大学英语自学教程上册1-10课文及翻译
玛丽莲梦兔
803次浏览
2020年07月29日 01:15
最佳经验
本文由作者推荐
气魄造句-机翼的意思
on the other hand
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
"Learning a language is a child can do it!"
“学好一种语言很容易。连孩子都做得到！”
Most adults who are learning a second language
大多数学习第二语言的成年人
would disagree with this statement.
不会同意这一说法。
For them,learning a language is a very difficult task.
对于他们来说，学习语言是一项很困难的任务。
They need hundreds of hours of study and practice,
他们需要数百小时的学习和练习，
and even this will not guarantee success
就是这样也不能保证
for every adult language learner.
每一位成年语言学习者都能成功。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
语言学习不同于基它种类的学习。
some people who are very intelligent
有些很聪明并在自己领域
and successful in theier fields find it difficult
很有成就的人却发现
to succeed in language learing.
学好语言很难。
Conversely,some people who are successful language learners
相反，有些成功的语言学习者
find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
发现他们在其它领域取得成就也很难。
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners;
语言教师通常给语言学习者提出建议：
"Read as much as you can in the new language."
“尽量多读外语。”
"Practice speaking the language every day."
“每天练习说外语。”
"Live with people who speak the language."
“和说外语的人多接触。”
"Don't translate--try to think in the new language."
“不要翻译——努力用外语思维。”
"Learn as a child would learn;play with the language."
“像孩子那样学习；轻轻松松学语言。”
But what does a successful language learner do?
可是成功的语言学习者是怎么做的呢？
Language learning research
语言学习研究表明，
shows that successful language language learners are similar in many ways.
成功的语言学习者许多方面是相似的。
First of all,successful language learners are independent learners.
首先，成功的语言学习者是独立的学习者。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher;
他们不依赖书本或老师；
they discover their own way to learn the language.
他们找到自己学外语的方法。
Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain,
他们不等着老师去解释，
they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.
而是自己努力去找出句型和规则等。
They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions.
他们很会猜测，会找出线索并得出自己的结论。
When they guess wrong,they guess again.
要是猜错了，他们会再猜。
They try to learn from their mistakes.
他们会努力从自己的错
误中学到东西。
Successful language learning is active learning.
成功的语言学习是积极主动的学习。
Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language;
因此，成功的语言学习者不坐等说外语的机会；
they look for such a chance.
他们会寻找这样的机会。
They find people who speak the language
他们找到那些说外语的人
and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.
并请他们纠正自己犯的错误。
They will try anything to communicate.
他们会尽一切努力与人交流。
They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange thing;
他们不害怕重复所听到东西，也不担心自己会说些莫名其妙的话。
they are willing to make mistakes and try again.
他们情愿犯些错误，然后再重来。
When communication is difficult,
在交流有困难时，
03:40.16 they cna accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
他们能够接受不准确或不完整的信息。
It is more important for them
于他们来说，
to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
用外语思维比了解每个词的意思更为重要。
finally,successful language learners are learners with a purpose.
最后，成功的语言学习者是目的明确的学习者。
They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language
他们是因为对外语和说外语的人
and the people who speak it .
感兴趣才学外语的。
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people
他们认为有必要学习外语以便
and to learn from them.
能与说外语的人交流并向他们学习。
They find it easy to practice using the language regularly
所以他们感到经常练习说外语并不难。
because they want to learn with it.
因为他们想利用外语学习新东西，
What kind of language learner are you?
你是哪一种语言学习者呢？
If you are a successful language learner,
你若是一名成功的语言学习者，
you have probably been learning independently,
你大概一直在独立地、
actively,and purposefully.
主动地、目的明确地学习。
On the other hand,if your language learning has been less than successful,
反之，如果你的外语学得一直不太成功，
you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
你不妨试试上面概括的一些技巧。
Text B
课文 B
Language
语言
when we want to tell other people what we think,
当我们要把自己的想法告诉别人时，
we can do it not only with the help of words,but also in many other ways.
我们不仅可以借助于词语，还可用许多其它方法。
For instance,We sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes"
比方说，我们想说“是”的时候通常点点头；
and we move our heads from s
ide to side when we want to say"no"
而想说“不”的时候就摇摇头。
People who can neither hear nor speak (that is,deaf and dumb people)
那些既听不见也不能说的人（即聋哑人）
talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
则用手势相互交谈。
People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same.
人们彼此语言不通时也这么做。
The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
下面的故事就表现他们有时是这么做的。
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy.
有一次，一位不会说意大利语的英国人曾在意大利旅行。
One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table.
一天他走进一家钣店并坐在一张桌旁。
When the waiter came,the Englishman opened his mouth,
当侍者走过来时，这位英国人张开嘴，
put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips.
把手指放在嘴里，又拿了出来，并动了动嘴唇。
In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat."
他想以此说，“给我拿点吃的来。”
The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea.
侍者很快给他端来一杯茶。
The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea,
这位英国人摇摇头，侍者明白了他并不想要茶。
so he took it away and brought him rome coffee.
于是他把茶端走又给他端来了咖啡。
The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty,
这位英国人这时已非常锇但一点也不渴，
looked very sad.
所以他看上去很不高兴。
He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.
侍者每次给他端来喝的东西时，他都摇摇头。
The waiter brought him wine,then beer,
侍者给他端来了葡萄酒，接着是啤酒，
then soda-water,but that wasn't food,of course.
然后是苏打水，可这些当然都不是吃的。
07:21.00 He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in.
他正要离开时，另一位旅客进来了。
When this man saw the waiter,he put his hands on his stomach.
这个人看到了侍者就把双手放到肚子上。
That was enough: in a few minutes
这就足够了：几分钟之后
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.
一大盘通心粉和肉就摆在了他面前。
As you see,the primitive language of signs is not always very clear.
可见，这种原始的确良手势语言不总是非常明确的。
The language of words is much more exact.
词语的语言要准确得多。
Words consist of sounds,
词语由声音组成
but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.
然而有许多声音虽有一定的意义却不是词语。
For example,we may say "Sh-sh-sh" when we mean "keep silent."
例如，我们想说“保持安静”时就会说“嘘——嘘——嘘”
。
When babies laugh,we know they are happy,
当婴儿笑时，我们知道他们很高兴。
and when they cry,we know they are iii or simply want something.
当他们哭时，我们知道他们病了或只是想要某个东西。
It is the same with animals.
动物也是这样。
When a dog says "G-r-r" or a cat says "F-f-f" we know they are angry.
当一条狗发出，“G——r——r”的声音或一只猫发出“F——f——f”的声音时，我们知道它们生气了。
But these sounds are not language.
但是这些声音不是语言。
Language consists of words which we put together into sentences.
语言是由我们用于组成句子的词语组成的。
But animals can not do this:a dog can say "G-r-r" when he means "I am angry,"
可是动物不会这么做么：狗想说“我生气了”时会叫“G——r——r”，
but he cannot say first "I' and then "am" and then "angry."
但它不能说“我”，然后说“生气”，然后说“了”。
A parrot can talk like a man;
鹦鹉可以像人一样说话；
it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean.
它可以重复整句话，也知道这句话意思。
We may say that a parrot talks,but cannot say that it really speaks,
我们可以说鹦鹉学舌，但我们不能说它真正会说话，
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows.
因为它不能用所知道的词语组成新的句子。
Only man has the power to do this.
