传播学经典理论英文版[中文注解]

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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]

目录


一、
二、
三、
四、
五、
六、
七、
八、
九、
Opinion Leaders 意见领袖 _____________________________________________ 2
5W Box 5w 理论 _________________________________ ____________________ 2
The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论 __________________________________ 2
The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋 ________________________________________ 3
Gatekeeper 把关人理论 _______________________________________________ 4
Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说 _____________________________ 4
Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说______________________________________ 5
Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论 ____________________________________ 5
Magic bullet theory 魔弹论 _____________________________________________ 5
十、 Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论 ____________ 6
十一、 Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论 ______________________ 7
十二、 Cultivation theory 教养理论 ____________________________________________ 8
十三、 Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论 ______________________________________ 8
十四、 Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论 _______________________ 9



















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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

一、 Opinion Leaders 意见领袖
Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide
information and advice for others and can influence others.

意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息 ,同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子”,
他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用 ,由他们将信息扩散给受
众,形成信息传递的两级传播。


二、 5W Box 5w 理论
1. Who communicates to whom?(sources and receivers)
2. Why communicate?(function and purposes)
3. How does communication take place?(channels,languages,codes)
4. What about?(content,references,types of information)
5. What are the outcomes of communication (intend or unintended ), for information,
understandings, action the Rise of Mass Mdia < br>美国学者H·拉斯维尔于1948年在《传播在社会中的结构与功能》一篇论文中,首次提出了
构 成传播过程的五种基本要素,并按照一定结构顺序将它们排列,形成了后来人们称之“五
W模式”或“拉 斯维尔程式”的过程模式。这五个W分别是英语中五个疑问代词的第一个字
母,即: Who (谁) Says What (说了什么) In Which Channel (通过什么渠道) To Whom
(向谁说) With What Effect (有什么效果)。

三、 The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论
Innis’ central focus is the social history of communication media; he believed that the relative
stability of cultures depends on the balance and proportion of their media. To begin our inquiry
into this area, he suggests we ask three basic questions:
How do specific communication technologies operate?
What assumptions do they take from and contribute to society?
What forms of power do they encourage?
For Innis, a key to social change is found in the development of communication media. He claims
that each medium embodies a bias in terms of the organization and control of information. Any
empire or society is generally concerned with duration over time and extension in space.
Time-biased media, such as stone and clay, are durable and heavy. Since they are difficult to move,
they do not encourage territorial expansion; however, since they have a long life, they do
encourage the extension of empire over time. Innis associated these media with the customary, the
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

sacred, and the moral. Time-biased media facilitate the development of social hierarchies, as
archetypally exemplified by ancient Egypt. For Innis, speech is a time-biased medium.
Space-biased media are light and portable; they can be transported over large distances. They are
associated with secular and territorial societies; they facilitate the expansion of empire over space.
Paper is such a medium; it is readily transported, but has a relatively short lifespan.

伊尼斯发现,媒介可以分为两 大类,两者有一个基本的区别:有利于空间上延伸的媒介和有
利于时间上延续的媒介。比如,石版文字和 泥版文字耐久,它们承载的文字具有永恒的性质,
容易传承。但是,它们不容易运输,不容易生产,不容 易使用,因而不利于空间上的传播。
相反,莎草纸和纸张轻巧,容易运输,使用方便,能够远距离传播迅 息,然而它们传播的迅
息却限于当下,就比较短暂。
他认为,传播和传播媒介都有偏向,大体 上分为:口头传播的偏向与书面传播的偏向,时间
的偏向与空间的偏向。下面这段话,痛快淋漓地阐明伊 尼斯“传播偏向论”的意旨、要害,说
明媒介的性质和偏向,并且说明媒介为何有这些偏向。他说:
“倚重时间的媒介,其性质耐久,羊皮纸、黏土和石头即为其例……倚重空间的媒介,
耐久性比较逊色,质地比较轻。后者适合广袤地区的治理和贸易……倚重空间的材料,有利
于集 中化……我们考虑大规模的政治组织,比如帝国时,必须立足在空间和时间两个方面。
我们要克服媒介的 偏向,既不过分倚重时间,也不过分倚重空间。”
强调媒介偏向、时间偏向和空间偏向的关系,并指出媒介与国家僚体制和宗教的关系。
他说:
“一个成功的帝国必须充分认识到空间问题,空间问题既是军事问题,也是政治问题;它还
要认识到时间 问题,时间问题既是朝代问题和人生寿限问题,也是宗教问题。又说:“国家
的官僚体制倚重空间,忽略 时间。相反,宗教却倚重时间,忽略空间。”


