文献阅读与翻译(精华版)
甘肃考试院-福州市事业单位
Unit 1 general description of literature
reading and translation
tion of Literature
Literature is a general term for professional
writings in the form of books, papers, and other
documentations.
As an important means for
preserving knowledge, literatures have become
precious resources
or treasures for the
mankind, which have greatly contributed to the
social progress of the human
race.
fication of Literature
1) Textbooks（课本）
a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作）
2)
Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and
discussions
3) Papers（论文） the
theoretical analysis and experimental description
title, author, affiliation, abstract,
keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis andor
experimental
description, results and
discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments,
references
4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every
branch of knowledge
5) Periodicals （期刊） a
series of publications
6)Special
Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials
stic Features of Scientific Literature
stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a
kind of form writing;
syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has
rigorous grammatical structures and in most
cases is rather unitary;
Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is
featured by high specialization,the use of
technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous
implication and the fixed sense of the word
Principles or Criteria of Translation
Whenever principles or criteria of translation
are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three-
character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely,
faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance
(雅).
These three principle has always been
regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the
professional
level of translation and a goal
for translators to strive after. However, in the
application of this
principle, people come to
find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-
character guide and have
put foreword a
variety of new standards or criteria of
translation. Despite a variety of opinions,
two criteria are almost unanimously accepted
by all, namely, the criterion of
faithfulnessaccuracy
(忠实准确) and that of
smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two
criteria as the principle
scientific
literature translation. By faithfulaccuracy, we
mean to be faithful not only to the original
contents, to the original meaning and views,
but also to the original form and style. By
smoothness,
we mean not only easy and readable
rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the
target
language, free form stiff formula and
mechanical copying form dictionaries.
Unit 2
professional papers
tion of professional
papers
A professional paper is a typewritten
paper in which professionals present their views
and
research findings on a chosen topic. It is
variously known as the “research paper”, “course
paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The
task of the author of a paper is essentially the
same: to read on a particular topic, gather
information about it, and report the findings in
it.
fication of professional papers
1
1)Report Paper
The report paper
summarizes and reports the findings of another on
a particular subject. The writer
neither
judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely
catalogs them in a sensible sequence
2)
Research paper
A research paper can be
intelligent, well informed, interesting, and
original in its conclusions.
3) Course Paper
course papers are written after a specific
course is learned or are designed at the end of a
term.
This type of paper is, therefore, also
called “term paper”.
4) Thesis Paper
the
thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A
thesis is a proposition or point of view that a
writer or speaker is willing to argue against
or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of
a
certain event would therefore be a thesis
paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to
exercise
judgment, evaluate evidence, and
construct a logical argument, whereas writing a
report paper
does not
2.3. Linguistic
Features of Professional Papers
Formal Style:
A professional paper deals with the study of some
objective facts or problems, and
the
conclusion that is drawn should be based on
relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes.
Specialized Terms:The terms in professional
papers are typically specialized. Even in the same
field, the meanings of the same word may vary
slightly due to its different collections.
Take the word “normal” as an example.
Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it
represents “法线”; and in the field of
chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In
electronics, it
is rendered as “电力” or “电源”;
in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”
Rigid Sentence Structure:The arguments in
professional papers will be convincing if they are
presented concisely and concretely. A rigid
sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet
this
requirement.
Formatted
Elements:Though there are no set rules, a complete
professional paper in its finished
form
usually has a regular format composed of the
following elements: the title, author(s),
affiliation(s), abstract, keywords,
introduction, body of the paper (theoretical
description including
calculation, inference,
reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental
description including techniques,
methods,
materials, results and analysis, etc.),
acknowledgments, appendices, references or
bibliography, etc.
Different meaning of
story
(1)This war is becoming the most
important story of this generation. Event
这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2) It is quite
another story now.
Situation
现在的情况完全不同了。
(3) Some reporters
who were not included in the session broke the
story. Inside information
有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4) He'll be very
happy if that story holds up.
Statement
如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5) The Rita
Hayworth story is one of the saddest.
Experience
丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。
(6) A young
man came to Scotti's office with a story.
Law case
一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
2
develop
(1) His plane developed
engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.