只有人才有这种能力。
00:02.39 第二单元 课文A
Taxes,Taxes,and More Taxes
税、税、没完没了的税
Americans often say that them are only two things a person
一个人一生中只有两件事
can be sure of in life death and taxes.
可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。
Americans do not have a comer on the "death" market,
美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，
but many people feel that the United States
但许多人感到，美国却以最重的赋税
leads the world with the worst taxes.
在世界上名列前茅。
Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government.
税是人们为支持政府所支付的金钱。
There are generally three levels of government in the United States:
在美国，政府大致分三级：
federal,state,and city; there fore,there are three types of taxes.
联邦政府、州政府和市政府；因此美国有三类税。
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars
收入数千美元的工薪人员
must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.
必须按工资的一定比例向联邦政府交税。
The percentage varies from person to person.
这个比例因人而异，
It depends on their salaries.
视工资数额而定。
The federal government has a graduated income tax,
联邦政府实行累进税制，
that is,the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent)
一般为14%—70%。
inc
es are too high.
但在一个问题上似乎是一致的，即征税太高。
Text B
课文B
Advertising
广告
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort,
广告仅是整个促销活动的一部分，
but it is the part that attracts the most attention.
但它是最引人注目的一部分。
This is natural enough
这很自然，
because advertising is designed for just that purpose.
因为广告制作的目的就在于此。
In newspapers,in magazines,in the mail,on radio and television,
通过报纸、杂志、邮件、广播与电视，
we constantly see and hear
我们不断地看到和听到
the messages for hundreds of different products and services.
数以百计的不同产品与服务的信息。
For the most part,
劝说我们购买和享受的
they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy
多数是这样一些东西：
--food and drinks,cars and television sets,furniture and clothing,
食品、饮料、汽车、电视机、家具、服装
travel and leisure time activities.
以及旅游与休闲活动。
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad.
最简单的广告是分类广告。
Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads;
报纸每天都刊登好几页这类广告
in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them.
某些报纸的星期日增版上可能有许多栏目的分类广告。
A classified ad is usually only a few lines long.
一条分类广告通常只有几行字，
It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.
实际上一个通知或通告，说明能够提供某种东西。
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising.
报纸也刊登大量的醒目广告，
Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment.
其中多数为商店广告或各种娱乐活动的广告。
Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area.
报纸的读者通常受地区的限制。
To bring their message to a larger audience,
为了扩大读者的范围，
many who want to put out their ads use national magazines.
不少人利用全国性尽可能志做广告
Many of the techniques of modem adverrising were developed in magazine ads.
人们在杂志广告中创造了许多现代化的广告技术。
The use of bright colors,attractive pictures,
采用鲜艳的色彩、迷人的画面、简短的文字说明
and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads.
——这些都是杂志做广告的特点。
The most important purpose is to catch the eye.
其根本目的是引人注目。
The message itself is usually short,
文字部分一般很短，
often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.
常常只是一句广告口号语，但它能使公众联想起有关的产品。
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising.
杂志的广告
技术现在已被移用到电视中。
Voices and music have been added to color and pictures
色彩与画面配上解说与音乐，
to catch the ear as well as the eye.
既好看又动听。
Television ads are short--usually only 15,30,or 60 seconds,
电视广告时间委短，通常只有15秒、30秒或60秒钟，
but they are repeated over and over again
但它反复播放，
so that the audience sees and hears them many times.
可以使观众看许多遍。
Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising.
商业电视把娱乐与广告混杂在一起。
If you want the entertainment,
你若要看娱乐节目，
you have to put up with the advertising--
就要耐着性子同时看广告，
and millions of people want the entertainment.
而千百万人都是想看娱乐节目的。
The men and women in the sales department
销售部的人员负责。
are responsible for the company's advertising.
公司的广告宣传
They must decide on the audience they want to teach.
他们要决定广告宣传的对象，
They must also decide on the best way
决定采用什么广告手段
to get their message to their particular audience.
使广告信息传播给特定的观众。
They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan.
他们还要在管理部门审批广告计划之前估算广告费用。
In most large companies
多数大公司的
management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
管理人员都直接参与广告计划的制定。
00:02.39 第三单元 课文A
The Atlantic Ocean
大西洋
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans
大西洋是分隔新大陆
that separate the old World from the New.
与旧大陆的大洋之一。
For centuries it kept the Americas
几个世纪里，
from being discovered by the people of Europe.
它使南北美洲未被欧洲人发现。
Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic
许多有关大西洋的错误
made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.
导致早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。
One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world."
一个想法是，大西洋洋已远达“世界的边缘”，
Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.
海员们担心他可能会航行到地球队边上彻底掉下去；
Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
另一个想法是，在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。
The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,
尽管大西洋的面积只有太平洋的二分之一，
but it is still very large.
但它仍然非常大。
It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 kin) wide where Columbus crossed it.
哥伦布穿越的那部分有4000多英里（6000公里）宽。
Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles (3,200 kin) wide.
即使在最窄处，也有大约2000英里（3200公里）宽。
Thi
s narrowest place is between the bulge
最窄处在美非大陆
of south America and the bulge of Africa.
凸出部分之间。
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.
使大西洋不同寻常原因有二：
For so large an ocean it has very few islands.
首先，如此大的海洋只有很少几个岛屿；
Also, it is the world's saltiest OCean.
其次，它是世界上含盐分最多的海洋。
There is so much water in the Atlantic
大西洋里的水
that it is hard to imagine how much there is.
多得不可想象。
But suppose no more rain fell into it
假设不再有雨水落进大西洋，
and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
河水也不再流入
It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.
大西洋也需要大约四千年的时间才能干涸。
On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep,
平均水深两英里（3。2公里）多一点，
but in places it is much deeper.
但有些地方更深。
The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.
最深处在波多黎各岛附近，
This "deep" measures 30,246 feet--almost six miles (9.6 km).
深达30246英尺，几乎有六英里（9。6公里）。
One of the longest mountain ranges of the world
世界上一条最长的山脉
rises from the floor of the Atlantic.
从大西洋海底升起，
This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean.
它由北向南延伸，直达大西洋中部，
The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands.
几座山峰露出海面便形成岛屿。
The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.
亚速尔群岛是大西洋中部山脉的峰尖。
Several hundred miles eastward from Florida
从佛罗里达往东几百英里处的
there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.
一部分洋面称为马尾藻海。
Here the water is quiet,for there is little wind.
这里水面平静，几乎没有一丝风。
In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here.
在使用帆船的时代，般员们担心他们会因无风而在此处无法航行，
Sometimes they were.
有时的确如此。
Ocean currents are sometimes called "rivers in the sea."
洋流有时被称为“海上河流”。
One of these "rivers" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream.
大西洋其中有一条“河流”被命名为墨西哥湾流，
It is a current of warm water.
是条暖流；
Another is the Labrador Current--cold water coming down from the Arctic.
另一条叫拉布拉多流，这是来自北冰洋的寒流。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流对其充经地区的气候有影响。
The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.
大西洋为岸上的人们提供了丰富的食物。
One of its most famous fishing regions,the Grand Banks,is near New
me we call "full moon,"its whole disc looks bright.
这时整个月面明亮照人。
At other times only part of it appears bright,
其它时间，月球只有一部分发亮，
and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun,
我们发现这正是面朝太阳的那一部分，
while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.
