手写爱-教师法

Unit1
1
一Interviewer: Angela, you were born in Korea but you've been living in Canada for a long time, haven't you?
Angela: Yes, I was 10 years old when my parents immigrated to Canada and I've been living here for 20 years
now.
Interviewer: Do you think that belonging to two different cultures has affected your personality?
Angela: Yes, definitely. There are times when I think that I have two personalities. Depending on where I am and
who I'm with, I'm Korean or I'm Canadian.
Interviewer: That sounds complicated. Could you explain what you mean?
Angela: Well, growing up in Canada when I was going to high school, for example, I was known as Angela to the
outside world, and as Sun-Kyung at home. I would wave hello to my teachers, but bow to my parents' Korean
friends when they visited our home.
Interviewer: Do different cultures have different ideas as to what is polite?
Angela: Yes, definitely. In high school, I was expected to look straight in the eyes of my teachers and to talk
openly with them. But when Koreans spoke to me, I was expected to look at my feet and to be shy and silent.
Interviewer: Do you think that having two personalities makes you a richer person?
Angela: Yes, but sometimes I don't know who I am.
二
I am a very sensitive person, and that's good to a point. I feel everyone should be able to feel or understand what
others are going through. But when you hurt, cry, or are unhappy for people you don't know, or for a movie that is
not real, then I think that's a little too sensitive. That's the way I am.
I am a very independent person. I must do things for myself. I don't like people doing things for me, or helping me,
or giving me things. It's not that I don't appreciate it, because I do. I just feel that when someone does something
for you, you owe them, and if there is one thing I don't like to feel, it's that I owe anyone anything.
I think I would be a good friend. I would do almost anything for someone I like, and would share or give anything
I have. I'm very caring and understanding. People trust me with their secrets, and they're right for doing so
because I never tell any secret that is told to me. I'm always there to help in any way that I can. All you have to do
is ask.
I enjoy life and people, which makes me feel good. I find fun in almost everything I do (except housework). I like
to watch people, talk to them, and be around them. It makes no difference whether I agree or disagree with what
they feel, or how they live, or what they look like, or what age they are. I just enjoy learning and being aware of
everything and everyone around me.
三
Tom: Hey, Bill. Do you have any plans for this weekend?

Bill: Yeah, Tom. Cindy and I are going ice-skating on Saturday.
Tom: Oh.
Bill: Why do you ask?
Tom: Well, I thought you might want to come over and study for next week's chemistry test.
Bill: Study?! No way. Hey, what if I try to fix you up with Cindy's sister, Kristi. We could double-date. She's
really outgoing, bright, and funny too.
Tom: Hey, I still remember the girl you fixed me up with last time. She was very moody and self- centered. She
couldn't stop talking about how great she was. I'm not sure if I can trust you,
Bill: Oh come on. So I made a mistake last time. Cindy's sister is really different.
Tom: Well, what does she look like?
Bill: Ah. Looks aren't important. She has a wonderful personality.
Tom: Right.
Bill: Okay. She has long wavy blond hair and blue eyes. She's of medium height, just a little shorter than you are.
Tom: Go on.
Bill: She has a great figure, a nice complexion, and she has a sexy voice. Oh, and she has a tattoo of an eagle on
her arm.
Tom: A what?
Bill: No, just kidding. By the way, she was the runner-up in the Miss California Beauty Pageant two years ago.
Well, you're probably not interested.
Tom: No, wait!
Bill: Ah, just forget I ever mentioned it.
Tom: No, I'm interested!
四
David: Barbara, before you go, could you tell me about these students that are coming into my class?
Barbara: Oh, yes. Now, let me think, well, there's...er...Paul. He's a tall, slim lad with fair hair. Very friendly face,
lovely smile... He's particularly good with group activities, and he's a very helpful person to have in the class and
very helpful with the other students. He speaks fluently, but does make a lot of mistakes! He doesn't seem to mind
making mistakes. He asks a lot of questions...er...he tends to speak first and think later. But he's got lots of
interesting ideas.
David: Good.

Barbara: Ah...Susan...Susan. Now, she's very lively, quick, and very bright. She talks all the time but not always
in English.
David: What? Is she difficult or anything?
Barbara: No...she's quite young but she does behave in quite a grown-up way really for her age. It can be a bit
difficult to actually shut her up sometimes and make her listen to you.
David: Ah, right.
Barbara: She's very nice. She has dark hair and dark eyes.
David: Right, well...are there any other girls in the class?
Barbara: Yes, there is Maria. She's Susan's sister.
David: Yes.
Barbara: Actually it's quite difficult to tell them apart although...er... Maria is slightly older. She's a bit plumper
and has longer hair than Susan. She's not quite as bright as her sister and I think that makes her feel a bit inferior
really. Well, you know, she sulks a bit when she gets things wrong or she misunderstands you. But on the whole,
a very sensible girl.
David: OK.
Barbara: And then there's Peter, who's older than the others. He's got a sort of moustache, spectacles and wavy
dark brown hair. He usually wears a jacket and sometimes a suit. He's very smart and takes notes all the time. He's
also very serious and determined to learn as much as possible. He asks quite difficult questions but he doesn't
mean to be nasty.
David: Well, thanks, Barbara. It's all up to me now, isn't it? Have a good holiday, won't you?
Barbara: Thanks.
David: Bye.
5
1. Pedro sleeps only six hours a night. He goes to school full-time and works part-time in the afternoons. At night
he plays soccer or basketball. He's seldom tired and his favorite way to relax is to jog two or three miles.
What kind of person is Pedro?
2. Mr. Miller was teaching his fourth grade class how to divide. The students didn't understand. He had to repeat
his lesson and explain the idea more slowly. Over the next few days he explained and explained the lesson until
almost the whole class understood and knew how to divide.
What kind of teacher is Mr. Miller?
3. People in the High Street neighborhood don't buy their fruits and vegetables in the supermarket. They buy them
from Mr. Smith's truck. You can trust Mr. Smith. He never tries to sell any bad or unripe fruit. His prices are fair.
What kind of person is Mr. Smith?

4. Jake and Charles ran into the classroom. Each one saw the chair he wanted to sit on. Unfortunately, it was the
same chair. They both sat down at the same time. Each of them had half a chair. Charles said he was there first
and tried to push Jake off the chair. Jake said he was first. Both boys refused to move.

Charles sat like that for the whole period until the bell rang. When they stood up they were stiff and sore.

What kind of person is Jake?
5. Room 46A at Travis High School was always the dirtiest room in the school. Many of the students threw paper
on the floor. One day, Mrs. Duke had an idea. She fastened a basketball hoop over the wastebasket. Now the
students love to practice throwing their paper into the basket. When they miss, they pick the paper up and try
again. And that was the end of the problem.
What kind of person is Mrs. Duke?
6
A number of visitors to the UK, who had traveled throughout the British Isles, were asked by a newspaper
reporter what their impressions of the British people were. Here's a brief summary of what they thought.
There were many different opinions among those interviewed: Some were very flattering, others very critical. The
distinction between the English and the British wasn't always understood, but, on the whole, it seemed that the
Scots were very popular with visitors. They were thought to be very friendly, even though one Dutch visitor
confessed she'd found it hard to understand their English.
A great number found the British generally reserved, particularly the English, although one Australian visitor
called the English
same language was a great help.
Some Asian businessmen, who had traveled widely throughout England, said quite openly that they found North
country people
of them said, with a playful smile on his face,
A few continentals praised
saying 'please' and 'sorry' when you don't feel pleased or sorry,
A young student from South Africa had no views on the matter. He hadn't met any Englishmen, he said. The
country appeared to be full of foreigners like himself.
Statements
1. It was easy to tell the English from the British.
2. Speaking the same language helped one Australian visitor a lot.
3. By
countries.
4. The majority of continentals thought highly of English manners.

