暑假日记300字大全-假期英语作文

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新SAT官方指南阅读第七篇全解析
ThispassageisadaptedfromIainKing,“CanEconomics BeEthical?”©2013byProspectPublishing.
Recentdeb atesabouttheeconomyhaverediscoveredthequestion,“is thatright?”,where
“right”meansmorethanjustprofi tsorefficiency.
Somearguethatbecausethefreemark etsallowforpersonalchoice,theyarealreadyethical.Othershaveaccore
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wecanlabelanymarketoutc omeas“immoral,”orsneerateconomistswhotrytoputapric eon
beingethical,weneedtobeclearonwhatwearetalk ingabout.
Therearedifferentviewsonwhereethicssh ouldapplywhensomeonemakesaneconomic
erAdamSmith ,
moralphilosopherwhobelievedsympathyforothersw asthebasisforethics(wewouldcallit
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empathy nowadays).ButoneofhiskeyinsightsinTheWealthofNatio nswasthatactingonthis
empathycouldbecounter-pro ductive—heobservedpeoplebecomingbetteroffwhentheyp ut
theirownempathyaside,ustifiesselfishbehavior
erplannersusecost-benefitanalysistojustifyanew railwayline,or
someoneretrainstoboosthisorherea rningpower,orashopperbuysonetogetonefree,theyare15
usingthesameapproach:empathizingwithsomeon e,andseekinganoutcomethatmakesthat
personaswell offaspossible—althoughthepersontheyareempathizingw ithmaybethemselves
inthefuture.
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Insteadofjudgingconsequ ences,Aristotlesaidethicswasabouthavingtheright
character—iewputintopracticewhenever
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sah ardphilosophytoteach—justhow
muchloyaltyshouldy oushowtoamanufacturerthatkeepslosingmoney?Showtool ittleand
you’rea“greedisgood”corporateraider;to omuchandyou’rewastingmoneyonunproductive
tletho ughttherewasagoldenmeanbetweenthetwoextremes,andfi ndingitwasa
thicsisaboutcharacter,it’snotclearw hatthosecharacteristics
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shouldbe.
Ther eisyetanotherapproach:insteadofrootingethicsinchar acterortheconsequencesof
actions,isperspectives omethingsareright,
somewrong—weshouldbuyfairtra degoods,weshouldn’
becomesalistofcommandments,a catalogof“dos”and“don’ts.”Whenafinanceofficialrefu ses
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todevalueacurrencybecausetheyhaveprom isednotto,theyaredefiningethicsthisway.
Accordi ngtothisapproachdevaluationcanstillbebad,evenifitw ouldmakeeverybodybetter
off.
Manymoraldilemm asarisewhenthesethreeversionspullindifferentdirect ionsbutclashes
irtradecoffee(coffeethatissoldwi thacertificationthatindicatesthe
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farmersa ndworkerswhoproduceditwerepaidafairwage),forexampl e:buyingitmighthave
goodconsequences,bevirtuous ,
groundlikethissuggeststhat,evenwithoutagreeme ntonwhereethicsapplies,ethicaleconomics
isstill possible.
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________________ ________________________________________________Wheneverwefeelqueasyabout“perfect”competitivemar kets,theproblemisoftenrootedin
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elofmanonw hichclassicaleconomicsisbased—an
entirelyration alandselfishbeing—isaparody,asJohnStuartMill,theph ilosopherwho
pioneeredthemodel,ople—eveneconomi sts—nowacceptthatthis“economic
man”velikeaherd; wefearlossesmorethanwehopeforgains;rarelycan
ou rbrainsprocessalltherelevantfacts.
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Theseh umanquirksmeanwecannevermakepurely“rational”veofbehavioraleconomists,aidedbyneuroscientists,istr yingtounderstandourpsychology,both
aloneandingr oups,
psychologycanalsohelpusunderstandwhywerea ctindisgustateconomicinjustice,oraccepta
eansth attherelativelynewscienceofhumanbehaviormight
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leconomicswouldthenemergefromoneoftheleastlik elyplaces:
economiststhemselves.
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npurposeofthepassageis to
A)consideranethicaldilemmaposedbycost-benefi tanalysis.
B)describeapsychologystudyofethicale conomicbehavior.
C)arguethatthefreemarketprohib itsethicaleconomics.
D)examinewaysofevaluatingt heethicsofeconomics.
正确答案：
D
分析：文章第7-8行介绍 了中心思想，即做经济决策时关于道德适用性的不同观点（different
viewsonwher eethicsshouldapplywhensomeonemakesaneconomicdecisi on）。文章分析了
众多历史人物关于道德和经济的观点。
assage,theauthor anticipateswhichofthefollowingobjectionstocriticiz ingthe
ethicsoffreemarkets?
A)Smith’sassocia tionoffreemarketswithethicalbehaviorstillappliesto day.
