双学双比-中国十大热门专业

2010考研英语二真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C
and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global pandemic on
June 11, 2009, in the first designation by the World Health Organization of a worldwide pandemic in
41 years.
The heightened alert came after an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that
convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and
elsewhere.
But the pandemic is
director general, with the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a
full recovery, often in the absence of any medical treatment.
The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an
unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults. As much of Mexico
City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to crop up in New York City, the southwestern
United States and around the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived. But in late
September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that
virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu.
@Zov&0
1 In the U.S., it has infected more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths
and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.
Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began
taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from
the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be
made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal
spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing
difficulties, heart disease or several other problems. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in
other high-risk group: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.
Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,
B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of
56 works by Damien Hirst, ―Beautiful Inside My Head Forever‖, at Sotheby‘s in London on
September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a

sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the
oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously
since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $$65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of
Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come
down to $$50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together
great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other
industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst‘s sale, spending of any sort became deeply
unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of
thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant
collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two- thirds,
and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90%
in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world‘s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby‘s and
Christie‘s, had to pay out nearly $$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying
Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market
since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak
on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie‘s chief
executive, says: ―I‘m pretty confident we‘re at the bottom.‖
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the
market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even
though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie‘s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher
than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that
the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The
three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does
not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as ―a last victory‖because ____-.
art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryies
auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
ful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
saying ―spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable‖(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author
suggests that_____ .
A . collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

of the following statements is NOT ture?
A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.
art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
market generally went downward in various ways.
art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____
n houses ' favorites
porary trends
s promoting artwork circulation
representing impressionists
most appropriate title for this text could be ___
ation of Art Prices
-to-date Art Auctions
Market in Decline
d Interest in Arts（编辑
Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that
had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative
frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward
the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk
to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said
burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. trueexplained.

spend the whole evening in silence.
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women
in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist
Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book
interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their
divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the
United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on
tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his

or doing far more than their share of daily life- support work like cleaning cooking social
arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication:
doesn't talk to me.
to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a
man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares
at the back of it wanting to talk.
is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?
g to them.
ng them.
ting their careers.
D. Shsring housework.
g from the context ,the phrase ―wreaking havoc‖(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means
___ .
A generating motivation.
ng influence
g damage
Dcreating pressure
of the following are true EXCEPT_______
tend to talk more in public tan women
50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
attach much importance to communication between couples
Da female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?
moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .
ge break_up stems from sex inequalities.
d and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.
sational patterns between man and wife are different.
the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus

on ______
A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
B.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
Txet3
over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors
— habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when
customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to
a carefully designed set of daily cues.
―There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain
killers only because we can‘t figure out how to change people‘s habits,‖ Dr. Curtis said. ―We wanted
to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.‖
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever
— had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers‘ lives that
corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you‘ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing
gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks,
antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured
habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today,
because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their
pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other
brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn‘t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage
companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip
bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured
in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are
advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on
makeup.
―Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,‖ said Carol Berning,
a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $$76
billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. ―Creating positive habits is a huge part of
improving our consumers‘ lives, and it‘s essential to making new products commercially viable.‖
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that
there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new
science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell
questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
ing to ,habits like hand washing with soap________.
[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deepiy rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns（编辑：）
d water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as
to____
[A] reveal their impact on people‘habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C]indicate their effect on people‘buying power
[D]manifest the significant role of good habits
of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people‘s habits?
[A]Tide
[B]Crest
[C]Colgate
[D]Unilver
the text wekonw that some of consumer‘s habits are developed due to _____
[A]perfected art of products
[B]automatic behavior creation
[C]commercial promotions
[D]scientific experiments
author‘sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people‘s habits is____
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
[C]positive
[D]biased
Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,
including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are

equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative
cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on
account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;
and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative
democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing
representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.
In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,
education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited
intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West
Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue- ribbon juries provided a convenient way
around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.
Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority
of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted
women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This
practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries
unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,
ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the law abolished special educational
requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of
the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court
extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state
level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional
and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______
[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries
[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public
practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____
[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws
[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____
[A]they were automatically banned by state laws
[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications

[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D]they tended to evade public engagement
the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___
[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______
[A]its nature and problems
[B]its characteristics and tradition
[C]its problems and their solutions
[D]its tradition and development
Section Ⅲ Translation
ions:
In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)（编辑：）
―Suatainability‖ has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will
always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life
made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action
and choice.
Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He‘d been though
the dot- com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didin‘t go well. ―It was a really had move because that‘s not my passion,‖ says Ning, whose
dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. ―I was miserable, I had so much
anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and
needed the job. Everyone said, ‗Just wait, you‘ll trun the corner, give it some time.‘‖
翻译参考
―坚持不懈‖如今 已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一
段痛苦松懈的个人生 活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
Ning回忆起20 世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，
并且与Boulder 代理机构签了约。

事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：―那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对 此没有激情，‖可以预料，
他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：―我很痛苦渴望午夜起来 盯着天花板，我没钱，我需
要工作，每个人都说‗等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。‘‖
47. Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange
program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) Express your thanks for hisher warm reception;
2) Welcome himher to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Zhang Wei‖ instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Dear xxx,
I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I
participated in an exchange program in USA.
Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know
American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will
cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so
that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship.
I feel obliged to thank you again.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing,
you should
1) Interpret the chart and
2) Give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady
and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile
phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and
then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.

This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and
developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of
whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon
the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can
afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large demand for
mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing
customers subscribe to benefit from this service.
As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the
number of mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the
future.
2010年考研英语二真题答案：
21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C
26 A 27 C 28 D 29 D 30 B
31 A 32 A 33 D34 C 35 B
36 A 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 D
新题型
F T T T F
―Suatainability‖ has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will
always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life
made itclear to him that sustainability- oriented values must be expressed though everyday action
and choice.
Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He‘d been though
the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didin‘t go well. ―It was a really had move because that‘s not my passion,‖ says Ning, whose
dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. ―I was miserable, I had so much
anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and
needed the job. Everyone said, ‗Just wait, you‘ll trun the corner, give it some time.‘‖
翻译参考
―坚持不懈‖如今 已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一
段痛苦松懈的个人生 活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
Ning回忆起20 世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，
并且与Boulder 代理机构签了约。
事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：―那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有 激情，‖可以预料，
他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：―我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天 花板，我没钱，我需
要工作，每个人都说‗等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。‘‖

47. Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange
program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) Express your thanks for hisher warm reception;
2) Welcome himher to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Zhang Wei‖ instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Dear xxx,
I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I
participated in an exchange program in USA.
Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know
American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will
cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so
that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship.
I feel obliged to thank you again.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing,
you should
1) Interpret the chart and
2) Give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady
and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile
phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and
then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.
This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and
developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of
whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon

the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can
afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large demand for
mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing
customers subscribe to benefit from this service.
As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the
number of mobile- phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the
future.
2010年考研英语二真题答案：
21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C 26 A 27 C 28 D 29 D 30 B 31 A 32 A 33 D34 C 35 B
36 A 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 D























2011年硕士研究生入学考试 英语(二) 真题及参考答案
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A， B， C
or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But
that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems
increasingly 3 ？
Last month， Howard Schmidt， the nation's cyber-czar， offered the federal government
a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a
high-tech 5 of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card， all rolled 6 one. The system
might use a smart identity card， or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would
authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system
to join， and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those
systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's
license 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these
that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.
12 .the approach would create a ， with safe
and bright 13 community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a
can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of
the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs
Still， the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；
others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what
would 17 be a compulsory Internet
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts， who worry that
the
Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，
in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1． d
2．
3． ss s ess ss
4． er mise al
5． ation erence ainment lent