5. To the young student from South Africa, Britain seemed to have a lot of foreign visitors.
Unit2
1
Mart Moody from Tupper Lake used to tell this tale.
Tupper Lake. And I had this good dog. I shot at the ducks, and then I sent the dog out there. She was heavy with
pups at the time, and I didn't know whether I should send her out there. It was a cold day in the fall. Well, she
took right off and away she went. But she didn't show up when it got dark. I began to worry about her. She was a
good dog, a really good retriever. She'd get anything I shot at.

shoreline of the lake and I looked out. Suddenly I saw something coming. It was this dog. She came into the shore!
She had three ducks in her mouth. And behind her she had seven pups. And each of the pups had a duck in his
mouth.
2
There was an old man who had a daughter. He told his daughter that he had invited a preacher to his house. He
said,
for him in the other room. Don't you touch them!
to the train to meet the Reverend, and the girl began to taste the ducks. The ducks tasted so good that she kept on
tasting them until she had eaten them all up, every bit of them.
After the old man came back, he didn't even look in the place where he had left the ducks. He went directly into
the other room to sharpen his knife on the oilstone so he could carve the ducks. The preacher was sitting in the
room with the girl. She knew that her papa was going to punish her, and she started crying and shedding tears.
The preacher asked,
preachers to his house and goes to sharpen his knife to cut off both their ears.
that you say, daughter?
The preacher said,
quickly. The daughter called her papa and said,
man ran to the door and yelled to the preacher,
now!
these.
3
Jack Storm was the local barrel maker and blacksmith of Thebes, Illinois. He had a cat that stayed around his shop.
The cat was the best mouse catcher in the whole country, Jack said. He kept the shop free of rats and mice. But,
one day, the cat got caught in a piece of machinery and got a paw cut off. After that, he began to grow weak and
thin and didn't take any interest in anything, because he wasn't getting enough to eat.
So, one day, Jack decided to make a wooden paw for the cat. He made it with his pocket knife and fastened it on
the injured leg. After that, the cat began to grow sleek and fat again. Jack decided to stay at the shop one night to
see how the cat managed with his wooden paw.
After dark, the cat got down in front of a mouse hole and waited. Pretty soon a mouse peered out cautiously.
Quick as a flash the cat seized it with his good paw and knocked it on the head with his wooden one. In no time,
that cat had eighteen mice piled up in front of the mouse hole.

4
Ken: Hey, Josh. Where did you get those comic magazines?
Josh: When I went home last weekend, I found these old Superman magazines that my older brother had bought
many years ago.
Ken: You don't have time to read old comics. Why did you bring them here?
Josh: In my World Literature class we've been talking about the importance of myths, folk tales, and legends to
cultures. We have to write a short paper on which legendary figure we think is the great American hero. I think it's
Superman.
Ken: Superman? Why? I think it's someone like Paul Bunyan, the giant woodsman, or Johnny Appleseed, who
planted early apple trees in the Midwest. Superman is just a modern comic magazine character.
Josh: When I saw these old comics, I started thinking that Superman represents a combination of cultural
traditions and beliefs that have been told throughout our American history.
Ken: How?
Josh: Superman is an orphan who comes by rocket to Earth when his native planet explodes. He lands near a
small town and is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent, who teach him their American middle-class values of
honesty, hard work and consideration for others. As an adult, he migrates to a large city and defends Americans
against evil.
Ken: What else?
Josh: Well, I was thinking about this and realized that he is a symbol of the American character because he is an
immigrant. We Americans have come from somewhere else, too. My great grandparents came from Germany, and
I know your grandparents came from Brazil. They all worked hard and succeeded.
Ken: But how does that relate to Superman?
Josh: He goes to the city, just as many immigrants did, works as a newspaper reporter. But his adopted parents'
values of honesty, hard work and helpfulness are a part of him. He uses his super abilities to fight dishonesty and
to help the victims of crime and injustice, meanwhile working hard at his newspaper job.
Ken: I understand. As an orphan, Superman becomes a new person in a new land, just as our ancestors did, and
succeeds. He also represents our values. Your paper should be interesting. I'd like to read it when it's finished.
Josh: OK.
5
At one time animals and people lived together in peace and talked with each other. But when mankind began to
multiply rapidly, the animals were crowded into forests and deserts.
Man began to destroy many animals for their skins and furs instead of only for food. Animals became angry at
this treatment by man and decided that mankind must be punished.

The animals held a meeting, but they could not decide how to punish mankind. Finally the animals agreed that
because deer were the animals most often killed by man, deer should decide how man should be punished.
Deer decided that any Indian hunters who killed deer without asking pardon in a suitable manner would be made
to suffer with painful stiffness in their bodies. After this decision was made, the leader of the deer sent a message
to the nearest people, the Cherokee Indians.
before killing him. You must ask his pardon, telling the deer you are forced to kill him only because your people
are hungry and need meat. Otherwise, a terrible disease will come to you.
The spirits of the deer would run to the place where a deer had been killed and these spirits would ask the dead
deer,
the answer was
terrible disease of stiffness in his body, making him crippled so that he could not hunt deer again.
Soon all of the animals agreed that this was a fair and just punishment. Each type of animal decided that they
would also cause a disease in people who mistreated them.
When the friendly plants of the world heard what the animals had decided as punishment for mankind, the plants
decided that this punishment was too harsh. They had a meeting of their own. Finally they decided that each type
of plant should provide a cure for one of the diseases which animals had caused for mankind.
This was the beginning of plant medicines from nature among the Cherokee Indians a long, long time ago.
6
Every March, a flock of buzzards returns to the town of Hinkley, Ohio. No one really knows how long this event
has taken place, but according to local legend the annual buzzard migration began nearly 200 years ago with a
massacre.

Eve, in 1818. The local settlers deciding that the township needed to be made safe for their livestock, gathered
together about 400 men and boys, with guns and clubs and completely surrounded the township of Hinkley.
As the story goes, the townsfolk began marching toward the center of town, driving all the game in front of them,
and killing virtually every wild animal they encountered.

animals out in the snow. When spring came, the remaining dead animals attracted many buzzards, and since 1819
they've been coming back here in March.
Hinkley locals have come to appreciate the buzzards' annual return. In mid- March, on Buzzard Sunday, they
celebrate the birds' arrival with costumes, exhibits and songs.
7
Almost seven centuries ago, in Central Asia, there lived a great king called Tamerlane. He was a mighty, powerful,
conquering soldier, and his greatest ambition was that one day he would rule a massive empire stretching from the
Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. He made his imperial capital in the oasis city of
Samarkand, which he planned to make the most beautiful city on earth. Many magnificent mosques were built and
they were decorated with exquisite blue ceramic tiles on the outside, and with pure gold on the inside.

Tamerlane, like the great oriental king that he was, had many wives, including a Chinese girl called Bibi Khanym.
Now Bibi Khanym was the most beautiful of all Tamerlane's wives, and she was also the youngest. She was his
favorite wife and was deeply in love with him.
In order to demonstrate her great love of Tamerlane, she decided to build a magnificent mosque to honor him,
while he was away fighting in a distant war. She engaged the best architect, who designed for her the most
magnificent mosque you could imagine. And then she found the best master builder, who began work
immediately. But as the weeks and months passed by, the master builder began to fall in love with Bibi Khanym.
She resisted all his advances, but at last he threatened to leave the mosque unfinished unless she allowed him to
kiss her just once. Bibi Khanym wanted the beautiful mosque finished more than anything else. She was
expecting Tamerlane to return any day. So at last she agreed to let the master builder kiss her, just once.
But that was her terrible mistake, for so powerful was the master builder's love for Bibi Khanym that when he
kissed her he left a permanent mark on her face.
King Tamerlane returned and saw the guilty mark on his wife's face. The master builder was executed
immediately, and then, thinking that a woman's beauty can be a dangerous thing, Tamerlane ordered that from
that day on all the women in the kingdom should never be seen in public without a veil to cover their face.
Unit3
1
In August 1975, three men were on their way to rob the Royal Bank of Scotland at Rothesay when they got stuck
in the revolving doors. They had to be helped free by the staff and, after thanking everyone, sheepishly left the
building. A few minutes later, they returned and announced their intention of robbing the bank, but none of the
staff believed them. When, at first, they demanded £5,000, the head cashier laughed at them, convinced that it was
a practical joke.
Considerably disheartened by this, the gang leader reduced his demand first to £500 then to £50 and ultimately to
50 pence. By this stage the cashier could barely control herself for laughter.
Then one of the men jumped over the counter and fell awkwardly on the floor, clutching his ankle. The other two
made their getaway, but got trapped in the revolving doors for a second time, desperately pushing the wrong way.
2
Man: Yes, I'd like to report a theft.
Police Officer: Okay. Can you tell me exactly what happened?
Man: Well, I was walking home from work two days ago, enjoying the nature all around me...the birds, the frogs,
the flowing stream...[Okay, Okay] when this woman knocked me right off my feet, grabbed my stuff, and ran off
through the trees. [Hmm]. I was so surprised by the ordeal that I didn't chase her.
Police Officer: Yeah. Can you describe the woman for me?
Man: Yeah. She was about 190 centimeters tall...
Police Officer: Wait. You said a woman robbed you.

