n次方差公式-激进派

说明：课文录入电脑编成电子书，一是为熟悉课文，而是方便随身学习；完全为个人兴趣，并非单位任务，因而偶有误差，自己注意鉴别（三册录完后我会仔细检查，再另外上传，谢谢，祝知识进步！）
第一册 上 Unit 1 Good friends
READING
CHUCK’S FRIEND
In the movie Cast Away, Tom Hanks plays a man named Chuck Noland. Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends. He is a successful manager in a company that sends mail all over the world. One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes. Chuck survives the crash and lands on a deserted island.
On the island, Chuck has to learn to survive all alone. He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make a fire. Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends. In order to survive, Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend—a volleyball he calls Wilson.
Chuck learns a lot about himself when he is alone on the island. He realises that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself. During his five years on the island, Chuck learns how to be a good friend to Wilson. Even though Wilson is just a volleyball, he becomes fond of him. He talks to him and treats him as a friend. Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about. He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends. When he makes friends with Wilson, he understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.
A volleyball is certainly an unusual friend. Most of our friends are human beings, but we also make friends with animals and even things. For example, many of us have pets, and we all have favorite objects such as a lucky pen or a diary. The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers. Friendship helps us understand who we are, why we need each other and what we can do for each other.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
Do you know that you can use the Internet to make friends? You may know that a pen friend, or pen pal, is someone you write letters to. But what is an e-pal, or key pal? Yes, you guessed it! An e-pal is someone you write e-mail to. E-mail is faster and cheaper than letters, so you can write to your e-pals every day and you don’t have to wait for a letter to arrive. Just write your message and click it away! Read the following e-pal ads. Write an e-mail to one of them.
Hello everyone, I’m Jane. I live in South Carolina. I like painting. I’m 15 and I’m a student. I like a student. I like talking and joking around and I like to listen to rock music! I am looking for e-pals from any country.
Hi. My name is Jack. I am tall and I have blue eyes. I like sports. I play soccer. I love to make people laugh. I love
singing and dancing. I am honest and I like to have fun. I like talking to people. If you’re interested in being friends, drop me a line.


第一册 上 Unit 2 English around the world
READING
ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD
English is a language spoken all around the world. There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English. Most native speakers of English are found in the United kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Ireland and New Zealand. In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue. An equal number of people learn English as a second language. These people will perhaps speak the language of their own country at home with their family, but the language of the government, schools, newspapers and TV is English. This situation is found in countries such as India, Pakistan, Nigeria and the Philippines.
However, the number of people who learn English as a foreign language is more than 750 million. Everywhere in the world children go to school to learn English. Most people learn English for five or six years at high school. In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.
In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world. English is the working language of most international organizations, international trade and tourism. Businessmen and tourists often come to China without being able to speak Chinese. Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English. English is also the language of global culture, such as popular music and the Internet. You can listen to English songs on the radio or use English to communicate with people around the world through the Internet. With so many people communicating in English every day. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH
Many students want to know about the differences between American English and British English. How did these differences come about? There is no quick answer to this question. At first the language in Britain and America was the same. In 1776 America became an independent country. After that, the language slowly began to change. For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in English changed. For example, 300 years ago the English talked about “fall”. Today, most British people talk about “autumn”, but Americans still talk about “fall”. In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess” (meaning “I think”), just as the British did 300 years ago.
At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages, ending up with different words. For example, the British took “typhoon” from Chinese, while
the Americans took “tornado” from Spanish.
In 1828 Noah Webster published the first American dictionary. He wanted to make American English different from British English, so he changed the spelling of many words. That’s way the words colour, centre, and traveler are spelt color, center and traveler in American English. Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.
The differences are greater in the spoken language. For example, Americans say dance/d?ns/, and in southern England they day /dɑ:ns/. In American they pronounce not /nɑt/; in southern England they say /n?t/. however, most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.


第一册 上 Unit 3 Going places
READING
ADVENTURE TRAVEL
Why do people travel? Well, many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful. People also travel to meet new friends, to try new kinds of food, to experience life in other parts of the world or simply to get away from cold weather. Yet there are other reasons why people travel. Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular. Here is a quick look at two popular activities: hiking and rafting.
HIKING
Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking. Hiking is a great way to travel. You will get close to nature and take exercise at the same time. Hiking is easy to do and doesn’t have to be very expensive. You can hike close to home or travel to other places. You can hike close to home or travel to other places. The basic equipment you need for hiking is simple: good shoes, clothes and a backpack. You can hike in the mountains, in a forest or along a river. You can also go for a hike in the city.
Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety. Here are some basic tips for successful hiking:
Don’ hike alone.
Tell someone where you are going.
Bring water and a good map.
Watch out for dangers, such as spiders, snakes or poisonous plants.
Wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
Bring a cellphone if you have one.
RAFTING
Another exciting adventure is rafting. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience nature. If you want to normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks. If you are looking for more excitement, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more adventurous and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves quickly. You have to be careful not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
As with
hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes. You also need to learn the basic skills of rafting, such as how to handle the raft, how to paddle and how to get in and out of the raft. You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.
INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and talking
Eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning. Instead of simply travelling for pleasure, you can use your trip as a way to protect the environment. Normal tourism is often bad for the environment, and tourists often cause problems. Eco-travel, on the other hand, is a way to travel responsibly. Eco-tourists want to learn about the world so that they can make it better, or at least understand it better. Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people. Read about the following eco-travel destinations and complete the tasks below.
Red River Village
Swim in the Red River
Look at the birds
Go for walks along the river
Go boating on the river
Plant trees near the river
Learn about water and the fish in the river
Learn how to keep the water clean
Learn about the birds by the river
By staying at hotels in Red River Village, tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the river and the birds.
Snow Mountain
Go hiking in the mountains
Look at the birds
Look at other animals
Go skiing in winter
Plant trees on the mountain
Learn about nature
Learn about the changes in each season
Learn about the old trees on the mountain
If you visit Snow Mountain, you can help the people there to keep the mountain clean and to take good care of the birds and other animals.


第一册 上 Unit 4 Unforgettable experiences
READING
THE RESCUE
Flora heard somebody shouting. She looked around and saw Jeff running. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. She looked at Jeff, who was waving his arms. She looked around, behind her. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. She was so surprised that she couldn’t move. She wanted to watch it. However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.
“Run!” Jeff shouted, seizing her arm.
The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. Jeff dragged her towards the house. Everything went so fast, she couldn’t think. Before they reached the house, a new great wave came, sweeping down trees, and sweeping them down too. They both went down under water. Then Jeff pulled her up. He was standing, holding on to a tree that grew against the wall. Flora’s head was above the water but she couldn’t stand up. She struggled and struggled, but could not get on her feet. Only his hand was holding her hand. She fought for her life, and finally pulled herself up. Now, the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees. Jeff and Flora looked into ea
ch other’s face with a look of fright.
“Get to the steps!” Jeff shouted.
It was only just around the corner: four big steps! She looked at him, but she could not move. When the water seemed to go down a little, they ran. As they got to the steps, they heard another great roar, and the wall of the house shook. The water flowed around their legs again, but Jeff had opened the hall door.
Flora quickly began climbing the stairs. Boom! Another wave struck the house, and a strange cracking noise began. The water moved up like a sea. Flora ran up the stairs. There she stopped, listening to the strange sounds, while the whole house moved. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
“The house is falling down!” shouted Jeff, “Where is the chimney? Which room? The chimney will stand.”
Jeff looked out of the window. Below, the water swept past the house like a wild river. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep. The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.
A terrible noise went through the house. A part of the house had gone down and the floor moved up and down under their feet. For some moments both were silent.
“This will stand. This here will stand. See! That chimney! Like a tower. Yes! All right! All right!”