B)Freemarketsarethebestwaytogeneratehighpr ofits,soethicsareasecondary
consideration.
C )Freemarketsareethicalbecausetheyaremadepossibleby devaluedcurrency.
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D)Freemarketsareethicalbecausetheyenable individualstomakechoices.
正确答案：
D
分析：文章第4 -5行，作者提到人们反对在自由市场中批判道德是因为他们相信自由市场
本身是道德的，因此，自由市 场中的道德没有必要去研究。评论家认为，自由市场是道德的，
因为他们允许人们做出自由选择。
hoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertotheprev iousquestion?
A)Line3(“Some...ethical”)
B)Li nes4-6(“But...about”)
C)Lines12-13(“Smith...out come”)
D)Lines29-30(“When...way”)
正确答案：
A
分析：见第
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题解释。
inline4,“embraced”mostn earlymeans
A)lovinglyheld.
B)readilyadopted.
C)eagerlyhugged.
D)reluctantlyused.
正确答案 ：
B
分析：文章第4行，作者提到人们接受道德评判,乐意接受全体社会责任（haveacc eptedthe
ethicalcritiqueandembracedcorporatesoc ialresponsibility）.
npurposeofthefifthparagraph (lines26-32)isto
A)developacounterargumenttothe claimthatgreedisgood.
B)providesupportfortheide athatethicsisaboutcharacter.
C)describeathirdap proachtodefiningethicaleconomics.
D)illustratet hatone’sactionsarearesultofone’scharacter.
正确答案 ：
C
分析：文章第三段和第四段分别介绍了亚当·史密斯和亚里士多德定义道德经济学的不同< br>方法。第五个段落提供了定义道德经济学的第三种方法。
inline33,“clashes” mostnearlymeans
A)conflicts.
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B)mismatches.
C)collisi ons.
D)brawls.
正确答案：
A
分析：文章33-34行作者提到 ：当三种不同观点朝向不同方向，最终冲突不可避免时，道
德困境就会发生（Manymoraldil emmasarisewhenthesethreeversionspullindifferent
directionsbutclashesarenotinevitable.）
hoicebe stsupportstheauthor’sclaimthatthereiscommongrounds haredbythe
differentapproachestoethicsdescribed inthepassage?
A)Lines7-8(“There...decision”)
B)Lines27-28(“From...advertisements”)
C)Lines3 4-36(“Take...market”)
D)Lines43-44(“We...facts” )
正确答案：
C
分析：在34-36行中，作者暗示到：三种关于道德经济的观点都可 以在公平贸易咖啡中应
用。这三种方法拥有共同基础（commonground）,而且彼此互不冲突 。
nideaofthefinalparagraphisthat
A)humanquir ksmakeitdifficulttopredictpeople’sethicaldecisions accurately.
B)peopleuniversallyreactwithdisgust whenfacedwitheconomicinjustice.
C)understanding humanpsychologymayhelptodefineethicsineconomics.D)economiststhemselveswillberesponsibleforreform ingthefreemarket.
正确答案：
C
分析：文章47-50行，作者提 到心理学可以帮助我们定义道德（defineethicsforus）.
thegraphabou tper-poundcoffeeprofitsinTanzaniamoststronglysuppo rtwhichof
thefollowingstatements?
A)Fairtrad ecoffeeconsistentlyearnedgreaterprofitsthanregular coffeeearned.
B)Theprofitsearnedfromregularcoff eedidnotfluctuate.
C)Fairtradecoffeeprofitsincr easedbetween2004and2006.
D)Fairtradeandregularc offeewereearningequalprofitsby2008.
正确答案：
A< br>6

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分析：图表中的数 据显示：2000年-2008年期间，Tanzania生产的公平贸易咖啡利润约是每
磅1.3美元 ，而普通咖啡利润每磅约是20到60美分。
thegraphindicatethatthegre atestdifferencebetweenper-poundprofitsfromfair
tradecoffeeandthosefromregularcoffeeoccurredduring whichperiod?
A)2000to2002
B)2002to2004
C) 2004to2005
D)2006to2008
正确答案：
B
分析：图表数 据显示：2002年到2004年期间每磅公平贸易咖啡与普通咖啡的利润差为1美
元。
the graphprovidemostdirectsupportforwhichideainthepass age?
A)Actingonempathycanbecounterproductive.B)Ethicaleconomicsisdefinedbycharacter.
C)Eth icaleconomicsisstillpossible.
D)Peoplefearlosse smorethantheyhopeforgains.
正确答案：
C
分析：文章将 公平贸易咖啡定义为被贴上了认证标签的咖啡，这种认证标签可以表明生产
咖啡的农民和工人都获得了公 平工资。通过这种定义可以看出，购买公平贸易咖啡实际上是
一种道德选择。图表中数据表明公平贸易咖 啡比普通咖啡价格高，说明道德经济仍然是大家
的一种选择。
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