而背靠太阳的那部分显得淡无光。
Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind--
假使美术家们记住月球只有受到太阳照射的那部分才是明亮的，
08:40.99 only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.
他们的绘画也许会更美好。
This shows that the moon gives no light of its own.
这也说明月球本身并不发光，
It merely reflects the light of the sun,
它如同悬挂在天空中的一面巨大的镜子，
like a huge mirror hung in the sky.
仅仅反射太阳光。
Yet the dark part of the moon's surface is not absolutely black;
不过月球表面黑暗的并不是绝对的漆黑。
generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline,
一般说来它的亮度刚好足以让我们看清它的轮廓，
so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms."
因此我们将这一景色称为“新月抱旧月”。
The light by which we see the old moon
看旧月所凭借的光线
does not come from the sun,but from the earth.
来自地球而不是太阳。
We know well how the surface of the sea or of snow,
我们很清楚海面、雪面
or even of a wet road,
或者湿漉漉的路面
may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces.
如何将大量的太阳光反射到我们的脸上，
In the same way
使我们感觉不舒服。
the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light
整个地球表面同样将充足的太阳光反射到月球表面，
on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see
使我们得以看见
the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.
本来会是很暗的那部分月面。
If there were any inhabitants of the moon,
假使月球上有居民，
they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun,
他们也会见到反射太阳光的地球
again like a huge mirror hung in the sky.
如同悬挂在天空中的一面巨大的镜子；
They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight.
他们也会像我们谈论地球之光。
"The old moon in the new moon' s arms"
“新月抱旧月”
is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night,
只不过是在夜间被地球
lighted up by earth light.
照亮的那部分月面。
In the same way,
同样，
the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight,
月球人有时也会见到地球的一部分阳光普照，
and the rest lighted only by moonlight;
而剩下的另一部分被月光照
亮，
they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms."
他们也会把这一景色称为“新地抱旧地”。
00:01.54 第四单元
Improving Your Memory
增强你的记忆力
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles
心理学研究集中在一些怎样帮助记忆的
that help memory:
一些基本原则上，
meaningfulness, organization, association,and visualization.
如意义、组织、联想和形象化。
It is useful to know how these principles work.
知道这些原则怎样起作用是很有用的。
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.
意义影响到各个层次上的记忆。
Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.
对你没有意义的信息是很难记住的。
There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
有几种方法可以使要记的材料更有意义。
Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember.
比如说，许多人通过学押韵的小诗来记东西。
Do you know the rhyme
你知道有一首押韵
"Thirty days has September, April, June, and November..."?
说:"九,六,十一还有四,每月天数整三十....."吗?
It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
这首小诗帮助许多人记住了一年中哪 几个月有30天。
Organization also makes a differenoe in our ability to remember.
组织也对我们 记忆能力有一定的影响。
How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?
如果某个图书馆里的书都是乱七八糟地摆放着，这人图书馆会有什么用呢？
Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
有组织的材料要比一堆杂乱的信息好记。
One example of organization is chunking.
组块就是一个例子。
Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
组块是把那些一点一点的分散的信息分组。
For example, the number 4671363
例如，4671363这个数
is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63.
如果能分成467、13和63三块，就更容易记。
Categorizing is another means of organization.
分类是另一种组织方法。
Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words:
假设要求你记住下列生词：
man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair.
男人、凳子、狗、书桌、女人、马、小孩、猫、椅子。
Many people will group the words into similar categories
很多人把这些词分成相近的类别，
and remember them as follows:
以下列方式记忆它们：
man,woman,child;cat,dog,horse;bench,chair,desk.
男人、女人、小孩；猫、狗、马；凳子、椅子、书桌。
Needless to say,
无庸多言，
the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
第二种记表比第一种更好记。
Association refers to taking the material we wa
nt to remember
联想指的是把我们要记忆的材料
and relating it to something we remember accurately.
同我们已经准确记得的东西联系起来。
In memorizing a number,
你记某个数字的时候
you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.
可以设法把它同你熟悉的数字或事件联系起来。
For example,the height of Mount Fuji in Japan--12,389 feet --
例如日本富士山的高度是12389英尺，
might be remembered using the following associations:
可以用下面的联想法记忆它们：
12 is the number of months in the year,
12是一年中的月数，
and 389 is the number of days in a year (365)
389是一年中天数（365）
added to the number of months twice (24).
加上两倍的月数（24）。
The last principle is visualization.
最后一条原则是形象化。
Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks
研究表明，如果要求人们把要记忆的东西形象化，
when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.
很多种记忆任务的完成都能有显著的进步。
04:28.93 In one study,
在有一项研究中，
subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery,
一组实验对象被要求利用想象学习一些生词，
while the second group used repetition to learn the words.
另一组则通过多次重复去学习这些生词。
Those using imagery remembered BO to 90 percent of the words,
利用想象记忆生词的人记住了80%—90%的生词，
compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.
相比之下，用重复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%—40%。
Thus forming an integrated image
由此看出，
with all the information placed in a single mental picture
将全部信息放置在单个心理画面中，从而形成一个整体形象，
can help us to preserve a memory.
可以帮助我们保存记忆。
Text B
第二单元 课文B
Short-term Memory
短时记忆
There are two kinds of memory: shoat-term and long-term.
记忆有两种：短时记忆和长时记忆。
Information in long-term memory
存储于长时记忆中的信息
can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.
能够在以后的需要时回忆起来。
The information may be kept for days or weeks.
这种信息可以保存几天或几个星期不忘。
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember.
长时记忆的信息有时难以记住。
Students taking exams often have this experience.
参加考试的学生经常有这种体验。
In contrast,
与此相反，
information in shoat-term memory is kept for only a few seconds,
短时记忆中的信息通常是通过反复重复该信息记住的，
usually by repeating the information over and over.
只能保存几秒钟。
For example, you look up a number in the telephone book,
比如你在
们跑得像鹿一样飞快。
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies
一些野蛮部落则相信，
that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
吃那些在战斗中表现骁勇的敌人能使他们也勇敢。
Man-eating may have started because
吃人现象开始发生可能是因为
people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
人们渴望变得像他们的敌人一样强壮和勇敢。
Among civilized people
在文明人中，
it was once thought that ginger root by come magical power
生姜曾被认为具有魔力，
could improve the memory.
能提高人们的记忆力。
Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.
蛋则被认为能使人的声音甜美。
Tomatoes also were believed to have magicai powers.
人们也相信西红柿有魔力，
They were called love apples
称之为爱情苹果。
and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
人们以为，谁吃了西红柿，谁就会陷入情网。
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up--
后来，又出现了关于西红柿的另一种错误说法——
the idea that they were poisonous.
即西红柿有毒。
How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be
如果有这种想法的人知道二战期间
if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes
成百万磅的西红柿被供应给在海外作战的士兵，
were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.
他们该多惊讶呀。
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food.
即使今天仍有许多关于食物的错误说法。
Some of them are very widespread.
其中一些还流传甚广。
One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
这些说法中有一种是，鱼是最好的健脑食品。
Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.
鱼是良好的益脑食品，正如它对肌肉、皮肤和骨骼是有闪的食品一样。
But no one has been able to prove
但还没有 人能够证明，
that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
鱼的益脑作用比许多别的食品要强。
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals.
另一种错误的说法是，吃饭时我不应该喝水。
Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea,
喝水将食物冲下而替代咀嚼固然不是好办法，
but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.
