英语论述文
玛丽莲梦兔
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2020年07月29日 19:04
最佳经验
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什么的我-释怀什么意思
第一篇讲如何概论具有学术或科普研讨性质文章。对写论文摘要有用，另外也有助于训练文献综述的能力，为写比较长的论述文做准备。
可以把文献摘要想象为一篇缩微议论文，具有议论文的基本结构和内容。分三步走。
第一、开门见山：把主题概括出来，用一两句话说明文章主要在讨论什么 。主题不是论点，论点是关于主题的看法。
常用句式，对应文章主题的不同种类：
1) 议论两个事物之间关系的主题（比如医学技术和伦理的关系）：
The author examines the ways in which medical technology interacts with (或relates to) ethics.
OR：The author examines how medical technology interacts with ethics.
The author examines the interactions between medical technology and ethics.
2) 议论某事对特定人群影响的主题：
The author explains (analyzes) the implications of surrogate motherhood for lower-class Indian women.
OR： The author explains the impact of surrogate motherhood on lower-class Indian women.
3) 追溯某事物发展历史的主题：
The author traces (charts) the history of in vitro technology (体外受孕的技术) in the United States.
第二、摘要主体要对文章的论述过程作出总结：
1）说明作者举了哪些个重要例证。
例如： The author analyzes the example of/case of the Davis couple, who sought a few times to conceive through in vitro fertilization, to no avail. Headed to a divorce a few years later, they found themselves battling over the custody of the frozen fertilized eggs they created together. (翻译：作者举了达维斯夫妇的例子，他们多次尝试用试管婴儿的技术受孕，均未果。几年后想要离婚的时候发现他们共同创造的试管受精卵的监护权成了双方争夺的焦点。)
注意：这句先指出文章举了戴维斯夫妇的例子，然后用一个短从句（who sought a few times…）来说明这对夫妇使用试管技术的事。接着用一个完整的句子说明他们离婚时因此遇到的难题。不必把所有的内容都挤到那个从句里面去。
2) 说明作者通过例子分析什么问题。
你不用说this example shows或with this example, the author shows。。。这些都已经在上下文中自然地表达出来了，不用硬说。
可以直接讲由例子引发的问题，如： The custody battle illustrates (demonstrates) the challenges that technology poses to ethics. In this case, the judge has to determine whether the eggs count as life and which “parent” would be bet
ter suited to take care of them.
(用两个比较简明句子指出文中的例子用来指出试管婴儿技术涉及的伦理问题。)
3）最后说明作者的观点。
The author argues （或 claims, points out) that unbridled technology raises more questions than it solves, often outstripping our ability to institute new laws and policies. (翻译：作者的论点是，不加约束的技术只会为我们制造更多的问题，往往会超出我们制定新法和新政策的能力。)
第三、 摘要结尾，再次概括一下文章的论点，并点出这个论点的重要性 。
Ultimately, she (the author) places parental responsibility firmly in human hands. Nothing is more life giving than our love for the young.
@@注意： 写摘要和概括的时候要注意变换句式。 敢于多用简单句，让你的文字灵动通透，其间可以穿插一些长句，把道理讲完整。
具体来说：简单句和复杂句要交错开来。一般来说简单句为多，复杂句可以用一些，但一般三四句简单句配一个长句比较好。（复杂句就是有从句或状语短语的句子，不过总之就是看上去比较长而复杂的句子，不必纠结于语法术语。偶尔可以用and 或but来构成一个长句，不过只能是偶尔。）
按照意义和功能来分的长句的几个类型：
A. 先提出一个概念或提起一个具体的人、事，然后用从句来解释：
This is a classic case of passive-aggressiveness, where a person puts on an appearance of weakness to gain an advantage over others.
B. 先说中心信息，然后用从句表达次重要的信息：
The judge has to decide to which parent to grand the custody of the child, who requires constant care due to his medical condition.
C . 因果性长句
1) 重点在果，前面点出因：Headed to a divorce, they decided to sell the house. (离婚在这里也可以认为是一种伴随情况，和原因也差不多，比原因略淡一些。)
2) 重点在因，后面点出果：They sold the house, (thus 或thereby或什么也不用) sealing their decision for a divorce.
关键是不要滥用长句，尽量精简语言。很多人在初学外语的时候，喜欢用长句和大词，也喜欢说口语时语速飞快，这都是掩盖自己对外语缺乏信心的手段，要有意识避免。其实对母语英语的人来说，你的长句和大词都是他们的常用语言，没有任何新鲜之处，只会让你读上去或听上去有点古怪而已。所以我一直觉得要多用生动的动词 (@@如上面例子中许多常见有用的动词@@)和动词短语，这样才能写出地道的英语文章。
很多人要说，那么多理论家的文字很难读很绕，他们不照样成大家了吗？我只想说，如果你有他们的学识，写得比他们清通浑厚，那么你不是更有成为大家的可能吗。。。
观点论述作文
(1) 要求论述
两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1. 有一些人认为。。。 2. 另一些人认为。。。 3. 我的看法。。。
The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
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Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一). For example, they think ②-----------------(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二).
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
(一) 对立观点式
(1)给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。 具体表述如下：
TOPIC: Some people like A; others like B. Which one do you prefer —— A or B? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
(2)给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。 具体表述如下：
TOPIC: Some people believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support.
对立观点式的三种模板：
1. 人们往往看到B的明显优点而忽视了它的缺点，同时A的内在优势没有被重视。
第一段：To choose A or to choose B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B while neglect the genuinely good aspects of A.
