英语四级作文开头 结尾
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好的开篇是文章成功的一半.对于四级考生来说,文章的开篇恰恰是难点之一.文章的开篇写作既要引人入胜,又要提供必要的背景知识;既要点明和切中文章的主题,还要概括和总结全文的内容.所以,写开篇时,作者必须想好从何处说起,再向何处展开.下面介绍几种可行的开篇方法:
(1)故事法:叙述事件发生的时间、地点,引起读者的兴趣,且提出文章的主题.
On September 6, 2002, I entered the college. Having lived for one year in the college, I think my life on campus is both challenging and colorful, or, to put it this way, busy.
(2)对比法:通过对两种不同的观点和态度的比较,引出自己倾向哪种观点,即引出文章要讨论的主题.
Usually we see two types of students: those who are active in school activities and those who spend more time on their studies and do not take part in school activities. But I prefer to be one of the first type because I think good health is indispensable to knowledge-acquisition in campus life.
(3) 引用法:通过引用名人名言,箴言谚语,或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要讨论的观点.
"He who will not learn when he is young will regret it when he is old. "No one should be content to simply end his education with high school education. For education is a lifetime study. We must insist on studying in college.
(4) 问题法:用提出设问的方式讨论有争议的主题,可激起读者的兴趣.
"Why have I chosen to attend college? Is the four-year academic life worthwhile?" I
have put these questions to myself at many times in the past year. "Is it because of my parents' influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue? What should I do in campus life?"
(5) 现象法:对于大学生活存在的各种现象和倾向进行剖析,从而引出自己的看法.
Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges and universities have done. At the same time, however, there is a growing uneasiness about their products. These young men and women who carry away our degrees are attractive, energetic and eloquent. But what about their intellectual equipment? What have they done in college?
(6) 观点法:文章开门见山,直截了当提出文章的中心思想.
Maybe it is time to reexamine our present values of college life and try to figure out why college life is greatly different from high school life. College life is not only for study but also for enriching your social experience.
以上各段均可作为写大学生活的开篇.如果要写成描写文,还可以从场景写起,也可使用一件奇闻轶事或一段对话.议论文则可从提出中心论点、举典型事例、使用统计数字等开始.
(二) 结尾
结尾部分是总结全文, 深化主题,对文章思
想的升华,不必要提出新的观点或问题.其内容应简短有力,起到画龙点睛的作用.且要与开头段遥相呼应.开头涉及的问题,在结尾处必须给出明确的交代或回答.
常见的结尾方法有:
(1) 总结式:把全文的主要观点、中心意思进行概括总结. 如:
So, speaking allowed people to laugh, and nature rewarded those who laughed by improving their chances of survival.
(2) 提出希望或展望未来,常在总结、报告的文体中使用.如:
In the very near future, no doubt, the computer will play a more important role in people's daily lives.
(3) 引语法:采用谚语、格言、名人的语言等结束全文.如:
In particular, I agree with what Francis Bacon said: "Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability."
(4) 反问法:结尾对文章所提观点进行反问,引起读者思考.如:
Wouldn't it be strange if we were to stick to such old ideas?
(5)号召式:用于呼吁读者行动起来,或敦促采取行动.如:
It is high time that we school put an immediate end to this deplorable phenomenon. Our colleges and universities should be more willing to shoulder their responsibilities to students and their families. But too often, these responsibilities have been evaded. This we can not afford.
以上只是几种常用的结尾的方法,还有很多种方法可以使用,只是要根据文章的内容恰当使用,为文章画上一个圆满的句号.
1. 最常见错误：从句连接词缺失，最主要的是THERE BE句型：
There is a saying goes ... [应为There is a saying which goes ...]
There are many people think that... [应为There are many people who think that...或者直接说Many people think that...]
