历历在目-北宋四大家

同义词替换词
国内考生常用的表达
1
2
3
4
5
things that one tries hard
to do
The fact is that…
joy
sadness
danger
更得分的表达方式
名词
one's undertakings one's commitments
The reality is that…
happiness delight enjoyment
sorrow grief
hazard peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度
非同一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous
≈schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用
upbringing parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个< br>词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如
children's upbringing；而parenting是从家长
的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.
6 education
7
8
9
如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过
不停轮换使用advertisement adv ertising有多
郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类
细化，比如commerci als（电视或者互联网上
advertisement advertising
的广告） ，flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的
形式就是“135****，办证”），billboard s
（大幅的广告牌）或者non-profit
advertisements=public-interest advertisements
（公益广告）
car Automobile
economic crisis
economic meltdown（很接近）recession（这
个一般仅仅还是衰退）the Great De pression
（这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了）
celebrities（单数为 celebrity）
humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数
指人文学科）the human race
fortune(s) （fortune作财富的意思时可以加复
数）
wealthy affluent (adj.)
≈technique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能
或者方法，而不是tec hnology科技)
adept adroit (adj.)
10
11
12
13
14
15
famous people
human beings（备考生使
用过多）
wealth
[相关] rich
skill
[派生] skilled

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
method
field
understanding of
choice
cooperation
basic structure in a city or
a country
tiredness for a long time
is a must of
the Internet
honesty
strong belief
aim
worries
influence
methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的
词，基本就是method的故作高深版）
sphere domain arena
≈grasp of command of
Option
≈collaboration
Infrastructure
Fatigue
is a prerequisite for （是……的必备先决条
件）
≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里
Internet被使用十几次是常事儿)
≈integrity
faith (in)
Intention
anxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）
impact repercussion implication
mutual influence（类似的表达还有mutual
respect, mutual trust和mutual understanding
interaction between A and B interplay between
A and B
a variety ofa wide array of… … a wide range
…
of…
Misconceptions
prestige sterling reputation
≈spectrum
≈ recognition
component （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写
作中也经常指“部分”）
[相关] sensible (adj.)
Disparity
≈a mechanism for,
a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治
疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问 题
的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）
≈ unruly students disruptive students
unethical behavior immoral behavior
30 influence on each other
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
many different kinds of
wrong ideas held by many
people
fame
range
sense
part
wise
gap
a system for a particular
purpose
a solution to sth. 40
41
42
bad students
bad behavior

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
organizations that help
poor people
difference
[派生] be different from
person
personality
businesses
prices that are too high
the rate of…
charities charitable organizations
Distinction
be distinct from (adj.)
Individual
≈ disposition
enterprises（这里指企业）
exorbitant prices
the incidence of（后面一般跟坏事儿，…比如
unemployment crime a disease）
zeal passion
global cultural homogenization
a necessity
a novelty
a rarity
Uncertainties
a universal language
Companions
≈recreation
≈self-esteem and dignity
hold sb. sth. in high regard
treat … with contempt = despise (v.)
self-discipline
Convict
Inmate
≈ alcoholic beverages
Pedestrians
Ancestors
a beneficiary of sth.
an epidemic （注意这个词虽然是- ic结尾，却
不是形容词）
Misery adj-> miserable
an arduous task
≈sentiment
≈opponent foe
intense enthusiasm
cultural globalization（有
过多人使用这个词）
a thing that is necessary
a thing that is new and
interesting
a thing that is rare
things that people are not
sure about
a world language
friends
relaxation
self-respect
respect sb. sth.
[反义] look down on…
self-control
criminal
prisoner
drinks
people who walk on the
street
old generations in history
a person who benefits
from sth.
a disease that spreads
quickly
a very unpleasant way of
life
a task that requires lots of
effort
emotion
enemy

