巴菲特1992年关于价值、成长、dcf估值的讨论(中英文对照)
发现美-党员转正发言稿
巴菲特1992年关于价值、成长、dcf估值的讨论
本文是巴菲特1992年致股东的信,讨论了价值、成长、估值
等一系列的话题。
巴
菲特认为以较低的pbpe高股息买入的公司未必就是投资,
较高的pbpe就未必不是投资。关键是看
公司未来创造的现金流,
然后是一定的折现率折算到现在。Dcf在数学公式上的计算并不复
杂
,但是在实践中确是难度陡增,因为即使是经验老道的资深投资
者在估算公司未来的“息票”时也容易发
生错误。
此外,巴菲特认为最好的business是能够产生高回报的公司,
原因是这类b
usiness会受益于股利发放和股份回购。
下面是中英文对照,方便学习:
或许你又会问,那么到底应该如何决定价格够不够吸引人呢? 在回
答这个问题
时,大部分的分析师通常都会选择两种看起来对立的方
法,价值法与成长法,事实上有许多投资专家会将
这两种方法
交替运用,就像是轮流换穿衣物一样。
But how, you will
ask, does one decide what's
answering this
question, most analysts feel they must choose
between two approaches customarily thought to
be in
opposition:
professionals see any
mixing of the two terms as a form of
intellectual cross-dressing.
我们觉得这种观念似是而非(
为此我个人必须承认,好几年前我也是
采用这种方法),基本上我们认为这两种方法本为一体,在计算一
家
公司的价值时,成长当然是一件很重要的因素,这个变量将会使得
所计算出来的价值从很小到
极大,所造成的影响有可能是正面的,
也有可能是负面的。
We view that as
fuzzy thinking (in which, it must be
confessed, I myself engaged some years ago).
In our opinion,
the two approaches are joined
at the hip: Growth is
always
a
component
in the calculation of
value, constituting a variable whose
importance can range from negligible to
enormous and
whose impact can be negative as
well as positive.
此外,我们也认为所谓的”价值投资”根本就是废话,若是所投
入
的资金不是为了换取追求相对应的价值的话,那还算是投资吗? 明
明知道所付出的成本已经
高出其所应有的价值,而只是寄望在短期
之内可以用更高的价格卖出根本就是投机的行为。(当然这种行
为一
点都不会违法,也不违反道德,只是就我们的观点来说,只是在玩
吹气球游戏而已)。
In addition, we think the very term
redundant. What is
value at least
sufficient to justify the amount paid?
Consciously
paying more for a stock than
its calculated value - in the
hope that it can
soon be sold for a still-higher price -
should
be labeled speculation (which is neither illegal,
immoral nor - in our view - financially
fattening).
不管适不适当,“价值投资”这个名词常常被人引用,一般而言,
它
代表投资人以较低的股价净值比或是本益比或是高的股利收益率
买进投资标的,很不幸的是,就算是具备
以上所有的特点,投资人
还是很难确保所买到的投资标的确有此价值,从而确信他的投资
是
依照取得企业价值的原意在进行;相对地,以较高的股价净值比或
是本益比或是低的股利收益
率买进投资标的,也不一定就代表不是
一项有”价值”的投资。
Whether
appropriate or not, the term
widely used.
Typically, it connotes the purchase of stocks
having attributes such as a low ratio of price
to book value,
a low price-
earnings
ratio, or a high dividend yield. Unfortunately,
such
characteristics, even if they appear in
combination, are far
from determinative as to
whether an investor is indeed
buying something
for what it is worth and is therefore truly
operating on the principle of obtaining value
in his
investments. Correspondingly, opposite
characteristics - a
high ratio of price to
book value, a high price-earnings ratio,
and a
low dividend yield - are in no way inconsistent
with a
同样的企业成长本身而言,也很难保证就一定代表价值,当然成长
通常
会对价值有正面的影响,有时是相当重要的一项前提,但这种
影响却不是绝对。例如投资人以往将大笔的
资金投入到国内的航空
业来支持获利无望(或是悲惨)的成长,对于这些投资人来说,应
该
会希望莱特兄弟当初没有驾着小鹰号成功起飞,航空产业越发达,
这些投资人就越悲惨。
Similarly, business growth, per se, tells us
little about value.