第二段：[For B, people are often driven to believe that / It is quite easy for common people to CHOOSE B because of the obvious reason that] ____________. (As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides".) Although B does
have its seemingly profound advantages, in the meantime [there lie [harmful characteristics/ intrinsic drawbacks] in it such as ____________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________] . Some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________. However, it is often overlooked [by the public/most people]. (Therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that B is always better than A.)
第三段： Unfortunately, the innate quality of A is often underestimated.
或：What is more, if you notice the invisible benefits of CHOOSING A, you can understand A more deeply. Here I would explain a few of the most important reasons for choosing A. 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。(列举原因的句式见最后的"通用句型")
第四段：Therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that CHOOSING AAA is a rather wise decision.
2. 选A还是选B的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，A比B至少有三大优势：1，2，3。
第一段：There is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a popular topic which is much talked about [not only by ____________, but also by ____________/by people across the world/ in a modern society].
或：There is no denying the fact that ____________(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).
或：In a modern society, people are always faced with the dilemma of whether to choose A or B. This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in his or her daily lives.
或：(如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么popular topic)If ____________(it is announced that a new movie theater may be built ____________), I will not be surprised to see ____________ (whether it is better to choose A or B) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by ____________, but also by ____________. Although it seems that [sometimes we can not tell which one outweigh the other between A and B / they normally coexist peacefully], they deserve some close examination. [If three criteria were taken into account in comparing these two, I would prefer A. / As far as I am concerned, I vote for the latter]. There are no less than three advantages in A as rendered below
第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。
第三段 In conclusion, (it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form. an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.) Only these three reasons are enough to make a person draw the conclusion that ____________ , not to mention there are more.
3. 选A还是选B的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，二者各有优势，不过我来选的话，A的优点还是比B多。
第一段前两句同2，第三句
While both the two [methods/choices] may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Later on, I will explain my opinion about it.
第二段：[A has the obvious advantage that / One very strong argument for A is that] ____________. But there lies intrinsic harmful characteristic in this method. Some [people/experts] [maintain/warn] that____________ Furthermore, ____________. Therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that A is always better than B.
第三段：On the other hand, choosing B also has advantages to some extent, For example, ____________. However, once again, it is important to see that under certain circumstances B will____________(disadvantage)
或：Yet there are some people who cast serious doubts on B
或：Although B does have its seemingly profound [advantages/ reason],in the meantime[there lie intrinsic [harmful characteristics/drawbacks] in it such as ________________________ / it can be achieved only conditionally because____________].
第四段：(针对我个人的情况又可以说出一套理由)But if all these factors are contemplated, [as far as I am concerned / according to my knowledge], the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B because A fits [me/us students] better in two ways: In the first place, ____________, In the second place/secondly,____________Therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that choosing A is a rather wise decision.
或：(我个人的情况说不出什么新的理由，只好说我觉得A优点就是比B多)
It seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages and disadvantages to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. Yet that does not mean that they are all the same to me. Which one I prefer depends on my own experience, life style. and [emotional concerns / educational background/____________]. [As far as I am concerned / According to my personality and fondness/ To be frank], I would like to choose A, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose it. B, on the other hand
, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.
议论文模板
1.
正反观点式议论文万能句（对比观点型）
作文框架模版
给出观点正反观点二选一（有的人认为，有的人认为，你的观点）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that________
（作文题目）
But it is well known
that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
(
开头一般题目给出
)
The
majority
think that________
（观点一）
.
First
of
all
,________
（原因一）
.Furthermore,
________
（原因二）
. So it goes without saying that___
_______
。而且，
________
。除此之外，
________
。
但凡事都有利有弊，
消极的一面也是很明显的。
最重要的缺点是
________
。
更糟糕的是
________
通过以上分析，我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此，我更喜欢
________
。
3.
观点论述类议论文万能句：（现象说明型）
作文框架模版
现象说明型：说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法
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Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (
某种现象
) in ________ (
某种场合
). It is
estimated that________
(
相关数据
). Why have there been so many ________ (
某种现象
)?
Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.
To begin
with,
________ (
原因一
). Besides, (
原因
二
).
Last but not least,
________ (
原因三
).
Personally, the main cause of ________ (
某种现象
) is due to ________ (
最主要原因
). It is
high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,________
(
解决办法一
).
F
or another,
________ (
解决办法二
). All these measures will certainly reduce the
amount
of ________ (
某种
现象
).
模版译文：
现如今在
________(
某种场合
)
有越来越多的
________
。
(
某种现象
)
据统计，
________
。
为神马有如此多的
________
?
也许原因如下。首先，
________
。除此之外，
________
。最后
但同样重要的是，
________
。
我认为，引起
________
的主要原因是
________
。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面，
________
。另一方面，
________
。所有这些措施都将会解决
________
。
阐述主题型：要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．
4."How to"
类
议论文万能句：（问题解决型）
作文框架模版
模版①
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
１．问题现状
２．怎样解决
(
解决方案的
优缺点
)
In recent days, we have to face
a
problem
________
A,
w
hich
, surprisingly ,
is becoming
more and more serious. First
of
all
,
________
(
说明Ａ的现状
)
．
Second
ly
,
________
(
举例进一
步说明现状
)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.
For one thing,
________
(
,________
是
________
的原由
.
就我而言
,
我持有
________
的观点
.
该是
________
的时候了
.
只有这样我们最终才能
________
。