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
narrow minds
a way to do sth.
hobby
progress
failure
importance
duty
difficulty
pressure from your
classmates
citizens who can work
insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）
an approach to doing sth. an avenue towards
sth.
≈pastime diversion
progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关
于society career technology的话题）setback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）
significance（当你用了一次i mportance之后，
第二次不妨用这个）
obligation（用于比较重要的责任）
hindrance impediment hurdles
peer pressure
labor force workforce（都是总体概念，而且
注意后面这个词的标准写 法中间没有空格）
problems or diseases that
exist for a long time persistent problems chronic diseases
a life without regular
exercise a sedentary lifestyle
result
thoughts
the lack of knowledge
harm (n.)
consequence （表示消极的结果更多一些）
≈ considerations
ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常
并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）
adverse effect
91 harm (vt.)
92
93
94
95
96
[派生] harmful
[派生] be harmful to
bad luck
trouble
crime
damage destroy ruin （这两个词比damage
程度更重）spoil（后面跟the cityscape scenery
environment）undermine （后面跟抽象概念，
比如stability social order harmony）
jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如one's
future one's career）tarnish （后面跟one's
reputation image）sap dampen（后面跟one's
enthusiasm interest confidence）
detrimental (adj.)
≈pose a threat to
Misfortune
adversity dilemma predicament hardship
offense criminal act

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
youth crime
criminal
serious crime
a minor crime
shortage (of)
the only one
places where animals live
104 worrying
105 very popular
106 TRUE
107 deep
108 strong
109 weak
110 hard-working
111 very disappointing
112 be good (for)
113 be not as good as
114 be better than
115 uninteresting
≈ juvenile delinquency
offender ≈culprit ≈perpetrator
heinous crime felony
a misdemeanor
scarcity (of) dearth (of)
an exception
Habitat
形容词
≈disturbing
prevalent ubiquitous
genuine (truly a genuinely)
profound （深刻的，后面经常跟wisdom truths
understanding impact thoughts）
powerful mighty
≈ vulnerable
industrious（注意不是industrial，而diligent那个
词在美语中是个挺 大的词）
Lamentable可悲的 pathetic
be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of)
be inferior to
be superior to
mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并
不是“世俗的”意思humdrum
116 many
numerous（注意要跟可数名词）
117 complicated Intricate
odd bizarre eccentric（单weird有点过于口语化
118 strange
了）
119 cannot be turned back be irreversible
120 produce useful results Productive
121 practical ≈ realistic
122 mature
123
124
125
126
127
128
selfish
proud （贬义）
suitable
most suitable
lonely
alone
sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成
熟老练的）
self-centered materialisticego-centric
Conceited
Fitting
Optimal
isolated alienated
Solitary

be easily influenced by
129
sth.
130 is better than
131 not as good as…
be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如
disease attacks）
is superior to
is inferior to
a
132 be the same
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
interesting
boring
useless
smart
famous
positive
happy
enjoyable
can be used
hard to understand
(laws rules people)
143
not strict
144 healthy
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
good for the
envrionment
nervous anxious
doubt sth.
fair
unfair
huge
small
be identical be homogenous be uniform（后面两
个词比较正式，一般是说cultural globalization
的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫
school uni forms了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样
的衣服）
≈stimulating
≈ monotonous repetitive
Redundant
Intelligent
Renowned
≈ desirable encouraging
Delighted
Delightful
be available
bewildering baffling confusing
Lenient
wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用healthy，
但 是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用
wholesome）
eco- friendly（比如Biking is far more eco-friendly
than driving their SUVs.）
≈ apprehensive
be skeptical about sth.
≈justified
≈ unwarranted unjustifiable
enormous massive vast colossal
tiny miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）
be versatile be well-rounded
be well-acquainted with
Distinguished
Appropriate
quintessential （这个语气非常强）
precise ≈accurate
Unsightly
have many different
152
abilities
153 be familiar with
154
155
156
157
158
very successful
admirable
proper
typical
exact
ugly

159 poor-quality
160 the present…
161
162
163
164
outdated
highly-respected
complete(adj.) whole
spend a lot of money
substandard (housing accommodation work
goods machines)
the current… the existing（比如…the current
financial crisis the existing environmental
problems)
antiquated obsolete
Esteemed
Entire
lead an extravagant a lavish life
165 open enlightened progressive （开明的，逐步的，经
常用来形容govern- ment 或者society）
166 sth. must be carried out sth. is compulsory sth. is mandatory
167 with long history
168 continuing forever
169 important
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
very attractive
very careful
be very interested in
be qualified for
disappointing
wrong
long and a bit
annoying
very difficult
being spread in
uncontrolled way
cruel
time- honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如
tradition practice methods heritage）
Perpetual
significant essential vital(这三个词的重要
性依次递增)
very appealing fascinating captivating
Cautious
be absorbed in be engrossed in
be eligible for
Frustrating
Erroneous
Lengthy
daunting formidable
rampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如
pollution 或者discrimination）
≈ inhumane merciless
crime,
180 fat
overweight obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）
181 having wrong opinions skewed biased （这两个词一般在IELTS媒体类
话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）
182 including many things comprehensive （综合的，全面的）
183 enough
184 too much
185 very little
adequate sufficient ample abundant（注意这四个
词的语气是逐渐递增的)
Excessive
minimal （注意不是minimum）