Man: Well, I'm not really sure. [Hmm]. You see, the person was wearing a white and black polka-dot dress, a
light red sweater over it, and she...or he...was wearing a pair of basketball shoes.
Police Officer: Hmm. What else can you tell me?
Man: Okay. Like I said, the person was about 190 centimeters tall, heavily built, with long wavy hair. She...or
he...was probably about in her or his late 30s. I didn't get a good look at the person's face, but well...uh...
Police Officer: What? Was there something else?
Man: Well, the person...had a beard.
Police Officer: Ah! What was, uh, taken...exactly?
Man: Well, just my left shoe. Crazy, isn't it?
Police Officer: Ah hah! The
Man: The
Police Officer: Yeah. It's this man who dresses up like a woman and, for some unknown reason, removes the left
shoe from his victims. He's really quite harmless, though, and he usually returns the shoe to the crime scene a
couple of days later.
Man: Hey, he can keep my shoe, and I'll just take off my left shoe every time I walk through the park.
3
Melissa Luzzi, a Dallas resident who owns an embroidery business, thought her home was secure. But in broad
daylight a thief got in by smashing through a floor-to-ceiling window in the back of her house. Incredibly, no
neighbors heard the disturbance—and her home was robbed of everything of value.
One thing common to every neighborhood I visited: empty streets for much of the day. Many of us are working,
and the kids are in school. But there's usually someone home in the neighborhood.
I've found that, nationwide, police respond much faster to 911 calls than to alarms. So keep an eye on your
neighbors' property, and ask them to do the same for you. Call the police if you hear breaking glass, or see
someone lurking about or notice anything suspicious.
You also might consider joining a community crime-watch group.
watch groups,

best security you've got.
4
I took a trip recently into the heart of the Amazon Basin where one of the big issues facing our planet stands out:
the balance between economic development and the conservation of natural resources. There is strong pressure in
the country to harvest natural riches for short-term financial gains. Then there is intense international concern
about the control of such development. The problem, of course, is that this is a one-way street. Rapid development,
and wholesale harvesting of timber, oil, and the like, will soon lead to the Amazon desert, which would mean the

extinction of half our planet's animal and plant species and the depletion of much of the oxygen we breathe. This
clearly impacts every one of us.
The local people of the Amazon understand the delicate balance of nature. They've survived for thousands of
years by making good use of it, not abusing it—something we can all learn from. And now tourism is playing a
positive role in the equation. Travelers from more developed countries are increasingly interested in the natural
world. As a result, they are fueling a boom in eco-tourism. This is in turn bringing valuable income into the region,
raising awareness of critical issues and helping slow down the otherwise uncontrollable development.
5
It isn't strictly true that one half of the world is rich and the other half is poor. It is one-third that is very rich and
two-thirds that are very poor. People in the rich third don't realize the enormous difference between them and the
other two- thirds. A very simple example is that a dog or a cat in North America eats better than a child in many of
the poorer countries. A fisherman in South America may be catching fish which are processed into pet food and
yet his own children are not getting enough protein for their bodies to develop properly. Although a lot of the
world's natural resources come from these poorer countries, people in the richer countries are probably using
much more of these resources than people in Asia or Africa. The richer countries are in a position to dictate to
suppliers what kind of prices they are prepared to pay for these natural resources. In some cases the prices have
gone down. In others they have remained steady. But the prices the richer countries get for their own exports have
continued to rise. So, they are getting richer and richer, and the poorer countries are getting poorer and poorer.
6
The news report that night was about a famine in Ethiopia. From the first few seconds it was clear that this was a
really monumental catastrophe. The pictures were of people who were so thin that they looked like beings from
another planet. The camera focused on one man so that he looked directly at me, sitting in my comfortable living
room. All around was the sound of death.
It was clear that somehow the world had not noticed this tragedy until now. You could hear the despair, grief and
disgust in the voice of the reporter, Michael Buerk. At the end of the report he was silent. My wife, Paula, started
crying, then rushed upstairs to check our baby, Fifi, who was sleeping peacefully.
I kept seeing the news pictures in my mind. What could I do? I was only a pop singer—and by now not a very
successful pop singer. All I could do was make records which no one bought. But I would do that, I would give all
the profits of the next Rats record to Oxfam. What good would that do? It would only be a little money but it was
more than I could give just from my bank account. Maybe some people would buy it because the profits were for
Oxfam. And I would be protesting about this disaster. But that was not enough.
7
Marsha and Ed Gibson are sitting at the kitchen table. Ed is nervous and upset, and he's smoking. Marsha's eyes
are red. She looks tired. Their children, two boys, eight and ten, are sitting with them. Tony and George know that
their parents are having problems. Now, their parents are telling the boys that they're going to get a divorce.
Their mother is talking first. She's telling them that she loves them and their father loves them, too. But she and
their father are having problems. They aren't going to live together as a family anymore. It has nothing to do with
the boys. The boys are going to live with her. They're going to stay in the same house, go to the same school, and
be with all their friends.
Now, their father is talking. He's going to leave the house this weekend. He's not going to move far away; he's
going to be in the next town. Two weekends a month, the boys are going to stay with him. And, they're going to

be with him one month in the summertime. He'll take his vacation then and they'll go to the beach. The boys can
call him anytime. He's going to be nearby. It'll be better this way.
Tony and George don't really understand what's happening. On the one hand, they know that their parents aren't
happy. On the other hand, they want everyone to stay together.
Questions:
1. How does the couple feel about their divorce?
2. Why does the couple decide to get a divorce?
3. Where will the husband go after the divorce?
4. What is the children's response to their parents' divorce?
Unit4
1
For many of you this will be your last year at university and now is the time for you to begin thinking seriously
about your future careers. In order to give you as much help as possible, I have quoted a list of questions that you
ought to ask yourself.
First,
well as your strengths. Take a really good look at yourself and give real thought to the kind of person you are, and
what kind of person you want to be.
Second,
Talk to people who have similar abilities and interests and who are already in the careers that interest you. You
can gain some idea of what they consider to be important and challenging in those careers. Watch these people at
work.
Third,
am considering?
importance of education in all fields, technical and professional. Remember that chances of promotion are usually
given to educated persons—other things being equal.
Fourth,
experience that you can benefit from. They can help you think about the jobs. They can stimulate you to give
careful thought to what you really want to do, and offer useful suggestions about how you might take full
advantage of your personal qualities and qualifications.
Last,
important to my future happiness? Is it a combination of both?
The above questions and their answers should give you some better ideas about how you should start planning
your career. Your life- long job cannot be approached in any kind of haphazard fashion. It must be considered
carefully, examined from every angle, and talked over with those who know you and those who can help you in
any way.
2

Interviewer: Some people feel that their jobs are misunderstood by others. Is that very common?
Sociologist: Oh, absolutely. Most jobs or professions have an image or stereotype attached to them, and some of
these are not realistic. The serious point is that young people choose their careers based on these false images, and
they may even avoid certain careers which have a negative image. This can cause problems for the economy.
Interviewer: Is there evidence of this problem?
Sociologist: Yes, there was a recent survey of children's attitudes to different professions.
Interviewer: How was this done? Children don't know much about jobs and professions.
Sociologist: True. What the investigators wanted to get was children's impressions and prejudices. They gave the
children twelve pairs of statements, one of the pair positive, and the other negative. Children were asked to say
which of the statements was
Interviewer: For example?
Sociologist: Well, for example,
Interviewer: I see. What professions did they ask about?
Sociologist: The list is long, but it included lawyers, economists, accountants, sales representatives, scientists and
engineers.
Interviewer: And the results?
Sociologist: Well, they are striking, especially for engineers who came out much worse than one might expect.
About 90 percent of the children thought that engineering was a
more likely to take orders than to give them. The only other person they thought more likely to lose his job was
the sales representative. But, there were good points too. Engineering was seen to be
work
Interviewer: Hmm, not a rosy picture.
Sociologist: No, but it got better when children were asked what they thought of the engineer as a person. Most of
them chose positive comments, but most thought the engineer was likely to be badly dressed.
Interviewer: What about other professions? What were the most popular?
Sociologist: Oh, the lawyers by far. Next came accountants and scientists as well as economists. The engineers
and sales representatives were the least popular.
Interviewer: Sounds like a sign of the times.
Sociologist: Yes, but I think the most serious implication was the children's apparent ignorance of the importance
of the engineer's role in society.
3
(Here's a dialog between a woman whose job is to help people find jobs and a man looking for a job.)
Woman: Look. Here's a job that might interest you.