6．
7． ed d ed
8． s er e
9． t e
10． ed buted red
11． on on in in
12． vain effect return contrast
13． d ized ng ing
14． n t ence ce
15．
16． d ointed ted
17． stly ntally onally ally
18． cism nce erence iasm
19． able able able ble
20． d ted d
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A， B， C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000： a year
later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently
managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was
under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee； how could she have let those
enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？ By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the
board. The position was just taking up too much time， she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful， yet less biased， advisers on a firm's
board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere， they presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky， and the share price is
falling， outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own
crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms
and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which
directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board
was age， so the researchers concentrated on those
the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure， the probability that the company will
subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a
federal class-action lawsuit also increases， and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent
bad performance at the firm is suggestive， it does not mean that such directors are always jumping
off a sinking ship. Often they ， smaller firms for larger and more stable
firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to
their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks， even if a review of history shows they
were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside
directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow
the example of Ms. Simmons， once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1， Ms. Simmons was criticized for .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise
departure， the firm is likely to .
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？ A year ago the end seemed near. The
recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.
Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal
Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become
charitable corporations？ Should the state subsidize them ？ It will hold another meeting soon.
But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off
the recession. Even American newspapers， which inhabit the most troubled come of the global
industry， have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were
routine a few years ago， but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The
American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.
Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery
to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and， sadly for many
journalists， they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses， with a healthier mix of revenues from
readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.
Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008， according to the Organization for
Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，
Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody， but much of the damage
has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have
gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut
off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the
newspaper business.
26. By saying -4， Para. 1)， the author indicates
that newspaper .
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts， Japanese newspapers are much more stable
because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .
[A]American Newspapers： Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers： Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers： A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers： A Hopeless Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and
growth， with soldiers returning home by the millions， going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining
up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses， it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could
truly be more. During the Depression and the war， Americans had learned to live with less， and
that restraint， in combination with the postwar confidence in the future， made small， efficient
housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase
more， the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe， who
like other people associated with the Bauhaus， a school of design， emigrated to the United States
before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous
influence on the course of American architecture， but none more so that Mies.
Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration， properly organized， has more impact
that a lot. Elegance， he believed， did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，
he employed metal， glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in
the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces
he designed were small and efficient， rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive， for example，
were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along
the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls， the views they
afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions， the architectural equivalent of
the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward
building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet- than the spreading
two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The
Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the
is more， new materials and forthright detailing. In
his Case Study House， Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters， though
most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self- sufficiency was both desirable and
inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？
[A]They ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the ？
[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.
Text 4
Will the European Union make it？ The question would have sounded strange not long ago.
Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a
debt， population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems， the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core， the 16
countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，
weaker or stronger， will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，
which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is
stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers， France and Germany， agree on the need for
greater harmonization within the euro zone， but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and
competitiveness， barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These
might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega- projects and even the
suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic
co- ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club， among whom there is a small majority
for free-market liberalism and economic rigour； in the inner core alone， Germany fears， a small
majority favour French interference.
A ：
government， that means politicians
intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members， via
cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.
Finally， figures close to the France government have murmured， curo-zone members should
agree to some fiscal and social harmonization： e.g.， curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or
labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best， the
European project is remarkably liberal： built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，
its internal borders are far more open to goods， capital and labour than any comparable trading
area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization， and make capitalism
benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.
［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds
［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries
［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU， the author seems to feel __ __.
［A］pessimistic
［B］desperate
［C］conceited
［D］hopeful
Part B
Directions：
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column
that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices
in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese， write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
Who would have thought that， globally， the IT industry produces about the same volumes of
greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do- rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak
between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the
answer. To deliver results to its users quickly， then， Google has to maintain vast data centres
round the world， packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2， these
computers emit a great deal of heat， so the centres need to be well air- conditioned， which uses
even more energy.
However， Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make
improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction， but there is much to be done，
and not just by big companies.
2011考研英语(二)小作文
suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write himher a letter to:
(1)Congratulate himher,and
(2)give himher suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use
2011考研英语（二）大作文
write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments
you should write at least 150 wrods
write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)

参考答案
客观题
1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD
21-25BBDAA
26-30DBCBB
31-35BDCDB
36-40DCBAC
41-45EDCFG
46．翻译
有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温 室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳
总排量的2%.
很多日常工作对环境造成了 让人震惊的破坏作用。根据你查询正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌搜索引
擎会插手0.2-7克的二氧化碳的 排放量。要快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌必须用强大和大量的计算机
系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。 这些计算机在散发大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体。
所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备 ，然而却耗能更多。
2011考研英语(二)小作文

suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write himher a letter to:
(1)Congratulate himher,and
(2)give himher suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use
英语(二)小作文范文：
A Letter to Liming
Jan-15-2011
Dear Liming,
Congraduate on you success in passing the entrance examination.
Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.
First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday helps you
get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but reading is the
most important thing.
Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college,
you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your daily life
and etc.
However, reading and housework doesn‘t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with your
friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be in your memory and new
friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among senior school.
From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your college.
Zhangwei
2011考研英语（二）大作文
write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments

you should write at least 150 wrods
write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)

