英语语法大全之独立成分

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2020年07月30日 14:10
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大庆职业学院-春节日记100字


济南沃尔得国际英语
独立成分
一个词或一个词组,如果在句子中和其他词或词组 没有语法上的联系,则称为独立成
分(Absolute,orIndependentExpress ion)。独立成分可以是感叹语
(Exclamations),呼语(Vocatives)或是插 入语(ParentheticalExpressions)。
Ⅰ.感叹语
感叹语不仅可以是 惊叹词,也可以是名词、形容词、动词、副词;不仅可以是单词,
还可以是短语、不定式或从句。它表示 突然产生的感情,后面跟有一个惊叹号(!):
惊叹词:Oh!Whatisthat?
Omy dearJohn!
Aha!Thatisit.
Bah!Iamnotapigtobetr eatedso.
名词:Awhale!Lookthere.
Mypurse!Itislo st.
Idiot!Hemustbecrazy.
Littlesilly!Whotold youtodoit?
Fire!Bequick!
Nonsense!Youaredrea ming.
Silence!Fatherissleeping.
Thief!Thief!
Thewayhetalks(名词可由定语从句修饰)!Youwouldthinkhima
professor.
Thethingstheyhavedone!Nobodycouldbe lieve.
ThefoolIhavebeen!Shemusthavelaughedatme.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Aprettyhouse(that )youhavebought!Butit'sratherdear.
Averyusefulsu bject(that)youarelearning!
Dirtymoneytheymake!T heyshouldbesenttoprison.
形容词:Marvellous!Thisist hefirsttimeI'veseenit.
Shocking!Whocouldhavesto odit?
Whatajob!
Ridiculous!Fantastic!
动词: Look!Hereisherletter.
Come,come!(Don'texpectmet obelieveit.)
Help!He'sdrowned.Help!
Hear!Hea r!
副词:Away!Letmeseeyounomore.
Why?Ican'tunde rstandyou.
Howfast!
Indeed!Thatistoomuch.
Quickly!It'sdangerous.
代词:Ahme!
Odearme!
短语:Fieuponyou(oryoursuggestion)!
AfigforRex!he spoilseverything.
Woetohim!
Downwithtyranny( orcolonialism)!
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Of orasightofher!
不定式:Tothinkyoucouldbesoungratefu l!
Otobeathome!
Oh,totreathisparentsso!
从 句:Thatyoushouldturnagainstme!
Thatbreadshouldbe sodear!
Iftheraincould(only)stop!
Ⅱ.呼语
17 72呼语是说话人对听话人(或拟人化的东西)的称呼:
Waiter,fourcupsoftea, please.(在面前的人)
MayIhelpyou,madam?(已婚或单身女人)
O perator,whatisthephonenumberofA-OneCompany?
Off icer(=policeman),whereisUnionSquare?
Parson(=cl ergyman),isdivorcesometimesnecessary?
Counsello r(=lawyer),whatwillbeourfirststep?
Mydearson,yo uhavealwaysbeeninmymind.(不在身边的人)
Lincoln!Yousho uldbelivingtothisday.
Rollon,Ocean,rollon!(看得见的 东西)
Twinkle,twinkle,littlestars!
Odeath!Wher eisyourvictory!(看不见的东西)
Ojudgement!Thouartfledt obrutishbeasts.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Fr eedom!HowImissyou!
Ⅲ.插入语:句子修饰语
插入语表示整个句子是怎样说 的或应怎样理解;可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语可
以是一个插入的陈述句、独立分词、独立不定式或 独立副词(短语)。
A.插入陈述句
插入陈述句是一个简短的陈述句(只有主语和谓语),通常 插在句子中间,偶尔也可
放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。如果把它放在句子开头,整个句子 就会成
为一个名词从句,句子则变作陈述句中及物动词的宾语:
Theboy,Ithink, hascomefromthecountry.
Theboyhascomefromthecoun try,Ithink.
Ithink(that)theboyhascomefromthecou ntry.
Hismanners,itistrue,areawkwardandsilly.Hismannersareawkwardandsilly,itistrue.
Itistr ue(that)hismannersareawkwardandsilly.
更多的例句:
Thosepeople,hesometimesfelt,werebetterthanus.
Thishouse,Iknow,willbesoldtoarichman.
Hiswife,I presume,wasnotlistening.
Whatastrangeman,Iexcla im,isthisfellow!
Averybeautifulfairy,sothelegen druns,hasappearedhere.
Thatgentleman,markyou,is thebigbossofabigfirm.
Itwas,aslneedhardlysay,th egreatestbridgeinthiscoun-try.(由
as引起的陈述句是一种状语从 句)
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Theshoparoundth ecorner,asisgenerallyassumed,isase-cret
gamblin ghouse.(as引起的是一个关系从句)
Thepeopleofthiscountry,le titbeunderstood,arepoorernowthan
before.
