英语学习
别妄想泡我
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2020年07月29日 01:03
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动物的俗语-手什么足什么
织： Another vegetable often consumed at the tomb-sweeping ritual is astragalus, which farmers sow into the fields after a harvest as a fertilizer. It’s a scorned vegetable, but when fresh its stem tastes delicious, like pea 比较类型的句式。这是中英文都有的句式，但变化还是很多的。首先来说一个看似简单的例子：我的方法和他的相似。这种比较句式在白话文中也是有点拗口的。因为我们想说“我在这个实验中采用的方法和小张上次的实验类似。” 这也可以分成两句来说： “小张上次在实验中采用了某种方法，我这次也使用了类似的方法。”在英语里表达这个意思有几种方法。1)用 similar to: a)tI used methods similar to his. b)tThe method I used is similar to that which he employed in his 2001 study. （这句要注意了，that是代词）。或者 The method I used is similar to the one that he employed in his 2001 study.2) 用same as: a) My method is the same as his. b) I used a special method, the same one that he used in this research. c) My method is the same as he used in his own research. 以上几个句子都可以拆开来说。 He employed a quantitative method in his research. Mine is similar (or: the same).3) 使用Resembles, be Reminiscent of, be evocative of, not unlike, analogous to, parallel to, resonate with, echoes 这些短语和动词在比较类似的时候，用法比较复杂，举一例说明。比如，这句话如何译成英语？“后世唯诸葛武侯有伊尹 风味。其草庐三顾而后起，与 耕莘聘币，已略相类。”（宋罗大经 《鹤林玉露》卷十一）。 耕莘指的是商朝重臣伊尹,故可翻译成以下各种形态：Across the following ages, only Chancellor Zhuge came near Yi Yin’s greatness. In a decision parallel to Yi Yin’s dedication to Emperor Tang upon receiving multiple invitations from him, Zhu Ge bound himself to Liu Bei after the commander paid him three visits. Only in Chancellor Zhuge, out of all who followed, can we hear an echo of Yi Yin. Liu Bei’s three visits to Zhuge’s cottage resonate with/are reminiscent of Emperor Tang’s repeated efforts to recruit Yi Yin into his court. Zhu Ge declined to be recruited by Liu Bei until the commander visited him for a third time, just as Yi Yin did not resolve to serve Emperor Tang until he received multiple invitations from him.4) 使用 like, alike: My method is like yours. Our methods are alike. 比如： Neon lights shine upon the stores like sunlight.5) 使用Just as: I used a quantitative method in my research, just as he did in his 2001 study.小贴士：如果just as 要放在句首，可以用Just as….so too 的句型:Just as I used a quantitative method in my research, so too did he in his 2011 as I used a quantitative method in my research, so too he did in his 2011 study. （did he 和 he did都可以，倒装与否随意。
）As 也可以表示比较，比如：He has always been excited about reading. His dream of becoming a writer springs from that excitement, as from a if也表示比较，但不再是单纯比较，而变成了比喻，需要 用虚拟语态。比如：He stood up as if he were scared of me approaching. 这句句子里要用were，表示虚拟。另外，省略掉“he were” 也可以，He stood up as if scared of me approaching. As if 的用法很多，有兴趣者可以扩展研究一下。III 被动语态很多写作书都告诉我们被动语态要少用，但把理由说透的却不多。被动语态其实还是相当有用的，实际上使用的场合也很多。 被动语态强调的是动作结果而不是动作人，所以如果你说话的焦点是诸葛亮，就可以用被动语态陈述他被刘备招于麾下的事实。另外还有以下三种情况需要使用被动语态。1）动作的主语找不到；2）或者根本不重要，3）出于某种修辞原因，不想凸显主语。第一种情况：He was murdered. 凶手不明，不能说。第二种情况；He was assumed to be a genius. 这里是说很多人都认为他是天才，不需要指出有哪些人。