四、 The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋
The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory propounded by the
German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. Spiral of silence theory describes the
process by which one opinion becomes dominant as those who perceive their opinion to be in the
minority do not speak up because society threatens individuals with fear of isolation. The
assessment of one's social environment may not always correlate with reality.
For a controversial issue, people will watch the
judging their opinion whether the opinionwhen people feel that their views are

are they often remain
more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent.
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

Repeated several times, they form representing
holding people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a
more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process.

沉默的螺旋理论提供了一种考虑问题的视角:团队意 见的形成不一定是团队成员“理性
讨论”的结果,而可能是对团队中“强势”意见的趋同后的结果。需要 注意的是:“强势”意见
所强调的东西,不一定就是正确的。当团队中的少数意见与“多数”意见不同的 时候,少数有
可能屈于“优势意见”的压力,表面上采取认同,但实际上内心仍然坚持自己的观点,这就 可
能出现某些团队成员公开“表达的意见”与团队成员“自己的意见”不一致。要跳出沉默的螺
旋,唯一的出路就是尊重少数派,聆听反对者的声音。


五、 Gatekeeper 把关人理论
Lewin was first proposed this idea.
A gatekeeper is a human who controls access to something, for example via a city gate. In the late
20th century the term came into metaphorical use, referring to individuals who decide whether a
given message will be distributed by a mass information was screened and filtered by
communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .
< br>传播者不可避免地会站在自己的立场和视角上,对信息进行筛选和过滤,这种对信息进行筛
选和过 滤的传播行为就叫做把关(即守门),凡有这种传播行为的人就叫做把关人(守门人)。


六、 Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说
Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not indiscriminate, but more willing to
choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this
confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.

受众的群体背景可以分成两个方面,一是人口统计 学意义的群体,包括性别、年龄、籍贯、
民族、职业、学历等等;二是社会关系意义上的群体,如家庭、 单位、团体、政治、经济和
文化的归属阶层,宗教信仰群体等等。受众个人的群体属性不同,意味着他们 所处的时代、
社会环境、社会化的条件、社会地位、价值和信念、对事物的立场观点和看法、心理特点和
文化背景都有很大差异,对大众传媒信息的需求、接触和反应方式也是千差万别。


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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

七、 Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说
Because the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information
than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass
media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.

基本观点 :
(1)随着大众传播媒介向社会传播信息的 增多,社会经济状况好的人将比差的人以更快的
速度获取信息,因此两类人之间的知识沟扩大,而不是缩 小。
(2)一段时间内媒介大量宣传某话题,文化程度较高的人比低的人以更快的速度吸取该话
题的知识。
(3)在特定的时间里,较之未大量宣传的话题,在媒介大量宣传的话题上,所获知识与 教
育程度有更高的相关性。


八、 Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论
Mass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject. Mass media
highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.
Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of
priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .

1968年, 麦克姆斯和肖对总统大选进行了调查,看媒介议程对公众议程有多大的影响。1972
年提出了议程设置 理论,该理论认为大众传播往往不能决定人们对某一事件或意见的具体看
法,但可以通过提供给信息和安 排相关的议题来有效地左右人们关注哪些事实和意见及他们
谈论的先后顺序。大众传播可能无法影响人们 怎么想,却可以影响人们去想什么。



九、 Magic bullet theory 魔弹论
The message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without
protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.
The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.