186 cause bad effects
counterproductive （其实地道英文写作里这个词
不见得 和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都
可以写它counterproductive)
stringent （后面一般跟laws, measures或者rules）
pressing (problems)
tranquil and serene （美语中这两个词经常可以连
在一起用）
动词
strengthen fortify reinforce consolidate sth.
weaken erode （侵蚀）
enhance better（很少看到国内考生用better当动
词，其实在学术写作中better sth.是挺常见的表
达）
aggravate exacerbate sth.
187 strict
188 urgent
189 quiet
190 make sth. strong
191 make sth. weak
192 make sth. better
193 make sth. worse
control…(a negative
194
trend) curb…(crime pollution economic recessions)
195 stop Cease
196 manage sth. ≈ regulate e sth.
197 appear
198 die out
199 fail to see
200 set…free
201 begin
emerge arise （后者的主语一般是抽象概念，
如debate）
go extinct
neglect overlook
release (prisoners stress)
比
commence initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如
initiate the conflict)
narrow bridge the gap
202
between A and B(注意
这里bridge作动词）[反义] widen the gap between A and B
203 be forced to do sth. be compelled to do sth.
keep complaining
204
about sth. grumble about sth.
205 try hard to do sth. ≈pursue sth.(one's goalone's career business
interests maximum profit hegemony)
≈ perform conduct （注意这里的perform不
是“表演”而是“从事”）
refrain from doing sth.
Implement
convert…to into…
206 do sth.
207 do not do sth.
208 carry out
209 turn…into…

210 decrease
211 make a crime
212 commit a crime again
213 punish
214 [派生]punishment
215 spread
216 develop fast
develop （这里作“培
217
养”的意思
218 [相关]fast-developing
219 accept
220 build
decline dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少） dip slip
(后两个词用来指短促的下降)
commit a crime（注意作文中不要用make a crime
这样不地道的英文）
revert to crime （这里的crime作不可数名词）
Penalize
Penalty
propagate disseminate （这两个词后面经常跟
information ideas belief这类名词）
flourish thrive
cultivate foster nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和
教育有关的名词，比如an interest in social issues）
Burgeoning
adopt（注意这个词不是a dapt适应，而是接纳，
采纳的意思）
Construct
garner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且
略有贬义，比如garner funding, garner support
during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen
gauge, 比measure稍正式一点
≈impart sth. inculcate sth.
teach后面是人则不要替换）
initiate 多用于政府类话题
（注意如果
221 gather
222 measure
223 teach sth.
224 start
225 support < br>espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有
动词champion（作动词不是冠军的 意思了）和
动词sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）
≈ compliment extol
≈ buttress bolster
Verify
（后面这个语气很强）
226 praise
227 support
228 prove confirm
229 create
generate（一般是大规模的产生，比如generate
employment opportunities generate tax revenue
electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如
conflict crime resentment）spawn（一般是产生
新事物，比如spawn inventions innovations）

230 use
231 use…again
232 work hard
233 get
234 consider
235 meet
236 provide sth.
237 need
238 like sth. very much
239 be unhappy about
240 ask for
241 raise
242 look like sth.
243 treat…poorly
244 consider sth. valuable
245 keep
246 mix… together
247 solve
248 notice
≈ utilizeexploit
Recycle
work assiduously
≈ acquire（注意acquire gain knowledge比
learn knowledge在地道英文中更加常见）
contemplate reflect on pon der
encounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样
偏大一些的话题
afford sth. （在正式英文写作中，afford经常可
以表示“提供”
req uire（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用
need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用requi re）
≈ have an affinity for sth. have a strong
attachment to sth.
complain about (v.) be discontended with (adj.)
Request
elevate，就 是正式版的raise，但只是“提高”而
不能表示抚养小孩的意思
resemble sth.
mistreat… abuse…
value sth. treasure sth. cherish sth.
≈maintain preserve（这个词后面经常跟
traditions cultural heritage wild animals natural
resources等）
blend combine synthesize
tackle combat address
Discern
understand… to interpret…as（很多时候这个词并不是口译，…
249
而是把…理解为……）
mean… to be…
choose sth. choose to
250
do sth. opt for sth. opt to do sth.
251 achieve
appear in large
252
numbers
253 make… less serious
254 pay…for (one's loss)
fulfill (one's dream one's goal one's potential
one's obligation one's promise one's task)
sprout up mushroom
relieve ease alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有
relieve stress alleviate poverty ease the traffic
congestion等）
compensate…for…