It's the major thing affects people's friendship. [少了一个that]
When we have difficulty, someone helps you right away is the real friend. [少了一个who]
2. NO MATTER / WHETHER错误，这是英语专业学生最容易犯的另一类错误：
Friendship is important for no matter rich people or poor people. [宜改为Friendship is possible, whether for rich people or for poor people. "no matter"后面必须接一个小句（主语、谓语完整）]
3. C语类重复。所谓C语类是个句法用语，用于引导一个完整的小句，起标志作用，如that/whether等等：
People are not sure that whether... [that一词多余]
4. LACK / LACKING
似乎受汉语语感的影响，多数英语学生似乎认为lack是形容词，所以时常说is lack of...
5. 逻辑域错误。这个应该不难判断，但还是经常出错：
If people become friends, both of them won't care about money... [可改为neither of them care about money...]
其他：
oice some different opinions 替代to give/express some different opinions; to double/triple 替代twice or three times;
3)尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。
如be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of替代indicate, suggest ,fear;it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代 it is very important/ significant/ helpful/ useful;not unnecessary/ not unimportant。
4)四级考试词汇不足采取措施：
在四级作文写作过程中，很多考生往往有很多话要说，但是词汇量不足无法完整表达自己的意思。为了应付这种情况，我们总结简便易行的应急措施：
①试用笼统词
英语中有些具体词音节较多，使用频率不高，容易遗忘，而英语中笼统词有have, take 等，它的意义广泛，搭配性强，构成词组后可以替代众多具体动词，大致表达意思。
例如：这个男孩跟他爸爸长得很像。
The boy resembles his father.
分析：这个句子中，如果考生想不起resemble这个单词时，用take after代替。如：The boy takes after his father.其效果及表达的意义决不亚于第一句。这样的例子还很多。如：
I experienced a terrible hard time.= I had a terrible hard time.
I will preside over the meeting.= I will take the meeting.
②联想有关词汇
当遗忘单词时，发挥想象力，想出一切与之有关的单词，多角度地运用语言。一般情况下，联想可按下列思路进行：1联想同义词;2联想反义词。
英语语言中众多的同义词在许多情况下是可以通用的。但也要注意英语同义词并不是完全对等，要根据具体语境选择同义词。
The driver stepped on the gas and accelerated the car.
分析：accelerate 使用频率不太高，很容易遗忘。而其同义词quicken;speed up却很容易记。以后者取代前者丝毫不影响原句的意义。再如：the prevailing economic conditions in Northern Ireland= the current economic conditions in Northern Ireland
同样，用其反义词来取代某一遗忘了的词也是可行的，例如：
He is stubborn.= He is not tame.
She is talkative.= She is never quiet.
③试用解释性语句
解释性语句能帮助我们巧妙地避开一些大词，难词，又能使意思表达流畅。英语当中多功能解释性语句，就可以起到这一作用。例如：
He is a dumb.= He is a person who can not speak.
I’ve never seen such a stubborn person.= I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other’s advice.
四级作文的评分标准一般侧重于能清楚地表达意义，段落，层次有系统性，语法正确，而并不过分强调用词的精确度。当考生碰到难词或遗忘词时，不要钻牛角尖，应该采取灵活的思维方法，运用有限的词汇作出美妙的文章
。
(2)恰当运用修辞
英语作文中常用的修辞方式是比喻。比喻包括明喻、暗喻和换喻三种。
明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.用like, as, as…as, as if(though)或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如：
The man can’t be is as slippery as an eel.那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.童年就像一场即逝的梦。
暗喻：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如：
The world is a stage.世界是一个大舞台。
a sea of troubles 忧愁之海
换喻：用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。 例如：
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848.他在1848年继承了王位。
(3)开头结尾新颖脱俗
文章的开篇方法多种多样，大家必须根据文章的题材、体裁、读者等来加以选择。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：
①开门见山,直入主题
开始段可用简洁的语言直陈主题思想，既可以吸引读者的注意力，又可以避免跑题。例如：主题：Euthanasia(安乐死)
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
该段第一句引入安乐死这一讨论的主题，第二句接着直接陈述作者对安乐死的看法。从这个开始段不难看出，全文将阐述“为什么实行安乐死是对的”。
②以问句形式开头,点明主题
文章的开头还可用设问的方式点明主题，提示全文内容，激发读者读下去，探个究竟。例如：主题：Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty. What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句说中国水资源丰富，第二句指出中国许多城市却缺水，第三句提出了读者心中的疑问：是什么原因导致缺水呢?从而激发读者的兴趣，吸引读者读下去，寻找问题的答案。
③引用名言、谚语，点明主题
开始段还可以巧妙引用与主题相关的名言、常用习语、谚语、格言等，既可增强文章的感染力，也可点题或表明作者的观点。例如：
A proverb says, “You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)
It goes withou
t saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言)
引用名言，使文章很自然进入主题，同时也增强了文章的感染力。
④运用数字统计
原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字，可是在考试的时候可以编造数字。例如：
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
A recent statistics shows that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country.