(发生故障)
(2) Modem aircraft are so heavy that
the wings must develop a very large lift force in
order
to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)
(3)
Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin
developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷
针)
(4) A hypothesis is a specific statement
developed by a scientist from observations.
(5) Until the domain theory of magnetism was
developed, they did not have much success.
(提出理论)
(6) To develop the capabilities of
geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the
techniques and
equipment is the first thing to
be considered. (提高能力)
(7) Most of the money
came from selling the secret of a new type of
potato he had developed.
(培育新品种)
(8) As
young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed
tuberculosis. (患上结核病)
(9) We must develop all
the natural substances in our country which can
make us rich. (开发
资源)
(10) Several
attempts have been made through the years to
develop the deposit.(开采矿床)
(11) In developing
a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of
engineering and
material science. (进
行设计)
4) Judging from Different
Branches of Learning and Specialties
base
(1) The lathe should be set on a firm
base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)
(2) As we
all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a
salt.
众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学)
(3) A
transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the
base and the collector.
晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。(电子)
(4) Line AB
is the base of the triangle ABC. AB 线是三角形 ABC 的底边。
(数学)
(5) He is on the second base.
他在二垒。(体育)
Unit3 report
3.1.
Definition of Report
A report is a form of
communication in which the writer gives
information to some person or
organization
because it is hisher responsibility to do so.
3.2. Content of Report
(1) Information or
the date
(2) Calculations
3
(3)
Conclusions
(4) A recommend recommendations
3.3 Classification of Reports
Informal
Reports:Informal reports are short, each
containing one to three pages of narrative and
occasionally attachments such as drawings,
photographs, and statistics, etc. They generally
fall
into the following kinds: incident
reports, field trip reports, inspection reports,
progress reports,
and short investigation
reports, etc.
Semiformal Reports:Semiformal
reports refer to reports of the following kinds:
test and
laboratory reports, investigation or
evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals,
etc.
Formal Reports:Formal reports have a much
more commanding presence than informal or even
semiformal reports. A formal report is more
likely to be referred to as a feasibility study,
an
investigation or evaluation report, a
product analysis, or a project report. Sometimes
one of these
names may precede the report’s
main title, but more often the name is omitted and
the title stands
alone (e.g., the words
Evaluation Report or Investigation Report do not
appear on the title page.)
3.4. Linguistic
Features of Reports
3.4.1 Various Patterns
Letter form report
Schematic form report
Short report (or Summary report)
Mixed form report
3.4.2 Self-sufficient
A report should be serf-sufficient. That is,
anyone who is likely to read it should be able to
do so
without having to rely on hisher memory
or consult hisher files for extra information.
This could
be achieved by a clear opening of
the report, the purpose of which is clearly
identified.
3.4.3 More Active Voice
The
pronoun “I” is readily evident in the informal
memo reports. Since the reader of a report is
normally pre-known by the writer, for example,
of a feasibility study report, a progress report,
etc.,
the active voice is usually used instead
of the passive in the report.
3.4.4 Clear
Citation
When the material is quoted directly,
quotation marks must be used. If words are omitted
from a
quotation, ellipses (...) should be
substituted. If information is quoted indirectly
(without quotation
marks, as in: President so
and so believed that...), the original meaning
should be conveyed as
exactly as possible. In
either case credit should be given to the
information source.
3.4.5 Standard Language
Every report has a thesis--or point of view--
unless it is purely descriptive, and the writer
must
make sure that the thesis is supported by
the research.
The language used is normally
not complex but straightforward. It is brief yet
fully informative.
Avoid cluttering the
narrative with unnecessary words and expressions.
Present facts clearly and in
logical sequence.
The conclusion should be general and not too
abrupt, and it should follow logically from what
has
preceded it.
Unit4 Abstracts
4.1. Definition of Abstracts
4
An abstract is a brief and self-
contained summary and an accurate representation
of the contents of
a document such as a
research paper, a journal article, thesis, review,
conference proceeding, and
other academic
documents.
