举出了
It can not be denied that... 无可否认
It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张的说
It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问
It was felt that... 有人认识到了
It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为
It is unanimously agreed that... 大家一致同意
It is alleged that... 据说
It is calculated that... 据计算
It has been proved that... 已经证明
It has been found that... 人们已经发现
It is still to be hoped that... 我们仍然希望
It is well-known that... 众所周知,大家都知道
It should be realized that... 我们应该认识到……
第十一讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
否定结构的翻译
一、部分否定
(一)all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使用。常常翻译为“并非所有,并不是都。如:all…not(不全是,不都是),both…not(并非两个都,不是两者都),every…not(不是每个都),not always(不总是,不一定),not often(不经常),not altogether(不全是),not necessarily(未必)等。
All that glitters is not gold.
并非所有发光的都是金子。
Both the windows are not open.
两扇窗户并不都是开着的。
Everybody does not believe the rumor.
并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。
They are not always in the office on Sundays.
他们不一定每个星期天都在办公室。
The responsibility is not altogether mine.
责任并不全在于我身上。
The situation is not necessarily so.
情况并非如此。
(二)“all…not”和“every…not”等结构属于传统用法。现代英语中采用“Not all…”和“Not every…”这种表达形式。
Not all metals are good conductors.
并非所有的金属都是良导体。
Not everyone accepts his proposal.
并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。
二、全部否定
never(决不,从来不),no(没有,不),not(不,不是),none(没人,谁都不,没有任何东西),nobody(没人),nothing(什么也没有,没有任何事情),nowhere
(没有什么地方),neither(两者都不),nor(也没有,也不),not at all (一点也不)。
He is no professor.
他根本不是教授。
None of my friends smoke.
我的朋友都不抽烟。
Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.
我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
Nothing in the world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Never have we been daunted by difficulties.
我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。
三、双重否定
常见的双重否定形式主要有:no…not(没有……不),without…not(没有……就不),never(no)…without(每逢……总是,没有……不),never(no)…but(没有……不),not(none)…the less(并不……就不),not(never)…unless(不少于,不亚于,和……一样),not…any the less(没有……而少做)。
Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.
现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)
You will never succeed unless you work hard.
如果你不努力,就决不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)
There is nothing unusual there.
那里的一切都很正常。
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这台机器并没有因为长期使用而运转不良。
She did not work any the less for her illness.
她没有因为生病而少做一些工作。
That’s nothing less than a miracle.
那完全是一个奇迹。
No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.
再困难的任务,我们也能完成。
四、形式肯定但意义否定
(一)more than can…结构
more than can…在意义上相当于英语的can not…,可以翻译为“简直不,无法,难以”;而more than one can help相当于as little as possible,可以翻译为“尽量不,绝对不”。
The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.
这个公园美得无法形容。
The boy has become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.
这男孩变得非常无礼,到了他父母都不能忍受的地步。
Don’t tell him more than you can help.
能不跟他讲就尽量不要跟他讲。
She never does more work than she can help.
能不做的事情,她是绝对不做的。
(二)anything but…结构
anything but…结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“绝对不,根本不,一点也不”。
He is anything but a scholar.
他绝对不是一个学者。
The wood bridge is anything but safe.
那座木桥一点也不安全。
(三)have yet to do…结构
have yet to do…结构表示否定意义,相当于have not yet done…,常常翻译为“还没有”。
I have yet to hear the story.
我还没有听过那个故事。
I have yet to learn the new skill.
我没有学那项新技术。
(四)may (might) as well…结构
may (might) as well…结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“还不如”。
It is still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
外面依然在下大雨,我们还不如呆在这里过夜呢。
You might as well burn the book than give them to her.