英语二大作文范文(文都版)
As can be seen clearly from the chart, the market share taken by domestic car brands
increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly 35% in 2009, while conversely, the market share
owned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10% from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What‘s more,
the market share taken by American car brands is on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly 15%.
Three reasons, in my opinion, can account for the changes in car market in these two years.
First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surprise as we have seen Chinese enterprises‘ commitment
to developing self- owned technologies, which not only free them from potential risks, but also bring
about long- term benefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to be highly praised for their
outstanding quality and superior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the
improvement of American cars‘ performance must be attributed to the smart marketing strategy
employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially for
Chinese market, which won them applaud as well as benefit.
In order to maintain the good momentum of development, domestic cars should on one hand
stick to their self-independent policy, and on the other, learn some experiences from Japanese
car‘s failures and Americans‘ success.
2012年考研英语(二)真题试题及答案
Section 1 Use of Eninglish
Directions :
Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American
military adventurism, but that‘s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II
and the people they liberated ,the the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away
from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without
the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a

volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best
equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not . is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all
of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe
Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class United States has 10) had a president or
vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.
GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a
character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the
last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in
the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow
–and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His
reports(16)the ―willie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt
and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the
civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,
G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.
1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed
2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal
3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded
4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes
5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence
6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against
7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming
8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down
9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed
10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither
11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished
12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony
13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned
14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human
15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained
16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted
17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired
18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea
19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond
20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section II Resdiong Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent
years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los
Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has
produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses,
homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student‘s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes
might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no
homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the
district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of
complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered
for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to
assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their
grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report
cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what
about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that
the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their
students, the policy imposes a flat, across- the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If
the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students‘ academic achievement, it should move
to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if
homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they
are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for
setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for
L.A. Unified to do homework right.
is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B]is no longer an educational ritual
[C]is not required for advanced courses
[D]is gaining more preferences

d has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.
[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education
[B]have asked for a different educational standard
[C]may have problems finishing their homework
[D]have voiced their complaints about homework
ing to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.
[A]discourage students from doing homework
[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards
[C]undermine the authority of state tests
[D]restrict teachers' power in education
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is
whether______. [A] it should be eliminated
[B]it counts much in schooling
[C]it places extra burdens on teachers
[D]it is important for grades
25.A suitable title for this text could be______.
[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
[C]Thorny Questions about Homework
[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework
Text2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is
pervasive in our young girls‘ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of
the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses
girls‘ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between
girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular
lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and interests.
Girls‘ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according
to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded
at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore
white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What‘s
more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender- neutral nursery
colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version
of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy
and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex
differences became a dominant children‘s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,

when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for
the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to
kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed
that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children‘s behaviour:
wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was
popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should
create a ―third stepping stone‖ between infant wear and older kids‘ clothes. Tt was only after
―toddler‖became a common shoppers‘ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental
stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.
And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them
where they did not previously exist.
saying
[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood
[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence
[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests
ing to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？
[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.
[D]White is prefered by babies.
author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much
influenced by_____.
[A]the marketing of products for children
[B]the observation of children's nature
[C]researches into children's behavior
[D]studies of childhood consumption
may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.
[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes
[B]attach equal importance to different genders
[C]classify consumers into smaller groups
[D]create some common shoppers' terms
can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.
[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers

[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D]well interpreted by psychological experts
AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater ies
are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in
the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be
used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug‘s efficacy,companies are eager to win
patents for ‗connecting the dits‘,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic,
which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which
included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was
packed.
canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----
executives to be active
to rule out gene patenting
to be patcntablc
BIO to issue a warning
who are against gene patents believe that----
c tests are not reliable
man-made products are patentable
s on genes depend much on innovatiaon
should restrict access to gene tic tests
ing to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----
ishing disease comelations
ering gene interactions
g pictures of genes
fying human DNA
34．By saying ―each meeting was packed‖(line4,para6)the author means that -----
supreme court was authoritative
BIO was a powerful organization
patenting was a great concern
s were keen to attend conventiongs
lly speaking ,the author‘s attitude toward gene patenting is----
al
tive
ul
ive

