英语句子成分分析 - 2020修正版

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英语句子成分分析
2020修正版

在句中起着不同语法作用的成分,叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有九种:

1
、主语(subject) 表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”;是谓语的陈述对象;
通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任:
The sun rises in the east. 日出东方。(名词)

He hated to see any bird killed. 他讨厌看到鸟儿被杀。(代词)
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(动词不定式)
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(动名词)
Where we shall hold the party is not decided yet. 我们还没有决定在何处举行晚会。(从句)
It’s human to want something better. 精益求精是人类的特性。(不定式)
2、谓语(predicate) 说明主语的动作或状态;由动词或动词短语担任:
We study English.我们学习英语。(动词)

The car broke down on the way. 车在路上抛锚了。(动词短语)
Do be quiet, children. 孩子们,务必安静点。(助动词+连系动词)
We are having a meeting now. 我们现在正在开会。(助动词+实义动词)
Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。(情态动词+实义动词)
3、表语(predicative) 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份;与系动词一起构成复合谓 语,
通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等
担任:

The next stop is the zoo. 下一站是动物园。(名词)

The game is yours. 你(们)胜了。(代词)
I feel terrible. 我难受的厉害。(形容词)
I was first! 我第一名!(数词)
Is your mother in? 你妈妈在家吗?(副词)
I’m with you. 我站在你这一边。(介词短语)
Mary’s task is to set the table. 玛丽的任务是摆桌子。(动词不定式)
Her hobby is growing roses. 她的爱好是种植玫瑰。(动名词)
The situation is puzzling. 形式令人迷惑不解。(现在分词)
Do you feel satisfied with the arrangement? 你对这安排满意吗?(过去分词)
The fact is that they are cross with each other. 事实是他们生彼此的气。(从句)
That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你错的地方(从句)
He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。(从句)
4、宾语(object) 表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容;或用于介词后构成介词短语;通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任:
May I have your attention, please. 请大家注意。(名词)

I want a little. 我要一点。(代词)
I need two. 我需要两个。(数词)
Hope to see you soon. 希望能很快见到你。(动词不定式)
They risk losing everything. 他们冒着失去一切的危险。(动名词)
He insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。(动名词作介词的宾语)
I’ll do what I can. 我将尽力而为。(从句)
I wonder what’s happened. 我想知道发生了什么。(从句)


 宾语包括
直接宾语(direct object),表示动作的承受者;
间接宾语(indirect object),表示动作对谁或为谁做:
He gave me(间接宾语) a book(直接宾语). 他给我一本书。
5
、定语(attributive) 修饰或限 定名词或代词用的;通常由形容词、代词、名词、数词、
介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词、从句或 少数副词(表示时间、地点或方位的副词)
等担任:
She is a responsible girl. 她是个有责任感的姑娘。(形容词)

The girl responsible was expelled. 对此负责的姑娘被开除了。(形容词)
Whose fault is it? 这得怪谁?(代词)
This could change our lives. 这可以改变我们的生活。(代词)
She studies at an evening school. 她上夜校。(名词)
I like the car’s design. 我喜欢这辆车的设计。(名词所有格)
Over one million pounds have been raised. 已经筹集了一百多万英镑。(数词)
It was the third time I had been there. 这是我第三次到那里。(数词,序数词作定语前加
the)
I’ve read a lot of books about animals. 我看了许多关于动物的书。(介词短语)

His absence from school was caused by illness. 他缺课是因为生病。(介词短语)
Perhaps in years to come we shall meet again.

或许在未来岁月中我们还会相见。(动词不
定式)
There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事要做。(动词不定式)

A sleeping car (a car for sleeping) 卧车(动名词)
A sleeping boy(a boy who is sleeping) 酣睡的男孩(现在分词)
There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通向花园。(现在分词)
He wore an embarrassed expression. 他脸上的表情很尴尬(有一种尴尬的表情)。(过去
分词)

She found herself in an embarrassing position. 她发现自己处于尴尬的地位。(现在分词)
The police never found the money stolen in the robbery. 警察始终未能找到在抢劫案中丢
失的钱。(过去分词)
This is the photo (that) I took. 这是我拍的照片。(从句,可省略关系代词that)

The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by angry crowd. 多数公共汽车
已经上满了人,周围是一伙愤怒的群众。(从句)
Looking up, he saw the light in the window above. 他抬头看到上面窗子里的灯。(副词)

Most of the people here know each other. 这里的人大部分都互相认识。(副词)
The temperature today is seventy degrees Fahrenheit. 今天的气温是华氏七十度。(副词)
6、状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整 个句子;用来说明地点、时间、原因、
目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等;通常由副词 、介词短语、动词不定式、
形容词、分词、名词、独立主格、名词或从句等担任:
She welcomed us warmly. 她热情地欢迎了我们。(副词)

We discovered it by chance. 这是我们偶然发现的。(介词短语)
We found the place without difficulty. 我们很容易就找到了这个地方。(介词短语)
France is famous for its wines. 法国因它的酒而出名。(介词短语)
I’m very pleased to have made your acquaintance. 我很高兴认识你。(动词不定式)
The plate is too hot to touch. 盘子太烫,不能碰。(动词不定式)