你把这些书给他还不如烧毁了好。
(五)借助具有否定意义的动词或动词短语
这样的动词或者动词短语常常有:miss(错过,即没有碰到),deny(拒绝,即没有答应),lack(缺乏,即不足),refuse(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),escape(逃避,即没有被发现),resist(抵抗,即没有放弃),reject(拒绝,即没有答应),decline(拒绝,即没有答应),doubt(怀疑,即不太确信),wonder(想知道,即不明白),fail(失败,即没有完成),exclude(排除,即没有接受,不包括),overlook(没有注意到),cease(终止,即没有坚持),neglect(没有注意到),defy(不服从),forbid(不许),give up(放弃,即没有坚持),refrain from(不允许),lose sight of(不管),keep up with(不落后于),save…from(使…不),shut one’s eyes to(不看),to say nothing of(更不用说),not to mention(更不用说),protect(keep, prevent)…from(不让),keep off(不接近),keep out(不让进入),turn a deaf ear to(不听,不顾),fall short of(不足),live up to(不辜负),dissuade…from(劝…不要),keep…dark(不把…说出去)等。
The specification lacks detail.
这份说明书不够详尽。
My husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.
丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车,所以只好步行回家。
The error in calculation escaped the accountant.
会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。
Please keep the news dark.
请不要把这个消息说出去。
(六)借助具有否定意义的名词
常见的具有否定意义的名词有:neglect(没有注意到),failure(失败,即没有完成),refusal(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),absence(不在,缺少),shortage(不足),reluctance(不情愿),ignorance(没有注意到),loss(没有),exclusion(排除,即没有接受,不包括),lack(缺乏,没有),negation(拒绝,即否认),Greek to(对…一无所知)等等。
We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions.
在不具备这些条件的情况下,我们不能完成这项工作。
She was at a loss what go do.
她不知所措。
English literature is Greek to her.
她对英语文学一无所知。
这样具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语常常有:far from(远不,一点也不),free from(不受…影响),safe from(免于),sh
ort of(缺少,不足),ignorant of(不知道,没有注意到),independent of(不受…的支配),impatient of(对…不耐烦),deficient(缺乏),devoid of(不具有,缺乏),alien to(不同),foreign to(不适合,与…无关),blind to(看不见),far and few between(很少),absent from(不在),different from(不同),reluctant to(不愿意),less than(少于,不多于),dead to(对…没有反应),the last(最后的,即最不愿意,最不配,决不)等等。
The newspaper accounts are far from being true.
报纸的报道远非事实。
Present supplies of food are short of requirements.
目前食品供不应求。
Holidays are few and far between.
放假的时候并不多。
He is the last man she wants to meet.
她最不想见到的人就是他。
(八)借助具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语
常见的有:past(超过),above(不低于),without(没有),beyond(超出),instead of(而不是),in vain(无效,没有),in the dark(一点也不知道),at a loss(不知所措),but for(要不是),in spite of(不管),at fault(出错),against(不同意),before(还没有…就),below(不到…),beside(与…无关),but(除…之外),except(除…之外),from(阻止,使…不做某事),off(离开,中断),under(在…之下,不足),within(不超出),beneath(不如,不足),beneath one’s notice(不值得理睬),out of(不在…里面,不在…状态),out of the question(不可能),in the dark about(对…不知)等等。
That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson.
那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。
Mr. Smith was above reproach.
史密斯先生是无可指责的。
Her beauty is beyond compare.
她的美丽是无以伦比的。
五、形式否定但意义肯定
这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来,就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:not…until(直到……才),not…too(越……越好),none but(只有),nothing but(只有,只不过),nothing more than(仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就),none other than(不是别的人或物而正是),none the less(依然,仍然),not but that(虽然)“make nothing of ”(对……等闲视之),for nothing(徒然,免费),not only…but also(不仅……而且),not…long before(很快就),no more than(仅仅,只是),no other than(只有,正是)等等。
You can’t be too careful in doing experiments.
你做实验要特别小心。
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.
各种材料在力的作用下,多少都会有
些变形。
It is no more than a beginning.
这仅仅是个开端。
They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room.
他们把书给错了。直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。
六、否定成分的转译
(一)否定主语转换为否定谓语
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.
能量既不能创造,也不能毁灭。
No sound was heard.
没有听到声音。
Neither plan is practicable.
两个方案都行不通。
(二)否定谓语转换为否定状语
He doesn’t study in the classroom.
他不在教室里学习。
I was not playing all the time.
我并不是一直都在玩。
The woman did not come here to ask us for help.
这位妇女来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。
Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.