Text 4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before
it ends,
it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately,
it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.
Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had
become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of
others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it
has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a
necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral
Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both
inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always
left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the
advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict
between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this
period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross
them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia
University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:
those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have
been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden
winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean
times are affecting society‘s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant
entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict
since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times
will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
saying ―to find silver linings‖（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.
[A]seek subsidies from the govemment
[B]explore reasons for the unermployment
[C]make profits from the troubled economy
[D]look on the bright side of the recession
ing to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.
[A]realize the national dream
[B]struggle against each other

[C]challenge their lifestyle
[D]reconsider their lifestyle
in Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.
[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants
[B]bring out more evils of human nature
[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms
[D]ease conflicts between races and classes
research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite
universities tend to _____.
[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees
[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others‘
[D]recover more quickly than the others
author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.
[A]certain
[B]positive
[C]trivial
[D]destructive

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left
column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are
two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)
“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom
the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.
Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could
be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how
we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested
in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the
exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris
Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes.
Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was

the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the
championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as
the skills of successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading
painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal
experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote
Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores .

resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many
character, exhibit, is in the power of each to accomplish for
himself
as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly
heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures
represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority
than mere mortals.
Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor
waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the
story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic
realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make
their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under
circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and
transmitted from the past.”
This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of
Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History
from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —
from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the
multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became
just as fascinating as upstairs.



41. Petrarch

42. Niccolo Machiavellli


A] emphasized the virtue of classical
heroes.

[B] highlighted the public glory of the
leading artists.

[C] focused on epochal figures whose

lives were hard to imitate.

43. Samuel Smiles

44. Thomas Carlyle



[E] held that history should be the
story of the masses and their record of
struggle.

45. Marx and Engels


[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for
successful leaders.

[G] depicted the worthy lives of
engineer industrialists and explorers.
Section III Translation
ions:
Translate the following text from English into your translation on ANSWER
SHEET2.(15 points)
When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the
prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the
developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try
to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly
likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had
more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of

economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their
universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to
make .
Section IV Writing
Part A
ions
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from
an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to
1)make a complaint and

[D] opened up new realms of
understanding the great men in history.

2)demand a prompt solution
You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use
48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should
1)describe the table ,and
2)give your comments
You should write at least 150 words(15points)
某公司员工工作满意度调查

度

小于等于40岁

41-50岁

大于50岁


参考答案
完形填空：
1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B
11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B
16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.D
TEXT1：
21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.D
TEXT2：
26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.C
TEXT3：
31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.D
TEXT4：
36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A
新题型：
41-45：AFGCE
小作文范文：


不清楚

50.0%

36.0%

50.0%

不满意

33．3%

64.0%

10.0%
年龄 -------满意 满意

16.7%

0.0%

40.0

Dear Sir or Madame,
As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express
my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your
shop the other day.
The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found
that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the
appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the
advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not
kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.
I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should
be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a
new one to me or refund me my money in full.
I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely yours,
2013考研英语（二）真题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C
or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly
to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___ a true cashless
society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been___2___for two
decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975
that electronic means of payment would soon the very ___3___ of money
itself,
been so___5___in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system
based on paper, several factors work___6___the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is
very___7___to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks
necessary to make electronic money the___8___form of payment Second, paper checks have
the advantage that they___9___receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling
to___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of

several days___11___ a check is cashed and funds are___12___from the issuer's account,
which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime.
___13___electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may___14___security and privacy concerns. We
often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer
database and to alter information___15___there. The fact that this is not an ___16___
occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in
electronic payments systems and___17___from someone else's accounts. The___18___of this
type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing
to___19___security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment
leaves an electronic___20___that contains a large amount of personal data. There are
concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data,
thereby violating our privacy.
1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around
3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role
4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse
5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady
6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on
7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive
8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant
9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print
10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down
11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when
12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn
13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though
14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease
15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed
16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear
17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return

18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification
19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for
20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke
from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average
mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there
to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making
the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining
middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the
information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with
machines or foreign worker.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average
lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it
used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much
more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation
and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value
contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an
acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed
workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one
out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.
There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing
we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best

jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above
average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to
support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of
for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school
education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______.
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect
[B] Technology Goes Cheap
[C] Average Is Over
[D] Recession Is Bad


Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners.
Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came
those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million

departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy
for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of
passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two
categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our
broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t
need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need
to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds
of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our
immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home
health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic
participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer
to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and
a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease.
We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a
while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home
can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both
sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong
means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today
requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to
accomplish legally in the existing system.
26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____.
[A] immigrate across the Atlantic
[B] leave their home countries for good
[C] stay in a foreign temporarily
[D]find permanent jobs overseas
27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US ____.
[A] needs new immigrant categories
[B] has loosened control over immigrants
[C] should be adopted to meet challenges
[D] has been fixed via political means
28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___
[A] financial incentives.
[B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.
[D]the freedom to stay and leave.
29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __
[A] as faithful partners.
[B] with economic favors.
[C] with regal tolerance.
[D]as mighty rivals.
30 which is the best title of the passage?
[A] come and go: big mistake
[B] living and thriving : great risk
[C] with or without : great risk
[D]legal or illegal: big mistake


Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a
moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the
negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether
someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within
milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether
someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while
to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal
realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just
a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do
with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry
those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also
tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products
or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and
real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know
female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help
screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information
reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When

Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his
island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from
animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But
historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.
Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still
have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31. The time needed in making decisions may____.
[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32. Our reaction to a fast- food logo shows that snap decisions____.
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.
[A] trust our first impression
[B] do as people usually do
[C] think before we act
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.
[A] critical assessment
[B]‘thin sliced’ study
[C] sensible explanation
[D] adequate information
35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.
[A] tolerant
[B] uncertain
[C] optimistic
[D] doubtful

Text 4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never
be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and

Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed,
women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain
a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of
frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to
voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40
percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24
companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder
fairy as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas
do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass
ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally
binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they
run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one
considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world
must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US
are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter
how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the
summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at
Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to
the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their
children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any
other highly capable person living in a more just society.
36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.
[A] women take the lead
[B] men have the final say
[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed
[D] senior management is family-friendly
37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.
[A] a reflection of gender balance
[B] a reluctant choice
[C] a response to Reding’s call
[D] a voluntary action

38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.
[A] get top business positions
[B] see through the glass ceiling
[C] balance work and family
[D] anticipate legal results
39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.
[A] skepticism
[B] objectiveness
[C] indifference
[D] approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.
[A] more social justice
[B] massive media attention
[C] suitable public policies
[D] greater “soft pressure”

Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading
from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET1. (10 points)
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of
good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which
goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a I year working in corporate
communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'
marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. community
mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people
responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's
still a day-by-day thing.
agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you
can -
food

[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends

[D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not

41._____________________
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making
shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a
week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you
balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because,
being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42_____ __________________________________________________ _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not
the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan
properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon,
not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43_________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough.
Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate
wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits
threatening to
44___________________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and
fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel
comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones,
chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, They will let you have
for free.
45__________________
You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few
months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for three months
gives you £21 - more than
£16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.



Section III Translation

Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (15 points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in
the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind
seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad
memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me
just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more
acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to
the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the
Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.


Section IV Writing
47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your
classmates an email to
1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .
2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)

48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments
You should write about 150 words

2013考研英语（二）答案
Section I use of English
1．【答案】A（However）
【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币 的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电
子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社 会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折的，因此答案A。
B. moreover表递进 C. therefore 表结果 D. Otherwise表对比
2．【答案】D （around）
【解析】由空格所在句的“but” 得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上,这样的预测已经 二十年了,
但迄今还没有实现。A. off 停止 B. back 返回 C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D.
around出现。
3．【答案】B （concept）
【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手 段不久将“彻底改变货币
本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念（定 义），而A“力量”,C“历
史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择 role的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不
止一个，故答案选B。
4．【答案】D （reverse）
【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词 revolutionize （变革）意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含
有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，
都不合适，只有D选项re verse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,
并将在数年后颠覆货币 本身。”
5．【答案】C （slow）
【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在1975年就 预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲到“真正
的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这 种变革是一个缓慢的过程，故答案选择C。 A.
silent沉寂的，B. sudden突然的，D. steady稳定不变的。
6．【答案】B （against） 【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段应围绕纸
币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句与前一句是转折关系。尽管电子
支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，故
答 案选B，work against妨碍，对…产生消极影响。A. work for 为…而工作 C. work with 与…共
事，对…起作用 D. work on 从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。
7．【答案】B （expensive）
【解析】 本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。
所以根据这个 基调，得出选项productive不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意思的选项