还有：It was decided at the meeting that the new policies be put in effect next month. 会上做的决定就不要追究是谁做的了，用被动语态比较合适。第三种情况就很多变了，见以下三个例句：1）tIt was thus that I became a journalist; and my effort was rewarded on the first day of the following month—a very glorious day it was or me—by a letter from an editor containing a cheque for one pound ten shillings and sixpence. （Woolf, “Professions for Women”）这里的主语cheque是一个物体，并不具备主动能力，所以用被动语态正好。2）t主语很长的时候，也可以用被动语态避免让主语在句首出现：For the road was cut many years ago—by Fanny Burney, by Aphra Behn, by Harriet Martineau, by Jane Austen, by George Eliot—many famous women, and many more unknown and forgotten, have been before me, making the path smooth, and regulating my steps. （Woolf, “Professions for Women”）3）t你想减轻对动作发起人的关注，这时候用被动语态有低调处理的意味：Crude nationalist tracts are still being churned by Hanoi historians.(TLS, “From the Red River,”a review of KW Taylor review’s A History of the Vietnamese， 2376， History)这句句子是在批评北越的历史学家，但用被动语态后批评力度减小，比较委婉。小贴士：被动语态还有一种特殊的用法，请看以下几例。1） This thing is nowhere to be found. 这里不说This thing is nowhere to find. 因为强调的是东西找不到的状态，而不是谁去找的问题。2） 再看下面两个句子：Starting a writing career is not easy. There are always hurdles to be ’t just look at your feet when you’re with a girl. There’s alw
ays something to talk about.这两种句子都很常见，前者强调普遍情况，后者暗示有一个具体的行动人。也可以说前一句强调障碍不由我们控制，会自己出现，等着我们去克服，后一句强调说行为人自己要主动去找话说。这两个句子的差别很好地体现了主动和被动语态的差别。 IV 倒装句下面五种比较常见：1）tNeither did he, nor did I, so did heE.g. I don’t like the movie, and neither did he. I don’t like the movie, nor do I like the book from which the movie was adapted.从这两句可以看出nor 和neither 的不同用法2）tNo sooner…than…， hardly had… whenE.g. No sooner did he start crying than I passed him the tissue box.他一哭我就把纸巾盒给递过去了。3）tChild/angry (或者其它形容词) as somebody isE.g. Angry as he was, he remained composed throughout the wedding.4）t以it 或there作为形式主语开头的倒装句 E.g. It has become clear to me that you’ll never be able to tell me the truth. I think I just delete the number she gave me by accident. There goes my chance with her! 5）t表示方向、地点的短语或词组放在句首Out/up/down it went, In front of him emerged a huge mountain that…. all worried about a possible hike in the oil price. And up it went, above and beyond our worst fearsFrom one side of the car emerged a muscular figure clad in white. 6）以 only开头的句子 E.g. Only in France can you find such a fine merlot.7）虚拟语气里的条件从句也常常倒装Had you listened to me, you would have succeeded.以上提到的只是几种我在教学中发现比较有趣也有用的特殊句式，挂一漏万。有一个没讲到的句型就是So…that… (that经常省略)这个句型。这个句型在英语里很多见，中文里几乎没有，和定语从句一样属于凸显中英差别的小透视镜。The possibilities of pleasure seemed that morning so enormous and so various that to have only a moth’s part in life, and a day moth’s at that, appeared a hard fate, and his zest in enjoying his meagre opportunities to the full, pathetic. (Woolf, "Death of a Moth")还有进行不等同比较的句式。比如：He knew more than I thought he did. 等等-----句式规律学差不多了，接下来就需要多练习。可以参考我前日贴出的一篇看图作文的日志/note/455348116/?start=0&post=ok#last。回译也是一个好方法。当然句式熟悉了，还要加强对词语和短语的掌握。这个说来话就太长了，以后点点滴滴谈吧。语言学习是人文学科的基础，我一直乐此不疲。也希望大家有兴趣。授人以鱼不如授人以激情，授人以超越自己的意志。