Man: What is it? Are you sure? The last job interview you sent me off to was a disaster.
Woman: Well, look. It says they want a sales manager, and it looks like it's a big international company. That'd
be good. You might get to travel.
Man: What kind of company is it, though?
Woman: Um, let's see. Yes, it's a textile company that seems to import from abroad. They say the salary is really
good. They operate a system of paying you a basic salary and then offering you a sales commission on top of that.
They say it is high. And oh, look! They give you a car to travel round in. That's not bad, is it?
Man: Um, do they say anything about experience?
Woman: Um, let's see. No, they want someone young with ambition and enthusiasm. Oh yes, they want
graduates, so that's OK. You've been to university. Now what else? Let's see.
Man: There must be some catch.
Woman: No, the only thing is you have to travel, but then that's what the company car's for. Oh, and you have to
be able to get on well with other people because it says you have to be good on a team.
Man: Um, perhaps I'll have a closer look at that one.
4
Womack: Now what do you want to see me about, Janet?
Janet： Well, I have a few questions I'd like to ask you, Mr. Womack. Can you give me some information about
secretarial jobs?
Womack： Yes, of course. First, let me get your file out. Now you're 16, aren't you?
Janet： That's right.
Womack：Well, what would you like to know?
Janet：About the opportunities in general and the basic training, and things like typing speed and shorthand speed.
Womack：Before we go any further, Janet, when you said secretarial work, did you only mean typing or more
general things?
Janet： Well, I suppose I'd have to start as a word processor operator, wouldn't I?
Womack： If you left school at sixteen, yes. But if you wanted to have a better chance of getting a more
interesting secretarial job more quickly, it would be better if you stayed on and took A levels. According to your
file, your English is good, and you've done French and economics, haven't you?
Janet：Yes, they're my best subjects. If I stayed, what A levels would I need to be a secretary?
Womack：That depends, but those three subjects are all very suitable.
Janet： And then I suppose I'd have to do a secretarial course, wouldn't I? Um, what sort of speed do they expect?

Womack：I've got the typing speed here, I think. Oh, yes, it should be 65 words per minute.
Janet：And would I have to learn shorthand?
Womack：Yes, you would. You'd need a speed of 90 to 100 words a minute.
Janet：Oh, it sounds a lot, doesn't it? Would I have a chance to use my French?
Womack：Oh, yes, if you were a secretary with languages.
Janet：What sort of work would I have to do?
Womack：Well, you'd have to translate letters, of course, but you'd also have to answer the phone to foreign
callers and interpret if foreign visitors came to the firm. It would be useful if you learned a second foreign
language. That would help a lot.
Janet：I think I'd like a job like that. But I'd better go away and think about it. You see, well, after all, two more
years at school is a long time, isn't it?
Womack： I'm sure it seems so at your age. If you need any more help, please come back and we'll talk about it
again.
Janet：Thanks, Mr. Womack.

Questions:
1. Who is Janet?
2. When will Janet be qualified for a more interesting secretarial job?
3. What subjects has Janet taken?
4. What is Janet's decision finally?
5. What can you infer from the dialog?
5
David: Hi! You're listening to Radio Southwest, the best in the southwest for music and up-to-the-minute news.
Sue's here. Hello, Sue.
Sue: Hello, David.
David: And we've got the Jobspot for you today. So, if you're looking for a new job, this could be the spot for you.
So, let's have a look, and see what we've got today.
Sue: Well, the first one we've got is a cook. That's in a large, busy restaurant, so it's very useful to have had
experience in cooking. Must be a high school graduate and the pay is $$12 an hour. So that's not bad, is it? The
hours are good too. That's Monday to Friday, 3:00 p.m. till 6:00 p.m.

David: Great. Thanks, Sue. So that's a cook. Now, how do you fancy working out of doors? How do you fancy
being a gardener? So as long as you're fit and strong, and at least 16 years old, that'll suit you. The pay is $$8 an
hour. And the hours, Tuesday to Saturday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., you have to work on Sunday once a month, but
on Monday the Garden Center's closed. Now, the sort of work you'd be doing is potting, watering, things like that.
So, how about applying for that? Pay, $$8 an hour. Sue, what else have you got?
Sue: Right, Dave. Well, from outdoors to indoors. We've got a word processor operator job here. This job might
suit a woman with school-age children, because the hours are only 15 hours a week. It's a small, friendly office,
and they require a high school graduate with two years' experience operating a computer. Pay is $$9 per hour. So,
there you go. That's a nice job in an office. If you fancy any of those jobs, give us a ring here on Jobspot at Radio
Southwest. And now back to the music.
6
Interviewer: Do you think anybody can be trained to be a teacher?
Interviewee: Well, I think there are probably some people that can be teachers but I think it's a gift that you have.
And not many people have that internal kind of thing.
Interviewer: Can you define any of that?
Interviewee: Oh...
Interviewer: What sort of specific uh...are there certain personality...
Interviewee: Well, I think that the best teachers are people that are fairly sensitive, and, er, extroverted, okay?
Interviewer: Uh-huh...
Interviewee: The best teachers I know are kind of extroverted people, and they really like kids...
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Interviewee: But, by the same token, I know some teachers who really care about doing a good job and want
those kids to like them and want to do well.
Interviewer: Right...
Interviewee: But for some teachers, they just don't have it. And it's...it's sad when you see that happening,
because there're some teachers who don't care, you know—they're just in it now because they've been in it so long
and it's too late to move out...and...
Interviewer: Well, aren't there some very definable management skills involved in teaching that often are
neglected in teacher training, maybe? I mean...
Interviewee: I don't know how you train somebody to do that. To be a good teacher, I think you have to have a
high tolerance level for confusion—I think you have...
Interviewer: Um...
Interviewee: To have that when you've got thirty kids... You have to have that. You have to be a very patient
person, and I know it just sounds totally inadequate, but I don't know how to put my...my finger on it. It just...