The boy nodded, pole and scared. 男孩点点头,脸色苍白十分惊恐。(形容词)
Modest, unassuming, easy to approach, he soon put everybody at ease. 他谦逊,随和,平易
近人,很快就让大家不再紧张。(形容词)

The parents died, leaving him an orphan. 父母亲去世了,只留下他一个孤儿。(现在分词)
Given enough time, he could do it better. 如果给他充足的时间,他可以做得更好。(过去
分词)
She nursed him day and night. 她日夜护理他。(名词词组)

I have been waiting here hours. 我在这里等了几个小时了。(名词)
She’s feeling miles better today. 今天她感觉好多了。(名词)
He dashed into the room, gun in hand. 他端着枪冲进了屋里。(独立主格)
Often she would weep when she was alone. 她一个人时,常常哭泣。(状语从句)
I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身无分文,我也会娶她的。
(状语从句)
7
、补语(complement)或补足语 补充说明主语(主补)或宾语(宾补);可以与 宾语一
起构成
复合宾语;通常由动词、动词不定式、分词、形容词、副词、名词、代词、数词或 介
词短语等担任:

Have him do it! 让他去做吧!(动词,宾补)

Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawer. 史密斯先生希望他的儿子成为一名律师。(动
词不定式,宾补)
I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见这个男孩正在爬墙。(现在分词,宾补)

I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见这个男孩在爬墙了。(动词,宾补)
He has his hair cut. 他理发了。(过去分词,宾补)
Let’s keep the fish alive. 咱们让鱼活着。(形容词,宾补)
Leave the door open. 让门开着。(形容词,宾补)
We found a girl out when we arrived. 我们抵达的时候发现一个女孩子在外面。 (副词,宾
补)
We selected him monitor. 我们选他做班长。(名词,宾补)

He was elected monitor. 他被选作班长。(名词,主补)
You can call me anything. 你叫我什么都行。(代词,宾补)
You must make this number ten. 你必须使这个数字成为10。(数词,宾补)
Make yourself at home. 请不要拘礼。(介词短语,宾补)
8、同位语(appositive) 对前面的名词或者代词作进一步的解释;通常由名词、形容词、
数词、代词或从句担任:
This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. 这是我们的校长,周先生。(名词)

The children like the animals, particularly the monkeys. 孩子们都喜欢那些动物,尤其是猴
子。(名词)
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.
老老少少的人走上街头观看
游行。(形容词)
You three take these seats. 你们三个坐这里。(数词)

This is just mother, the one who loves me with her life. 这就是母亲,用一生来爱我的人。
(代词)
They each put forward a proposal. 他们每人提出了一个建议。(代词)

Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom? 你知道教室里到底发生了
什么吗?(从句)


I have no idea when they’ll be back and settle down. 我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。(从
句)
The news came that we’d won. 我们胜利的消息传来。(从句)

There was little hope that they would survive. 他们幸存的希望很小。(从句)
He came to me in the belief that I could help him. 他来找我,相信我能帮助他。(从句)
9、插入语(parenthesis) 对一句话 做一些附加解释;通常由名词、代词词组、形容词、副
词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或从句担任 (有些语法书称之为“句子状语”):
No wonder my brother wasn't feeling wel. 难怪我兄弟感觉不舒服了。(名词)

All in all, her condition is greatly improved. 总的来说,她的情况有很大好转。(代词词组)
Strange to say, he hasn’t got my letter up to now. 说来也奇怪,到现在他仍未收到我的信。
(形容词)
Honestly, I don't know anything about it. 真的,我对此事一无所知。(副词)

What on earth are you doing now? 你究竟在干什么?(介词短语)
In addition, computer is also very helpful for their study and work. 此外,电脑对他们的学习
和工作也是很有帮助的。(介词短语)
To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you. 坦白说,我不太同意你的意见。(动词不定式)

Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist. 从衣着来判断,他可能是个艺术家。(现在分
词)
I’m not a good cook, you see. 你知道我不太会做菜。(从句)

This, I think, is the best way to help them. 我认为这是帮助他们的最好办法。(从句)


牢记:
1、不可钻牛角尖 。先有语言,后有语法。语言是活的社会现象,语法只是对语言现象的规
律性总结,因此语法不足以概括 所有的语言现象。
2、要适可而止。分析句子结构的目的不是为了分析,而是为了理解。只要达到正确 理解的
目的就应罢手,不要穷追不舍,致使过分繁杂,反而越搞越糊涂。
3、一个句子只能有 一个主语,逗号不能连接两个句子,而butandso等并列连词和分号可
以。

(参考《学生实用英汉大词典》、《张道真英语语法》)

附:
情态动词
1、 must have done. 【肯定句】推测“一定……”(过去)
2、 can have done. 【多否,疑】对过去怀疑,不肯定。即:can’t have done,不可能……
3、 maymight have done. 【肯,否】过去,推测,“或许……”
4、 could have done. 表示过去没有实现的可行性,“本来可以”
5、 might have done. “本来应该或可以做某事”, 轻微责备语气
6、 ought toshould have done. “本应该做”; +not“本不该做却做了”
7、 needn’t have done. 本来不必做却做了

What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better. (本应该)

John promised his doctor he would not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since. (将,愿意)

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