“魔弹论”:又称“皮下注射理论”,这是一种有关媒介具有强大效果的观点。它的核心内容 是:
传播媒介拥有不可抵抗的强大力量,它们所传递的信息在受传者身上就像子弹击中身体,药
剂注入皮肤一样,可以引起直接速效的反应;它们能够左右人们的态度和意见,甚至直接支
配他们的行动 。这种理论流行于第一次世界大战至20世纪30 年代,到40 年代这一理论便
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

为宣传的实践所打破。

十、 Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)
扩散论
Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what
rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of
communication studies, popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations; Rogers
argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain
channels over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of
innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers proposes that four main
elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation itself, communication channels, time,
and a social system. This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be widely
adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation
reaches critical mass. The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority,
late majority, and laggards. Diffusion manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and
fields and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process.

创新推广理论(Innovation Diffusion Theory)又译成创新传播理论、创新散布理论、创
新扩散理论、革新传播理论等。 “创新推广”最早出现于 20 世纪初法国社会学家、哲学家
Gabriel Tarde的《模仿定律》(the Law of Imitation)一书。
最早将现代创新推广理论运用于实践研究中的是美国爱荷华州立大学的 Ryan 和
Gross 于 1943 年进行的一个农业研究项目。Ryan 和 Gross 从农业社会学的 角度出发,对
创新技术的一些采用者进行访谈,以此来考察与采用技术相关的一系列因素。这种基于访谈
形式的研究方法从此成为创新推广研究的一种主要研究法。
而最早将扩散推广理论作为传播学 内容进行研究的,同时在这方面的研究中最负盛名
的当首推传播学家罗杰斯(Everett M. Rogers)及其著作《创新推广》(Diffusion of Innovation)。
《创新 推广》初版发行于1960年,现在最新的版本为1995年修订版。罗杰斯在书中认为,
创新推广是指 一项新事物通过特定的传播通道,逐渐为某些特定社群成员所了解与采用的过
程,也是推广作用的应用。 书中所论述到的创新推广理论中,其中有几点受到广泛关注:
(一)创新的推广决策过程,包括五个阶段
1、获知(Knowledge)——接触创新并略知其如何运作
2、说服(Persuasion)——有关创新的态度形成
3、决策(Decision)——确定采用或拒绝一项创新活动
4、实施(Implementation)——投入创新的运用
5、确认(Confirmation)——强化或撤回关于创新的决定
(二)受采用的创新的特征
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

1、相对优越性——一项创新优越于它所取代的旧观念的程度;
2、兼容性——一项创新与现有价值观、以往经验预期采用者的需求同存的程度;
3、复杂性——一项创新理解和运用的难度;
4、可实验性——一项创新在有限基础上可被试验的程度;

十一、 Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论
Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) is an approach to understanding why and how people
actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. UGT is an audience-centered approach
to understanding mass communication. Diverging from other media effect theories that question

This communication theory is positivistic in its approach, based in the socio-psychological
communication tradition, and focuses on communication at the mass media scale. The driving
question of UGT is: Why do people use media and what do they use them for? UGT discusses
how users deliberately choose media that will satisfy given needs and allow one to enhance
knowledge, relaxation, social interactionscompanionship, diversion, or escape.
It assumes that audience members are not passive consumers of media. Rather, the audience has
power over their media consumption and assumes an active role in interpreting and integrating
media into their own lives. Unlike other theoretical perspectives, UGT holds that audiences are
responsible for choosing media to meet their desires and needs to achieve gratification. This
theory would then imply that the media compete against other information sources for viewers'
gratification.
UGT has a heuristic value today because it gives communication scholars a
which a number of ideas and theories about media choice, consumption, and even impact can be
viewed

使用与满足理论(Uses and Gratifications theory )是认为
阅听人(media audience)
可以主动使用媒体来寻找可满足自身需求的
信息
。认为阅听人并非各类媒体下的无助者,
而是可利用媒体来满足各类不同的需求, 这些需求即阅听人使用媒介的动机。
使用与满足理论是由
Elihu Katz

Jay Blumler

Mickael Gurevitch
等学者于1974
年出版的《大众传播媒体的使用》(The uses of Mass Communication)一书中所提出。此理
论强调以「主动的阅听人」为中心 ,反对媒体万能论以来被动接收者的概念,认为阅听人绝
非被动的接收者,强调阅听人和媒体之间的自愿 性和选择性。此一理论开启了新的研究方向,
开始了阅听人如何运用传媒的研究,并持续发展出许多的相 关研究。