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
During the first week of May I went on a holiday to Sichuan. First, I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu. I decided to go and see the big Buddha in Leshan and Mount Emei, which wasn’t too expensive. My friends, Xiao Rong and Wei Bin, said they would come with me. We took a few bottles of water, some apples and oranges, which we put into my bag.
The next day we got up at five o’clock. First, we went to leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha. The Buddha is really very big: taller than the highest building in our village. Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small. Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.
The next morning, we climbed Mount Emei. There are many old temples and the forest on the mountain is very beautiful. The wild monkeys are the most exciting things on Mount Emei. They are not at all afraid of people. In a second they will come to you and touch you. The monkeys really liked to touch my hair. Xiao Rong took a photo of a monkey that was sitting on my head. The monkeys look sweet, but they can be very naughty. A small monkey suddenly put its hand in Xiao Rong’s pocket. Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.
Finally, towards evening we were on the way back to Chengdu. We were all very tired and slept on the bus, but our trip to Sichuan was really unforgettable.


第一册 上 Unit 5 The silver screen
READING
GETTING TO KNOW STEVEN SPIELBERG
Steven Spiel
berg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America. He started making short films when he was still a young boy. He made his first real film when he was twelve. This was a film in which Spielberg used read actors instead of toys. He wrote the scripts for the films himself. In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a short film which he made when he was thirteen years old. A few years later, when he was sixteen, he made a film called firelight.
When Spielberg was young, his dream was to go to the Film Academy, but he couldn’t. The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low. After studying English, he got a small job at a film studio. Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world. This was the moment when Spielberg’s career really took off.
Jaws (1975), one of his first films, was a real blockbuster. It is about a big white shark that attacks swimmers who are spending their holidays in a small village by the sea. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
Spielberg has made two films about creatures that come to the earth from outer space. For example, ET (1982) is about a young boy called Elliott who makes friends with a small creature from outer space and helps him to find a way to go home. The world of adults is cold. Scientists want to find ET to cut him into pieces to do research. But in the world of children and the world where ET comes from, love and friendship are the most important things in life.
Jurassic Park, which Spielberg made in 1993, is about a park where a very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs. When the park is hit by a storm, things start going wrong. The film becomes very exciting when the children are hunted by meat-eating dinosaurs.
After these highly successful films Spielberg made several follow-ups of Jaws and Jurassic Park. His later films such as Schindler’s List and Saving Private Ryan are about the cruelty of war. In his war films, he has shown that love and peace will win over war in the end.
Steven Spielberg is one of the top directors in the film industry and also has many fans in China. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. He met Cate Capshaw, who is and actress, when he was working on one of his films. After that it will took seven years before they finally got married. The couple has seven children in all.
INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
NOT ONE LESS
Zhang Yimou’s film “Not One Less” tells a simple but moving story. Mr. Gao, the only teacher of the Shuiquan Primary School, has to stay away for a month to take care of his sick mother. The village leader, Mr. Tian, asks Wei Minzhi to take Mr. Gao’s place until he comes back. Minzhi is only a 13-year-old girl who has finished her primary sch
ool. When she is asked to do the job, she says she can read, write and song. She gets the job because there is nobody else in the village who can take it. The most important thing for young Minzhi is not to lose any more pupils from the school--NOT ONE LESS—before Mr. Gao returns!
At first Minzhi doesn’t know what her students need to learn. And she doesn’t know how to keep them quite in class. She writes the lessons onto the blackboard and then makes her students copy them into their notebooks. She tries to keep the students in the classroom by locking them up in the classroom and running after those who escape.
The naughtiest pupil in her class is an 11-year-old boy named Zhang Huike. He causes trouble for Minzhi almost every day. Perhaps you think Minzhi will be happy when Huike runs away from scholl. No! When she hears that Huike has gone to town, she becomes very worried and determines to bring Huike back safely.
Minzhi wants to go to town, but she can’t afford to buy a bus ticket. All the other pupils do their best to help her get onto a bus without a ticket. When Minzhi has to get off the bus, she walks till she finally reaches the town. She looks everywhere but cannot find Huike. Then she deciedes to ask the TV station for help. She wants them to let her appear live on the air, hoping that Huike will see her.
He waits at the gate of the TV station for two days till the boss calls her. When Huike sees the crying Minzhi on television, he himself starts crying, but he is also happy to see her. At last, both Minzhi and Huike go back to their village, together with the people from the TV station.
Many people like this film not just because the story itself is moving, but also because most of the people in the film use their real names and play themselves.


第一册 上 Unit 6 Good manners
READING
TABLE MANNERS AT A DINNER PARTY
People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised bu table manners in Western culture. Knowing them will help you make a good impression. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine, one for red wine, and one for water. There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table, forks on the left and knives on the right of the plate. When you see two spoons, the big one is for the soup and the small one for the dessert. The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them. When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap. In China you sometimes get a hot, damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which, however, is not the custom in Western countries.
Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called starter. Some people pray before they start eating, and other people may keep silent for a moment. Th
en you can say “Enjoy your meal” to each other and everybody starts eating. For the starter, which you eat with the smaller pair, you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left. After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one bowl of soup and never ask for a second serving.
The next dish is the main course. Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they are eating chicken or other birds, but never touch beef or other meat on bones. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don’t take more food than you need.
At table, you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot, but do not laugh all the time.
Most Westerners like soft drinks if they will drive home. Many of them drink white or red wine with the food. When drinking to someone’s health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not touch. The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once, but Westerners usually take only a sip. For drinking during a dinner, the best advice is never to drink too much.
Table manners change over time. They follow the fashion of the day. Besides, table manners are only important at formal dinner parties. If you’re not sure what to do, you can always follow your hosts. Although good manners always make you look good, you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.

INTEGRATING SKILL
Reading and writing
Dear Sam and Jenny, October 16th
Thank you very much for letting me stay in your house during my holiday. With this letter I am sending you the photos of our wonderful holiday in Hainan. I have kept a few photos which I like very much. They make me think of the happy days we spent together. I will put them on the wall, somewhere near my bed.
At this moment I am very busy with my studies. I had a good time during the holiday, and now it is time for me to study hard. I must do well in the exams.
How about you? In your last letter you wrote that you were feeling very tied. I hope you are feeling better now. will you be going to Australia for Christmas or will you stay in China? If it isn’t too cold for you, I would like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January.
Thanks again and I wish you all the best.
Yours,
Amy Zhang


第一册 上 Unit 7 Cultural relics
READING
A CITY OF HEROES
Where there is a river, there is a city. Perhaps this is not always true, but it is true that many of the world’s greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river. The Neva River flows through the centre of ST Petersburg in Russia. Three hundred years ago, the Russian Czar Peter the Great came here and built a new capital—St Petersburg. Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. Many great palaces were built during his lifetime. T
he palaces were large and beautiful, and they often looked like something out of a fairy tale.
St Petersburg has also been the centre of many important events in history. In 1941, the Germans tried to destroy the city. It was under attack for 900 days, but the people of the city never gave in. the Germans burned many of the palaces as they left. St Petersburg was almost in ruins: fires burned everywhere. Buildings were destroyed, and paintings and statures lay in pieces on the ground. Restoring the city and its cultural relics seemed impossible, but the people of this great city would not give up, “We will not let our history and culture be destroyed, and we will do everything we can to save our city!”
When the Nazis had gone, the people of St Petersburg began rebuilding the city. Pieces of the palaces that had been hidden before the Nazis came could now be used to rebuild the city and its culture. it was not easy. Painters and workers had to be very careful when they were trying to bring the city back to life. It was difficult to save the palaces and buildings without destroying their old beauty. With the help of old paintings and photographs, the people of St Petersburg were able to bring the city back to life. Now, after years of hard work, parts of statures have been put back together and missing pieces have been replaced. Old paintings, including a portrait of Peter have been replaced. Old paintings, including a portrait of Peter the Great which was found in the snow outside St Petersburg, have been carefully recreated, and the old palaces have made as wonderful as in the past.
Today Peter the Great on his bronze horse can once again look out over the city he built. Like their hero Peter, the people of St Petersburg have shown that dreams can come true. Strong, proud and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
Dear Editor,
I live in Paris, France. In my country there is a famous site, called the Chauvet Caves. I am very worried about it because some of the cave paintings have been destroyed by air pollution. No, the pollution does not come from cars or factories, but from human beings.