4.2. Classification of Abstracts
Depending on which information they contain,
abstracts can be classified into major types:
indicative (or descriptive abstracts),
informative abstracts, indicative-informative
abstracts and
author abstracts. As they have
different aims, they have different components and
styles. While
indicative abstracts are short
in length and common in abstraction services,
informative abstracts
are usually those
produced in thesis, journal essays, and research
articles.
(1) indicative (or descriptive
abstracts)
An indicative abstract or
descriptive abstract is one that describes the
type and nature of the
work abstracted,
indicating the principal subjects covered and
providing a brief description of the
way the
facts are treated and the methods or techniques
that are being reported.
(2) informative
abstracts
An informative abstract
summarizes as much as the essential elements of
the document as
possible, presenting and
explaining all the main material contents in the
complete articlepaper
book.
(3)
indicativeinformative abstracts
Indicative
informative abstract is more common than either
the pure indicative or the pure
information
style. It presents a summary of the essential
arguments and findings of the original.
(4)
author abstract
Author abstracts are
abstracts prepared by authors of the document that
has been subjected to
abstracting.
(5)
slanted abstract
(6) telegraphic abstract
(7) mini-abstract
(8) mission-oriented
abstract
(9) finding-oriented abstract
(10) highlight abstract
Linguistic
features of abstracts
(1) using topic,
supporting, and concluding sentences
(2) using
brief but informative sentences
(3) arranging
in one paragraph
(4) being concise
Translation skills: technical terms
(1)
Affixation, includes prefixation and suffixation,
with prefixes and suffixes as inseparable
elements of the words being coined.
(2)
Compounding, The combination of two or more words
to form a new word
(3) Blending , This is a
variant of compounding, consisting in omitting the
latter part of the first
word and clipping off
the first part of the second word.
(4)
Acronyms,
the formation of a word made up
of the first letters of the name of something.
(5) proper nouns(专有名词)
汉译英
在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或
5
评论的表述。无论作者是谁，对此均不应有所不同。
一篇文摘应该根据文献
的内容与文体，使之具有尽可能多的报道性。也就是说，文摘应尽可
能多的表达文献内容中包含的定量或
定性的信息。报道性文摘对于叙述实验研究和主题单一
的文献足较为理想的。但某些内容庞杂或冗长的文
献，例如泛述、综述以及整篇或整集的专
著，则允许备有一个仅仅起指示性、描述性指南作用的文摘。还
有一种必不可少的融报道性
与指示性于一体的综合性文摘，这类文摘适用于文摘长度受限制，或因文献类
型与文体的限
制，而有必要对文献的要点作报道性介绍的情况。
In this
International Standard, the term abstract
signifies an abbreviated, accurate representation
of
the contents of a document without added
interpretation or criticism and without
distinction as to
who wrote the abstract.
An abstract should be informative as is
permitted by the type and style of the document;
that is, it
should present as much as possible
of the quantitative and or qualitative information
contained in
the document. Informative
abstracts are especially desirable for texts
describing experimental
work and documents
devoted to a single theme. However, some
discursive or lengthy texts, such
as broad
overviews, review papers, and entire monographs,
may permit the preparation of an
abstract that
is only an indicative or descriptive guide. A
combined informative-indicative abstract
must
often be prepared when limitations on the length
of the abstract or the type and style of the
document make it necessary to confine
informative statements to the primary elements.
4.5. Terminology and Institutions
Concerned with Abstracts(连线题)
1. Institution
of Electrical Engineers
2. Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3.
Plenum Publishing Corporation Plenum
4. Xerox
5. University Microfilms
6. Microfilm
Abstracts
7. Dissertation Abstracts
8.
Humanities and Social Sciences
9. Doctoral
dissertations
Unit 5 Proposals
tion of Proposal
A proposal is a
suggestion or request that some particular action
be taken.
written offer to a solve technical
problems in a particular way, specified plan to
management , and
specified compensation are
the main elements of proposal.
fication of
Proposals
① Informal Suggestions
A
suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses
its advantages and disadvantages.
② Semiformal
Proposals
A semifinal proposal presents ideas
for resolving a problem or improving a situation,
evaluates them against certain criteria, and
often recommends what action should be taken.
③ Formal Proposals
6
A formal
proposal describes an organization’s plans for
carrying out a large project for a
major
client, such as the government.