255 pay…for (one's effort)
256 make sth. faster
257 join
reward…for…
accelerate sth. speed up sth.
participate in
prevail over（ 大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议
论文的题目中经常出现outweight这个词用来比
较事 物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重
复考题中出现过的特征词汇）
promote fa cilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所
以不需要跟to）
hinderimpede inhibit obstruct
≈ identify
≈motivate sb. to,
adore sth.
abhor detest loathe
resent hold a grudge against
restrict constrain
≈bypass eschew shun
…
258 outweight
259 contribute to
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
prevent the
development of…
find out
encourage sb. to…
like sth. very much
dislike sth. very much
hate
limit
avoid
…268 is not limited to
269
270
271
272
be so surprised
decide
move to…
come from…
is not restricted to… is not confined to（经常用…
来描述一个trend不仅限于某个范围）
be astonished be astounded be startled
Determine
relocate to… have been relocated to…
originate from in…
boost enhance（比如boost solidarity增进团结
enhance productivity提高生产率）
use… lavishly
assail （语气更强烈）
curtail（多用于政府投资类话题）d iminish（多
用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）
augment（多用于政府投资类 话题）
Assist
Assistance
Establish
attempt to do sth.
make a strenuous an arduous a painstaking effort
to do sth.
Alter
273 improve
274 waste
275 attack
276 reduce
277
278
279
280
281
increase
help
help (n.)
set up
try to do sth.
282 try hard to do sth.
283 change

284 change… a lot
285 solve
286 correct (vt.)
287 take down
288 Obey
289 Ban
290 criticize
291 increase
292 depend on
293 depend on
294 deal with
fundamentally change
transform…
address combat
rectify (a mistake)
… radically change…
demolish raze（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）
abide by comply with conform to (后面跟the
law rules regulations等）
ban… altogether strictly prohibit…
condemn denounce（这两个词一般用于政府类话
题，但不要用在教育类）
show an upward trend be on the rise反义：show a
downward trend
hinge on= be contingent on（意思是：取决
于……）
rely on（意思是：依靠……）
cope with
295 do one's best to do sth. commit oneself to doing sth. strive to do sth. do
one's utmost to do sth. spare no effort to do sth.
exhaust (energy resources) stretch (resources) to
296 use up
the limit
report the details of
297
sth. report sth. In graphic detail
prevent sb. from
298
focusing on…distract sb. from…
≈dedicate A to B
299 spend A on B
300 use too much…stretch… to the limit put a strain on…
301 pour
302
303
304
305
get used to
die out
continue to exist
come with…
discharge（排放，环境类话题常用，比如discharge
chemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes）
get accustomed to
go extinct
Persist
be attended by be accompanied by…
expand one's outlook enlarge one's vision
306 broaden one's horizons
(broaden one's horizons这个句型已经被考生使
用过多惨遭贬值)
307 break the law violate the law
308 put sb. In prison incarcerate sb.
309 make laws against…legislate against…

310 [相关]law
legislation (名词，注意law在特指具体的法律时
可以用复数，但是legi slation不能用复数）
stimulate （后面经常跟imagination creativity
interest economic growth等词汇）
fulfill one's potential attain one's goal
be entitled to do sth.
act as a catalyst for change in…
adhere to cling to （注意后面这个有时候略带贬
义）
meet the demand satisfy the need
deprive sb. of（省略号中可以填入…freedom
leisure time the right to等值得拥有的内容)
enable sb. to
get a clear perspective of
go astray（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，
就不要再写get lost)
be addicted to be preoccupied with be obsessed
with (这三个词组的语气越来越强)
pave the way for… lay the groundwork for
a solid foundation for（为………打好基础）
upset the balance
strike a balance between A and B (在A 和B之间
争取一种平衡)
capture
regard…as view…asperceive…as
eliminate remove
abolish（多用于政府类话题，废除）
drive up（后面经常跟the crime rate
unemployment rate）
副词
Increasingly +adj. 但要注意如果后面不是adj.
而是noun, 那么就可以用an increasing number
of （跟可数名词） an increasing amount of（跟
不可数名词）来代替
primarily principally chiefly
… lay
311 make sth. active
make one's dream
312
come true
have the right to do
313
sth.
314 lead to change in
315 stick to
316 deal with the need
317 take… away from sb.
318 give sb. the ability to
319 get a clear idea of
320 be lost
spend too much time
321
on
322 prepare for…
323 break the balance
324 balance A and B
325
326
327
328
catch
think of… as
get rid of
get rid of
329 make… higher
330 more and more +adj.
331 mainly