Thousands of tourists visit the caves every year. The carbon dioxide from their breath is damaging the paintings. I think one way to solve the problem is to pu glass walls in front of the paintings. Second, the number of visitors should be limited. And we should build a website where people can look at the pictures and paintings.

Yours sincerely,
Sophie


第一册 上 Unit 8 Sports
READING
THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games. Both the Sumer and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years. The Winter Olympic Games are usually held two years before the Summer Olympic Games.
The ancient Olympic Games bean around the year 776 BC in Greece. Many of the sports were the same as they are now. some of the game
s in which the young men competed were: running, jumping and wrestling. Women were not allowed to take part in the games. After about the year 393 AD the Olympic Games stopped. For centuries there were no Olympic Games. But they were not forgotten.
The first Olympic Games in modern times happened in 1896. They were held in Greece—the country in which the Games were born. In the Games there were 311 competitors from just 13 countries. After that more and more countries joined in the Games. In 2000, over 10,000 athletes from nearly 200 countries went to Sydney, Australia, for the 27th Olympic Games! There are 300 different events in the Games. Horse-riding, hammer throw and shooting are some of the more unusual events.
The Olympic motto is “Faster, Higher, Stronger”. It means that every athlete should try to run faster, jump higher and throw further. They do their best to win medal. In the 1984 Olympic Games, Carl Lewis from the USA won for gold medals in track and field and became one of the best sportsmen in countries. Many of the Chinese medals were won in diving and gymnastics and also in events such as weightlifting and shooting.
Following the history-making success in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, China won another great competition in 2001 which was not for a medal. It was the competition between countries to host the Olympic Games. In 2008, the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. To make it the best ever Games, the capital city will make several big changes. New buildings and sports venues will be built. More trees will be planted and new roads will be built. The people of Beijing, and of the whole country, will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and sports fans from all over the world.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
YAO MING
Born: Sept. 12, 1980 in Shanghai, China.
Height: 2.26m (7.5 feet)
Weight: 134 kg
Position: Centre
Club: the Houston Rockets
In his last season with the Shanghai Sharks, Chinese superstar basketball player Yao Ming scored 32.4 points per game. Now the big man from China is helping the Houston Rockets in the NBA. Yao Ming has more than just size: he also has great skill and speed and he is a team player. Yao Ming is the son of two great basketball players and learnt how to play one of the world’s most popular games when he was young. Now, as one of the stars in the NBA, Yao Ming is working hard to live his dream and show the world that Chinese basketball players love this game too!


第一册 上 Unit 9 Technology
READING
LIFE ON THE GO
Wang Mei puts her hand into her pocket, takes out her red cellphone and presses the talk key. “Hi, mum! I’m on the bus. I should be home in about ten minutes.” Wang Mei is one of many Chinese teenagers who live life “on the go” and use cellphones.
Cellphones, or mobile phones, make it possible for us to talk to anyone from anywhere. Words and images are being sent throughout the world. Modern cellphones are
more than just phones—they are being used as cameras and radios, and to send e-mail or surf the Internet. New functions are being added to the phones. The latest cellphones have features such as games, music and an electronic calendar that will remind you about appointments and important dates.
Cellphones have changed our behaviour and how we communicate. They are being used everywhere—sometimes where they shouldn’t. One headmaster says that phones are not allowed in the classroom. “If a phone starts ringing in the classroom, teachers and students are disturbed and cannot work.” The students obey the rules and agree not to use their phones in the classroom. “I don’t dare to use the phone in school, because they will take it away from me,” says John Hill, a student in London. John got his phone for his birthday, but his parents don’t let him use it in school. Some parents worry that their children will spend too much time and money on phone calls.
Why are cellphones so popular, especially among teenagers? The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no matter where we are or what we are doing. Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency. Of course, to many teenagers the cellphone is not only a useful tool but also a way to have fun and be cool.
Wang Mei calls her best friend Xian Li at least once a day to see how she is doing and what is going on. She says that her cellphone helps her do whatever she wants to do and still stay in touch with her parents and friends. “I think it’s the most useful invention ever,” Wang Mei says as she is dialing the number to Xiao Li again to ask her what she will be wearing to school tomorrow.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
It is the year 2374 and the machines have taken over. The earth is ruled by a great computer named Q12 that uses robots to make people work for it. It is not a happy world. The few surviving human beings are being used in the way that we use machines today: they have to make electricity for the machines, repair them when they break down, and do everything Q12 tells them to. Once, the earth was a beautiful blue planet where people lived happily among trees and animals. Now, the world is dark and dirty, with no room for happiness and fun.
But there is still hope. The human beings have been able to keep a small, secret school open since the machines took over. In this school, the students still learn about all the wonders of the world—science, art, history, culture—and they are still allowed to dream about a better future. The leader of the humans has decided that it is time to do something to stop Q12, bring the machines and people back together, and make the world beautiful again. A group of experts were asked to solve the problem, but they failed. Now, the leader has asked a group of students to do what they can to save the earth.
Q12 cannot be defeated by force
. It is too strong and no one believes that fighting a war can solve the problem. Instead, the students have decided to come up with a peaceful solution. They will try to teach Q12 about love and friendship. If they succeed, they believe that humans and machines can live together like friends in the future.
Imagine that you are one of the students chosen to solve the problem. Write a letter to Q12 in which you explain love and friendship. Remember that Q12 is a computer that does not understand how human beings feel and what human life is like. Tell Q12 about how we think, how we feel about each other, and try to give examples of love and friendship.


第一册 上 Unit 10 The world around us
READING
ARE WE ENDANGERED?
Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. “We are not alone in the world. We human beings could not survive without all the plants and animals around us. We often talk about how important it is to take good care of ourselves and our planet, but we don’t always do as we say,” Steve says as he takes us on a tour of Green Park in Birmingham. Many of the earth’s plants and animals have already died out, and several other species are endangered. If we want to live a better life and have a bright future, we must learn to act in ways that do not harm other living things.
If we know more about what causes endangerment, we may be able to take measures before it is too late. A species can become endangered for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat, or home, which is comfortable and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live successfully in their habitat. When the habitat of a species is changed or destroyed, the animal or plant has to either adapt to the change or find a new home. If this is not possible, the species becomes endangered. If a new species arrives, the animals and plants of the habitat must change again. If the new species is too strong or uses too much of the resources in the habitat, some of the original species may become endangered. A species may also die out if humans or other animals use too much of a plant or kill too many animals.
The good news is that there is a lot we can do to help, first of all, we need to learn more about animals, plants and the environment. Experts tell us that we need to think about what we can do to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered Steve says that we can help by creating more space for animals and plants: “You can plant a tree or build a birdhouse. It is simple but useful.” Steve also wants us to think about what we do: “Please don’t pollute the environment.” If we find out more about what we should do, we can help Steve and others like him keep animals and plants—and ourselves—from becoming endangered.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
Without air, water and sunlight
there would be no living things. Because they are so important, ecosystems try to be very careful with these valuable resources. Human beings often throw away things they have used only once. In good ecosystems, resources are used many times. The waste of plants and animals will become food for another. In fact, nature is much better at recycling than we humans are. Maybe we should learn from nature and become better recyclers—if we throw away too much, we may be throwing away our future.
We all care about nature and the environment, but we may not always do everything we could or should. Scientists who know a lot about the environment say that we should “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Respond”. Let’s see what that means.
Reduce the amount of rubbish
We throw away too much rubbish. The first step towards protecting the environment is to try to throw away less rubbish. We can try to be more careful. It will easier to keep the environment clean if we don’t throw away so much waste. You can help. For example, you can
buy things that use less packaging.
try not to use harmful things.
make boxes flat before you throw them away.
Reuse boxes, bags, and other things
Instead of just throwing things away, we can use them again. If we reuse something, it will not end up with as waste. There are many things you can do. For example, you can
repair things and use them longer.
reuse bags and other things.
share things you don’t use very often.
We can recycle what we use.
Here are a few things you can do:
buy things that can be used again
buy products made of recycled materials

We can respond by thinking about nature and telling other people about environmental problems.
Teach others to reuse things. Tell your friends, relatives and other people that it is important to protect the environment.