2. Format of
Proposal
The elements that are essential to
every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2)
project
objectives; (3) statement of
procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a
method for evaluating
the effectiveness of the
program.
Unit 6 Conference Documents
6.1. Definition of Conference Documents
Conference documents are printed materials
distributed before or at or after a conference,
concerning the announcements, arrangements,
and other information of the conference,
6.2.
Classification of Conference Documents
Documents in the Preparation of a Conference or
Symposium
Announcements and Call for Papers
(or: General Announcement & Call for Papers; Call
for
Participation); Instructions for Authors;
Instructions for Speakers; Registration Form;
Accommodation Registration Form; Invitations,
and General Information containing preliminary
Time Schedule, etc.
Documents Distributed
at a Conference or Symposium
Documents
Distributed after a Conference or Symposium
Unit 7 Reviews
7.1. Definition of
Review:
A review, as opposed to a survey,
should be a critical summary, commentary and
literally
documented assessment of a work on a
specific subject or in a particular field.
7.2. Classification of Reviews
(1)
Literature Review
Literature review is written
on a particular subject (or a specialty) through
analysis, study,
synthesis, comment on the
basis of extensively referencing professional
materials both at home
and abroad.
(2)Book
Review
Book review is a kind of research
writing, an article published in a newspaper or
periodical that
announces the publication of a
new book.
7.3. Linguistic Features of Review
1) General Contents of Book Reviews
A good
book review is always within the scope of three
elements: (1) it tells what the book is
about,(2) it asserts a judgment of the book's
worth,(3) it defends that judgment. Besides, some
reviews undertake to familiarize the reader
with the background of the book,
2) General
Contents of Literature Reviews
(1) includes
the background, the prior work, present disputes,
current development and prospect,
etc. of the
subject the review is about; (2) reveals the
author's rigorous and objective comments; (3)
provides the reader with a great number of
references.
3) Presentation of a Review
Heading Layout References Notes Name
and biographical date
7
1.
Basic point-set topology
2. 根据给定的文字，分析其语言特色
拓展题:
1.对“信达雅”做全英文解释
2.一词多义，一个单词，给6句话
3.英译汉
4.汉译英
8
1)
It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it
was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of
the
Light, it was the season of Darkness; it
was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of
Despair; we
had everything before us, we had
nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we
were all
going direct the other way.
这是美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这是充满信仰的时
代，
这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这
是充满绝望的寒冬；
我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向
地狱。
2) A
greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend
an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a
funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo
a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger,
wave
a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss,
mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop
a worry
and start a tradition.
一张小小贺卡可以温暖一
颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另人喜洋洋，撩
得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊
喜，给恋人以温纯，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；
它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以
弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除
忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
As an
important means for preserving knowledge, various
literatures have become precious
resources or
treasures for the mankind, which have greatly
contributed to the social progress of the
human race.
Professional literatures have
been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole
world because they
are, on the one hand, the
summary, generalization, and development of the
achievements obtained
on the basis of previous
experiences or studies; and on the other hand,
they have been
accumulated and handed down
from generation to generation. In this sense,
therefore, all kinds of
literature are records
of precious research findings and academic
achievements, and the
crystallization of human
civilization.
作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进
步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的
总
结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上
讲，一切文献都
是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。
3. Put
the following passage into English.
翻泽的意义是将词句从
一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将
作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一
种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意
必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任
务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，
翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译
的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须
如实传达原作的思想。表达
性是使译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将
原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性
是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生
动，引人入胜。
Translation
means the conversion of an expression into another
language. To say plainly it is an art
to
reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of
a language different from the original. From
9
the above definition of translation we
know that the original thought of the expression
must be
kept as exactly as possible. Nothing
should be added to or taken away from the original
work. The
duty of the translator is simply to
change the vocabulary not the thought. In
translation therefore,
there are two essential
elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of
translation. The translator must stick to the
author’s idea. Words
selected and sentences
constructed must be of such nature as will convey
the exact original
thought. Expressiveness is
to make the translation readily understood. In
other words, the
translator must express his
author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can
by the medium he
employs. Accuracy is to make
the thought definite and exact; while
expressiveness is to make the
translation
vivid and attractive.