但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的。
It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.
水能够促进消化液的分泌，从而帮助消化。
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation
科学家告诉我们，
have to do with mixtures of foods.
很多毫无根据的说法与混合食物有关。
A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
几年前，这种
that never play;their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind.
它们的思想似乎属于比较严肃那一类的。
We never see frogs engaged in sport.
我们从没有见过青蛙做什么游戏。
They all the time appear to be very grave.
所有时候它们都显得很庄重。
The same is true of the owl,
猫头鹰也这样，
who always looks as if he were considering some important question.
总是显出一副似乎正在思考重要问题的样子
Animals think much while building their houses.
动物在建造家园进思考很多。
The bird searches for what it can use in building its nest,
鸟类在搜寻它所能用来
and in doing this it thinks.
筑巢的东西时总在思考。
The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses.
海狸在建房和建筑时也思考问题。
They think in getting their materials,
它们琢磨如何找到材料，
and also in arranging them,and in plastering them together with mud.
安置材料之后找用泥浆把它们粘在一起。
Some spiders build houses
一些蜘蛛编织的“房子”队了有思考能力的动物外，
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
别的动物几乎不可能造出来。
As animals think, they learn more than others.
正如动物会思考一样，它们也会学习。一些动物比另一些动物学得快。
The parrot learns to talk,though in some other respects it is quite stupid.
鹦鹉虽然在一些别的方面挺笨，但能学话。
The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds.
反舌鸟能学会模仿很多不同的声音。
The horse is not long in learning many things connected
马在学习干很多与它的活儿
with the work which he has to do.
有关的事情上还不算慢。
The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs,
牧羊犬对很多事情不如别的狗知道得多，
and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.
可它非常明白应该如何看管好羊群。
Though animals think and learn,
虽然动物既思考也学习，
they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things,as men do.
但在做事的方法上并不能像人那样有真正的改进。
Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
每种鸟都有其独特的筑巢方式，
and it is always the same way.
但总是一成不变。
And so of other animals.
别的动物也如此。
They have no new fashions,and learn none from each other.
它们缺乏新的花们，也不会相互学习。
But men,as you know,are always finding new ways of building houses,
而人呢，正如你知道的那样，总在发现建造房屋的新方法，
and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
并入进了几乎所的工作的方法。
Many of the things that animals know how to do
有许多事情动物知道怎么做，
they seem to know either without learning,
但它们要么未经过学习就会，
or in some way which we cannot understand.
，要么是以某种我们不了解的方式学会的。
They are said to do such things by instinct;
据说它们凭本能就会做这些事，
but no one can tell what instinct is.
但没人能说清什么是本能。
It is by this instinct that birds build their nests
正是通过这种本能，鸟类搭巢，
and beavers their dams and huts.
海狸筑堤造窝。
If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses,
如果这些事情像人设计新房子一样有所计划，
there would be some changes in the fashions of them,and some improvements.
有所设想，式样上就应该有所变化，有所改进。
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers.
我已经谈过海狸 的建筑本能。
An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage.
一个英国绅士捉了只小海狸，先把它关在笼子里。
After a while he let him out in a mom
过了一会儿绅士把它放到一个有各种东西的房间里。
where there was a great variety of things.
小海狸一被放出来，
As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct.
就开始运用它的建筑本能。
He gathered together whatever he could find,
它把所能找到的各种东西集中起来，
brushes,baskets,boots,clothes,sticks,bits of coal,etc.,
如刷子、篮子、靴子、衣服、棍子、
and arranged them as if to build a dam.
小煤块等，把它们摆放得好像筑堤一样。
Now,if he had had his wits about him,
那么，如果海狸真有才智的话，
he would have known that there was no use in building a dam
它本应该知道
where there was no water.
，在没有水地方筑堤是毫无意义的。
It is plain that,
很明显，
while animals learn about things by their senses as we do,
当动物像人一样依靠感官学习时，
they do not think nearly as much about what they learn,
它们不像人一样对学习的东西深入思考，
and this is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly.
而这就是为什么它们不能得到更快提高的原因。
Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog,
即使它们中紧聪明的动物，如大象和狗，
do not think very much about what they see and hear.
对所见所闻也思考不够。
Nor is this all.
这还不是全部原因。
There are some things that we understand,
我们人能理解的一些东西，
but about which animals know nothing.
动物对此则一无所知。
They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation .
它们不了解发生在自己观察范围之外的事情。
Their minds are so much unlike ours
它们头脑与我们的大不一样，
that they do not know the difference between right and wrong.
以致无
nto gems.
在所开采的全部金刚石中，仅有25%属于优质，适合加工成珠宝。
Most of the diamonds in India were found in stream beds.
在印度，大部分金刚石是在河床上发现的。
People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams
人们从河底里拾起一把把砂砾，
and sort out the diamonds.
然后从中挑出金刚石。
These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed
这些金刚石可能是从其形成的地方
to India by great sheets of moving ice
被大块移动的冰川带到印度的。
that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
二万年前地球的部分地区是被冰川覆盖着的。
Most diamonds today are not found in stream beds, however.
但是现在大部分金刚石已不是从河床上找到的，
They are mined from rock formations deep inside the earth called pipes.
而是从地下深称做火山筒脉的岩层结构中开采出来的。
Scientists believe
科学家相信，
04:04.19 that these axe parts of volcanoes that were formed when molten rock
这种火山筒是火山的一部分，
pushed upward through the earth's crust.
它是熔岩向上冲出地壳时形成 的。
The hard rock in which diamonds are found is called blue ground,
含有金刚石的岩层叫蓝地，
because it is somewhat blue.
因为它多少有点蓝色。
The blue ground is blasted into large pieces of rock
开采时先将蓝地炸成大块石料，
which are carried to the surface by elevator.
以免金刚石受到破坏。
Then the rocks are carefully so that the diamonds are not destroyed.
洗矿台的面板上涂有厚厚一层油脂，
Next, the crushed material is taken over to washing tables.
当碎砂石从面板上流过时，
Here, it flows over boards thickly mated with grease.
金刚石粘在油脂上，
Since diamonds stick to grease,
而其它砂石与泥土
they are left behind by the rocks and mud whieh flow down the tables.
则从洗矿台上流走。
Diamonds,as they are found, do not look very impressive.
金刚石刚开采时并无动人之处，
They are gray, greasy-looking pebbles.
只是灰色滑溜的小卵石。
Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.
有经验的金刚石开采者以立即人辨出金刚石，
But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks
但有些人随身带着一块不寻常的石头，
before finding out that they had got a diamond.
过了好几个星期才搞清楚，这是一块金刚石。
Text B
课文B
The Difference between Plants and Animals
动物与植物的区别
If you were asked.
如果有人问你，
"What is the difference between a plant and an animal?"
动物与植物有什么区别？”
What answer do you think you would give?
你想你会怎么回答呢？
Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves and roots and flowers,
你首
先想到的是，植物有叶子、根、花，
which an animal has not.
而动物没有这些。
Yet that would not be correct;
但这样的回答并不是正确，
for there are many plants which have neither roots nor leaves nor flowers,
因为有许多植物既没有根，没有叶，也不开花，
while there are some animals which seem to have all three.
而有些动物似乎这三者都具备。
Look up into the sky,and then down at the earth beneath your feet.