His knowledgeofEnglish,itmustbeacknowledged,isbetterth anours.
Leteverybody,heordered,speakoutopenly.< br>Heis,Iamafraid,stillverychildish.
Theyaremos tly,remember,robbersandpickpockets.
Never,hetho ught,hadtheyseensuchathing.
Itisabore,youknow.< br>Pepticulcer,astudyshows,usuallycomesfromworries .
Itisraining,Ithink.
Whatitisallabout,Iwond er.
Wherewashe,sheasked.
Hehasdoneeverything possible,itseems.
B.独立分词
一个作状语的分词,如果它的意义上的主语 很模糊或泛指一般人,此主语就可以省
略,这个分词就成为“独立分词”,在多数情况下它都用在句子开 头,偶尔也可放在其
他位置。分词的这种用法只限于下面这些分词(参阅1097—1098):
Consideringhisage(大致相当于Ifweconsiderhisage),heiscl ever.
Allowingfortherain,hewillarriveatten.
Speaking(orTalking)ofthefootballmatch,ourteamwasra ther
disappointing.
Regarding(orRespecting)s uchmatters,itishardtosayanything.
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< br>济南沃尔得国际英语
Concerningthenextstep,afurtherdisc ussionseemsnecessary.
Comingtothequestionofmarr iage,Ihavesomethingtosay.
Judgingfromreports,th eeconomicconditionisnowworsethanlastyear.
Judgi ngbytheappearance,thisarticlecan'tbeGermanmade.
Granting(orAdmitting)thathewasdrunk,heshouldnotha veinsulted
mywife.
Supposing(orSuppose)thatI fallsick,nobodywilltakecareofme.
Generallyspeak ing,peopleinthistownarehappy.
Strictly(orProper ly,Roughly)speaking,everybodyismoreorless
selfi sh.
Puttingthisandthattogether,heisstillhappy.< br>Barringaccidents,heshouldbeherethisevening.
Beggingyourpardon,yoursonisrathernaughty.
Wesha llarrivebeforedusk,provided(orproviding)(that)wewa lk
faster.
Youcaninformmeofthismatter,seeing thatyouhavestudieditmany
years.
Therearethir typersons,notcountingthechildren.
Therearethirt ystudents,includingtengirls.
Thismatterisgrowin gserious,accordingtothepapers.
Nothingcanbedone ,considering(thecircumstances).
C.独立不定式
虽说不定 式的作用和分词差不多,但我们必须说tospeakthetruth,而不能说
speakingt hetruth,只能说tobefrank,而不能说beingfrank;必须说
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济南沃尔得国际英语
consideringhisage,而不能说tocons iderhisage,只能说regardingsuch
matters,而不能说toregar dsuchmatters,这个现象是十分有趣的。下面例子说明
在什么情况下需用不定式(参阅11 42):
Tospeakthe(precise)truth(大致相当于IfIamtospeak thetruth),I
candoverylittleforyou.
Tospeakpl ainly(orfrankly),itisnobusinessofours.
Tobefran k(orplain,sincere)withyou,Ihavenomon-eytospare.
Nottomincematters,Igetmarriednextweek.
Toputit bluntly,thatisnothingbutalie.
Nottoputtoofineap ointonit,heisratherhardup.
Todohimjustice,Johnh aslivedanddiedforhiscountry.
Todoherdue,shelook sattractive.
Toreturn(orTogetback)tooursubject, thefarmerhadadaughter…
Toresume(orTogoonwithmys tory),JohndecidedtomarryLilian…
Tochangethesubj ect,inthecountrysidetherelivedaprettygirl…
Topr oceedtotheotherreasons…
Toleaveasideallthesepro blems…
Tosumup(orToconclude),scienceisveryimpor tantto-day,but
morallawismoreso.
Tomake(orcu t)alongstory(ortale)short,theygotmarriedafter
f iveyearsofadversity.
Toillustrate(orTotakeasimp leexample,Togiveanin-stance),John
hascuredhisil lnessbymerelydrinkingwater.
Davidlosthisjob,his sonwasexpelledfromtheschooland,tocrown
all,hisw ifediedofcancer.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
T hejourneywaslonganddrearyand,tomakemattersworse,it rainedfrom
morningtillnight.
Tobeginwith(orT ostartwith),weshouldbehealthy.
Secondly,weshoul dbeoptimistic.
Tousehisownwords,Idon'tcaresolon gasmypocketsarefull.
Thisman,toputitmildly(orst rictly),knowssomethingabouthis
job.
Society, toputitanotherway,isaschool.
Thisfellowactslike ,sotosay(orsotospeak,sotoputit),a
VIP.
Heisb road-minded,tosaytheleastofit.