Interviewer: But you do believe it is uh...there is a gift of some sort, or there is something...
Interviewee: Yeah, I do.
Unit5
1
Every culture has its own way of saying things, its own special expressions. These are the living speech of a
people. The
Soap operas are radio and television plays about the problems and emotions in human relationships. They are
called soap operas because the first programs—years ago—were paid for by soap-making companies.
Like musical operas, soap operas are not about real people. And critics charge that they do not represent a
balanced picture of real life. They note that almost everyone in a soap opera has a serious emotional problem, or is
guilty of a crime. And there are several crises in every program.
Yet, soap opera fans do not care about what the critics say. They love the programs and watch them every day.
Such loyalty has made soap operas very popular in the United States. In fact, a few programs are so popular that
they have been produced with the same actors for many years.
Another expression that uses the word
There was a time when soap and other products were shipped in wooden boxes. The boxes were small, but strong.
You could stand on one to see over the heads in a crowd or to be seen in a crowd. Soap boxes were a simple, easy
way to make yourself taller if you wanted to give a public speech.
Such soap box speeches usually were political and one-sided. The speakers shouted their ideas to anyone who
walked by. Many talked for hours, refusing to get off their soap boxes.
Today, you don't need a wooden box to make a soap box speech. Anyone, anywhere, who talks endlessly about a
cause, is said to be on a soap box.
Another quieter way to win support or gain influence is to
kind words to get the person to do what you want.
2
Interviewer: Do you think learners should aim to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation?
Interviewee: That's a difficult question to answer. I think the most important thing is to be understood easily. For
most learners, it's not necessary or desirable to speak like a native speaker. For some learners, for example, those
who eventually want to teach English, or be interpreters perhaps, a native-speaker pronunciation is the ultimate
goal. At least, that's what I think.
Interviewer: Children often do not want to speak English with a native- speaker pronunciation. Why not?
Interviewee: In general, children are splendid mimics and imitate strange sounds very easily and well. However,
it is true that most children do not want to sound
due to shyness but I think the main reason is that most children want to belong to a group—they dress alike, listen

to the same music, share the same opinions and hobbies. Even if a child can speak English like a native speaker,
he or she will usually choose not to—unless, of course, the rest of the group speaks with a native-speaker
pronunciation too.
Interviewer: What is the main reason why adults find pronunciation difficult?
Interviewee: Numerous reasons have been offered for the difficulties which many adults find with pronunciation
and, no doubt, there is some truth in all of these. It seems to be the case that children are better mimics than adults.
But if an adult really wants to achieve a native-speaker pronunciation, then he or she can. It is NOT the student's
own language that prevents him or her from achieving a native- speaker pronunciation in English. It is the fact that
the adult student has a strong sense of national identity. In other words, he or she wants to be identified as a
German or Brazilian speaking English. In my opinion, this sense of national identity is more important than other
explanations, such as the greater anxiety of adults or the effect of their own language habits.
3
Receptionist: English Language Center. May I help you?
Caller: Yes. I'm calling to find out more information about your program.
Receptionist: Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language-learning opportunities for our
part of the U.S. [Uh- huh.] For example, some students need to learn the basic functional language skills for their
jobs. Others need intensive English so that they can enter a U.S. university.
Caller: Okay. I'm calling for a friend interested in attending a U.S. university.
Receptionist: We have a variety of courses that can help her, from basic communication courses to content-based
classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English.
Caller: Great. What are your application deadlines for the next semester?
Receptionist: Well, we ask applicants to apply at least two months before the semester begins. [Uh-huh.] This
gives us time to process the application and issue the student's I-20.
Caller: What is an I-20?
Receptionist: Oh, an I-20 is a form giving our permission for a student to study in our program. The student will
have to take this form to the U.S. embassy in their home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.
Caller: I see. What's the tuition for a full- time student in your courses?
Receptionist: It's two thousand thirty dollars.
Caller: How does one apply?
Receptionist: Well, we can mail an application form which can be mailed back to us, or a person can fill out our
application form that's on our Web site.
Caller: And are there other materials my friend would need to send besides the application form?

Receptionist: Yes. She would need to send in a $$35 non-refundable application fee [Uh-huh], a sponsorship form
indicating who will be responsible financially for her while studying in our program, and a bank statement
showing that she or her sponsor has sufficient funds to cover tuition expenses and living costs for study.
Caller: And how can she send these materials to you?
Receptionist: She can either send the application packet by regular mail or she can fax it.
Caller: And the application fee?
Receptionist: We accept money orders, traveler's checks, or credit cards.
Caller: All right. I think that's about it. Thank you for help.
Receptionist: You're welcome.
Caller: Goodbye.
4
The ability to speak or write two languages well is called bilingualism. Bilingual education is generally a matter
of public policy. In a country like the United States that has what may be considered a national
language—English—bilingual education means teaching English to those who were brought up using other native
languages. On the other hand, there are nations such as Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland that have two or more
national languages. This does not mean that all citizens of these countries speak two or more languages, but they
are entitled to government services, including education, in the language of their choice. Some South American
countries, like Peru and Ecuador, have large populations of Indians who speak various tribal tongues. There are
government programs to teach the Indians Spanish, the national language in most of Latin America.
Bilingual education in the United States dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when millions of
immigrants who arrived needed to learn English in order to make economic and social adjustments to the way the
majority of the population lived.
In countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Holland, whose languages are spoken by relatively few
foreigners, bilingual education has long been a part of the school curriculum. Educated persons in these countries
normally learn a second language such as English, German, or French for use in international communication.
5
Identification of the factors that lead to fast, effective foreign language learning has become increasingly
important because of the large number of people who are anxious, as adults, to learn a new language for a very
specific purpose: travel, business, study, or international friendship. The requirements for effective language
learning may be examined in terms of the learner, the teacher, and the curriculum.
The learner must be personally committed to investing the time, applying the concentrated effort, and taking the
emotional risks necessary to learn a new language. In addition to motivation, the learner should have at least
minimal language-learning aptitude. While it is likely that nearly everyone can learn a new language if he or she
is given enough time and effort, the ease with which you are able to acquire the language is related in part to
specific language-learning aptitude. Other psychological factors that are important in picking up a new language
include a sense of curiosity and a sensitivity to other people. Expectations also play an important role in
determining the ease and speed with which you will learn your second language. Another factor is the learner's

goals. If you are a serious adult language learner you need to write and clarify your goal in each specific area:
understanding, speaking, reading, and writing.
Clearly, the learner and teacher are far more important than techniques, texts, and program design. The most
crucial factor involved in determining a language teacher's effectiveness, however, is probably his or her attitude
toward the students, toward the language and toward the program. On the other hand, the language used in the
classroom should be up- to-date and authentic. You need to learn not only words and structures but how to use
them in a way acceptable to people from a different background. A good language curriculum will include
practice in the nonverbal aspects of communication as well as discussion of cultural differences and similarities.
6
Talk Show Host: Welcome to today's program! Our guest is Dr. Charles Adams, language learning specialist. His
book, Learning a Language over Eggs and Toast, is on the bestseller list. Welcome.
Dr. Adams: Thank you.
Talk Show Host: Tell us about the title of your book.
Dr. Adams: First, it is important to establish a regular study program, like planning a few minutes every morning
around breakfast time.
Talk Show Host: But, I took Spanish for four years, and I didn't become a proficient speaker of it.
Dr. Adams: Well, we can't become fluent speakers in a matter of a few minutes here and there. We should follow
a regular course of study and remember that there is a difference between native fluency and proficiency in a
language. I propose the latter.
Talk Show Host: What are the basic keys you suggest?
Dr. Adams: People must organize their study by setting realistic and attainable goals. Some people think they can
learn a language in 30 days and become discouraged when they can't. Small steps are the key. Learning five new
words a day and learning to use them actively is far better than learning 30 and forgetting them the next day.
Talk Show Host: [Um-hum.] You mentioned individual learning styles. Can you explain what you mean by
learning styles?
Dr. Adams: Sure. People have different ways of learning. Some are visual learners who prefer to see models of
the patterns they are expected to learn. Others are auditory learners who favor hearing instructions over reading
them. Our preferences are determined by factors such as personality, culture, and past experiences.
Talk Show Host: What is your learning style?
Dr. Adams: I learn by doing.
Talk Show Host: What do you mean by that?
Dr. Adams: I know it might sound unusual, but moving around while trying to learn material helps me. While I
cut up tomatoes and onions for my breakfast in the morning, I might recite aloud vocabulary to the rhythm of the
knife.
Talk Show Host: What is my learning style?