总经理先生：
您于XXX年6月20日指示
，要我对HILLCREST街153号公司房舍(premises)需修整翻新
的事宜向您报告。为
此，我于6月25日视察了该处房屋，现向您书面汇报如下：
1．分公司经理室的墙壁需要粉刷油漆。
…………综上所述，请您指示公司维修部对上述前
四项进行维修，并请电话公司利用现有电话线路为办公
室另安装一部电话。
维修工程师
C．S．斯宾塞
Dear Sir,
You instructed me on 20th June, XXX to report
on the repairs and renovation needed at the
Company’s premises at 153 Hillcrest. I
accordingly visited the premises on 25th June and
made
the following observations:
1. That
the walls of the Branch Office Manager’s office
need to be repainted.
I therefore recommend
that the Maintenance Office be instructed to carry
out the renovations l —4
above and that the
Telephone Company be requested to install an
additional receiver in the
General Office on
the same line as the existing receivers.
Faithfully,
C.S. Spencer
Maintenance
Engineer
More than three thousand IPC symbols
jammed into the chart. He certainly was not
scanning the
rows with a magnifier.
图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号。他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下
看。
Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and
no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists
have obtained conclusive evidence during the
last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the
scene of volcanic activity.
尽管从未有人登上过灶神星，也
从未有过太空飞船飞近过灶神星，但是研究行星的科学工作
者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒
冷而宁静的灶神星曾经（一度）是火山活动的
场所。
Despite the long-
standing availability of effective antibiotics,
particularly penicillin, pnumococcai
disease
continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly
among people suffering from other
chronic
diseases.
尽管有效的抗菌素，特别是青霉素应用已久，但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量
死亡，尤
其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。
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The
research found a 12 per cent reduction in the
patients’ blood cholesterol from a level of 349
milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
研究结果发现，病人血液胆固醇的含量从每100毫升含349毫克下降了百分之十二。
Working at the fruit and vegetable chemistry
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.（加利福尼亚州帕萨
迪纳）,
the scientists sprayed young guayule（银胶菊） plants
with 5,000 part per million of the
hormone
stimulator 2- (3-4) dichloriphenoxy-triethylamine.
在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的果蔬化学实验室工作的科学家向银胶菊植物幼苗喷洒浓度为百
万分之
5000的激素催长剂2——（3-4）二氯本氧三乙胺。
Selection
of papers for presentation and inclusion in the
digest will be made on the basis of
abstracts
submitted by intending authors. Abstracts and any
supporting figures must be confined to
a
single A4 or 210 x 297mm page.
The letter
accompanying the abstract must include the
principal author’s complete mailing
address
and fax number. All abstracts must be received by
6 DECEMBER 1992.
Forward abstracts to the
Technical Program Chairman: (omitted)
Following review of abstracts by the Technical
Committee authors will be advised by 6
March
1993 whether or not their papers have been
accepted. All papers must be in English.
Complete papers, of length up to 4 pages, will be
sought at that stage and must be received by
8
May 1993. The digest will be prepared directly
from photo-ready materials submitted by authors
and be provided to Conference attendees.
GENERAL ENQUIRIES
For general
enquiries concerning the 1993 ASIA-PACIFIC
MICROWAVE
CONFERENCE direct enquiries to:
(omitted)
作者须知
用于宣读和编入文摘的论文将根据作者提交的摘要中选出。摘
要以及任何所附插图必须
限制在一页之内，其规格为A4纸或210 x 297毫米。
寄稿附函须包括主要作者的完整邮政地址和传真号码。
所有摘要的收稿截止日期为
XXXX年12月6日。
请将摘要寄送大会技术委员会主席。(地址略)
技术委员会在对所收文摘进行审阅以后，无论
接受其论文与否，都将于XXXX年3月6
日之前通知作者本人。所有论文都必须用英文写成。
论文全文的长度应在4页以内，在作者收到入选通知时便可寄出，收件截止日期为XXXX
年5月8日
。论文要点将根据作者提供的直接复制的论文资料进行概括，并提供给与会者。
会议咨询
有关XXXX年亚太地区微波会议的咨询，请直接向……(地址略)询问。
11