HeknowsFrench,Ge rman,andItalian,nottosay(ornottomention,not
tos peakof,tosaynothingof,letalone)English,averycommon language.
HedoesnotknowEnglish,averycommonlangu age,nottosayFrenchand
German.
Heisafoolish—n ottocallithonest—countryman.
Hevisitedheralmost everyday,letalonelastSunday.
Heisshyathome,leta loneinpublic.
Hewritespoems,letaloneunderstands (orunderstanding)them.
(这种独立不定式,后面可以跟有名词或其它词类。)
D.独立副词(短语)
用作独立成分的副词(短语)大多为肯定及方式副词(短语),可参阅1 670a)及
1672a)。它们通常放在句子开头(1),偶尔插在句子中间,使它显得不那么重要< br>(2),或是放在与它关系最深的词附近(3):
a.(1)Infact,heisnotth esonofhispresent“father”.
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济南沃尔得 国际英语
Nodoubt,hehasdoneeverythingpossible.
(2 )Hehas,oddlyenough,marriedeleventimesandyethasnota single
wife.
Life,inmyopinion,isnothingbutad ream.
(3)Wehavetowalk,atworst,onlytwomilesmore.
Whatwehavedoneis,onthewhole,satisfactory.
这 种副词(短语)有几种相等的结构:
Seriously(=Seriouslyspeaking,T obeserious,IfImayputit
seriously),whydon'tyouma rryher?
Certainly(=Itiscertainthat)hewillagree.
Fortunatelyheremainedalive(=Itwasfortunatethat heshouldremain
alive).
Happily(=One[orI]wash appythat)sheacceptedhisproposal.
Economically(= Fromaneconomicpointofview),Japanisagreat
countr y.
更多的例子:
肯定副词(短语):
b.Certainly(orIndeed, Surely,Definitely),heisthebestmanIknow.
Without doubt(orSureenough,Ofcourse),thingschangeyearafter
year,dayafterday.
Evidently(orObviously,Cle arly,Manifestly),therecan'tbeany
equalitybetwee nmanandman.
Assuredly(orAdmittedly,Undoubtedly, Decidedly),ourworldisoneof
millionsofworldsinsp ace.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Outwardly(orA pparently,Ostensibly,Formally,Officially,Nominally ),
heisthePremier,butactually(orreally,intruth, infact,inreality,
asamatteroffact),heisapuppet.
Frankly(orTruly,Bluntly),Idon'tlikeyourmanners .
Candidly(orHonestly),Idon'tlikeyourmannerofsp eaking.
Generally(orCrudely,Roughly,Briefly,App roximately),ourcityhas
tencasesofmurdereverymon th.
Probably(orPerhaps,Maybe,Presumably,Possibl y),theenemyhasbeen
informedofourplan.
Inalll ikelihood(orInallprobability),hehasbeenkilled.
Heisreportedly(orallegedly,purportedly,supposedly) thebestdoctor
ofthiscity.
方式副词(短语):
c.Bas ically(orEssentially,Fundamentally,Primarily),hist heoryis
correct.
Inessence(orInsubstance,Atb ottom),theserulesconformwiththe
Constitution.Amazingly(orAnnoyingly,Disappointingly,Regrettab ly),itrainedso
hardonhisweddingday.
Toourama zement(orannoyance,disappointment,regret,greatjoy,
delight),thebillwaspassed.
Curiously(orMira culously,Incredibly,Unexpectedly),nobodywashurt
inthisaccident.
Normally(orRegularly,Usually), adverbsmodifyanywordsexcept
nouns,pronounsandin terjections.
Notunexpectedly(orunreasonably,unw isely),heleftbehindallhehad
andfledbynight.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Fortunately(orLuckil y)forthiscity,thepestilenceceasedto
spread.
Politically(orMilitarily,Economically),theU.S.isav eryimportant
country;butculturally,Iamnotsure.< br>Emotionally(orMorally,Intellectually),thischild isasmatureasa
grown-up.
Happily(orHopefully, Thankfully)theycanexcuseus.
Childrenlikesweets. Similarly,adultslikemoney.
d.AccordingtoShakesp eare,alightheartliveslong.
Allinall,youngpeople arefondofnewthings.
Asaresult,bothdiedinthefigh ting.
Asageneralrule,Igotobedateleven.
Asfor me(orPersonally),Ihavenothingtosay.
Ataguess,th emountainseems5000feethigh.
Atanyrate(orAtallev ents),Iwilltry.
Inamannerofspeaking,wehavedonee verythingpossible.Inaword(or
Inotherwords),wemu stquit.
Inthefirstplace,becareful.Nolessimporta nt,begenerous.That
way,youwillsucceedineverythi ng.
Incidentally(orBytheway),whatisthelady'snam e?
Onthefaceofit,thesituationseemsquiet.
Rig htlyorwrongly,justlyorunjustly,thisismycountry.
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