It's true that growth
often has a positive impact on value,
sometimes one of spectacular proportions. But
such an effect
is far from certain. For
example, investors have regularly
poured money
into the domestic airline business to finance
profitless (or worse) growth. For these
investors, it would
have been far better if
Orville had failed to get off the ground
at
Kitty Hawk: The more the industry has grown, the
worse
the disaster for owners.
成长只有当企业将资金投
入到可以增加更多报酬的活动上,投资人
才有可能受惠,换句话说,只有当每投入的一块钱可以在未来创
造
超过一块钱的价值时,成长才有意义,至于那些需要资金但却只能
创造出低报酬的公司,成长
对于投资人来说反而是有害的。
Growth benefits investors only
when the business in point
can invest at
incremental returns that are enticing - in other
words, only when each dollar used to finance
the growth
creates over a dollar of long-term
market value. In the case
of a low-
return business requiring incremental funds,
growth
hurts the investor.
在John Burr
Williams 50年前所写的投资价值理论当中,老早便
已提出计算价值的公式。我把它浓缩列示
如下:今天任何股票、债
券或是企业的价值,都将取决于其未来年度剩余年限的现金流入与
流出
,以一个适当的利率加以折现后所得的期望值,特别注意这个
公式对于股票与债券皆一体适用,不过这里
有一点很重要但却很难
克服差异的差异,那就是债券有债票与到期日可以清楚的定义未来
的现金
流入,但是就股票而言,投资者必须自己去分析未来可能得
到的票息,更重要的是管理阶层的品质对于债
券的影响相当有限,
顶多因为公司无能或是诚信明显不足而延迟债息的发放,但是对于
股票投资
者来说,管理阶层的能力将大大影响未来票息发放的能
力。
In The Theory
of Investment Value, written over 50 years ago,
John Burr Williams set forth the equation for
value, which we
condense here:
The value
of any stock, bond or business
today is
determined by the cash inflows and outflows -
discounted at
an appropriate interest rate -
that can be expected to occur
during the
remaining life of the asset.
Note that the
formula
is the same for stocks as for
bonds. Even so, there is an
important, and
difficult to deal with, difference between the
two: A bond has a coupon and maturity date
that define
future cash flows; but in the case
of equities, the investment
analyst must
himself estimate the future
Furthermore, the
quality of management affects the bond
coupon
only rarely - chiefly when management is so inept
or
dishonest that payment of interest is
suspended. In contrast,
the ability of
management can dramatically affect the equity
【 威廉姆斯(1900-1989.9.15),最先认为股票价格是由“内在
价值
”决定的经济学家之一,被认为是基本面分析的创立者和发展
者。他因1938年基于其博士论文而著的
《投资价值理论》而闻
名,这也是最早阐述基于现金流折现估值理论(DCF),特别是基
于股
利折现估值理论的著作。
威廉姆斯曾在哈佛大学学习数学和化学,1923年进入哈佛商学
院
。毕业后他成为一个证券分析师,工作期间他意识到“怎样估计
合理价值实际上是一个谜一样的东西……
,要想成为一个投资分析
师,必须也成为一个专业的经济学家。”在1932年他进入哈佛大
学
攻读经济学博士学位,希望获知是什么导致了1929年华尔街的
崩溃以及接下来193
0年代的经济萧条。关于他的毕业论文,约瑟
夫熊彼特建议选择普通股内在价值的问题作为主题,威廉姆
斯的个
人经历和背景将会对他大有帮助。他在1940年获得了博士学位。
威廉姆斯在博士学
问评审通过之前就发表了《投资价值理论》。这
本著作讨论了威廉姆斯的一般理论,而且提供了20个数
学模型;
它用整个第二部分进行案例分析。很多出版商拒绝发表他的著作,
只是因为它包含了代
数符号。在威廉姆斯同意支付部分印刷成本的
情况下,哈佛大学出版社在1938年发表了《投资价值理
论》。这
本著作在发表之后影响很大;马克·鲁宾斯坦这样评价它“未得到应
有重视的经典”。
从1927年开始直到去世,威廉姆斯一直从事个人投资组合的管理
和证券分析。他在威斯康星
-麦迪逊大学以访问教授的身份教经济学
和投资分析;他也为一些经济学期刊写了很多文章。】
根据这种现金流量折现的公式计算,投资人应该选择的是价钱最低
的那一种投资,不论他的盈余变化大
不大、营收有没有成长,与现
在的盈余以及帐面价值差多少,虽然大部分的状况下,投资股票所
算出来的价值会比债券要来多划算,但是这却不是绝对,要是当债
券所算出来的价值高于股票,则投资人
应该买的就是债券。
The investment shown by the
discounted-flows-of-cash
calculation to be the
cheapest is the one that the investor
should purchase - irrespective of
whether the business grows
or doesn't,
displays volatility or smoothness in its earnings,
or
carries a high price or low in relation to
its current earnings
and book value. Moreover,
though the value equation has
usually shown
equities to be cheaper than bonds, that result
is not inevitable: When bonds are calculated
to be the more
attractive investment, they
should be bought.