金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。
(三)主句的否定转换为从句的否定
She did not come because she wanted to see me.
她并非因为想见我才来。
You should not despise him because he is young.
你不应该因为他年轻就轻视他。
(四)否定主句的谓语转换为否定宾语从句的谓语
1.常常出现在动词think, believe, except, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy, anticipate, figure等后面的宾语从句中。
I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.
我认为他们现在一定还没有到达那里。
I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.
我想他们不会反对我的建议的。
I didn’t imagine that he would go abroad.
我料想他不会出国了。
2.当有view, wish, belief, thought, opinion等名词作主句的表语从句时
It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.
我认为他并不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
It is not my thought that he can finish the work within a week.
我认为他不可能在一周内完成这项工作。
It is not my wish that you should break your word.
我希望你不要违背诺言。
第十二讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
比较结构
一、as…as…句型
(一)as…as…句型
My parcel is as heavy as yours.
我的包裹和你的包裹一样重。
She is as much interested in music as ever.
她和以前一样对音乐感兴趣。
The economic development in our country is as stable recently as formerly.
最近,我国的经济发展和以前一样稳定。
(二)not as (or so)…as…句型
My uncle is not as (or so) tall as your father.
我叔叔不如你父亲高。
People are not so honest as they once were.
人们现在不如过去那样诚实了。
(三)not so much …as…句型
通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。
He was not so much angry as disappointed.
他与其说是生气,还不如说是失望了。(可以理解为:“他的生气不如失望多”,就是说“他更多的是失望,愤怒是其次。”)
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite
it.
海洋与其说是把世界分割开来,还不如说是把世界连接在一起。
Bad writing is caused not so much by mistakes in grammar as by weakness in style.
拙劣的写作,与其说是语法上的错误,还不如说是由于文体上的弱点。
(四)not so much as…句型
not so much as…这个结构相当于“not even…”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不…,甚至没有…”。请注意与not so much …as…这个结构的区别。
He didn’t so much as ask me to set down.
他甚至没有请我坐下。
He cannot so much as spell a word.
他甚至连一个词也不会写。
He hadn’t so much as his fare home.
他甚至连回家的路费都没有了。
二、比较级+ than to do…句型
通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。
You ought to know better than to go swimming on such a cold day.
你不至于这么冷的天气去游泳吧。
I have more sense than to tell him about our plan.
我不至于傻到会把我们的计划告诉他。
I had a better command of English than to make such foolish mistakes.
我的英语学得很好,不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。
三、more…than…句型
(一)more A than B句型
more A than B通常用于同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或者特征上面的比较。翻译为“与其说B,不如说A”。类似的结构还有less A than B,翻译为“与其说A,不如说B”,请注意这两个结构中“与其实说”与“不如说”的对象,即A与B两者的在翻译中的位置。
He is more good than bad.
与其说他很坏,不如说他很好。
He is less good than bad.
与其说他很好,不如说他很坏。
He is more a writer than a teacher.
与其说他是老师,不如说他是作家。
He is less clever than diligent.
与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋。
(二)more than…句型
1.more than后面接数词,表示“多于…,….以上”的意思。
I have known him for more than twenty years.
我已经认识她二十多年了。
I have more than ten dollars in my pocket.
我口袋里还有十多美元。
2.more than后面接名词或者动词,表示“不只是…”的意思。
He is more than a father to her.
他待她胜过父亲。
He more than smiled, but laughed.
他不只是微笑,而是放生大笑。
3.more than后面接形容词、副词或者分词,表示“极其,非常”的意思。
She was more than kind to us.
他对我们非常友好。
He was more than upset by the accident.
这个意外事故让他非常心烦。
4.more than… can…则表示“难以…,完全不能…”的意思。
That is more than I can understand.
那件事情,我实在是不明白。
The cold was more than the children could bear.
寒冷是孩子们所不能忍受的。
(三)no more …than…句型
no more …than…句型在意义上与not any more than….一样,表示对两者都否定,所以可以翻译为“…和….一样
不,不…正如…,既不…也不…,…和…两者都不”。跟no more …than…句型相近,但是意义相反的句型是no less…than…,可以翻译为“既是…,也是…,两者都是…”。
His grammar is no better than mine.