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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

十二、 Cultivation theory 教养理论
Cultivation theory is a social theory which examines the long-term effects of television.
primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend
television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television.
Cultivation leaves people with a misperception of what is true in our world.
Developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania, cultivation
theory derived from several large-scale research projects as part of an overall research project
entitled 'Cultural Indicators'. The purpose of the Cultural Indicators project was to identify and
track the 'cultivated' effects of television on viewers. They were
television programming (particularly violent programming) on the attitudes and behaviors of the
American public.
audiences stemmed from the unprecedented centrality of television in American culture.
theory clearly posits that the cultivation effect occurs only after long-term, cumulative exposure to
television.
time in front of the tube develop an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world.
television as a mass medium of communication had formed into a common symbolic environment
that bound diverse communities together, socializing people into standardized roles and behaviors.

person in the family.
television was to modern society what religion once was in earlier times.
Cultivation Analysis is a positivistic theory, meaning it assumes the existence of objective reality
and value-neutral research. A study conducted by Jennings Bryant and Dorina Miron (2004),
which surveyed almost 2,000 articles published in the three top mass communication journals
since 1956, found that Cultivation Analysis was the third most frequently utilized theory, showing
that it continues to be one of the most popular theories in mass communication research.

教养理论(Cultivation Theory),又称培养理论、涵化理论、涵化假设、涵化分析,格伯纳
等人认为, 在现代社会传播媒介提示的“象征性现实” 对人们认识和理解现实世界发挥着巨
大的影响。 由于传播媒介的某些倾向性、人们在心目中描绘的“主观现实” 与实际存在的客
观现实之间发生着很大 的偏离。同时,这种影响不是短期的,而是一个长期的、潜移默化的、
培养的过程, 它在不知不觉当中制约着人们的现实观。在这个意义上,格伯纳等人将这一
研究称为“教养理论”。

十三、 Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论
1. Media rarely directly influence individuals.
2. There is a two-step flow of media influence.
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

3. By the time most people become adults, they have developed strongly held group
commitments such as political party and religious affiliations. These affiliations provide an
effective barrier against media influence.
4. When media effects do occur, they are modest and isolated.

有限效果论主要观点是:大众传播没有力量直 接改变受传者对事物的态度,在人们作出某种
决定之际,许多其他因素起着重要的作用,其中包括个人的 政治、经济、文化、心理的既有
倾向受传者对信息的需求和选择性接触机制,群体归属关系和群体规范, 大众传播过程中的
人际影响等等。

十四、 Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论
1. The extensions of man
Mcluhan’s idea that media literally extend sight,hearing,and touch through time and space.
2. The Medium Is the Massage
Mcluhan’s idea the new forms of media transform our experience of ourselves and our society
and this influence is ultimately more important than the content of specific messages.
3. The Global Village
Mcluhan’s conception of a new form of social organization emerging as instantaneous
electronic media tie the entire world into one great social, political and cultural system
4.
In the first part of Understanding Media, McLuhan also stated that different media invite
different degrees of participation on the part of a person who chooses to consume a medium.
Some media, such as film, were - that is, they enhance one single sense, in this case
vision, in such a manner that a person does not need to exert much effort in filling in the
details of a movie image. McLuhan contrasted this with , which he claimed requires
more effort on the part of viewer to determine meaning, and comics, which due to their
minimal presentation of visual detail require a high degree of effort to fill in details that the
cartoonist may have intended to portray. A movie is thus said by McLuhan to be
intensifying one single sense definitiondemanding a viewer's attention, and a comic
book to be and definitionrequiring much more conscious participation by the
reader to extract value.