抬头看看天空，然后再看看你脚下的大地，
It is easy enough,you think,to tell which is earth and which is sky;
你会认为要辨别哪个是天，哪个是地，是最容易不过的事情了。
but if you live in the wide, open country, or near the sea,
但是如果你住在宽广开阔的农村，或住在海边，
you will often find when you look far away
当你向远处去看那天地会合处时，
to the place where sky and earth seem to meet,
你常常会发现，
that this is a matter of some difficulty.
分辨天地不那么容易。
You see only the thin blue haze,like smoke,
你只能看到如烟一般的蓝色薄雾，
which is the dividing line between the heavens and the earth.
这就是天与地的分界线。
But just where the one ends and the other begins,you cannot tell.
但这条分界线从哪里开始，到哪里结束，你不可能说清楚。
Just so it is throughout all the world of Nature.
整个自然界就是这样。
You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees
你可以看见站在树下的
or catch a bee at his early drink in a rnoming-glory bell,
一群奶牛或捉到一只起早在牵牛花的花冠上采蜜的蜜蜂。
and you would laugh if any one should ask you
如果有人问你能否区分
whether you can tell an animal from a plant.
哪个是动物，哪个是植物，你一定会感到好笑。
But suppose you mm aside from these familiar, everyday things,
但假如你撇开这些日常熟悉的东西，
and study objects which you have to look at through a magnifying glass,
而去研究只有用放大镜才能看到的东西，
and you will find many things that will puzzle you.
你一定会发现许多东西使你迷惑不解。
You will find plants without roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds;
你会发现有无根，无叶，无花或无种子的植物，
and you will find animals without heads,legs,eyes,mouths,or stomachs.
你还会发现无头、无足、无眼、无嘴或无胃的动物。
Students of Nature are not satisfied with guessing,
大自然的研究者不满足于猜测，
but they observe,day after day,
而是日复一日地观察
the changes which take place in at,object;
物体发生的变化。
and they see many things which most people would fail to see.
他们看到了大多数人未能看到的许多东西。
And thus they have found that the real difference between plants and anima
ls
因此他们发现动物与植物的真正差异在于
lies in what they do, and not in what they seem to be.
它他们的行为而不是它们的形体。
We now know that about one fourth of all the kinds of seaweed are animals.
现在我们知道各种海草中大工业约有四分之一是动物。
A few years ago all of them were classed as plants.
而几年前它们都归类为植物。
It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants
长时间以来一直认为动物与植物的主要区别
was that the former could move about while the latter could not.
是前者能到处移动而后者则不能。
But this difference will not hold good.
但这一区别不能成立。
How then are we to know whether a living object is a plant or an animal?
那么我们怎能知道一个生物是植物还是动物呢？
Plants can live on inorganic matter;
植物能靠无机物生活；
they have the power of changing earth and air and water into substances
它产具有将土地、空气和水
which enter into and become a part of themsdves.
变为铖植物自身一部分的能力。
Animals can live only on what plants have already turned
动物只能靠植物将无机物
from inorganic to vegetable matter.
变为植物性质来生活。
Animals,although they need some inorganic food,cannot live on it alone.
虽然动物也需要食用某些无机物，但不能单靠无机物生活。
All the food that keeps our bodies strong, or makes them grow,
一切使我们身体强壮或成长的食物
was once in the vegetable form.
都曾一度为植物生的。
No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth,
如果没有植物首先出现在地球上
if the plants had not come first
并为更高一级生物的生活条件做好准备，
and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.
那就不可能有鸟、鱼或其他任何动物在地球 上生存。
Plants are the true fairies that are forever working wonders around us.
植物是真正的仙子，始终在我们周围创造着奇迹。
Their roots,dig down into the earth and gather its treasums.
植物的根部深入地下，吸收土壤中的养分；
Their leaves spread their broad surfaces to the air and take in its riches;
植物的叶子在空中展开，吸收空气中的有用物质。
and out of what they have thus gathered they produce the beautiful flowers,
吸收了这些物质后，植物开出美丽花朵，
the delicious fruits, and the golden grain.
结出美味的果实，长出金色的谷物。
Let us study more clasdy the way in which a plant grows.
让我们更加仔细地看看植物是怎样生长的。
The root pushes itself down into the earth.
根向下深入土壤，
If it finds no water, it soon dies.
如果遇不到水，便很快枯死；
If it finds water,it begins to suck it up and change it into sap.
如果说遇到水，便将水吸起，变为植物的液汁。
Besides the water,
除水之个，
it takes up such parts of the soil as are dissolved in the water.
根还吸收土壤中那些溶于水中的物质。
Here,then,you see in what ways
由此，你可以看到
the food of the plant is different from that of animals.
植物的食物与动物的食物是怎样的不同。
00:02.00 第七单元 课文A
Families
家庭
"Family"--the word has different meanings for different people,
家庭这个词对不同的人有不同的意义，
and even the dictionary gives us several definitions:
甚至词典上给出的定义也有几种：
"a group of people related by blood or marriage,"
“一群由血缘或者婚姻联系在一起的人，”
"two adults and their children,"
“两个成人和他们的孩子，”
"all those people descended from a common ancestor,""a household,"and so on.
“那些承袭同一祖先的后裔，”“一户人家”等等。
Some people think of a family as a mother, a father,and their children;
有人将家庭看成母亲、父亲和他们的孩子；
others include grandparents, aunts, uncles,and cousins.
也有人认为家庭还包括祖父、祖母、婶婶叔叔辈，堂兄妹辈。
For some of us,family means the group of relative living far away from home.
对我们之中的有些人来说，家庭意味着离家远住的一帮亲戚；
For others,having a family simply means having children.
对另一些人来说，有家只不过意味着有孩子。
Some families have long histories,
一些家庭有久远的历史，
while others know very little about their ancestors.
另一些家庭则对自己的祖先知之甚少。
No matter if it is young or old,large or small,traditional or modern,
无论每个家庭的历史是长是短，家庭是在是小，传统还是现代，
every family has a sense of what a family is.
每个家庭都有家庭的某种感受。
It is that feeling of belonging,
那是一种来自共同生活、互相帮助、
of love and security that comes from living together,helping and sharing.
共则拥有的归属感、互爱感和安全感。
There are basically two types of families:
家庭大体上有两类：
nuclear families and extended families.
核心家庭和扩大家庭。
The nuclear family usually consists of two(mother and father)
核心家庭通常由父母
and their children.
及其子女组成，
The mother and father form the nucleus, or center,of the nuclear family.
父亲和母亲形成家庭中的核心，或者叫中心。
The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.
子女在核心家庭中成长直到婚嫁，
Then they form new nuclear families.
然后再形成新的核心家庭。
The extended family is very large.
扩大的家庭非常大。
There are often many nuclear families in one extended family.
在一个
扩大的家庭中往往有多个核心家庭。
An extended family includes children, parents,grand-parents,uncles,aunts,and cousins.
扩大的家庭包括子女、父母、祖父母、叔伯、姨婶、堂兄妹。
The members of an extended family are related by blood
他们由血缘关系
(grandparents,parents,children,brothers,sisters,etc.)
（如：祖父母、父母、子女、兄弟、姐妹等）
or by marriage (husbands, wives, mothers-in-law, etc. ).
或者婚姻关系（丈夫、妻子、岳母婆婆）联系在一起。
They are all related,
正因为他们互相有亲缘关系，
so the members of an extended family are called relatives.