他的语法同我的一样不好。
He is no more a writer than a painter.
他既不是画家也不是作家。
He is no less a writer than a painter.
他既是画家也是作家。
I am no more a poet than he is a scholar.
我不是诗人,正如他不是学者一样。
第十三讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
强调结构
一、
(一)强调宾语
Such good students we have never seen.
像这样好的学生,我们还从来没有见过。(直接按照英语顺序翻译)
Not a word did she say the whole two hours.
整整两个小时她一句话也没有说。(把宾语还原到谓语动词后面翻译)
(二)强调状语
At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use or menace to use nuclear weapons.
在任何时候和任何情况下,中国都不会首先使用或威胁使用核武器。(直接按照英语的顺序翻译)
Never will they give up the struggle for freedom and peace.
他们绝对不会放弃为自由和和平而斗争。(把状语还原到谓语动词前面翻译)
(三)强调表语
More serious was the problem of environmental pollution.
更为严重的是环境污染问题。(直接按照英语顺序翻译)
Very strange the thing seemed.
这件事情好像很奇怪。(把表语还原到系动词后面翻译)
(四)强调宾语补足语
Electronic computers make possible the fast complicated calculation.
电子计算机使快速进行复杂计算成为可能。(把possible还原为到宾语后面)
A scandal people call the whole matter.
人们把这件事称为丑闻。(把a scandal还原为到宾语后面)
二、在动词前面加上助动词do,也是英语中一种表示强调的方法。翻译成汉语时,可使用“的确,确实,务必,一定,千万,真的”等词来突出强调语气。
She did accomplish the task in time.
她的确准时完成了任务。
We do have sufficient food and drink.
我们确实有足够的事物和饮料。
三、英语中,如果在what, where, who ,why, how等疑问词后面加上the devil,the hell, on earth, in(或under)heaven等词组用来加强语气,有时在某些否定词或最高级后面也可以加上on earth以增强语气。翻译成汉语时,可以增加“究竟,到底”等词来处理。
Who the devil is that woman?
那个女人究竟是谁?
What on earth is the matter over there?
那里到底发生了什么事情?
How on earth can one accomplish such a feat?
一个人怎么能够完成如此伟大的工作呢?
四、It is +被强调部分+that…强调句型。
It was Professor Wu that (who) sent me the letter.
给我寄信的正是吴教授。(强调主语)
It wa
s my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
昨天晚上在实验室做实验的正是我父亲。(强调主语)
It was I myself who opened the window.
是我自己打开的窗户。(强调主语及其同位语)
It was your mother-in-law that (whom) I met in the park the day before yesterday.
前天我在公园里碰到的正是你的岳母。(强调宾语)
It is this novel they talked about last week.
他们上周讨论的就是这本小说。(强调宾语)
It was at an evening party that I first saw her.
我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。(强调状语)
It was when Hemingway lived in Cuba that he wrote The Old Man and the Sea.
海明威是生活在古巴的时候写的《老人与海》。(强调状语)
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the importance of health.
只有在人们生病了才知道健康的重要性。(强调状语)
It was not until recently that scientists know much about lung cancer.
直到最近,科学家才对肺癌有较多的了解。(强调状语)
五、有些表示程度的形容词或副词,也可以用来增强语气。翻译的时候,也可以增加“就是,正是,是,到底,究竟,完全,最”等词来表示强调。
You are the very man I am looking for.
你正是我要寻找的人。
Who ever said so?
到底是谁说的?
The pear is rotten right through.
这只梨子完全烂了。
Put it right in the middle.
把它就放在正中间吧。
This is much the best.
这是最最好的。
That article was simply ridiculous.
那篇文章简直是荒谬极了。
第十四讲
翻译技巧:句法翻译法
插入结构
一、副词插入语
Apparently, it is going to rain.
很明显,要下雨了。
Fortunately, I passed the examination.
幸运的是,我通过了考试。
Incidentally, your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.
顺便说一句,你的建议已经提交会议进行讨论了。
He was luckier, however, because he was only slightly wounded.
然而,他比较幸运,因为他只是受了点轻伤。
He is young. He has much experience in teaching English, though.
