英语语法大全之独立成分
大庆职业学院-春节日记100字
济南沃尔得国际英语
独立成分
一个词或一个词组,如果在句子中和其他词或词组
没有语法上的联系,则称为独立成
分(Absolute,orIndependentExpress
ion)。独立成分可以是感叹语
(Exclamations),呼语(Vocatives)或是插
入语(ParentheticalExpressions)。
Ⅰ.感叹语
感叹语不仅可以是
惊叹词,也可以是名词、形容词、动词、副词;不仅可以是单词,
还可以是短语、不定式或从句。它表示
突然产生的感情,后面跟有一个惊叹号(!):
惊叹词:Oh!Whatisthat?
Omy
dearJohn!
Aha!Thatisit.
Bah!Iamnotapigtobetr
eatedso.
名词:Awhale!Lookthere.
Mypurse!Itislo
st.
Idiot!Hemustbecrazy.
Littlesilly!Whotold
youtodoit?
Fire!Bequick!
Nonsense!Youaredrea
ming.
Silence!Fatherissleeping.
Thief!Thief!
Thewayhetalks(名词可由定语从句修饰)!Youwouldthinkhima
professor.
Thethingstheyhavedone!Nobodycouldbe
lieve.
ThefoolIhavebeen!Shemusthavelaughedatme.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Aprettyhouse(that
)youhavebought!Butit'sratherdear.
Averyusefulsu
bject(that)youarelearning!
Dirtymoneytheymake!T
heyshouldbesenttoprison.
形容词:Marvellous!Thisist
hefirsttimeI'veseenit.
Shocking!Whocouldhavesto
odit?
Whatajob!
Ridiculous!Fantastic!
动词:
Look!Hereisherletter.
Come,come!(Don'texpectmet
obelieveit.)
Help!He'sdrowned.Help!
Hear!Hea
r!
副词:Away!Letmeseeyounomore.
Why?Ican'tunde
rstandyou.
Howfast!
Indeed!Thatistoomuch.
Quickly!It'sdangerous.
代词:Ahme!
Odearme!
短语:Fieuponyou(oryoursuggestion)!
AfigforRex!he
spoilseverything.
Woetohim!
Downwithtyranny(
orcolonialism)!
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Of
orasightofher!
不定式:Tothinkyoucouldbesoungratefu
l!
Otobeathome!
Oh,totreathisparentsso!
从
句:Thatyoushouldturnagainstme!
Thatbreadshouldbe
sodear!
Iftheraincould(only)stop!
Ⅱ.呼语
17
72呼语是说话人对听话人(或拟人化的东西)的称呼:
Waiter,fourcupsoftea,
please.(在面前的人)
MayIhelpyou,madam?(已婚或单身女人)
O
perator,whatisthephonenumberofA-OneCompany?
Off
icer(=policeman),whereisUnionSquare?
Parson(=cl
ergyman),isdivorcesometimesnecessary?
Counsello
r(=lawyer),whatwillbeourfirststep?
Mydearson,yo
uhavealwaysbeeninmymind.(不在身边的人)
Lincoln!Yousho
uldbelivingtothisday.
Rollon,Ocean,rollon!(看得见的
东西)
Twinkle,twinkle,littlestars!
Odeath!Wher
eisyourvictory!(看不见的东西)
Ojudgement!Thouartfledt
obrutishbeasts.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Fr
eedom!HowImissyou!
Ⅲ.插入语:句子修饰语
插入语表示整个句子是怎样说
的或应怎样理解;可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语可
以是一个插入的陈述句、独立分词、独立不定式或
独立副词(短语)。
A.插入陈述句
插入陈述句是一个简短的陈述句(只有主语和谓语),通常
插在句子中间,偶尔也可
放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。如果把它放在句子开头,整个句子
就会成
为一个名词从句,句子则变作陈述句中及物动词的宾语:
Theboy,Ithink,
hascomefromthecountry.
Theboyhascomefromthecoun
try,Ithink.
Ithink(that)theboyhascomefromthecou
ntry.
Hismanners,itistrue,areawkwardandsilly.Hismannersareawkwardandsilly,itistrue.
Itistr
ue(that)hismannersareawkwardandsilly.
更多的例句:
Thosepeople,hesometimesfelt,werebetterthanus.
Thishouse,Iknow,willbesoldtoarichman.
Hiswife,I
presume,wasnotlistening.
Whatastrangeman,Iexcla
im,isthisfellow!
Averybeautifulfairy,sothelegen
druns,hasappearedhere.
Thatgentleman,markyou,is
thebigbossofabigfirm.
Itwas,aslneedhardlysay,th
egreatestbridgeinthiscoun-try.(由
as引起的陈述句是一种状语从
句)
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Theshoparoundth
ecorner,asisgenerallyassumed,isase-cret
gamblin
ghouse.(as引起的是一个关系从句)
Thepeopleofthiscountry,le
titbeunderstood,arepoorernowthan
before.
