Unit 1原文+题目+答案
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Unit 1
Passage 1
❶Was Felix
Mendelssohn (1809–1847) a great composer? ❷On its
face, the question seems absurd. ❸One of
the
most gifted prodigies in the history of music, he
produced his first masterpiece at sixteen. ❹From
then on,
he was recognized as an artist of
preternatural abilities, not only as a composer
but also as a pianist and
conductor. ❺But
Mendelssohn’s enduring popularity has often been
at odds — sometimes quite sharply — with
his
critical standing. ❻Despite general acknowledgment
of his genius, there has been a noticeable
reluctance to
rank him with, say, Schumann or
Brahms. ❼As Haggin put it, Mendelssohn, as a
composer, was a ―minor
master . . . working on
a small scale of emotion and texture.‖
1.
Select a sentence in the passage whose function is
to indicate the range of Mendelssohn’s musical
talents.
2. The passage suggests that
anyone attempting to evaluate Mendelssohn’s career
must confront which of the
following
dichotomies?
A. The tension between
Mendelssohn’s career as a composer and his career
as a pianist and conductor
B. The contrast
between Mendelssohn’s popularity and that of
Schumann and Brahms
C. The discrepancy between
Mendelssohn’s popularity and his standing among
critics
D. The inconsistency between
Mendelssohn’s reputation during his lifetime and
his reputation since his
death
E. The gap
between Mendelssohn’s prodigious musical
beginnings and his decline in later years.
3. The author mentions Schumann and Brahms
primarily in order to
A. provide examples of
composers who are often compared with Mendelssohn
B. identify certain composers who are more
popular than Mendelssohn
C. identify composers
whom Mendelssohn influenced
D. establish the
milieu in which Mendelssohn worked
E.
establish a standard of comparison for Mendelssohn
as a composer
Passage 2
❶The age at which young
children begin to make moral discriminations about
harmful actions committed
against themselves
or others has been the focus of recent research
into the moral development of children.
❷Until
recently, child psychologists supported pioneer
developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis
that
because of their immaturity, children
under age seven do not take into account the
intentions of a person
committing accidental
or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of
the magnitude of the negative consequences
caused. ❸According to Piaget, children under age
seven occupy
the first stage of moral
development, which is characterized by moral
absolutism (rules made by authorities must
be
obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken,
punishment will be meted out). ❹Until young
children
mature, their moral judgments are
based entirely on the effect rather than the cause
of a transgression.
❺However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children
not only distinguish between accidental
and
intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm
as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage
produced.
❻Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than
Piaget claimed, advance into the
second stage
of moral development, moral autonomy, in which
they accept social rules but view them as more
arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
❶Keasey’s research raises two key
questions for developmental psychologists about
children under age seven:
do they recognize
justifications for harmful actions, and do they
make distinctions between harmful acts that are
preventable and those acts that have
unforeseen harmful consequences? ❷Studies indicate
that justifications
excusing harmful actions
might include public duty, self-defense, and
provocation. ❸For example, Nesdale
and Rule
concluded that children were capable of
considering whether or not an aggressor’s action
was justified
by public duty: five year olds
reacted very differently to ―Bonnie wrecks Ann’s
pretend house‖ depending on
whether Bonnie did
it ―so somebody won’t fall over it‖ or because
Bonnie wanted ―to make Ann feel bad.‖
❹Thus, a
child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be
justified; the
constraints of moral absolutism
no longer solely guide their judgments.
❶Psychologists have determined that during
kindergarten children learn to make subtle
distinctions involving
harm. ❷Darley observed
that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-
year-old children just entering
kindergarten
could not differentiate between foreseeable, and
thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for
which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. ❸Seven
months later, however, Darley found that these
same children
could make both distinctions,
thus demonstrating that they had become morally
autonomous.
21. Which of the
following best describes the passage as a whole?
(A) An outline for future research
(B) An
expanded definition of commonly misunderstood
terms
(C) An analysis of a dispute between two
theorists
(D) A discussion of research
findings in an ongoing inquiry
(E) A
confirmation of an established authority’s theory
22. According to the passage, Darley found
that after seven months of kindergarten six year
olds acquired which
of the following
abilities?
(A) Differentiating between
foreseeable and unforeseeable harm
(B)
Identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful
action
(C) Justifying harmful actions that
result from provocation
(D) Evaluating the
magnitude of negative consequences resulting from
the breaking of rules
(E) Recognizing the
difference between moral absolutism and moral
autonomy
23. According to the passage, Piaget
and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the
following points?
(A) The kinds of excuses
children give for harmful acts they commit
(B)
The age at which children begin to discriminate
between intentional and unintentional harm
(C)
The intentions children have in perpetrating harm
(D) The circumstances under which children
punish harmful acts
(E) The justifications
children recognize for mitigating punishment for
harmful acts
24. It can be inferred that the
term ―public duty‖ in the context of the passage
means which of the following?
(A) The
necessity to apprehend perpetrators.
(B) The
responsibility to punish transgressors
(C) An
obligation to prevent harm to another
(D) The
assignment of punishment for harmful action
(E) A justification for punishing
transgressions
25. According to the passage,
Keasey’s findings support which of the following
conclusions about six-year-old
children?