文章开头使用数字，这样吸引读者的注意，并且是描写显得生动有力。
⑤描写共有经历，引起共鸣
开始段还可通过描写与读者共有的经历，引起读者的共鸣，增强说服力。例如：主题：Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?” Many youngsters have heard words like those from their until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming….
本段通过许多年轻人常常从他们父母那听到的话开头，引出“白日做梦”这一主题，很容易引起读者的共鸣，激发他们的兴趣，同时又能增强了文章的说服力。
另外，结尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同开篇一样重要。结尾段对全文要点进行概括总结、表达作者的目的，以求留给读者一个深刻完整的印象，增强文章的效果。文章结尾的形式常见的有以下几种:
①总结全文,得出结论
结尾段可用总结全文的方式强调、概括全文的主要内容，加深读者对全文的深刻了解与认识。例如：
主题：Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise.I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work.I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段总结了全文，加深读者对“体育锻炼有益于健康”这一主题的认识。
②提出建议,号召行动,表达决心或展望未来
结尾段还可以在总结全文要点的基础上，对文中所提的暂时无法解决或尚无定论的问题适当引申，或提出建议，号召别人采取行动，或展望未来。这种方法可以启发读者思考并予以鼓舞，有助于增强文章的感染力。例如：
主题：Generation gap
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
该段就怎样弥补代沟方面提出一些建议。
③建议与结论
文章的结尾常结合两种写法。有的先提出建议或解决办法，再做结论。有的则先做出结论，再提出建议，例如：
主题：Shortage of natural resources
(自然资源短缺)
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
该段首先进行总结：人类社会持续的发展证明，如果没有自然资源，人口的繁衍、经济和社会的发展最终都是不可能的。作者接着建议，为了节约有限的资源，我们必须采取一些措施，正确处理人口与资源的关系。
④提醒读者事物的两面性
文章的结尾还可以以转折的形式，提醒读者任何事物都有两面性，从而认识到其不足或负面的影响。例如：
主题：Solar Energy(太阳能)
However, solar energy has its is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical s, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
该段指出了太阳能的两个缺点：一、太贵;二、太阳能系统在阴雨天和晚上无法工作，从而让人们更全面地了解太阳能。值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面时，不能用太多笔墨，否则会喧宾夺主，淡化主题思想。
(4)巧妙运用名言警句来源：
名言警句的巧妙运用不仅会使文章有一定的文采，论证更加有说服力，更能显示考生的英语功底。另外能够适时引经据典，必定会让阅卷人眼前一亮。
1)开头段：名言警句或俗语谚语等作为文章的开头，既文采斐然，又能突出中心。例如：
Just as the saying goes, “ so many people, so many minds”, it is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.
2)中间段：中间段主题句之后引用名言警句，有力证明论点，起到锦上添花的效果。例如：
As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no ers do play a positive role in the development of people’ lives, despite a slice of unfavorable should ,therefore, take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.
3)结尾段：用名言警句收尾，意在引申文章内涵，充分表明考生自己的观点，极具说服力，收到“言有尽而意无穷”的效果，起到了画龙点睛的作用。例如：
Therefore, we should never underestimate our own ability but should believe in the proverb: “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Confidence is a must for success.
From: /CET46/CET4/xiezuo/2010-02-27/