His
knowledgeofEnglish,itmustbeacknowledged,isbetterth
anours.
Leteverybody,heordered,speakoutopenly.<
br>Heis,Iamafraid,stillverychildish.
Theyaremos
tly,remember,robbersandpickpockets.
Never,hetho
ught,hadtheyseensuchathing.
Itisabore,youknow.<
br>Pepticulcer,astudyshows,usuallycomesfromworries
.
Itisraining,Ithink.
Whatitisallabout,Iwond
er.
Wherewashe,sheasked.
Hehasdoneeverything
possible,itseems.
B.独立分词
一个作状语的分词,如果它的意义上的主语
很模糊或泛指一般人,此主语就可以省
略,这个分词就成为“独立分词”,在多数情况下它都用在句子开
头,偶尔也可放在其
他位置。分词的这种用法只限于下面这些分词(参阅1097—1098):
Consideringhisage(大致相当于Ifweconsiderhisage),heiscl
ever.
Allowingfortherain,hewillarriveatten.
Speaking(orTalking)ofthefootballmatch,ourteamwasra
ther
disappointing.
Regarding(orRespecting)s
uchmatters,itishardtosayanything.
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<
br>济南沃尔得国际英语
Concerningthenextstep,afurtherdisc
ussionseemsnecessary.
Comingtothequestionofmarr
iage,Ihavesomethingtosay.
Judgingfromreports,th
eeconomicconditionisnowworsethanlastyear.
Judgi
ngbytheappearance,thisarticlecan'tbeGermanmade.
Granting(orAdmitting)thathewasdrunk,heshouldnotha
veinsulted
mywife.
Supposing(orSuppose)thatI
fallsick,nobodywilltakecareofme.
Generallyspeak
ing,peopleinthistownarehappy.
Strictly(orProper
ly,Roughly)speaking,everybodyismoreorless
selfi
sh.
Puttingthisandthattogether,heisstillhappy.<
br>Barringaccidents,heshouldbeherethisevening.
Beggingyourpardon,yoursonisrathernaughty.
Wesha
llarrivebeforedusk,provided(orproviding)(that)wewa
lk
faster.
Youcaninformmeofthismatter,seeing
thatyouhavestudieditmany
years.
Therearethir
typersons,notcountingthechildren.
Therearethirt
ystudents,includingtengirls.
Thismatterisgrowin
gserious,accordingtothepapers.
Nothingcanbedone
,considering(thecircumstances).
C.独立不定式
虽说不定
式的作用和分词差不多,但我们必须说tospeakthetruth,而不能说
speakingt
hetruth,只能说tobefrank,而不能说beingfrank;必须说
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p>
济南沃尔得国际英语
consideringhisage,而不能说tocons
iderhisage,只能说regardingsuch
matters,而不能说toregar
dsuchmatters,这个现象是十分有趣的。下面例子说明
在什么情况下需用不定式(参阅11
42):
Tospeakthe(precise)truth(大致相当于IfIamtospeak
thetruth),I
candoverylittleforyou.
Tospeakpl
ainly(orfrankly),itisnobusinessofours.
Tobefran
k(orplain,sincere)withyou,Ihavenomon-eytospare.
Nottomincematters,Igetmarriednextweek.
Toputit
bluntly,thatisnothingbutalie.
Nottoputtoofineap
ointonit,heisratherhardup.
Todohimjustice,Johnh
aslivedanddiedforhiscountry.
Todoherdue,shelook
sattractive.
Toreturn(orTogetback)tooursubject,
thefarmerhadadaughter…
Toresume(orTogoonwithmys
tory),JohndecidedtomarryLilian…
Tochangethesubj
ect,inthecountrysidetherelivedaprettygirl…
Topr
oceedtotheotherreasons…
Toleaveasideallthesepro
blems…
Tosumup(orToconclude),scienceisveryimpor
tantto-day,but
morallawismoreso.
Tomake(orcu
t)alongstory(ortale)short,theygotmarriedafter
f
iveyearsofadversity.
Toillustrate(orTotakeasimp
leexample,Togiveanin-stance),John
hascuredhisil
lnessbymerelydrinkingwater.
Davidlosthisjob,his
sonwasexpelledfromtheschooland,tocrown
all,hisw
ifediedofcancer.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
T
hejourneywaslonganddrearyand,tomakemattersworse,it
rainedfrom
morningtillnight.
Tobeginwith(orT
ostartwith),weshouldbehealthy.
Secondly,weshoul
dbeoptimistic.
Tousehisownwords,Idon'tcaresolon
gasmypocketsarefull.
Thisman,toputitmildly(orst
rictly),knowssomethingabouthis
job.
Society,
toputitanotherway,isaschool.
Thisfellowactslike
,sotosay(orsotospeak,sotoputit),a
VIP.
Heisb
road-minded,tosaytheleastofit.
HeknowsFrench,Ge
rman,andItalian,nottosay(ornottomention,not
tos
peakof,tosaynothingof,letalone)English,averycommon
language.