(A) They have the ability to make autonomous
moral judgments.
(B) They regard moral
absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.
(C) They do not understand the concept of
public duty.
(D) They accept moral judgment
made by their peers more easily than do older
children.
(E) They make arbitrary moral
judgments.
26. It can be inferred from the
passage that Piaget would be likely to agree with
which of the following
statements about the
punishment that children under seven assign to
wrongdoing?
(A) The severity of the assigned
punishment is determined by the perceived
magnitude of negative
consequences more than
by any other factor.
(B) The punishment is to
be administered immediately following the
transgression.
(C) The children assign
punishment less arbitrarily than they do when they
reach the age of moral
autonomy.
(D) The
punishment for acts of unintentional harm is less
severe than it is for acts involving accidental
harm.
(E) The more developmentally
immature a child, the more severe the punishment
that the child will assign.
27. According to
the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule
suggests which of the following about
five-
year-old children?
(A) Their reactions to
intentional and accidental harm determine the
severity of the punishments they
assign.
(B) They, as perpetrators of harmful acts,
disregard the feelings of the children they harm.
(C) They take into account the
motivations（intention的改写，也就是justification） of
actions when
judging the behavior of other
children.
(D) They view public duty as a
justification for accidental, but not intentional,
harm.
(E) They justify any action that
protects them from harm.
Passage 3
❶Allen and Wolkowitz’s
research challenges the common claim that
homework—waged labor performed at
home for a
company—is primarily a response to women workers’
needs and preferences. ❷By focusing on a
limited geographical area in order to gather
in-depth information, the authors have avoided the
methodological
pitfalls that have plagued
earlier research on homework. ❸Their findings
disprove accepted notions about
homeworkers:
that they are unqualified for other jobs and that
they use homework as a short-term strategy for
dealing with child care.
❶The authors
conclude that the persistence of homework cannot
be explained by appeal to such notions, for, in
fact, homeworkers do not differ sharply from
other employed women. ❷Most homeworkers would
prefer to
work outside the home but are
constrained from doing so by lack of opportunity.
❸In fact, homework is driven
by employers’
desires to minimize fixed costs: homeworkers
receive no benefits and are paid less than regular
employees.
24. The passage is primarily
concerned with
(A) advocating a controversial
theory
(B) presenting and challenging the
results of a study
(C) describing a problem
and proposing a solution
(D) discussing
research that opposes a widely accepted belief
(E) comparing several explanations for the
same phenomenon
25. According to the passage,
which of the following has been generally believed
about homework?
(A) The benefits of homework
accrue primarily to employers rather than to
homeworkers.
(B) Homework is prevalent
predominantly in rural areas.
(C) Homework is
primarily a response to the preferences of women
workers.
(D) Few homeworkers rely on homework
for the majority of their family income.
(E)
Most homework is seasonal and part-time rather
than full-time and year-round.
26. Allen and
Wolkowitz’s research suggests that each of the
following is true of most homeworkers EXCEPT:
(A) They do not necessarily resort to homework
as a strategy for dealing with child care.
(B)
Their family situations are not unlike those of
other employed women.
(C) They are as well
qualified as women who work outside the home.
(D) They perform professional-level duties
rather than manual tasks or piecework.
(E)
They do not prefer homework to employment outside
the home.
27. The passage suggests which of
the following about previous research on homework?
(A) It was conducted primarily with women who
did not have extensive household responsibilities
or care
for small children at home.
(B) It
was conducted with homeworkers and companies over
a large geographical area.
(C) It indicated
that women homeworkers had numerous opportunities
to work outside the home.
(D) It indicated
that homeworkers usually work for companies that
are close to their homes.
(E) It indicated
that homework was financially advantageous to
large companies.
Passage 4
❶According to the conventional view, serfdom
in nineteenth-century Russia inhibited economic
growth. ❷In
this view Russian peasants’ status
as serfs kept them poor through burdensome taxes
in cash, in labor, and in
kind; through
restrictions on mobility; and through various
forms of coercion. ❸Melton, however, argues that
serfdom was perfectly compatible with economic
growth, because many Russian serfs were able to
get around
landlords’ rules and regulations.
❹If serfs could pay for passports, they were
usually granted permission
to leave the
estate. ❺If they could pay the fine, they could
establish a separate household; and if they had
the
resources, they could hire laborers to
cultivate the communal lands, while they
themselves engaged in trade or
worked as
migrant laborers in cities.
1. It can be
inferred from the passage that the ―rules and
regulations‖ ( lines 4-5) affecting serfdom in
Russia
involved
A. responsibility for
the work needed to accomplish certain defined
tasks
B. restrictions on freedom of movement
C. limitations on the ability to set up an
independent household
2. The sentence ―If
serfs … estate‖ (lines 5) has which of the
following functions in the passage?
A. It
provides support for an argument presented in the
preceding sentence.
B. It provides evidence
that helps undermine a view introduced in the
first sentence.
C. It raises a question that
the succeeding sentence will resolve.
Passage 5
(This passage is
excerpted from an article that was published in
1981.)