麦克卢汉的媒介理论:
(一)媒介是人体的延伸
(二)媒介即讯息
(三)热媒介与冷媒介
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒

(四)地球村
(五)对麦克卢汉媒介理论的总体评价

(一)媒介是人体的延伸

1、内容
媒介是人体 感官能力的延伸和扩展:文字印刷媒介是视觉能力的延伸,广播是听觉能力
的延伸,电视是视觉、听觉和 触觉能力的延伸。
2、评价
(1)这个观点的提出是为了说明传播媒介对人类感觉 中枢的影响,他认为媒介和社会
的发展史同时也是人的感官能力由统合——分化——再统合的历史。
(2)麦克卢汉的媒介即人的延伸的观点具有重要的启发意义,但是它并不是严密的
科学考 察的结论,而是建立在洞察基础上的一种思辨性的推论。

(二)媒介即讯息

1、内容
媒介本身才是真正的讯息,也就是说,人类有了某种媒介才可能从事与之相 应的传播或
其他社会活动,因此真正有意义的讯息不是各个时代的传播内容,而是这个时代所使用的传< br>播工具的性质,以及它所带来的可能性和造成的社会后果。
2、评价
意义:
(1)这是麦克卢汉对传播媒介技术在人类社会发展中的地位和作用的高度概括。
(2)强调
媒体
是社会发展的动力,也是区分不同社会形态的标志
缺陷:
(1)把媒介技术看作社会发展的唯一动力——极端性
(2)忽略了人的主观能动性 ,社会制度对它的制约——片面性,因为媒介是人创造的,
人如何利用和控制媒介,媒介的社会占有结构 ,所有制关系如何,也反过来规定媒介活动的
特点和作用性质。

(三)热媒介与冷媒介

1、含义
(1)热媒介:传递的信息明确 清晰,接受者无须动员更多的感官和思维活动就能理解,
它本身就是热的,如照片、广播、电影等。需要 受众参与其中的程度低
(2)冷媒介:提供给受众的讯息模糊、不充分,需要受众予以补充、联想 ,受众参与其
中的程度高,如漫画、电视、电话等。
2、评价
麦克卢汉主 张将媒介这样划分,是为说明正确运用它的重要,给人以启示。各种媒介作
用于人的方式不同,引起的心 理行为反应也各具特点,对媒介的研究应把这些因素考虑在内,
但是这种分类的确有些牵强而且似是而非 。
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传播学经典理论整理 四川大学冯恒


(四)地球村

1、内容:
在自然社会,口语是主要以传播媒介,人的交往受距离的限制,文学印刷媒介产生后,
人类由耳朵的社会 进入眼睛的社会人与人之间联系变得疏远。电子媒介的出现与普及改
变了这种状况,它们以接近于实时的 传播速度和强烈的现场感、目击感把遥远的世界拉得很
近,,人与人之间的距离感觉上大大缩短,于是整 个世界变成一个地球村,任何国家和社
会都是村庄的一部分。
2、影响
地 球村的出现和发展给人类社会带来极大影响,人与人,社会与社会,国家与国家的相
互依赖性及关系的密 切程度大大增强,经社交等社会结构要素的形态发生了前所未有的变
化。
(五)对麦克卢汉媒介理论的总体评价

1、意义
(1)他的理论 有独到的见解,他将媒介的概念扩大,不仅指大众传播和人际传播的媒
介,而且包括人际互动的所有介质 。
(2)他将媒介置于一个广阔的社会,历史情境中研究。因此其媒介分析有了高度和纵
深的品质。开拓了从媒介技术出发观察人类社会发展的视角,并强调了媒介技术的社会历史
作用。
(3)他的这些认识角度和方式开拓了媒介研究的眼界与范围,也使人们真正看到媒介
作为 客观存在自身的价值和作用。
(4)关于地球村的预言也符合当前世界的发展趋势。
2、局限
(1)只强调媒介工具和技术的巨大能动性,把媒介技术视为社会发展和变革的唯一决< br>定因素,忽略了其他复杂社会因素的作用。
(2)忽略了人的主体性和主观能动性,人仿佛成为媒介主宰的对象。
(3)忽视媒介具体内容,对冷热媒介划分过于牵强
(4)全部依据都集中在媒介工具对中枢感觉系统的影响上,由此解释的人类行为也是
片面的。

Word版本请加:QQ:285013627
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