Dr. Adams: You're going to have to read my book to find that out.
Talk Show Host: Okay. Thanks for joining us.
Dr. Adams: My pleasure.
Unit6
1
Woman: Why do you think people are afraid of tarantulas?
Man: Well, I guess it's because people are afraid of all spiders, and tarantulas happen to be the biggest of all the
spiders. And maybe it's also because some spiders really are very poisonous. In California, for example—in most
of the garages in California—you get black widows, which are quite small but certainly more dangerous than
tarantulas.
Woman: But personally you aren't afraid of tarantulas?
Man: Well, I shouldn't be frightened of tarantulas, simply because I know that they aren't really dangerous—all
they can do is give you a small bite, but it's not poisonous. And yet I must say I don't like to pick them up. But
you see, some people keep pet mice and pet rabbits and, well, they can give you a much worse bite than a
tarantula ever could. And yet people aren't frightened of them.
Woman: Why do you think people are frightened of spiders?
Man: I don't know—it's very strange. People are frightened of spiders and they are frightened of snakes, and, well,
obviously some spiders and some snakes really are poisonous. But most snakes are harmless, and it's really
strange that people are so frightened of spiders because it's quite difficult to find a spider that's really dangerous.
2
Shop Assistant: Good afternoon, madam. Can I help you?
Customer: Yes. I'm looking for a pet for my son. Can you suggest anything?
Shop Assistant: What kind of pet does he want? A traditional pet, a cat...or a dog? Or something unusual?
Customer: Well, he'd like a snake or a crocodile, but he isn't going to get one.
Shop Assistant: We've got a nice Alsatian at the moment.
Customer: An Alsatian? Did you say
and savage.
Shop Assistant: Oh, no, madam. They aren't as savage as some dogs.
Customer: Really?
Shop Assistant: Oh, yes. Last week we had a small dog. It was only as big as your handbag, but it was as savage
as a tiger—it bit me three times!
Customer: Perhaps not a dog, then.

Shop Assistant: How about a cat?
Customer: A cat? Hmm...they aren't as friendly as dogs, are they?
Shop Assistant: No, but they don't eat as much as dogs either. And they're very clean. They wash themselves
every day.
Customer: Hmm...
Shop Assistant: Or how about a bird? A parrot or a budgie? We have both.
Customer: Which do you recommend?
Shop Assistant: Well, budgies aren't as easy to train and they never speak as well as parrots.
Customer: Yes, but budgies don't need as much space as parrots, do they?
Shop Assistant: That's true. Budgies are very popular because they are so easy to keep.
Customer: Yes...but they're a bit noisy, aren't they? I want a quiet pet.
Shop Assistant: A quiet pet? Well, how about a goldfish? There's nothing as quiet as a goldfish.
3
Many people around the world become friends with animals. Some call their pet animals by human names. They
treat them like members of the family. Scientists now are proving what many pet owners already know—pets are
good for your health.
The Delta Society is a research center in the northwestern state of Washington. They say animals have a healthy
effect on people, especially people who are sick and lonely.
Several years ago, the Delta Society developed a program called
therapy programs throughout the country. They take animals to visit people in hospitals, prisons and private
homes. Dogs and cats are taken most often. But other visitors include snakes, rabbits, horses and birds. Some of
the animals stay with the people forever.
The dolphin also has a good effect on people. Scientists at the Dolphin Research Center in Florida introduce sick
people to playful dolphins. People feed the dolphins, touch them, and ride on the dolphins' backs in the water. In
this way, the animals help the patients feel better.
The head of the Delta Society, Linda Hines, says one reason for the pet therapy is that animals help sick people
get better. Also, she says the animals have a calming effect on people, because pets can help people forget their
own problems.
4
Pet-lovers who are on a budget should choose a cat rather than a dog. First, the initial cost of a cat is far less than
that of a dog. Cats can be gotten for free from ads in the paper or, for a small donation, from the SPCA. Dogs, on
the other hand, may cost anywhere from 20 dollars for a mixed puppy to hundreds for a pedigree dog. Second,
cats are cheaper to feed than dogs. Cats are small and eat little. Dry cat food is especially economical. A dog,
though, can eat his way through 50 dollars a month without even trying, if he's even close to being large. A final

area where cat owners save is on vet bills. Cats do not require many annual shots, and are usually quite healthy. In
contrast, a dog's vet bills can be astronomical. Dogs require numerous shots annually and are susceptible to more
diseases than humans. Dollar for dollar, a cat is a far better pet for most people.
5
(Richard commutes from Tunbridge Wells to Charing Cross in the London area every day. This difficult journey
is made easier with the help of Raffles, his guide dog. Laura met him on the train.)
Laura: What a lovely dog! How long have you had her?
Richard: Um...since July 1988.
Laura: Isn't it a bit unusual to have an Alsatian as a guide dog? Aren't they usually Labradors?
Richard: Yes, you're right. I did have a Labrador before Raffles, but we were walking through London one day
when a bomb went off and it frightened her so much that she became unreliable.
Laura: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. What happened to her?
Richard: She's fine. She's leading a life of luxury with a family in Rye.
Laura: What about Raffles, then? Could you commute without her for instance?
Richard: Mm, yes...but much more slowly. On the other hand, people often overestimate what guide dogs can do.
Laura: Really? In what way?
Richard: Well, it's impossible to train them to cope with modern traffic, especially in London. The best she can
do is warn me of a dangerous situation.
Laura: How can she do that?
Richard: Simply by sitting down and refusing to move. I have to stand still and just hope that the driver misses
me.
Laura: That must be a terrible experience...
Richard: Yes, it's not much fun!
Laura: Can I ask how much you paid for Raffles?
Richard: 50 pounds.
Laura: What?
Richard: 50 pounds... Any blind person can buy a dog for 50 pounds. Of course a lot of people pay more
voluntarily, but the minimum price is 50 pounds.
Laura: So public contributions are really important.
Richard: Absolutely.

Questions:
1. Why did Richard part with his Labrador?
2. Which of the following statements best describes people's opinion about guide dogs?
3. What does Raffles do to warn the owner of a dangerous situation?
4. How much did Richard pay for Raffles?
5. How does Richard feel about the public contributions?
6
Over 450 wild horses have been killed in Nevada. The land they were on belonged to the government. Some
people say it is worse than when all the buffaloes were killed. Many of the horses were shot while running.
Wild horses are protected by law. 28 thousand wild horses share the land with six million cattle. Cattlemen say
the horses are crowding the cattle out. It is said that there is a war going on. Both the cattle and the horses need
the water and grass that is on the land.
The president of the Nevada cattleman group also helps to protect the horses. He says that he does not like what is
happening to the horses. He does want the government to help keep the number of horses low.
Some people think the Navy used the wild horses for target practice. Pilots flew over the area where the horses
were found. The Navy said that they did not let their pilots do that.
The horses were found far from the nearest road. The killings happened over a large area. It has been happening
for the last two years.
Some people think that the horses should be gotten rid of. Others think that they should stay. In the meantime, the
police will try to figure out who did it.
Questions:
have been killed in Nevada recently?
were they killed?
is the number of the animals killed?
long has the killing lasted?
did the killing?
Unit7
1
Maria: Good afternoon. I'd like to book two return air tickets from Istanbul to Athens, please.
Travel agent: Certainly. When are you traveling?
Maria: We want to take the flight tomorrow afternoon and come back on Friday afternoon.

Travel agent: First class or economy class?
Maria: Economy class.
Travel agent: Two adults?
Maria: Yes.
Travel agent: And your name is?
Maria: Almar. A-L-M-A-R.
Travel agent: Initials?
Maria: M. H.
Travel agent: And the other passenger?
Maria: P. J. Almar.
Travel agent: On the 11th and the 14th, did you say?
Maria: That's right. Do we have to change planes?
Travel agent: No, it's a direct flight. Here are your tickets, Mrs. Almar. These are for the outward journey—from
Istanbul to Athens on flight SN 862 at 17: 50 on July 11. And these are for the return journey—Athens to Istanbul
on flight SN 863 at 15: 10 on July 14. Don't forget to be at the airport 45 minutes before departure time.
Maria: Thank you. Do you accept credit cards?
Travel agent: Certainly. Thank you. That's TL6796. Could you sign here, please? Thank you very much.
Maria: Thank you.
Questions:
1. Where does the dialog most probably take place?
2. What are the names including initials of the woman and her husband?
3. When will the woman go to Athens?
4. How long will the Almars stay in Athens?
5. How does the woman pay for the tickets?
6. How much does the woman have to pay for the tickets?
2
(Alex, a young Englishman, is staying in New York with Linda, a friend of his. He is there for only two days and
wants to see as much as possible. He is talking to Linda about the most interesting places.)

