英汉句法结构对比
申论答题技巧-催款函范本
英汉思维的差异
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n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
抽象思维与形象思维
直线思维与曲线思维
复杂与
简约
主体突出与主客体交错
树状与竹状
替代与重复
形合与意合
静态与
动态
主语与主题
树状与竹状
n
n
n
英语句子
是树状结构，主干如树干，
各种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶
茂；
而汉语句子是竹状
结构，按时间或逻
辑顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。
因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构间的转化．
We have
learned…
n
n
n
n
n
This is the
cat.
This is the cat that killed
the
rat.
This is the cat that killed
the rat
that ate the cake.
This is the cat that killed
the rat that ate the cake
that was put in
the house.
This is the cat that killed
the
rat that ate the cake
that was put in the
house
that Jack built.
n
n
n
n
n
这就是那只猫。
这就是那只捉住了老
鼠的猫。
---老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。---老鼠偷吃了放在屋
里的蛋糕。
------屋子是杰克盖的。
Example I
n
n
The moon is so far from
the earth that
even if huge trees were growing
on the
mountains and elephants were walking
about, we could not see them through
the
most powerful telescopes which
have been inven
ted.
月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长
着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已
经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它
们．
Example
II
n
n
Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson
was
buried under a stone which described
him as he had wished to be
remembered as
the author of the
Declaration on Independence
and the
father of the University of Virginia.<
br>1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓
地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利
亚大学创建人之墓.
替代与重复
n
这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异：
英语重替代（即多用代词，包括
人称代词、指示代词、不定代词
和关系代词，还有表示
替代的词
so,
do）；汉语重重复，重复现
象比比皆是。
Examples
review
n
Ours is a great nation our
nation is great
one.
n
我们的
民族
是一个伟
大的
民族
。
Revolution means the
emancipation of the
productive force, and so
does reform.
n
革命是
解放生产力
，改革也是
解放生产
力
。
You should help him since you
promised to
do so.
你答应了
帮
他就应当
帮助<
br>他。
More
任何人不得将个人利益置于国家
利益
和
社会
利益
之上。
n
Nobody shall place his own
interests above
those
of the state and the
society.
n
南北
问题
尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展
问<
br>题
与解决和平
问题
同等迫切重要。
n
The North-
South relations have become an
acute
issue
. To seek
development
and
peace
are equally urgent and important
tasks.
n
Go on…
n
n
中国一贯
主张裁军，反对一切
军备竞赛
，既反
对常规
军备竞赛
，更反对
核军备竞赛
；既反对
地面上的
军备竞赛
，也反对在太空进行的
军备
竞赛
。
China consistently stands for
disarmament
and is opposed to all kinds of
arms race,
whether
it
is conventional
or nuclear, on the
ground or in outer
space.
Some further thoughts
四字格
汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言
简意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形
象生动
．
n
e.g.
But there
had been too much publicity about my case.
但我的事现在已经搞得
满城风雨
,
人人皆知
了。
n
I
had been completely honest in my replies,
withholding
nothing.
我的回答完全是
坦坦荡荡
,
直言无隐
。
n
2.
Each one must do his utmost
or the labor of all is vain.
每个人都必须
竭尽全
力
，否则就会
徒劳无益
（前功尽
弃）。
n
I
congratulate myself on my narrow escape.
我庆
幸自己
死里逃生
。
n
我厂生产的地毯
图案新颖
、
色
调雅致
、
美丽大方
、
富
丽堂皇
。
The
carpets made in our factory are beautiful and
magnificent for their novel designs and
elegant colors.
n
形合与意合
n
英语句子中
各成分的相互结合多
用适当的连接词语，而中文句子
则多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映
衬
，少用连接词。即英文重形合，
中文重意和。所以，在翻译中，
要注意增减连接词。
Examples review
我买了7本书，一共7元钱。
I bought seven books which cost me 7
Yuan.
n
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远么？
n
I went to dance with a girl who has a
Southern accent.
我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。
n
•小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。
Little children will cry when they are
frightened.
•他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？
Why should we
force him to do it if he is
unwilling?