第一册 上 Unit 11 The sounds of the world
No READING

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading (no writing)
AMERICAN COUNTRY MUSIC
Over the past twenty years, American country music has become more and more popular. Song writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA—money, success or expensive things to buy. Instead they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends and so on.
In the 1950s, American music was about other things, for example, love—getting or losing a boyfriend or girlfriend. Money was also thought to be important.
Then in the 1960s, song writers turned to other subjects. During these years many young students were angry with society, so songs were often full of anger. Political leaders were not well thought of and those songs often made fun of them.
Today country music has returned. It has become big business and brings in between 200 and 400 million dollars a year. Once, the home of American country music was Nashville, Tennessee. Now, however, the music has reached all parts of the States, from Los Angeles in the w
est to New York in the east. Singers do not just come from the States but from all over the world. There are many famous singers from Britain, Canada and Australia. A lot of them appear on television too.
The first country singers sang while playing the guitar. It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travels. Now, however, a lot of electrical equipment is needed for large theatres.
Country music today remains much the same as before. One subject to which country music often returns if “ the good old days”. In ‘’the good old days” people thought well of each other. People loved life in the open air. They believed that the best things in life were free: sunshine, laughing, walks in the beauty of the country, friends and music.


第一册 上 Unit 12 Art and literature
READING
HARRY POTTER
Welcome to the world of JK Rowling! It is a world of magic and wonders, a world where anything can happen. Many of the creatures in Rowling’s world are not real, and much of what happens is strange. JK Rowling has written a series of books about Harry Potter, a boy with a scar on his forehead and a secret past. The books are about magic and strange creatures, but they still tell us something about the real world.
In the first book about Harry Potter, we meet Harry before he knows anything about magic. Harry seems like a normal boy, but his life is miserable. His parents are dead and he lives with a family that treats him badly. Harry is very unhappy and does not know what to do about his life. His life changes when a bird tells him to go to Hogwarts and become a student of witchcraft and wizardry.
Hogwarts is an unusual school where the students learn about magic. But for Harry, the most important lesson is about real life, friendship and how to be brave. Harry learns more than magic at Hogwarts. He makes new friends and learns how important and difficult it is to be a good friend. His friends help him when he is in trouble, but he must also be strong and help them when they need him. Harry also learns to be brave and to do things he used to be afraid of. He learns the truth about his past, a dark secret that will make his life and his choices more difficult. At Hogwarts, Harry also learns about the power of love. The magic, many strange creatures and the adventures Harry comes across at Hogwarts help him understand the real world.
Harry has to fight against bad wizards and do the right thing. Together with his friends, Harry learns that it is not always easy to do what is right. You must believe in what you do and who you are if you want to succeed in the world—the magical world of Hogwarts and the real one. Where someone is born and what a person looks like are not as important as what he or she grows up to be. Two people may speak different languages, have different habits or even come from two different worlds, but they can still be friends if they share the same goals, hopes, and dreams. It is not enough to be strong in hear
t and mind; we must also believe in ourselves and help others if we want to be happy and live a good life.

INTEGARTING SKILLS
Reading and writing
THE QUESTION
Tom stopped. What was that noise? He put his hand on Pete’s shoulder. “Did you hear that?” he whispered. They both listened carefully. The noise seemed to be coming from the room behind the statue in front of them. It sounded like a woman crying. They looked at the statue. It was a strange creature with red eyes—it was almost as if the creature was watching them. Tom suddenly felt cold. He remembered what his father had told him about the secrets of the church. He knew that the church had many secret rooms and that not all of them w3re safe. If only they could find a way to get to the room, or whatever it was, behind the wall. The statue stood in front of the door and there was no way they could get past it. Tom looked at the statue again. Strange! It looked as if the creature had moved he was just about to say something when Pete turned around. “Tom,” he said, “I think I know way in.” “How?” Tom asked. “It says on the statue that anyone who wants to enter the room must answer the question.” “That sounds strange,” said Tome, “What question?” “I don’t know,” Pete said, “but…” He did not have time to finish what he was saying. The statue was moving! A deep voice came from the strange creature. “Listen carefully. You may enter the room if you know the answer to my question.” “What is the question?” Pete asked. “It’s a secret,” the creature said. “A secret?” Pete said, “That’s stupid! How can I give you an answer if the question is a secret?” the creature spoke again, “Come here and I’ll whisper the question in your ear. You will not remember the question tomorrow. If your answer is right, you may enter, if you answer is wrong, well, then you’ll be in trouble.” Pete looked at Tom. “I’ll try,” he said. He walked up to the creature and listened to the question. After a few minutes, he whispered the answer in the creature’s ear. They both waited for something to happen. “Are you sure you gave the right answer?” Tom asked. Pete did not have time to say anything. The statue moved to the side and the door opened up. Tom and Pete looked at each other. Tom was scared, “I guess we have to go in.” They went past the statue and…



第一册 下 Unit 13 Healthy eating
READING
WE ARE WHAT WE EAT
Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our body is also different. Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person. If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life, we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
Stores offer all kinds of food and snacks and we have to make many choices. When we choose what to buy and eat, we had bette
r think whether the food will give us the nutrients we need. Some nutrients help build our body and make it stronger. Protein, for example, is good for our muscles. Fish, meat and beans contain a lot of protein. Calcium, which is found in eggs, milk and other dairy products, is good for our bones and teeth. We should also eat carbohydrates, the main fuel for our body, which we can get from bread, rice, and noodles. Other nutrients, such as fibre and minerals, help keep our body functioning well. Vitamins, which we can get from eating vegetables, fruit, fish, and drinking milk, help our body fight disease.
But the choices we make are not just about nutrition. Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe. Eating habits become part of who we are. Some people become vegetarians because they believe it is healthier not to eat meat or because they think we should not kill animals for food. Others become vegans and will not eat any animal products at all, not even yoghurt or eggs. We also make choices based on how the products are grown or made: environmentally friendly food, or “eco-food”, is produced by companies who have tried to use green and clean ways to grow it. Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment.
Because we have so much to choose from, many companies and stores offer advice about what we should eat. Books, magazines and television shows tell us about food and pills we should buy to become smarter, healthier and more beautiful. It is probably better, however, if we spend our time and money in buying good food and keeping a balanced diet. If we eat healthy food in the right amounts, we do not have to buy any supplements. The same goes for “crash diets” that some companies say will make us lose weight fast. Instead of eating expensive diet food or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more.
The best way to make sure that we will feel and look fine is to develop healthy eating habits. We ought to learn more about our body and fuel it needs to keep fit. Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
SNACKS
Even if we choose nutrients food for our main meals, we probably still need to refuel now and then. We can give our body and brain more energy by eating snacks. Good snacks should not have too much fat or sugar. That means that an apple, a banana, or an orange is a good choice, but a bar of chocolate or a bag of potato chips is not. Fruit gives us carbohydrates, which our body and brain use for energy. They also give us fibre and Vitamin C. most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is clean or peel them.
Fruit is not the only healthy snack. There are many recipes for simple and healthy snacks that taste great and keep us going. Preparing a delici
ous snack does not have to be too difficult. Most snacks can be made in a short time. Other snacks take a bit longer got prepare, but they can give us a chance to practice our cooking skills. Dumplings and roll-ups are tasty snacks that can be prepared in about 15-20 minutes. Here are two recipes you can try.
SHAOMAI
Ingredients:
Pork, Black mushrooms, Chopped green onions, Green beans, Shaomai skins
Cut the pork and the black mushrooms into pieces. Mix the pork, mushrooms, beans and the chopped onions in a bowl. Fill and fold the skins. Steam the shaomai over boiling water for 7 or 8 minutes.
CHICKEN ROLL-UPS
Ingredients:
Soft bread, Chicken, Bacon, 1 Tomato, Lettuce, Cheese
Cook the chicken and cut it into small pieces. Fry the bacon and cut it into small pieces. Chop the tomato small, and add some lettuce and the cheese. Mix them all together in a bowl. Spoon some of the mixture onto the bread and roll it up.