Part 1
Linda: So what are you going to do while you're here?
Alex: Well. I don't know much about New York really, you know, just the Empire State Building and the Statue
of Liberty. You tell me!
Linda: You've just got two days, right? You're going to be pretty busy if you want to see all the sights!
Alex: I'm planning to start early tomorrow morning. What should I do first?
Linda: I think you should start with the ruins of the World Trade Center building. It was the highest building
before the September 11 attacks and many people go there for mourning.
Alex: Mm. I'll definitely do that. Which is the highest building in the city now?
Linda: The Empire State Building. Now it's the highest building, and the view's just beautiful in the morning,
when it's clear and fresh. You have to do that!
Alex: Sounds great!
Part 2
Alex: What else do you recommend?
Linda: Well, it depends on what you like—art, shopping, and theater?
Alex: Well, not shopping particularly. But I'd like to see an art gallery or two.
Linda: Oh, then you must go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which is just enormous. You could spend two
days there! That's by Central Park, so you can take a walk through Central Park at the same time, but not after
dark, remember. It's dangerous then.
Alex: Right.
Part 3
Alex: What about the Statue of Liberty? I must see the Statue of Liberty!
Linda: Well, there are different ways to do that. You can take a tour by boat. That stops so you can get out and
climb up to the top.
Alex: Yeah.
Linda: Or the cheap way is just to take the regular Staten Island ferry—that's not a tourist boat, so it doesn't stop,
but it passes right by.
Alex: No, I think I'll be a typical tourist and climb up to the top!
Linda: All right. Well, there's another interesting trip in the same area—to Ellis Island. There's a big museum all
about the immigrants who arrived there. That's pretty interesting!
Alex: Mm. Yes, I'd definitely like to do that, too.

Linda: Sure, but you're going to be pretty busy. You won't be able to do that in one day. It's a long way, you
know!
Alex: Really? How far is it?
Linda: Five or six miles at least!
Alex: Is it? I've got no idea where these places are. Have you got a map, perhaps?
Linda: Sure, I'll go to get it, and you can plan your route.
3
I'm a window-seat guy. I know most people like the aisle, but I prefer the window. I like to look out when I fly. I
like to see the countryside, the square fields passing below. It's a game to me. I try to figure out which city we're
over, which river we've just crossed. And I like to watch the tiny matchbox cars moving down the road and
wonder whether the drivers know they're being watched from above.
The view comes with a price, of course. It means I'm trapped, a captive audience to whoever might wander down
the aisle and plop down next to me. Over the years, I've perfected the art of being polite but not cozy to these aisle
people. I'll say
There are aisle people who tell their life stories. Unprovoked, they begin spilling the family beans, even before the
peanuts are served. It happened to me again recently. Lucky for me, it was only an hour's flight.
He said he was coming back from a weekend visiting his wife and child, who were staying at her brother's house
in Chicago.
Oh, a summer vacation. I innocently nodded. The floodgates opened. No, she left him because he was working
too much. He was never home. She just got up and walked out of the door, taking the baby with her. He hoped to
get them back, and mend fences, but he couldn't leave his work. He didn't know what to do.
It was therapy at 30,000 feet, all included in the price of an airline ticket. By the time we landed, I knew more
about this man than I do about my own brother.
4
If you're staying in a hostel, would you most likely be resting your head in (A) a castle; (B) a South Pacific resort;
(C) a boat? Surprisingly, the answer is (D): all of the above. No doubt you've heard stories about previous
generations' youthful adventures abroad, during which they routinely spent nights in slightly seedy quarters, often
in the company of 25 to 30 strangers. In exchange for a wallet-friendly night's sleep, travelers endured shared
bathrooms, noisy fellows, and unreasonably early curfews.
Today's hostels are a far cry from the spartan lodgings of old. With private accommodation options, online
booking, and 24-hour access, they are often as convenient as budget hotels. Add to that Internet connections,
restaurants and private bathrooms, and you wonder why anyone else shells out the cash to stay elsewhere.
What prompted the change? Roger Charles, secretary general of the International Youth Hostel Federation, points
to the changing demands of young travelers.
private bedrooms with facilities, and they don't want to stay in dorms. Assumption of greater comfort drives
demand.

Hostel patrons are changing, too. They are not so young anymore. For instance, you'll see people in their twenties
and thirties who are taking a year off from work to travel. They're on a tight budget, so they turn to hostels. You
also see seniors staying in hostels more and more now; it has really become an opportunity for cultural and
intergenerational exchange.
5
(Mike is going to visit the Sahara with his classmates and he is asking his friend, Bob, who has been there, for
advice.)
Mike: Yes, I am going to leave for the Sahara with my classmates next week. And I think there will be problems
crossing it. I mean how did you make sure that you didn't run out of petrol or water?
Bob: Well, yes. In fact, fuel is one of the main problems crossing the Sahara because you have to go a very long
way from one filling station to the next. You have to go eight or nine hundred kilometers between places where
you can be sure to get fuel. What we did in fact was to use a diesel vehicle because it doesn't use quite so much
fuel as a petrol vehicle. And also diesel fuel is the main fuel used by lorries. So if you're really stuck, you can
always beg, or more likely buy, some diesel fuel off a passing lorry.
Mike: How much water do you think I ought to take for an expedition of eight people?
Bob: Well, one 18-liter metal can of water will usually serve for two people on the complete Saharan crossing,
but in addition to the needs for drinking you've got to remember that you need to carry water for your vehicle.
And usually we left about half our water intact for emergency purposes.
Mike: And obviously a real worry must be breaking down.
Bob: Yes, because if you do break down and have to get help, it will cost a lot because people know you're at
their mercy there. So you have to be as self-sufficient as you can and anticipate everything that could go wrong,
and there must be somebody with you who knows how to repair almost anything that can go wrong with a motor
vehicle.
Mike: Is it going to be cold or warm and what sort of things should I take?
Bob: Well, strangely enough the Sahara can be everything from very cold to incredibly hot. It depends partly on
the time of year. At night in the winter, it can get quite cold. The winter there is the same as the European winter.
So you need a good sleeping bag and sweaters.
6
(Two stars look back at their favorite holiday travel. Jamie Lee Curtis is an actress and author. Her new movie,
Christmas with the Kranks, opened in December, 2004. Her latest children's book, It's Hard to Be Five, is in
stores now. Juliet Mills is an actress on the NBC soap Passions.)
I'm Jamie Lee Curtis. My fondest holiday memories come from the years my family vacationed at Sun Valley in
Idaho. A big group of my parents' friends and family would usually end up there over Christmas break. Even as
kids we could go bowling, swimming or ice- skating, watch movies and get ice cream by ourselves because
everything was within walking distance. One time, all the parents were at a cocktail party, and we ran up to the
balcony, threw snowballs on them and ran down the halls laughing as we raced back out into the night. I'll never
forget those moments of inhaling the fresh, cold mountain air and feeling so free.

I'm Juliet Mills. Many years ago my husband and I spent the holidays driving down to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico,
with our two- year-old daughter, Melissa. We lined our Dodge van with luxurious carpet, added a sound system
and a fridge and threw our sleeping bags in the back. For about a month, we stopped and camped on amazing
beaches on the Baja coast. We set our own pace and were very spontaneous. Sometimes we'd stop in little fishing
villages for ice or go to a bakery for food. One of the stops I remember along the way was at a beautiful beach
where whales often swam. Maxwell and I love driving trips and this is a favorite. You can reveal all your secrets
as you stare at the road in front of you. It was such a relaxing holiday because we were inspired by a beautiful
place and our family was together.
Unit8
1
Although twins have always been a source of curiosity, they are not so uncommon statistically, since they occur
once in every 86 births.
About one third of all twins are identical, or single-egg twins. Identical twins have the same genes and, hence, the
same sex, hair, eyes, blood type, and bone and tooth structure. Some identical twins are mirror images of each
other. For example, one may be left- handed, the other right-handed. As young children, some identical twins may
develop their own private language. Identical twins have an especially keen intuition, and they often seem to think
and dress alike even when away from each other. In fact, even when they are separated at birth and raised apart,
identical twins develop surprising similarities. They may pursue the same careers, have the same interests, or die
within days of each other.
In contrast to identical twins, fraternal twins inherit a separate set of genes and are not necessarily of the same sex.
2
When Robert Jones, 19, went to college this fall, he was surprised that so many of his classmates called him

discovered they had the same birth date. Both Robert and Edward were adopted. When they talked with each
other, they discovered that they were identical twins separated shortly after birth. In fact, they were wrong: They
were triplets. After newspapers published their pictures, Edward's mother got a call from David Kellman.
not going to believe this,
As
1976. They were adopted by three different couples, none of whom was told their new son had brothers. The
reunion of the three boys after 19 years was a big surprise for everyone in all the families.
Relatives say their resemblance extends well beyond their looks. All three like active sports and have similar
tastes in rock music and girlfriends. All three are extroverts who have similar gestures. They talk in the same way,
they have the same laugh, they hold their cigarettes in the same way, and all three smoke the same brand of
cigarette.
Questions:
1. What surprised Robert Jones when he went to college?
2. Who found the clue to the relationship between Robert Jones and Edward Gallant?
3. How did David Kellman get to know his origins?
4. Which of the following statements is true about Robert Jones, Edward Gallant and David Kellman?