❶The deep sea typically has a sparse
fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans,
with an even sparser
distribution of larger
animals. ❷However, near hydrothermal vents, areas
of the ocean where warm water
emerges from
subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of
huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.
❶Most
deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate
matter (particulate matter: 颗粒物质), ultimately
derived
from photosynthesis, falling from
above. ❷The food supplies necessary to sustain the
large vent communities,
however, must be many
times the ordinary fallout. ❸The first reports
describing vent faunas proposed two
possible
sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis,
production of food by bacteria using energy
derived from
chemical changes, and advection,
the drifting of food materials from surrounding
regions. ❹Later, evidence in
support of the
idea of intense local chemosynthesis was
accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent
water;
many vent-site bacteria were found to
be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large
concentrations of
bacteria were found in
samples of vent water thought to be pure. ❺This
final observation seemed decisive. ❻If
such
astonishing concentrations of bacteria were
typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent
would dwarf
any contribution from advection.
❼Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached
that bacterial
chemosynthesis provides the
foundation for hydrothermal-vent food chains—an
exciting prospect because no
other communities
on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.
❶There are, however, certain difficulties with
this interpretation. ❷For example, some of the
large sedentary
organisms associated with
vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea
temperatures many meters from the nearest
hydrothermal sources. ❸This suggests that
bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient
source of nutrition for
these creatures.
❹Another difficulty is that similarly dense
populations of large deep-sea animals have been
found in the proximity of ―smokers‖—vents
where water emerges at temperatures up to 350℃.
❺No bacteria
can survive such heat, and no
bacteria were found there. ❻Unless smokers are
consistently located near more
hospitable
warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for
only a fraction of the vent faunas. ❼It is
conceivable, however, that these large,
sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria
that grow in warm-water
vents, rise in the
vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to
nourish animals living some distance from the
warm-water vents.
❶Nonetheless
advection is a more likely alternative food
source. ❷Research has demonstrated that advective
flow, which originates near the surface of the
ocean where suspended particulate matter
accumulates, transports
some of that matter
and water to the vents. ❸Estimates suggest that
for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350
milligrams of particulate organic material
would be advected into the vent area. ❹Thus, for
an average-sized
vent, advection could provide
more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day.
❺In addition, it is likely that
small live
animals in the advected water might be killed or
stunned by thermal andor chemical shock, thereby
contributing to the food supply of vents.
16. The passage provides
information for answering which of the following
questions?
(A) What causes warm-water vents to
form?
(B) Do vent faunas consume more than do
deep-sea faunas of similar size?
(C) Do
bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?
(D) What role does hydrogen sulfide play in
chemosynthesis?
(E) What accounts for the
locations of deep-sea smokers?
17. The
information in the passage suggests that the
majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent
habitats
have which of the following
characteristics?
(A) They do not normally feed
on particles of food in the water.
(B) They
are smaller than many vent faunas.
(C) They
are predators.
(D) They derive nutrition from
a chemosynthetic food source.
(E) They
congregate around a single main food source.
18. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe a previously unknown natural
phenomenon
(B) reconstruct the evolution of a
natural phenomenon
(C) establish unequivocally
the accuracy of a hypothesis
(D) survey
explanations for a natural phenomenon and
determine which is best supported by evidence
(E) entertain criticism of the author’s
research and provide an effective response
19.
Which of the following does the author cite as a
weakness in the argument that bacterial
chemosynthesis
provides the foundation for the
food chains at deep-sea vents?
(A) Vents are
colonized by some of the same animals found in
other areas of the ocean floor.
(B) Vent water
does not contain sufficient quantities of hydrogen
sulfide.
(C) Bacteria cannot produce large
quantities of food quickly enough.
(D) Large
concentrations of minerals are found in vent
water.
(E) Some bacteria found in the vents
are incapable of chemosynthesis.
20. Which of
the following is information supplied in the
passage that would support the statement that the
food
supplies necessary to sustain vent
communities must be many times that of ordinary
fallout?
I. Large vent faunas move from vent
to vent in search of food.
II. Vent faunas are
not able to consume food produced by
photosynthesis.
III. Vents are more densely
populated than are other deep-sea areas.
(A) I
only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
21. The author refers to ―smokers‖ most
probably in order to
(A) show how
thermal shock can provide food for some vent
faunas by stunning small animals
(B) prove
that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is
limited to warm-water vents
(C) explain how
bacteria carry out chemosynthesis
(D)
demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack
of food sources on the seafloor
(E) present
evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an
inadequate source of food for some vent
faunas
22. Which of the following can be inferred
from the passage about the particulate matter that
is carried down
from the surface of the ocean?
(A) It is the basis of bacterial
chemosynthesis in the vents.
(B) It may
provide an important source of nutrition for vent
faunas.
(C) It may cause the internal
temperature of the vents to change significantly.
(D) It is transported as large aggregates of
particles.
(E) It contains hydrogen sulfide.
1
2
3
4
5
第四句 C
D
D
C
A
C
B
B
D
D
E
C
B
A
A
B
A
E
C
B
ABC AB