所以扩大的家庭中的民员都称为亲戚。
Traditionally,all the members of an extended family lived in the same area.
传统上，扩大的家庭的全部成员都居住在同一个地区。
However,with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society,
但是，随着从农业社会向工业社会的转变，
many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.
许多核心家庭离家外出寻找工作。
In industrial societies today,
在现在的工业化社会中，
the members of most nuclear families live together,
许多核心家庭的成员居住在一起，
but most extended families do not live together.
而大部分扩大的家庭成员却分散而住
Therefore
因此，
we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family
随着社会越来越工业化，我们认为核心家庭
as the society industrializes.
比扩大的家庭更为重要。
In post-industrial societies like the United States,
在一些像美国那样的后工业化国家，
even the nudear family is changing.
核心家庭甚至也在发生了变化。
The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children,
核心家庭在变小，因为父母都愿要更少的子女，
and the number of childless families is increasing.
而且无子女的家庭不断增加。
Traditionally,the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family
传统上核心家庭的父亲挣钱养家，
while the mother eared for the house and the children.
母亲照看家庭和孩子。
Today,more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are two-earner families
今天在美国，50%以上的核心家庭由父母两人挣钱养家，
--both the father and the mother earn money for the family--
只有少数家庭由母亲挣钱养家，
and in a few families the mother earns the money
只有少数家庭由母亲挣钱养家
while the father takes care of the house and the children.
而父亲照看家庭和孩子。
Many nuclear families are also."splitting up'
许多核心家庭也在“裂变”，
--more and more parents are getting divorced.
因为越来越多的父母开始离异。
What will be the result of this "splitting" of the nucle
because she did not work outside the home.
因为她不出门工作，
However,today preschool children may go to a child care center
而今天的学龄前儿童由于母亲工作，
or to a baby-sitter regularly because the mother works.
他们可以去托儿所或者由保姆定时照看。
The school-age children of a traditional family were more dependent.
传统家庭中的上学儿童依赖性更大，
Their mother was there to help them to get ready for school
母亲帮助他们准备上学、
and to make their breakfast,
做早餐。
in contrast,modern children are more independent.
相反，现代的孩子更独立。
They have to get up early in the morning and get ready for school.
他们必须早晨早起，做好上学的准备。
Their mother is bury getting ready for work,
母亲忙于准备上班，
so they may even have to make their own breakfast.
所以孩子甚至自己做早餐。
In conclusion, the American family of today
总之，今日的美国家庭
is different from the family of fifty years ago.
不同于50年前的家庭。
In the modern family,the roles of the father,mother,
在现代家庭中，随着越来越多的妇女外出工作
and children have changed as more and more women work outside the home.
父亲、母亲、孩子的作用已经改变。
The next century
下个世纪
may bring more important changes to the American family structure.
可能给美国家庭的结构带来更大的变化，
It should be interesting to see.
能够目睹这一现象将是饶有兴味的。
第八单元 课文A
Telecommunication via Satellite
卫星通信
At the beginning of the twentieth century,
20世纪初
there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information
有四种强有力的手段进行远距离的信息传送和接收，
over long distances:
它们是
print,photography,telegraph and telephone.
印刷、照相、电报和电话。
By the middle of the century, both radio and television
到20世纪中叶，无线电和电视
had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures.
都已成为公认的传送声音和/或图象的手段。
In 1964, the Olympic Games in Tokyo
1964年在东京举行的奥运会
became the first program to be transmitted via satellite.
是第一个通过卫星传送的节目。
In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite,
为要通过卫星传送像奥运这样的比赛项目，
television signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then
应先把电视信号变成无线电波，
sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
然后从地球上的某个发射站把无线电波送上轨道卫星。
The satellite receives the radio waves and sends them back to earth,
卫星收到无线电波，再把它们送回地球，
where another station picks them up
由地球上的另一个地面站接
收信号，
and changes them back into television signals.
并把它产变回电视信号。
Because any form of sound or visual information
因为任何形式的声音或图像信息
can be changed into radio waves,
都能变成无线电波，
satellites axe capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts,
所以卫星不仅能传送电视广播节目，
but telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
还可以传送电话和像书籍、杂志这样的印刷材料。
The combination of satellites,which transmit information,computers,
传送信息的卫星存储信息的计算机
which store information,and television,which displays information,
和显示信息的电视， 这三者结合起来
will change every home into an education and entertain merit center.
能把每家庭变民教育和娱乐中心。
In theory,every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.
理论上说，每个人都能接触无限多的信息。
Another important use of telecommunication satellites was demonstrated in 1974
1974年“太空老师”卫星把教育节目
when the "Teacher in Sky"
传送给美国边远地区的课堂，
satellite transmitted educational programs to classes in remote areas of the United States.
显示了通信卫星的另一个重要用途。
In 1975,many people in India saw
1975年，印度有很多人观看
television for the first time as watched programs about agriculture and health.
农业节目和健康节目，这是他们第一次看电视。
The satellite also demonstrated
卫星还显示了
how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.
它怎样向与外界绝少来往的交通不便地区提供帮助。
For example,
例如，
a health worker in an isolated area was able to transmit pictures of a patient's wound
某一这类地区的保健工作者可以把病人伤情的照片传
to a doctor far away.
送给远处的医生。
He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions
之后，他就能够根据医生的指示
on how to care for the patient.
照顾病人。
The most common use of telecommunication satellites,
不过，通信卫星的最通常的
however,has been for transmitting telephone calls.
用途还是传送电话。
Most of them travel 40,000 miles to a satellite and then back to earth.
大部分电话要走40000英里才能到达卫星然后返回地球。
04:11.48 Ten years ago,a satellite was capable of receiving and transmitting
十年前，一个卫星能够同时接收和传送
more than 33,000 telephone conversations simultaneously.
33000多对通话。
Now a single satellite is able to transmit over 100,000 conversations
现在只要一个卫星就能传送100000多对通话
as well as several hundred television channels--all at the same time.
以及数百条电视频道——这一切都是同时
进行的。
Telecommunication can make information
电信能使人迅速和便捷地
from around the world available to use quickly and easily,
利用从世界和地来的信息，
but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.
不过有些人担心这会危及我们的隐私。
If personal information is stored in computers,
如果计算机中存有私人的信息，
then it maybe easily transmitted via satellite
那么只要有人能付服务费，
to anyone who can pay for the service.
就可能通过卫星所它传送给这个人。
Another worry is that telecommunication systems
人们的另一个担心是电信系统
may isolate people from each other.
可能使用彼此不再来往。
When people are able to shop from their homes,
当人们在家里就能购物，
do their banking without leaving the house,
不出门就能往银行里存钱，
watch any movie they want on their television,as well as
在电视上就能看想看的电影，
get any information they need,
他们也能得到所需要的任何信息，
then there will not be as much contact between people.
那么人们之间的接触就 不会那么多了。
It is important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.
重要的是要能认识到，同一技术既能帮人，也能害人。
We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.
我们应该认真控制新技术，防止害人的事情发生。
As one telecommunication expert says,
正如一位电信专家说的那样，
"We must remember that technology alone is not the answer
“我们必须记住，技术本身不是解决的办法。
...It is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success."
、、、、、、明智地利用技术才会使我们成功。”
Text B
课文B
What People Don't Know about Air.
关于空气人们还需要了解些什么
The air around us is important to everyone.