HedoesnotknowEnglish,averycommonlangu
age,nottosayFrenchand
German.
Heisafoolish—n
ottocallithonest—countryman.
Hevisitedheralmost
everyday,letalonelastSunday.
Heisshyathome,leta
loneinpublic.
Hewritespoems,letaloneunderstands
(orunderstanding)them.
(这种独立不定式,后面可以跟有名词或其它词类。)
D.独立副词(短语)
用作独立成分的副词(短语)大多为肯定及方式副词(短语),可参阅1
670a)及
1672a)。它们通常放在句子开头(1),偶尔插在句子中间,使它显得不那么重要<
br>(2),或是放在与它关系最深的词附近(3):
a.(1)Infact,heisnotth
esonofhispresent“father”.
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济南沃尔得
国际英语
Nodoubt,hehasdoneeverythingpossible.
(2
)Hehas,oddlyenough,marriedeleventimesandyethasnota
single
wife.
Life,inmyopinion,isnothingbutad
ream.
(3)Wehavetowalk,atworst,onlytwomilesmore.
Whatwehavedoneis,onthewhole,satisfactory.
这
种副词(短语)有几种相等的结构:
Seriously(=Seriouslyspeaking,T
obeserious,IfImayputit
seriously),whydon'tyouma
rryher?
Certainly(=Itiscertainthat)hewillagree.
Fortunatelyheremainedalive(=Itwasfortunatethat
heshouldremain
alive).
Happily(=One[orI]wash
appythat)sheacceptedhisproposal.
Economically(=
Fromaneconomicpointofview),Japanisagreat
countr
y.
更多的例子:
肯定副词(短语):
b.Certainly(orIndeed,
Surely,Definitely),heisthebestmanIknow.
Without
doubt(orSureenough,Ofcourse),thingschangeyearafter
year,dayafterday.
Evidently(orObviously,Cle
arly,Manifestly),therecan'tbeany
equalitybetwee
nmanandman.
Assuredly(orAdmittedly,Undoubtedly,
Decidedly),ourworldisoneof
millionsofworldsinsp
ace.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Outwardly(orA
pparently,Ostensibly,Formally,Officially,Nominally
),
heisthePremier,butactually(orreally,intruth,
infact,inreality,
asamatteroffact),heisapuppet.
Frankly(orTruly,Bluntly),Idon'tlikeyourmanners
.
Candidly(orHonestly),Idon'tlikeyourmannerofsp
eaking.
Generally(orCrudely,Roughly,Briefly,App
roximately),ourcityhas
tencasesofmurdereverymon
th.
Probably(orPerhaps,Maybe,Presumably,Possibl
y),theenemyhasbeen
informedofourplan.
Inalll
ikelihood(orInallprobability),hehasbeenkilled.
Heisreportedly(orallegedly,purportedly,supposedly)
thebestdoctor
ofthiscity.
方式副词(短语):
c.Bas
ically(orEssentially,Fundamentally,Primarily),hist
heoryis
correct.
Inessence(orInsubstance,Atb
ottom),theserulesconformwiththe
Constitution.Amazingly(orAnnoyingly,Disappointingly,Regrettab
ly),itrainedso
hardonhisweddingday.
Toourama
zement(orannoyance,disappointment,regret,greatjoy,
delight),thebillwaspassed.
Curiously(orMira
culously,Incredibly,Unexpectedly),nobodywashurt
inthisaccident.
Normally(orRegularly,Usually),
adverbsmodifyanywordsexcept
nouns,pronounsandin
terjections.
Notunexpectedly(orunreasonably,unw
isely),heleftbehindallhehad
andfledbynight.
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Fortunately(orLuckil
y)forthiscity,thepestilenceceasedto
spread.
Politically(orMilitarily,Economically),theU.S.isav
eryimportant
country;butculturally,Iamnotsure.<
br>Emotionally(orMorally,Intellectually),thischild
isasmatureasa
grown-up.
Happily(orHopefully,
Thankfully)theycanexcuseus.
Childrenlikesweets.
Similarly,adultslikemoney.
d.AccordingtoShakesp
eare,alightheartliveslong.
Allinall,youngpeople
arefondofnewthings.
Asaresult,bothdiedinthefigh
ting.
Asageneralrule,Igotobedateleven.
Asfor
me(orPersonally),Ihavenothingtosay.
Ataguess,th
emountainseems5000feethigh.
Atanyrate(orAtallev
ents),Iwilltry.
Inamannerofspeaking,wehavedonee
verythingpossible.Inaword(or
Inotherwords),wemu
stquit.
Inthefirstplace,becareful.Nolessimporta
nt,begenerous.That
way,youwillsucceedineverythi
ng.
Incidentally(orBytheway),whatisthelady'snam
e?
Onthefaceofit,thesituationseemsquiet.
Rig
htlyorwrongly,justlyorunjustly,thisismycountry.
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