第一册 下 Unit 14 Festivals
READING
THE BIRTH OF A FESTIVAL
You probably know that Christmas, the Spring Festival and Ramadan are important holidays in the world. But have you heard about Kwanzaa? Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans. The week following Christmas Day, many African-American families get together to greet the new year and think about the past.
African Americans have a long history and a rich culture, but Kwanzaa is a young holiday. Kwanzaa was born in 1966, when people created a new festival so that African Americans would be able to celebrate their history and culture. The people who created Kwanzaa used the word for “first fruit” in Swahili, one of the largest languages in Africa. They chose the word because there are many festivals in Africa called “first-fruit” festivals. The African first-fruit festivals had many things in common: people would get together to celebrate their harvest; they used to give thanks for their harvests and for life; they used to honour their ancestors, celebrate their past, and the group or society they lived in. the festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture, as well as the new year.
The people who created Kwanzaa liked the characteristics of the African festivals so much that they used them to write the Seven Principles of Kwanzaa. The seven principles are:
Unity. We must build unity of family, community and nation.
Self-determination. We have to build our own lives, think for ourselves and speak for ourselves.
Living together. We should build our community and solve our problems together.
Working together. We should build and support our factories and shops.
Purpose. We should remember our past and build our future. We should honour our ancestors.
Creativity. We must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful.
Faith. We should believe in our family, our people, our teachers and our leaders.
People celebrate Kwanzaa from December 26 to January 1. The dates were chosen
so that Kwanzaa begins the day after Christmas Day and ends on New Year’s Day. This way, people who celebrate Kwanzaa can enjoy the spirit of the holidays without all the commercial activities of Christmas. Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy, people celebrate it by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa. The candle is usually lit by the youngest child in the family. On the last day of Kwanzaa, family and friends gather to enjoy a large meal and to celebrate the new year.
Creating a new festival may seem an unusual way to celebrate history and culture, but we are in fact all creating new festivals every year. Each time we celebrate a festival it changes a little and in that way we keep our culture alive. The Spring Festival, Chritmas, Ramadan, Kwanzaa and all the other holidays and festivals help us understand who we are, remember where we come from, and share our hopes for a happy future.

INTERGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
Earth Day
Earth Day is celebrated on March 21, the first day of spring.
Earth Day is a celebration of life and our planet. It is a reminder that we need to care about the world we live in and that we should learn to respect life and nature.
Martin Luther King, Jr Day
Americans celebrate the memory of Dr King on the third Monday of January. The day became a national holiday in 1985. The theme of the 2002 holiday was: ”Remember! Celebrate! Act! A Day On, Not A Day Off!”
Day of the Dead
The Day of the Dead is an ancient festival celebrated in Mexico. The festival honours both the living and the dead.
People give sugar skeletons to each other as gifts. It si not a sad day, but rather a time to celebrate the cycle of life.
April Fool’s Day
April 1st is a day when strange things may happen. Our friends will play tricks on us and try to fool us. If a person is taken in, he or she is called “April fool!”
The best trick is one that makes everyone laugh, including the “fool”.


Unit 15 The necklace
READING
Scene 1 A park in Paris, 1870. Jeanne (J) is sitting in the park. Mathilde (M) walks towards her.
M: Good afternoon, Jeanne.
J: (Looking at the other woman) I’m sorry, but I don’t think I know you.
M: In fact you do, but you may not remember me. Many years ago we knew each other every well. I’m Mathilde Loisel.
J: Mathilde! Oh yes. Sorry, I didn’t recognize you. Where have you been all these years, Mathilde? I hope you weren’t ill. You don’t look very well.
M: No, Jeanne, I wasn’t ill. I know I look older than my age. That’s because of hard work-ten years of hard work.
J: I’m sorry, Mathilde. Did you have a hard time?
M: yes, very hard. Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room ro live in and never, never a moment’s rest. That has been my life for the past ten years.
J: Mathilde! I didn’t know. I’m sorry. May I know what happened?
M: Well, I would rather not tell you.
J: oh, come,
Mathilde. Surely you can tell an old friend.
J: Well…Well, it was all because of that necklace, your beautiful diamond necklace.
J: My necklace? I don’t understand. Could you please explain?
M: Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to you house and borrowed a necklace of yours? Pierre, my husband, was working in a government office. We’d been invited to a ball at the palace, so I needed to borrow some jewellery.

Scene 2 The home of Mathilde and Pierre (P) Loisel, ten years before
P: Mathilde! I’ve got some wonderful news. We’ve been invited to the ball at the palace.
M: it can’t be trure, Pierre!
P: But it is true. It was the only person in my office who was invite. I’ve written to accept the invitation.
M: Oh, Pierre, how wonderful! But I don’t think we can go. I haven’t got an evening dress for the ball! And a new dress costs over four hundred francs.
P: Four hundred! That’s a lot of money. But just this once. After all, this ball is very important.
M: but there’s another thing, Pierre. I have no jewellery to wear.
P: Does that matter? Can’t you just wear a flower instead?
M: No, I couldn’t do that. Everybody else will be wearing jewellery. I can’t be the only woman who isn’t wearing jewellery.
P: Can’t you borrow some? Don’t you have a friend who might lend you some?
M: Let me think. Maybe I could ask Jeanne. She married a man with a lot of money. I’ll go and see her on Friday after I get the new dress.

Scene 3 In the par, Mathilde continues to tell Jeanne her story.
M: So I called on you and asked if I could borrow some jewellery. Do you remember now?
J: Yes, Mathilde, I remember.
M: you were very kind. You brought out all your jewellery and you told me I could take anthing I liked. There were so many beautiful things that was hard to choose. And then I saw a lovely diamond necklace with a big blue stone in the centre.
J: I remember. You tried it on and it looked wonderful on you. I’m sure you looked beautiful that evening. You were always a pretty girl.
M: In those days I may have been pretty. Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. But that was the last moment of happiness in our lives. After that night everything changed.
J: Why? What happened?
M: On our way home that night I looked down and saw that the necklace was not around my neck any more. I told Pierre. We rushed back to the palace and looked for it. We asked everyone there if they had found a necklace, but without luck. We couldn’t find it. It was lost.
J: But I don’t understand. You brought it back to me the next afternoon. I remember very well.
M: Yes, Jeanne, I brought a necklace to you. It was exactly like your necklace, but it was a different one. It cost us thirty-six thousand francs.
J: Thirty-six thousand francs!
M：Pierre and I borrowed the money and bought the necklace. During the next ten years we both worked day and night to pay for it. That’s why I now look so old
. Well, after all these years we’ve at last paid off all our debts.
J: But my dear friend, Mathilde. That necklace you borrowed from me wasn’t a real diamond necklace. It wasn’t precious at all. The stones in the necklace were made of glass. It was worth five hundred francs at most.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing

T: teacher Ss: students
T: Good morning, class!
Ss: Good morning, Mrs. Brown.
T: Today we are going to learn about famous plays and authors. First, I want to know what kind of plays you like. What about you, Tim? What kind of plays do you like?
TIM: Oh, I’m not sure. I don’t like plays that much. Can we talk about something else, please? I prefer watching TV and playing computer games.
T: I see. Well, some TV programmes and computer games are a bit like plays—you have characters playing different roles and acting out a story.
TIM: That’s true. When I play a computer game, I act as one of the heroes in the game.
SARAH: Yes, and some TV programmes are also like plays. They tell a story. You watch actors who act out dialogues and perform scenes. Just like in a play.
T: That’s right. Well, why don’t we try writing a play of our own?
JIM: That’s too difficult.
T: Well, writing a short play is not that difficult, and besides, we have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. You all know how to write a story, because we have read and written many stories in class. You also know haw to write dialogues, because we often use dialogues in class. If we work together, we might come up with a very good story. Let’s give it a try. Who wants to start? Joy?
JOY: I know a good story. A student goes to see her grandmother who lives on the other side of town. On her way to her grandmother’s she meets an alien who takes her in his spaceship.
T: That’s great. What happens on the spaceship?
JIM: We may want to write this: the alien takes her to the future and shows her what the world will look like a thousand years from now. then she goes back to her grandmother and tells her about the future, but her grandmother doesn’t believe her.
SARAH: Could we write another story? The student is on her way to school and she meets a girl that looks exactly like her. She is scared at first, but then she asks the other girl who she is and where she is from. The other girl says that she is a clone and that she will live with the first girl’s family.
T: OK, so we have two good ideas. I’m sure we can think of many more. Joy, use your idea about the alien with your group. Write the story first and then write down the dialogue. Sarah, do the same with your story about the clone. The other groups will use their own ideas and then we will rehearse the plays and act them out. God luck!


第一册 下 Unit 16 Scientists at work
READING
FRANKLIN’S FAMOUS KITE EXPERITMENT
In the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin conducted a number
of experiments in which he showed what electricity is. Here is how he describe one of his experiments.
In June 1752, I wanted to show that lighting and electricity are the same. Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decided to do an experiment. I built a strong kite and waited for bad weather. When the first thunderstorm came, I took my condenser to a shed in the fields where I could do my experiment. My son helped me fly the kite.
The kite flew high in the rainy sky, but nothing happened. I was beginning to think that the experiment would not work. Just then, I saw some of the hairs on the string stand up. The string was getting charged! I brought my finger close to the key and felt a light but very clear electric shock. Others followed even before the whole string was wet, and I was able to collect and store a great deal of electricity in the condenser. This experiment proves that lightning and electricity are the same.
To do the experiment you need four things: a kite, a key, some really bad weather and a condenser, to store electricity. Most kites are made of paper, but a kite made of silk will not tear so soon in weather with rain and strong winds. Build the frame of the kite by making a small cross of two pieces of light wood. The pieces should be just long enough to reach the corners of the handkerchief. Tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, and you will have a nice strong kite. Add a tail to the frame and tie a long string to the cross so you can control the kite.
The next three steps are very important. First, fix a very sharp piece of metal, pointing a foot or more above the frame, to the top of the longer stick of the cross. Second, fasten a key to the end of the long string. Third, tie a silk ribbon to the string, just above the key. This ribbon, which must not get wet, will protect you from the electricity.
Fly the kite when a thunderstorm appears to be coming on. Stand inside a door, or under some cover, so that the silk ribbon does not get wet. Take care that the string does not touch the wall or the door. When a thundercloud comes over the kite, the sharp piece of metal will pull the electricity from the cloud. The kite and the string will become charged. When the kite and the string are wet from the rain, they will conduct the electricity very well. You can collect and store the electricity in the condenser and use it for other experiments.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
In Britain, every year 2.5 million animals die in experiments to develop and test new medicines. Around the world, animals are used to test products such as shampoo, skin creams and new cancer drugs. Are we allowed to use animals for such experiments?
Medical scientists say that animal experiments are very important for thedevelopment of new medicines. British law says that every new drug must be tested on at least two different kinds of animals, such as mice or dogs. Almo
st every medicine you use has been tested on animals.
Does animal testing work?
Medical scientists say that animal testing works, but animal rights activists say that it does not work and that there are better ways of finding out what we want to know. They also believe that it is possible to use much fewer animals. Here are some arguments:
Yes
Scientist say that if a medicine works with animals, there is a very high chance that is also works with people.
Animal testing has helped to develop medicines against many diseases.
Doctors can become more skilled from working on animals.
No
Animals and humans are not the same. What works with animals often does not work with humans.
Millions of animals die in experiments that are not successful.
Doctors can learn the same things from watching other doctors or videos.
Do people have the right to use animals?
There is no doubt that 100 years ago animal testing was cruel but today animals in experiments are very well taken care of. Still, animal rights activists say that humans have no right to use animals in experiments. They fight for animal rights.
Yes
Human life is more important that animal life. There are laws to protect the animals.
Millions of animals are killed for food every year. Using animals for medical science is much more important.
Few animals feel nay pain. They get painkillers and if the experiment does not work, they are killed before they feel pain.
No
Animals have the same rights as human beings. Many scientists break these laws.
Animals are still used to test cleaning products, skin creams and shampoos. There are already many such products; we don’t need more of them.
Can we be sure they don’t feel pain? We have no right to kill them.


Unit 17 Great women
READING
ALONE IN ANTARCTICA
At 50 was the first woman to travel alone at the North Pole. But what should I do to celebrate my 60th birthday? What else, but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica. I began my almost 400-mile journey on November 1st, 1997. I walked and skied alone. My dog team were not with me to pull my sled. Another journey of challenge and danger was about to begin.
The first days the weather was very good. The wind was icy but not very strong and there was bright sunshine 24 hours a day. But changes were just around the corner. On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent.
I had travelled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the winds became too strong. Within a few minutes the winds increased to a howling storm that threatened to blow me and my tent away, but none of that happened.
On November 12th the storm died down. It was my birthday and I wanted to make that day special. I thawed a frozen cake over my fire, placed a candle on the top, lit it and sang “happy birthday to me” at the top of my voice.

A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis. I had fallen into a hole and was hanging on the ropes tied to the sled. A piece of ice fell down and I never heard it land. The bottom was a few hundred feet below. I used to practise self rescue many times in the mountains where I live and carefully began climbing out. It took a long time but finally got out. I was thankful for all the training I had had.
I was in good health and all of my equipment was working well. I was so optimistic that I decided that the next day, the 22nd day of the expedition, I would increase my workday to 12 hours.
The next morning I had a bad accident with sled and hurt my leg. I couldn’t stand on my left leg and my head was woozy from hitting the ground. But I knew that I had to get up. Lying on the ice, I would soon die. I struggled to my knees knowing that somehow I had to put my tent up for shelter. On hands and knees I got the tent up and dragged my sleeping bag into the tent and lay down out of the cold wind.
I had to make a decision. Wait to get better or give up? I had to think of my family, which is very important to me, and do the right thing. I did so without regret. I had met the challenges of solo travel in an extreme climate. It is an experience I shall never forget and shall value for the rest of my life.
INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
OPRAH WINFREY
Oprah Winfrey is not just a very successful TV personality in the US, she is also a woman who has inspired millions. In her television shows she makes it possible to talk about great moments and difficulties in people’s lives. She has helped thousands of men and women come to terms with things that bother them and that they could not talk about with others. Oprah’s programme about literature, in which she reviews books, is very popular. When she praises a book, it will become a best-seller. Her life and her success are a good example for many women.
Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. She was born on January 29, 1954 in a small village in America. Her parents were very poor. For her family, life seemed to hold no promise. Being black and a woman made life even more difficult in America at that time.
But there was nothing that could stop Oprah. She was an extremely bright girl at school. She asked her kindergarten teacher to let her go to school sooner and she also skipped the second grade of primary school. Her life from the age of six till about fourteen was very hard. It was a time in which many sad things happened to her. For many women such hardship would be too heavy to bear. But not for Oprah. When she was fourteen, Oprah went to live with her father. Her father showed her how hard work and discipline could lead to self-improvement. Oprah listened to her father, and a few years later she won a college scholarship that allowed her to go to university.
I
n 1971, she began working part-time on a radio programme. Two years later, after graduation, she started working for television. For more than ten years she worked for different TV stations across the country. In 1984, she moved to Chicago, where she became the host of a talk show called “AM Chicago”. When Oprah started, “AM Chicago” had few listeners. By September of the next year, the show was so successful that it was given a new name: “The Oprah Winfrey Show”. Oprah’s programme has so far been shown on TV for almost 20 years non stop. Her show is one of the most popular television programmes in history. She has won many prizes for her work in television and film.
Oprah Winfrey’s wonderful career inspires many people to believe that success and happiness in life are within reach for everyone. Her life shows us that hard work and discipline are the road tot self-improvement, and success lies somewhere along that road.