====要结合上文来阅读,主要是说明dcf的重要性。其余
的增长
营收盈余也是比较重要的。
今天先不管价格多少,最值得拥有的企业是那种
在一段长的期间可
以将大笔的资金运用在相当高报酬的投资上,最不值得拥有的企业
是那种跟前
面那个例子完全相反的,在一段长的期间将大笔的资金
运用在相当低报酬的投资之上,不幸的是,第一类
的企业可遇不可
求,大部分拥有高报酬的企业都不需要太多的资金,这类企业的股
东通常会因为
公司发放大量的股利或是买回自家公司的股份而大大
地受惠。
Leaving the
question of price aside, the best business to own
is one that over an extended period can employ
large
amounts of incremental capital at very
high rates of
return. The worst business to
own is one that must, or
will
,
do the opposite - that is, consistently
employ ever-greater
amounts of capital at very
low rates of return. Unfortunately,
the first
type of business is very hard to find: Most
high-
return businesses need relatively little
capital. Shareholders of
such a business
usually will benefit if it pays out most of its
earnings in dividends or makes significant
stock repurchases.
====投资于较少资本支出的公司,会极大地受益于股利发放和股
份回购。
虽然评
估股权投资的数学计算式并不难,但是即使是一个经验老
到、聪明过人的分析师,在估计未来年度票息时
也很容易发生错
误,在伯克希尔我们试图以两种方法来解决这个问题,首先我们试
着坚守在我们
自认为了解的产业之上,这表示他们本身通常相当简
单且稳定,如果企业很复杂而产业环境也一直在变,
我们实在是没
有足够的聪明才智去预测其未来的现金流量。碰巧的是,这个缺点
一点也不会让我
们感到困扰,就投资而言,人们应该注意的,不是
他到底知道多少,而是应该注意自己到底有多少是不知
道的,投资
人不需要花太多时间去做对的事,只要他能够尽量避免去犯重大的
错误。
Though the mathematical calculations required
to
evaluate equities are not difficult, an
analyst - even one
who is experienced
and intelligent - can easily go wrong in
estimating future
deal with this problem
in two ways. First, we try to stick to
businesses we believe we understand. That
means they
must be relatively simple and
stable in character. If a
business is complex
or subject to constant change, we're
not smart
enough to predict future cash flows. Incidentally,
that shortcoming doesn't bother us. What
counts for most
people in investing is not how
much they know, but rather
how realistically
they define what they don't know. An
investor
needs to do very few things right as long as he or
she avoids big mistakes.
====公司未来现金流估算的数据公
式并不复杂,但是实践中却是
难度非常大。伯克希尔用两个方法解决这个问题,第一个方法是坚
守在自己理解的生意(这里就是能力圈)。第二个是坚持安全边
际。
第二点一样很重要,那就
是我们在买股票时,必须要坚持安全边
际,若是我们所计算出来的价值只比其价格高一点,我们不会考虑
买进,我们相信恩师葛拉罕十分强调的安全边际原则,是投资成功
最关键的因素。
Second, and equally important, we
insist on a margin of
safety in our purchase
price. If we calculate the value of a
common
stock to be only slightly higher than its price,
we're
not interested in buying. We believe
this margin-of-safety
principle, so strongly
emphasized by Ben Graham, to be the
cornerstone of investment success.