我们周围的空气对每个人都是至关重要的。
Without air, we could not exist.
没有空气 我们就不能生存。
Everyone understands that.
每个人都懂得这一点。
But air is necessary in many other ways--
但是空气在许多其它方面也是人所必需的——
ways that are not always so obvious or widely know.
这些方面并不是明显和广为人知。
For example,if we did not have air,there would be no sound.
比如说，假如我们没有空气，就不会有声音。
Sound travels through there is no air,there is no sound.
声音通过空气传播，没有空气的地方，也就没有声音。
Without air,there would be no fire.
假如没有空气，就不会有火。
There would be no cars or trucks,since motors need air in order to work.
因为发动机需要空气才能工作，所以也不会有轿车或卡车。
Without air there would be no wind or clouds.
没有
mmon things of life,
这类词涉及日常生活
and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language.
是所有使用此语言的人的常备词汇。
Such words may be called "popular,"
这样的词可称为“普通词语”，因为它们属于普通大众，而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。
since they belong to the people at large
因为它们属于普通大众，
and are not the possession of a limited class only.
而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。
On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words
另一方面，我们的语言包括了大量
which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
在日常谈话中相对地使用较少的词。
Their meanings are known to every educated person,
这些词的意思为每个受过教育的人所知，
but there is little occasion to use them at home.
但在家里几乎没有机会使用这些词。
Our first acquaintance with them
我们不是
comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates,
从母亲的嘴里或从同班同学的谈话中，
but from books that we read, lectures that we hear,
而是从我们所读的书所听的讲座，
or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers
或从受过高深教育的讲话者较正式谈话中，
who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.
他们用庄重的文体谈论一些特定的话题时，
Such words are called "learned",
首次了解到这些词的。
and the difference between them and "popular" words
这些词被称为书卷词语，
is of great importance to a right understanding of language.
认识书卷词语与普通词语之间的差别对正确理解语言是至关重要的。
The difference between popular and learned words
我们可以通过几个例子
may be easily seen in a few examples.
清楚地看到这两类词的差别。
We may describe a girl as "lively" or as "vivacious."
描写一个女孩活泼，我们可用“lively”或“vivacious”。
In the first case,
前一种情况
we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life.
我们用了一个由常见名词“life”转换而来的地道的英语词。
In the latter,
后一种情况,
we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning
我们用了一个意义完全相同的拉丁语派生词.
Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different.
但这两个词的色彩相支甚远。
No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book.
从来没有人最初是由书上学到“lively”这个形容词的，
It is a part of everybody's vocabulary.
这个词不达意是在众词汇的一部分。
We cannot remember a time when we did not know it,
我们不记得有不知道这个词的时候，
and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read.
而且肯定在会读书前很久我们就已经认识它了。
On the other hand,
另一方面，
we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious.
我们可能过了好几年才学到“vivacious”这个词
We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend.
03:55.86 我们甚至可能还记得，第一次在书上看到它或从一些成年朋友那儿听到它。
Both lively and vivacious are good English words,
“lively”和“vivacious”都是很好的英语词，
but lively is popular and vivacious is learned.
但“lively”大众化而“vivacious”则带有书卷气。
The terms"popular"and"learned,"as applied to words,
当用于词汇分类时，“普通的”和“书卷的”
are not absolute definitions
这两个术语的定义不是绝对的。
No two persons have the same stock of words,
任何两个人掌握的词汇都不一样，
and the same word may be"popular"in one man's vocabulary
同一个词在某人的词汇里可能是“普通的”,
and"learned'in another's
而在另一个人的词汇里则是"书卷的".
There are also different grades of "popularity."
而且"普通"也有不同的等级。
Still, the classification into "learned" and "popular" is convenient and sound.
然而，把词汇分成“书卷的”和“普通的”还是方便和合理的。
Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word,
人们也许在对某一特定词分类上会有分歧意见，
but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle.
但对总原则则无异议。
We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception.
可我们依然要小心避免概念混淆。
When we call a word "popular,"
当我们说一个词属于"普通的"时,
we do not mean that it is a favorite word,
并不意味着人们喜爱它,
but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole
而只不过昌它属于所有的人,
that is,it is everybody's wordnot the possession of a limited number.
即它是大众的词汇,而并非有限人们所独有.
When we call a word"learned"we do not mean
当我们称某一词是“书卷的”时，
that it is used by learned persons alone
不是指仅仅有学问的人才用，
but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books
而是它在英语词汇中存在是由于
and the cultivation of litera ture
书籍和文学的陶冶，
rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation
而不是日常谈话的实际需要。
TextB
How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary?
如何增加你的词汇量？
Through Context
通过上下文
When students in a college class were asked what should be done
当某班大学生被问到
when they came across a new word in their reading,84 percent said,
在阅读中碰到一个生词怎么办时，84%的人说
"Look it up in the dictionary."
“查字典”。
If you do, however
, you interrupt the very mental processes
但是，如果你这样做，你就打断了思维过程，
needed to make your efforts most productive
而这一思维过程能使你的努力最有成效。
But there's another reason.
但是还另一个原因。
Suppose someone asks you what the word "fast" means.
试想有人问你“fast”的意思，
You answer, "swift."
你回答说“快速的”。
But does it mean that in such contexts as"fast color,
但在“ fast color”，“
"fast woman,"or"fast friend"
“fast women”或“fast friend”这样一些上下文中它还是这个意思吗？
And if a horse is fast,
如果说一匹马“fast”
is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either.
是指它拴得牢，还是它跑得飞快？
It all depends.
两者可能都行，只能视情况而定
On the dictionary?
这取决于词典吗？
No, on contexton how the word is actually used.
不，取决于上下文——即这个词实际上是怎样使用的。
After all there are over twenty different meanings for "fast" in the dictionary.
毕竟在词典中“fast”有20多种不同的意思。
But the dictionary doesn't tell you which meaning is intended.
但词典不会告诉你用的是哪意思。
这就是为什么 我们有充分理由要从上下文开始。
Through Word Parts Now for the next step.
通过构词 现在我们看下一步。
Often new words contain one or more parts, which,
通常新单词包含有一个或更多的部分，
if recognized, provide specific help with meaning.
而如果你能认识这些部分，那么对理解单词的意义就特别有帮助。
Suppose you read that someone "had a preference for reading travel books."
假设你读到某人对阅读游记有“preference”，
The context certainly isn't too helpful.
这时上下文当然帮助不大。
But do you see a prefix, suffix, or root that you know?
但你是否看到你认识的前缀、后缀或词根了？
Well, there's the familiar prefix pre-, meaning "before."
哦，有一个你熟悉的前缀“pre-”，意即当前”
Look back at the context and try inserting "before."
回过来看上下文，并试着把“在前”嵌入。
Reading travel books apparently comes "before" other kinds of reading.
显然阅读游记“优先”于其他种类的读物。
Yes, a preference is something put "before" something else.
于是“prefer-ence”就是可优于别的事之间考虑的事情。
Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts.
所以你的第二步，就是找熟悉的部分。
If they do not give you exact meanings,
假如它们没能给出准确的意思，
they should at least bring you much closer.
至少也会使你把意思靠得更近。
Now you-can see why you should consult the dictionary last,not first.
现在你明白为什么要最后而不是最先查词典了吧。
You've
.
他得到的答案并不都是正确的,但至少那时的人确实是想了解答案是什么.