他很年轻,但是他有丰富的英语教学经验。
二、形容词短语作插入语
一般翻译为“…的是,…”这样的结构。
Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world.
最重要的是,计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
I slept late yesterday morning; worse still, my bike was out of order.
昨天早上我起得晚。更糟糕的是,我的自行车坏了。
Strange enough, he doesn’t know that famous writer.
奇怪的是,他竟然不知道那位著名的作家。
三、介词短语作插入语
all in all(总而言之),as a matter of fact(事实上),as a result(结果),at worst(在最坏的情况下),by the way(顺便说一句),first of all(首先),for exam
ple(例如),in conclusion(总之,最后),in fact(事实上),in effect(实际上),in my opinion(依我我看来,我认为),in other words(换句话说,换言之),in short(简言之),to my delight(让我高兴的是),to one’s amazement(使某人惊讶的是),to one’s deep regret(使某人深感遗憾的是),to one’s relief(使某人感到欣慰的是),to one’s surprise(使某人感到吃惊的是)等。
China, in fact, has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many respects.
事实上,中国已经在许多方面赶上和超过了世界先进水平。
What happen to him, by the way?
顺便问一句,他后来怎么样了?
All in all, her condition is greatly improved.
总之,他的健康状况已经大大的改善了。
四、不定式短语作插入结构
so to speak(可以这样说),to tell you the truth(老实对你说),to be frank(说句实话),to begin with(首先),to start with(首先),to be more exact(更确切地说),to sum up(总之,概括地说),to put it briefly(简单说来),to put it in another way(换句话说),to make a long story short(长话短说),to say the least of it(至少可以这样说),needless to say(不用说),strange to say(说来奇怪),to conclude(总之,最后),to be sure(可以肯定的说),to be specific(具体说来),to be precise(准确地说),to speak frankly(坦白地说)等等。
To tell you the truth, I haven’t bought anything for a year.
老实对你说,我一年来什么东西都没有买过。
It wasn’t a very good dinner, to say the least of it.
至少可以这样说,这次宴会并不成功。
The movie, to be frank, moved me to tears.
坦白地说,这部电影把我感动得流下了眼泪。
She wrote, to be exact, ten novels in her lifetime.
确切地说,她一生写了十部小说。
五、分词短语作插入结构
considering…(考虑到),all things considered(从整体来看),allowing for…(考虑到),generally speaking(一般说来),judging from…(从...来判断),putting it another way(换句话说),roughly speaking(大体说来),taking account of…(考虑到),taking all things into consideration(全面看来),taking… as an example(以…为例),talking of…(说道),speaking of…(说道),strictly speaking(严格地说)等等。
Judging from the handwriting, it should be written by our teacher.
从字迹上判断,这应该是我们老师写的。
Generally speaking, she’s not quite fit for this kind of work.
总的来说,他不太适合做这种工作。
You managed the project very well, considering your inexperience.
考虑到你缺乏经验,你对这个项目的处理得已经很好了。
六、主谓结构作插入结构
I think(我认为)
,I hope(我希望),I guess(我想),I’m afraid(恐怕),I believe(我认为,我相信),I suppose(我想,我认为),I wonder(我想知道),you see(你应该明白),you know(你知道),don’t you think(难道你不认为),don’t you know(难道你不知道),I tell you(我告诉你),it seems(似乎),it seems to me(在我看来,这似乎),it is said(据说),it is suggested(有人认为)等等。
The man, I think, does not deserve the prize.
我认为,那个人不应该得奖。
The air is rather refreshing, I suppose.
我想,那里的空气应该很宜人。
Honesty, I believe, is her virtue.
我认为,诚实是她的美德。
七、what we call句型作插入结构
似的句型还有:what we used to call, what is called, what they described as, what can be called, what they regarded as, as we call it, as we know it等。通常翻译为“所谓的…”,可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译。
He is what we call a walking dictionary.
他就是所谓的活字典。
Most of what they regarded as geniuses are successful only because they have made extraordinary effort.
大部分所谓的天才是由于付出了非凡的努力才获得成功的。
基础阶段该用“翻译突破法”来复习