332 In the old days,…Traditionally,… Historically,…
333 now ≈ currently
334 Actually,…
≈ Technically,,（严格来说它的意思并不是
“事实上” ，但在学术写作中它是一个表示“精
确地说”非常帮的词语）
335 very soon immediately
336 not often at all rarely
337 completely
entirely
338
do sth. without careful
thought do sth. Impulsively
339 blindly
indiscriminately（不 加选择的）mechanically（机
械的）
340 only
≈ merely （注意只有a little a bit后面跟
形容词的时候才可以这样替换）
341 a little a bit
somewhat (注意只有a little a bit后面跟形容词
的时候才可以这样替换)
342 mainly primarily principally chiefly
短语或句型
343 about
regarding concerning with respect to with regard
to
344 before…prior to…
345 a few
a handful of (请注意仅指少数时a couple of容易
被挑剔的考官判为过于口语化)
346
Although…, the real
Hypothetically,… Theoretically,… In theory
situation is…Ideally,...→But in reality, … But in actuality,
But in practice,…(Ideally 指“理想化地说”)
Young people tend to…=Young people typically
347 Most young people…
(tend to 和typically都是表示某一类人多半会怎
样做的常用表达）
348 needs to be changed is crying out for reform（固定短语）
349 be punished by the law
be brought to justice
350 do sth. together make a concerted effort to do sth.
351
It is common for sb.
to…It is standard practice for sb. to…
352 is based on…is predicted on…
353
have no choice but
have no option but to… have no alternative but
to…to…
354 be worth the effort
be worthwhile
355 and so on etc.（前面可加逗号）
356 become more than exceed surpass
357 grow fast
grow dramatically soar rocket
…
…　

358 fall fast
359 much higher
360 a little higher
361 is closely connected
362 through
363 on the whole
364 because of
365 before (时间)
366 in this aspect
367 despite in spite of
fall drastically plunge plummet
considerably substantially significantly higher
marginally higher slightly higher fractionally
higher
is intrinsically linked to…
by way of (介词短语)
overall
due to owing to（新托福作文中这两个词组后面
经常是跟负面含义的名词）
prior to
in this regard in this respect (这里不是尊重的意
思，而是指某方面)
notwithstanding（请注意这三个词 都是后面不惜
紧跟名词或者名词短语，而不可以直接跟从句）
as a matter of fact ≈in essence essentially (in
essence essentially 的意思是“本质上”）
apart from
approximately
…It is evident that…
sth. comes to a standstill
be akin to学术写作中相当常见的句型…（)
B is … A is equally…
It is highly unlikely that……
A has rendered B+adj. n. （这里的宾语B 后面
只能是跟形容词或者名词）
A has promoted impelled sb. to do sth. （注意这
两个词后面的宾语之后不能省略to）
sth. is not carved in stone （某事物并非一成不
变）
The proportion of… is very high. （……的比例很
高）
…
368 in fact
369
370
371
372
besides
about around
It is obvious that
sth. stops.
…373 be similar to
374 A is as … as B
375 It is impossible that
376 A has made B+adj.n.
377 A has made B do sth.
sth. does not always
378
remain the same.
A high percentage
379
of…
can be attributed to can be ascribed to（可以归
380 The cause of … is …
因于……）
381 no matter
regardless of irrespective of（注意no matter后面
一般跟从句，而regardless of和irrespective of后
面多数时候跟名词或者名词短语）

talking about
382
speaking of
…
in terms of（经常用来限制一个命题的适用范…　
围，比如In terms of culture, this city is fascinating.
But in terms of traffic, it is inferior.）