More
n
n
原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。
译文：It is a
supreme comfort to me
when I am informed that
you are as
healthy as ever.
原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。
译文：It is not too late to mend the fold
even after some sheep have been lost.
n
n
Especially 关联词
Even if
you go there, there won’t be any
result.
原译
：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。
改译1：你去了也不会有什么结果。
改译2：你去也白去。<
br>n
The wind was so strong that he found it
difficult to keep on his feet.
原译：风如此之大，以致他
发现站住脚很困难。
改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。
n
静态与动态
n
n
英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动
态。汉语倾向于多用动词，而英
语则倾向于多用名词、介词短语、
形容词等等。
所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静
态到动
态的转化，而汉译英时则
相反。
英语介词译成汉语动词
n
n<
br>n
n
He walked
around
the
house
with
a
gun.
他
拿
着枪，
绕
着屋子
走。
He
is a man
above
vulgar
interests.
他是一个
脱离
了低级
趣味的人。
n
A
man from other
planets
A machine for
cutting paper
Went out through
the rain
n
n
英语adjadv译成汉语动词
n
n
n
n
The rocketing price of housing has
tremendously dampened the enthusiasm of
potential house
buyer.
房价
飙升
，严重挫伤了潜在购房者的积
极性。
What
film will be on this evening?
今晚
放
什么电影？<
/p>
辨别错误—虚假对应
1.中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏灯的习俗
Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet
dumplings made
of glutinous rice flour and
appreciate festive lanterns at the
night of
January 15.
错误之处： 冠词、搭配、动词、介词、不忠于原文。
改译：The
Chinese have the custom of eating
yuanxiao
(sweet
dumplings made of glutinous rice four)
and watching festive
lanterns on the fifteenth
evening of the first lunar month.
其他译法：There
is a Chinese tradition of eating …
According to custom, people in China eat….
In china, it’s the custom (for people) to
eat…
2. 他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。
原译：The
project makes less progress because of his
incooperation.
错误之处：时态；形容词比较级；名词
改译1：The project is making
very slow progress due to his lack
of
cooperation.
改译2：The project is proceeding
rather slowly because of his
uncooperativeness.
其他译法：
1. His
uncooperative attitude accounted for the slow
progress
of the project.
2. His
uncooperative attitude resulted in the project’s
slow
progress.
keys
n
n
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1. whoever wants
to join the spring outing should
sign up and
pay the expenses before Friday.
Those of you
who want to go on the spring outing
are
required to sign up and hand in the payment
before Friday.
If any of you wants to take
part in the spring outing,
please sign up and
pay for it before Friday.
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2. I think the clothes
in the shop would still be too
expensive even
if we could get a 40 percent discount.
In my
opinion, the clothes in the shop are still too
high-priced even if they are discounted by 40
percent.
The price of the clothes in the shop
is still more than
I would pay even if they
are 40 percent off.
n
3. Judging by
the current present situation,
construction
cost of this project will exceed
the budget by
thirty percent.
As it stands, construction of
the project will
overrun its budget by thirty
percent.
n
n
n
4. if you
should want to cancel the trip ,
please notify
us in writing at least one month
in advance.
If by any chance you want to cancel the trip,
please give us at least one month’s written
notice.
n
n
n
n
5.
I’m afraid it is unlikely for him to agree to
such a request.
It seems unlikely for him
to grant such a
request.
There seems to be
little chance that he will
give in to such a
demand.
There is a strong possibility that he
will turn
down a request like this.
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n
n
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6. At the
annual meeting of the board of directors, he
called attention to a largely ignored
overlooked
problem.
7. Her heat sank at the
news, but she managed a
flicker of a smile.
The news made her heart sink, but she still
managed
to force a smile.
Her heart sank
when she heard the news, but she
still gave a
thin smile.
n
n
n
She felt
ambivalent about the invitation and
couldn’t
decide whether to accept or decline.
On
receiving the invitation, she found it
difficult to decide whether to accept it or
not.
She hesitated on receiving the
invitation, not
knowing whether to accept it
or not.