第一册 下 Unit 18 New Zealand
READING
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is an island that lies off the eastern coast of Australia. It is made up of two large islands: North Island and South Island. New Zealand is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east, and the Tasman Sea to the south and west. It is about the same size as the Philippines. Wellington, the capital city, lies on the North Island. Other important cities are Auckland in the north, Christchurch on the South Island and Queenstown, further to the south.
New Zealand has a mild sea climate, while the north is subtropical. It rains quite a lot. The warmest months are December to February. The coldest months are June to August.
The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue and many of New Zealand’s cities lie on a bay and have a natural deep harbor. The sand beaches in New Zealand are also very clean. New Zealand has a very beautiful landscape with green hills and mountains. Some of the mountains are dead volcanoes. The north Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air. Some of this heat near the earth’s surface is used to make electricity. There are many plants and animals that only live in New Zealand. The most famous animal is a little bird that cannot fly. It is called a kiwi and it is New Zealand’s national bird.
The Maori were the earliest people to come to New Zealand. When they discovered it about 1,000 years ago, they called it Aotearoa, which means “Land of the long white cloud”. The Maori came from the islands of Polynesia in the Pacific. It is 3,500 kilometres from Polynesia to New Zealand, which they crossed in narrow boats. They brought dogs, rats and plants with them and settled mainly on the North Island where the weather was warmer. Around 1421, Chinese sailors possibly discovered the islands on one of their voyages around the world. The Dutchman Abel Tasman named the islands New Zealand in 1642. More than 120 years later, Captain James Cook took possess
ion of the islands in 1769 and from that time British people started to settle in New Zealand. By 1840 about 2,000 Europeans, mainly British, had come to settle in New Zealand and the Maori signed an agreement with these settlers. That day is still celebrated as a national holiday. It is every year on the sixth of February. Today there are still many people in New Zealand who call England “the home country”, although it is a place where most of them have never been.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
LIFE IN NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people, of which about fourteen percent are Maori. Since the mid-1980s growing numbers of Asians have settled in New Zealand, and they make up about six percent of the total population. The majority of the people speak English. However, Maori, which is the native language of the Maori people, is also an official language. All street signs, names of cities and places must be written in both languages. They also have Maori newspapers, radio and TV programmes.
The common meeting place for Maori is on the marae, an area of land with a meeting house, where all important events take place. Maori children are taught at an early age what to do when they come to the marae. When there is a special occasion, the Maori organize a hui. A hui may be a wedding, burial or conference. These occasions are marked with speeches, singing and dancing.
When someone dies, all the relations, old and young, come to the marae for the Maori burial service. Maori people believe that the spirit stays with the body for three days, so during this time someone always stays with the dead person. Many people will sleep and eat on the marae during these three days and share their memories of the dead person.
New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the North Island, while the hilly South Island has more sheep farms. The main exports of the country are wool, lamb, beef, butter, forest products, fruit and vegetables. Some farmers have turned to keeping deer, and there are now about 4,500 deer farms in the country. The deer are farmed for their meat and skins, which are shipped to many countries. Rabbits are farmed for meat and fur. New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
Living in a country with plenty of space and a good climate, New Zealanders love all kinds of sport and outdoor activities. In summer, people like to go sailing, swimming, horse-riding and rock-climbing in the mountains. The main school holidays are from mid-December till early February when the days or on the coast. New Zealand, with its natural beauty, mountains, rivers and national parks, also attracts tourist from all over the world.


第一册 下 Unit 19 Modern agriculture
READING
MODERN AGRICULTURE
For thousand of years traditional agriculture in China did not change very much. Most farms were one-family businesses. Although China is a very big country, only abo
ut 13% of the land can be used for farming. It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food for the whole population of China.
Farmers in China have long used techniques such as fertilization and irrigation to make their land produce more. Over time, many farming techniques have been modernized: chemical fertilizers are now used and electric pumps are used in irrigation. To make as much use of the land as possible, two or more crops are planted each year where possible. Rice, cotton and vegetable seed are sometimes grown in special seedbeds before they are planted in the fields. This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season. More advanced technical information was brought in from abroad in the 1980s. import of technology and machines, and the international exchange of delegations have helped Chinese farmers improve their production.
It was from the early 1990s that scientists started to develop new techniques to increase agricultural production without harming the environment. Chemical fertilisation, for example, helps to produce better crops, but is harmful to the environment. New techniques should increase agriculture but also be friendly to the environment. Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods. Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment.
The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land. Using the latest technologies, Chinese scientists grow vegetables in greenhouses. The roots of these vegetables are not planted in earth but hang in water that contains all the nutrients they need to grow. Today, many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses where they are protected from the wind, rain, and insects. The temperature is controlled with computers, no matter how the weather is outside.
Another technique tries to create plants that produce more and bigger crops. In 1993, a kind of tomato was developed that was very different from any grown before. It was developed using a “modified”, which means “changed”. In other words, the way tomatoes grow from a natural seed is changed. The new tomatoes are bigger and healthier. They can grow without danger from diseases. They also need much less time to get ripe.
The tomato is one of nearly 4,500different plants that are genetically modified. In China, about one hundred research stations are now doing GM research to make better tomatoes, cotton, tobacco, green peppers, flowers, watermelons, soybeans, and of course rice. A variety of GM watermelons will be seedless and there is GM rice, sometimes called “golden rice”, which will have more vitamins and can grow in poor soil.

INTEGRATING SKILL
Reading and writing
FARMING AND GARDENING
Agriculture has a long history in China. Much of the wisdom discovered by early Chinese scientists is still useful for farmers and gardeners today. One of China’s early agriculture scientists was Jia Sixie, who
lived in the sixth century AD. He was born in Yidu, Shandong Province. He spent his time doing research into agriculture. He collected information, studied it, did experiments and learnt from the experience of farmers.
Around 540 AD, he wrote a book called Qimin Yaoshu. The book is about both farming and gardening. It includes advice on the following subjects: growing green vegetables and fruit trees, keeping cows, sheep and fish in lakes. There are also instructions for making wine. For centuries after Jia Sixie died, this book was studied by Chinese farmers and students of farming.
Jia Sixie’s book is a practical guide to farming. Firstly, as a farmer you should do things at the right time of the year. If you sow seeds and grow young plants in the fields at the correct time of the year, your work will be less and the results will be better. But if you go against nature and doing things at the wrong time of year, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good. The condition of the soil is also very important. Examine the soil on you farm carefully. If the conditions of your soil is not good, you should improve it. Before sowing or planting crops, you must clean rough ground and remove weeds. Let sheep or cows walk on the land. The animals will destroy the weeds or eat them. The land should also be ploughed, so weeds are destroyed. When you plough the soil, plough deep the first time and less deep the second time. So the autumn ploughing should be deeper than the spring ploughing. The best harvest is reached when farmers change the crops in their fields. For example, do not plant rice year after year in the same field. But if you plant rice in a field one year and wheat in the field the next year, you will harvest good crops. Other scientists said that wheat should be planted with space between the plants, but Jia did experiments and showed that planting wheat close together is better. He also said that it is good to grow different plants next to each in the same field.