Curiosity and Imagination
求知和想象
Science began to develop rapidly
科学开始迅速发展起来
when man laid aside-his wrong beliefs and began to seek true explanations.
当人舍弃错误的想法并开始寻求正确的解释的时候,
Young children are curiously about how things work.
孩子们对事物是如何运转的感到好奇.
The child wants to take apart a watch to see what makes it work.
有的小孩拆开手表,看看是什么使它走个不停.
Benjamin Franklin wondered about lightning.
本杰明.富兰克林对闪电很感兴趣.
He combined his curiosity with imagination
他把求知和想象结合起来,
and carried out his well-known experiment to show that lightning and
进行了一次著名的实验,
an electric spark are the same thing.
证明闪电和电火花是同一种事物.
Curiosity and imagination are important qualities
求知和想象是两种重要发素质,
which helps stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.
它们有助于激励新事实的发现有效期推动科学向前发展.
Belief in Cause and Effect
相信因果关系
Scientifically minded people believe in a "cause-and-effect" relationship
有科学头脑的人相信"因果"关系.
They feel there is a perfectly natural explanation for everything.
他们感到任何一种事物都有一个完全自然的解释.
For example,
例如,
there is a good reason why some leaves turn redand others yellow in the fall.
对于为什么有的树叶在秋天会变红,而另一些树叶则变黄这一现象应有合理的原因.
Changes such as these, which are easily observed,are called phenomena.
像树叶变色被子人们完全理解,甚至有一些现象在今天还完全无法解释.
Some common phenomena,however, are not completely understood.
像树叶变色这样容易观察到的变化被称为现象.
Still others cannot be explained at all at this time.
然而,有些常见的现象还没有被人们完全了解,甚至有一些现象在今天还完全无法解释.
In cases where the explanation is unknown
在对一些现象的解释还不为人们所知的情况下,
the scientific point of viewis that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.
科学的观点是,其中必胡原因,只是尚未被发现罢了.
Being Open-Minded
心胸开阔
Open,mindedness is also extremely important to a scientific attitude.
开阔的心胸在科学态度中也是极其重要的品质.
This mesns the ability to face the facts as they are
这指的是有能力面对现存的事实
regardless of what one has previously thought.
而不管自己原来想法如何.
It includes an ability to accept new
这包括能够接受新的,
and sometimes even disagreeable ideas
有时甚至自己不赞同的观点.
The worker in science must face
facts whether they are pleasantor unpleasant.
科学工作者必须尊重事实,不论这些事实是否令人愉快.
He must expect many failures and be willing to try again.
他必须预见到可能会有许多失败,但他大气愿再作尝试.
Thomas Edison failed thousands of times
托马斯.爱迪生在
before he succeededin producing the first electric lamp.
成功地制造出第一个电灯前就曾失败了上千次.
The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance.
解决实际问题的办法江不能预见.
Scientists must be able to change their thinking
科学家必须能够改变思路,
and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.
并使自己的理论符合新发现的事实.
The mind cannot be made up once and for all
思想不能一劳永逸,一成不变.
New knowledge may make a change in thinking necessary.
新知识使得改变思想很必要.
This is another way of saying that man's understandingis always less than perfect.
这也说明人对事物的理解总不能尽善尽美.
What is accepted as true often is relatively,and not absolutely, true.
被作为真理接受的东西通常是相对正确,而非绝对正确.
A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable
科学的真理提供的某一种解释是可接受的,
only in the light of what is known at a particular time.
只是相对于某一特定时间内人们的知识水平而言的.
Respect for the Views of Others
尊重别人的观点
Another part of a scientific attitudeis respect for the views of others.
科学态度的另一个重要的方面是尊重别人的观点.
This is easy when these views are like one's own.
当别人的观点与自己的相符合时,这很容易.
The difficulty comes up when their ideas are different.
困难来自尊重与自己不同的意见.
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
全新或外来的观点也是接受起来很困难的.
New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.
新观点经常是很慢才被大家认可.
Scientists such as Galileo, Louis Pasteur,
像伽利略,巴斯德
and Edward Jenner were laughed at
和金纳这些大科学家
because they held theories that were not accepted.
因为自己的理论不被接受而曾受人嘲笑.
Respect for new ideas is important for continued progressin all fields of knowledge.
所以尊重新观点对在所有知识领域里不断取得进步都很重要.
Opinions Based on Evidence
观点应有根据
Sometimes evidence is not complete.
有时证据并不充分.
It may take time for new facts to become available.
新事实的获得可能需要一段时间,
When they are available, a person may have to change his mind.
而在获得了这些事实以后,人们可能会改变主意.
New findings may also require a "wait-and-see" attitude.
新发现也需要一种"等着瞧"的态度.
For example,
地解决了这个问题.
Occasionally he finds answers to closely related questions
偶尔他会发现和此问题
which give clues for solving the new one.
密切关系的另一些问题的答案,而这些答案正提供了解决新问题的线索.
In his search the scientist accumulates much background information.
科学家在查阅文献中积累了丰富的背景材料.
With these new ideas and facts
凭借这些新观点和事实,
he builds a firm foundationfor solving the problem.
他就打下了解决问题的坚实基础.
Organizing the Information
组织信息
After the scientist has finished this part of his work
在科学家完成了收集信息的工作后,
he will probably take the many facts which he has collected
他将把收集所得
and organize them into some kind of system.
组织成一个系统.
This may be a logical classification
这可能是逻辑分类,
or it may be a mathematical analysis
也可能是数学分析.
Usually the analysis will show unanswered questions.
一般这样的分析会暴露一些未解决的问题.
Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.
有时还会联想出一些需要进一步研究的领域.
Perhaps one of the most important results of such an analysis
这种分析的最重要成果之一
is that it indicates certain truths,
是它会提示某些真理,
which generally are called inferences.
这通常称为推论.
Making a Hypothesis
提出假说
In making an inference the scientist has built up a hypothesis.
在推论的过程中,科学家建立了假说.
A hypothesis is only a "best" guess.
假说只不过是一个"最佳"猜测.
It must next be tested.
它必须进一步被验证.
If it is correct, then certain things should follow.
如果它是正确的,那么某些事情就会随之而来.
This means if a particular experiment is carried out,
也就是说,如果进行了一个特定的实验,
certain observations ought to be possible
就有可能观察到某些现象,
or it should be possible to make certain predictions.
或者做出某些预测.
Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected
如果观察结果或预测出现的情况愉如所料,
the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis
科学家就有更多的信心,认为他的假说是正确的.
If,however,observations cannot be made or the predictions are unreliable
不过,如果观察不到任何现象或预测不可靠,
then the hypothesis will probably be given up or at least modified.
那么假说就可能被放弃,或至少被修正.
The Experiment
做实验
The hypothesis must check with the facts.
必须用事实对假说进行检验.
Scientific facts are usually established by work in the laboratory.
科学事实通常由实验室的工作予以确立.
Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.
实
验须在严格控制的条件下进行.
Thorough and accurate records must be kept.
必须全面,精确地记录实验结果.
In making certain kinds of experiments in science variables are used.
在做某些种类的科学实验中,要用到变量.
A variable is something
变量指
which has different values under different conditions.
在不同条件下有不同数值的东西.
In one type of laboratory test
在做某种实验时,
all the variables but one are controlled.
除一种变量之外,所有其它变量都要控制,
This method of testing is called controlled experimentation.
这种实验方法叫做对照实验.