exp ensive，其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的”；
sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为B。
8．【答案】D（dominant）
【解析】空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C, D是比较恰当的，
再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D选项。A. similar 相似的
B. original原始的，独创的,都不合适。
9．【答案】B （provide）
【解析】 纸质支票支付能够____收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A. collect 收集收据，C. copy
复印收据，D. print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。应该是B. provide提供收据。
10．【答案】A （give up）
【解析】该动词短语的宾语是前文的something, 指代上文的advantage，纸质支票 支付能够提供
收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B. take over接管，也不
能是C. bring back拿回来，D. pass down传递、遗传也不符合。A. give up放弃一种优势，符合
语境，为正确答案。
11. 【答案】A （before）
【解析】这里考查的是时间连词的应用。句子意思是 “在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天”，符合
句意的只有before，其它三项都不符合。
12. 【答案】D （withdrawn）
【解析】这里考查动词辨义。原文句子意思是 “资金是从发卡机构的账户里提取的”，withdraw有
“提款、取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银 行账户中“被取出”故为正确答案。
13. 【答案】C （Because）
【解析】这 里考查的是连词的应用。从原文可以看出空后的两个句子在意思上存在着因果关系，“因
为电子支付是即 付的，所以消除了客户的付款”。四个选项中只有C because可以表因果，其他三
项均不能表因果。故答案为C。
14. 【答案】C（ raise）
【解析】 这里考查的是动词辨析以及上下文语义衔接。[A] hide “隐藏，隐瞒”，[B] express “表
达，表示”，[C] raise “举起，提高，引发”，[D] ease “减轻，缓和”，四个选项中能和concerns
构成搭配的只有raise，故正确答案为[C]。
15．【答案】C.(stored)
【解析】这句讲了an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and
to alter information__________ there. “一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改_____ 信息”根据空前信
息可知是入侵电脑数据库，所以information 是被储存在电脑数据库中的信息。
16．【答案】C.(uncommon)
【解析】此题考查一致性。空格所在句“The fact that this is not an__16_occurrence means
that…”中this指代上文中that从句 的内容，即黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存的信息。因此

not an_16_occurrence应该能体现这一行为的特征，而上文提到“We often hear media reports
that…”，其中的often正是对这一行为的特征解释，即not an__occurrence等于often的含义，
对比选项，只有C选项uncommon符合， 带入后意为“经常发生的事情”。
17．【答案】A (steal)
【解析】本题缺少谓语动词，通过语法结构可以看出，主语是dishonest persons，并通过后面的其
他人的帐户，可以推定为答案是负向的，只有A steal符合题意，语义上也说得通，故为正确答案。
18．【答案】B.(prevention)
【解析】文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式 的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下来就开始
解释这个现象。空格所在句提到“对这种欺诈的_ 18__绝非易事，而且一个新的电脑科学领域正在形
成来_19__安全问题。”因此，本句在谈论对 问题的解决应对。18空格与19空格所填内容语意上应
该是一致的。浏览选项，18空只能选prev ention，即防止这种欺诈行为发生并非易事，而C选项
manipulation是“操纵”的意 思，D选项justification意为“解释，证明……合理”，均不合理。
19．【答案】A.(cope with)
【解析】此空格解释同18空格，应选有“处理，解决”意思的选项，只有A选项cope with合适。
B选项fight against意为“对抗，抵制”，而宾语是security issues，因此不符合。
20．【答案】D.(trail)
【解析】此空所在句提出 了使用电子付费方式的又一个担心，即会留下__20_，空格后的定语从句解
释了空格内容，即它包含 大量个人数据。浏览选项，只有trail符合，意为“痕迹”。B碎片从语义
上均说不通，C路径有一 定的干扰性，但相比较D而言，痕迹更为合适，故为正确答案

Section II Reading comprehension：
Part A
21.【答案】A the impact of technological advances
【解析】 细节理解题。第一 段第二行指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化程度的，后一句具体说明了笑话
的内容：工厂平均每天只有两个人 ，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示了工厂所
有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。 故这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响。
22.【答案】D contribute something unique
【解析】 事实细节题，通过题干“根据第3段，要想成为一个成功的雇员，一个人得„„”, 我们
可以定位到文章第三段Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value
contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.意为：因此，
人人都需要有另外的价值，异于常人的独特价 值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。，我们可
以得出，题干中“to be a successful employee”与第三段的最后一句话中的“that makes them