第一册 下 Unit 20 Humour
READING
LAUGHING MATTER
Comedies are theatre plays that make people laugh. The writers of comedies often use different techniques to make their audiences laugh. Cross-dressing men or women often appear on the stage. Dustin Hoffman is famous for his role acting as a woman. Funny plays often have characters that are stereotypes of nationalities or people doing certain jobs. The actors make us laugh by making fun of somebody’s way of dressing or telling an amusing story. Acting out stereotypes of people from different countries can be very funny. It often makes people roar with laughter about themselves. It sounds funny to hear foreigners speak with an accent. Word play is a way to create fun in comedies. Shakespeare’s plays made people in the sixteenth century laugh loudly. But to us his plays are not very funny because the meaning of words in English has changed. Today students of English, even if English is their mot
her tongue, often cannot understand his jokes.
Clowns also make people laugh. They often act alone or as a pair and make a different kind of fun. Clowns often don’t use any words at all. It is their clothes, make-up and the way they walk that make people laugh. Some people think clowns are only funny for children. Actually they can help people forget their problems, at least for a short moment.
Another type of people whose job is to make people laugh are comedians. They often work alone or as pair. Unlike clowns, comedians’ clothes are usually not very strange. Although body language and their face are important in their shows, they do not use the make-up that clowns use. Comedians may act out a situation during their shows. We call that a sketch, but usually, their shows don’t look like comedies. What make people laugh, but also think about life. At one moment in a show, you can hear the audience laughing loudly. A few minutes later everybody is quiet, listening and thinking about the comedians’ words.
Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play. A crosstalk show has two speakers making many jokes and funny conversations. They may also dress up a little or act out small sketches in front of the laughing audience. Comedians of all times and many countries have a long tradition of this type of comedy.
Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. Skilled artists make use of al the richness as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud. To appreciate the jokes of crosstalk artists, listeners have to know very well what the comedians are talking about. If you are not fluent in Chinese, you will not catch all of it. Perhaps that is the reason why few foreigners know about this Chinese art form.

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
WE’VE ALREADY MET, HAVEN’T WE?
The story of how I got my new job, and came to be on such good terms with my boss is funny one. It happened like this. I was cycling along a street on my way to the interview. A yellow car passed me and suddenly cut in right in front of me, as there was another car coming in the other direction. I had to brake hard and I hit another cyclist. We both fell, but fortunately neither of us was hurt. I was extremely angry! I saw that a little further up the road the traffic lights had turned red. I cycled as fast as I could and saw that the driver in the yellow car was waiting at the red light. I was still so angry that I went up to tell him what I thought of him. I cycled in front of him, got off my bicycle and laid it down on the road in front of his car so that he couldn’t drive off. Then I told him what a bad driver I thought he was. I told him that he had knocked two people off their bicycles and had nearly caused a bad accident. I told him that he was a danger to other people on
the road. I went on shouting at him while everyone was looking at him. His face became red. When the ling turned green, I said to him, “Don’t be so stupid in future. Drive carefully so that everyone can enjoy a long life.” Then I picked up my bicycle and rode on.
Fortunately, I was in time for the interview. It was an important job, and I wanted the job very much. I walked into the room where three people were waiting to interview me. There was a woman who was the boss of the office in which I wanted to work. There was a man with whom I wanted to work. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company—the driver of the yellow car! We looked at each other for a moment in great surprise and total silence. What should I do now? I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke!
I laughed and said, “Yes, we’ve already met, haven’t we? I remember that the last time we met I did most of the talking, so perhaps I should let you do the talking this time.”
For a moment I saw him thinking. Then he realized that I was not going to say anything about his bad driving. The interview went very well. I told the company about my work experience and answered their questions as well I could. Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. Now I make jokes about it and say to everyone that I dare tell my manager exactly what I think of him.


第一册 下 Unit 21 Body language
READING
BODY TALK
We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people. We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language. Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or movers his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.
Just like a spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. Making eye contact-looking directly into someone’ eyes—is in some countries a way to show interest. In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful. The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money. In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero. In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude. The thumbs-up gesture, meaning “great” or “good job” in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one. The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.
Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” are different around the world. In many countries, shaking one’s head means “no”, and nodding means “yes”. In Bulgaria, parts of Greece, and Iran, however, the g
estures have the opposite meaning. There are also differences as to how often we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part. In some countries, for example France and Russia, a visiting friend is greeted with a kiss on the cheek; in other countries people greet each other with a firm handshake, a loving hug, a bow or simply a nod of the head.
While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal. Pressing one’s palms together and resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand while closing the eyes as if sleeping means “I am tired.” A good way of saying “I am full” is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal. If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means “I am hungry.”
Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can open doors and tear down walls. It can be used to express almost any emotion. We can use a smile to apologise, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation. We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.
INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading, speaking, performing and writing
Shuanghuang is popular in many parts of China. In this kind of performance, two actors work together to make the audience laugh. One person, the narrator, hides behind a chair and tells a funny story. The other person, the “showman”, sits in the chair and acts out he story using body language and facial expressions. The audience sees the “showman” but hears the narrator’s voice.


第一册 下 Unit 22 A world of fun
READING
THEME PARKS
A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme. Unlike traditional amusement parks, theme parks often want to teach visitors something. At the World Park, one of the largest theme parks in China, visitors can look at buildings, castles and statues from more than thirty countries. At the China Ethnic Culture Park, people can learn about the customs, costumes, and culture of China’s fifty-five minorities. There are also theme parks about cartoon the opportunity to learn something.
Many people come to theme parks looking for thrills and entertainment. But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more about their theme. A good example of a theme park that both educates and entertains is Ocean Park in Hong Kong. Visitors to Ocean Park will find all the rides and attractions that can be found in most parks, but they will also find many opportunities to learn about life in the ocean. More than 50,000 students visit the park every year. The park has a conservation centre that helps protect mar
ine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia. Ocean park is built on both sides of a mountain on the south side of Hong Kong Island. The park is divided into two sections. Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland, visitors can take the shuttle to the Lowland. At the Lowland, they can explore the past at the Discovery of the Ancient World and examine giant footprints at the dinosaur exhibition. Visitors can also learn about coral and sharks at Dolphin University, look at the winged beauties in the Butterfly House, or admire An An and Jia Jia, the two giant pandas.
Disneyland in California was one of the first theme parks to become popular around the world. New Disney parks have opened in other parts of the US and in Europe and Asia. The theme of the Disney parks is the world of Walt Disney and his characters: Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and many others. Visitors to the Disney parks can meet Mickey and his friends, enjoy rides and games, and look at exhibitions from all rides and activities are based on Universal Pictures movies. Entering one of the attractions at Universal Studios is like stepping into the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
New theme parks are being built all over the world. It seems that people just cannot get enough of scary rides and exciting adventures. The parks are becoming more advanced and new technology allows us to experience almost anything without actually being in danger or risking injury. So if you want to know what it feels like to fall through the air, take off in a rocket, fly a helicopter or fight alien creatures in outer space, visit one of the theme parks in your area. If there isn’t one where you live yet, don’t worry, the theme parks are coming!

INTEGRATING SKILLS
Reading and writing
LIVE TO RIDE
For many visitors, rides are what theme parks are all about. Much has changed since the early days of roller coasters; today rides are wilder and scarier than ever. The cars run faster, the tracks are higher, and you must be ready to go through twists, loops and drops. Some roller coasters even let you race against your friends: two tracks are next to each other and you fly through the air just metres away from your friends. Other roller coasters are inside a mountain or a building so that you ride through darkness.
Another attraction found in many theme parks is the thrill ride. Like roller coasters, thrill rides let you enjoy a good scream as you experience something exciting. Instead of rolling, twisting and looping like the roller coasters, thrill rides use technology and special effects to give you a thrill. Some thrill rides will let you feel what it is like to fall through the air: you sit in a car that “falls” from a tall tower and you scream your way down to a safe landing.
Thrill rides can also send you into space or deep down in the ocean. You sit in a car that rocks and shakes while you watch a large screen in front of you. You can feel what it
is like to live in space, walk on the ocean floor or ski with polar bears at the North Pole. The only limit to the fun is the imagination of the designers of the thrill rides—and it seems to be endless!
0:52 2010-12-8

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