3
Michael Phelps stands six feet four inches (193 centimeters) and weighs 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms), with the
broad shoulders and slim waist common to the elite swimmer.
But consider his body measurements a little closer and it becomes clearer why Phelps is dominating these
Olympic Games.
He has an extended trunk and relatively short legs, a distinct advantage in the water. The inseam of his pants is
reportedly 32 inches (81 centimeters), shorter than that of Hicham El Guerrouj, the great Moroccan runner, who is
five feet nine inches (175 centimeters) but all legs.
Phelps has double-jointed elbows, knees, and ankles, which allows him to bend himself like few swimmers can.
His size-14 (European size-48.5) feet are like giant fins.
Add to that the extraordinary work rate of his lungs and heart, and Phelps appears almost superhuman—a
different species from the rest of us.
Of course, he trains extraordinarily hard. But so do others. To be an Olympic champion, a person's genes must
first be preset for maximal athletic performance. After all, great athletes are born, then made better.

professor of applied physiology at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta.
dedication, motivation, and excellent training will not rise to the world-class level unless he or she has inherited a
supercharged physiological system for the sport.
4
(Summerhill is a famous experimental boarding school that was founded in 1921. Here the founder, A. S. Neill
talks about his ideas about the founding and running of the school.)
Our aims of the school:
When my wife and I began the school, we had one main idea: to make the school fit the child—instead of making
the child fit the school.
I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was
because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how he should learn. The other way
dated from the days when psychology was still an unknown science.
Our view on education:
Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children the freedom to be themselves. In order to do
this, we had to renounce all discipline, all direction, all suggestion, all moral training, and all religious instruction.
We have been called brave, but it did not require courage. All it required was what we had—a complete belief in
the child as a good, not an evil, being. For over forty years, this belief in the goodness of the child has never
changed; it rather has become a final faith.
My view is that a child is born wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestion of any kind, he will
develop as far as he is capable of developing. Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the
inborn ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars while those who are only fit to sweep the street will sweep
the street. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far.

5
Chang and Eng were the original Siamese twins, born in Siam in 1811. The King of Siam ordered them to be
killed but their mother managed to keep them alive and bring them up as normal as possible.
They were not very tall and were connected by a band of tissue 4.5 inches long, but they were very intelligent.
They emigrated to America, became famous as a circus act and by the time they were thirty had made a lot of
money. Then they got married. They married sisters and between them had twenty-two children. Chang and Eng
now have more than 1,000 descendants. For some years they all lived in the twins' original house; but when the
families grew they built separate homes, Chang and Eng spending three days in one and the next three in the
other.
In their later years, Chang's health deteriorated because he drank too much. Eng became so worried that he tried to
get separated, but no doctor would do the operation. The end of their lives was painful. On January 12, 1874,
Chang took to his bed with bronchitis in his own house. On the Thursday it was time to move, according to the
arrangement, to Eng's house, Eng did not want Chang to go, but Chang insisted. His health grew steadily worse
until he died on January 17. When Eng realized his twin brother had died he said,
He did, two hours later.
6
The importance of nature over nurture in behavior has been shown in an experiment with monkeys.
A University of Chicago researcher has shown for the first time that young monkeys reared by foster mothers are
more likely to show the aggressive or friendly behavior of their birth mothers instead of the behavior of their
foster mothers.
The discovery of inheritance of social behavior among non-human primates is important in understanding human
behavior. It supports another research that suggests that behavior such as sociability and aggressiveness in humans
may have a genetic basis.
Rhesus monkeys offer an important research population because they organize in strong matrilineal structures,
and the female offspring often exhibit the same social behavior as their mothers. The experiment showed that
some aspects of behavior were inherited or learned by the female offspring. Also it showed that inherited behavior
was probably more important than nurture in female offspring.
For the study, rhesus female babies were exchanged between mothers who had recently given birth.
To understand the origins of behavior, the researchers looked at social contact and aggression among the offspring.
The researchers showed, for example, how many times the infants had bodily contact and how many times they
expressed aggression, such as threats, slaps, bites and chases with other group members.
Looking at the behavior of the monkey offspring and their mothers over a period of three years, the researchers
found that the offspring's behavior resembled the behavior of their biological mothers. There was practically no
behavioral similarity between the offspring and their foster mothers. For instance, offspring who often used
threats and slaps to get their way usually had biological mothers who also showed the same behavior.
Questions:
1. What is the purpose of the research done at the University of Chicago?
2. What does the research done at the University of Chicago suggest?

3. Why does the research done at the University of Chicago have important implications for people?
4. How did the researchers try to find out the origins of certain behavior?
Unit9
1
(Bill, Howard, and Lisa are talking about background music.)
Part I
Bill: What are you working on now?
Howard: I've just finished a piece of background music.
Lisa: Background music? Oh, like the music they're playing here now.
Howard: Yes. You hear it everywhere, in restaurants, airports, supermarkets, department stores...
Bill: In banks, too. I noticed it while we were at the bank today.
Lisa: Did you? I didn't.
Howard: You are not supposed to notice it. It's just there, in the background. It's supposed to influence your
attitudes, and put you in the right mood.
Lisa: I'm not sure I like that idea.
Howard: Well, it seems to work. Companies pay millions of dollars every year for background music. It's
supposed to give you a better feeling about yourself and the people around you. Factories use it a lot. It makes the
workers happy, and they work better that way. In one factory, music increased production by 4.5 percent.
Bill: I should think they'd get tired of hearing music all day.
Howard: They don't though. One fellow in San Francisco told me,
the telephone to complain.
Lisa: Now that I think about it, I can't remember when there wasn't background music in restaurants and stores.
Howard: That shows how young you are. Actually, it all started during World War II when some factories had
their own orchestras to keep workers happy and calm. Now, of course, the music is piped in by a machine, and
different kinds of music are played at different times during the day. They play faster music at 10 in the morning
than at 8, for instance, because workers tend to be slower then.
Part II
Bill: What about restaurants? Do they play the same music for dinner and lunch?
Howard: I don't know about that, but I do know that hamburger places play fast music. When they started playing
faster music, they found that a customer spent only seventeen minutes eating. The time was 22 minutes before
that.
Lisa: So they have more people coming in and out to buy hamburgers.

Howard: Exactly. And that's good for business. You can see why music has become so popular. In Los Angeles,
for instance, 30 different companies are selling background music services.
Lisa: I still think there's something about it that I don't quite like.
Howard: I know what you mean, but lots of people wouldn't agree with you. The Xerox Corporation in Rochester,
N. Y., spends more than $$80,000 a year for background music. Prisons use it, and farmers use it to keep their
cattle calm. It's even supposed to have an effect on plants.
2
More and more doctors are operating to music. They say it eases their minds.
One doctor in Chicago says classical music is the only kind that does not interfere while he is operating. But in
another Chicago operating room, the British rock group Pink Floyd can be heard. And in Washington, at least one
doctor operates to the sound of the Beatles.
Researchers from the State University of New York at Buffalo did a study that seems to confirm that music helps
reduce tension in doctors. They gave fifty male doctors difficult mathematical kinds of tests.
The doctors did the test while listening to music they themselves had chosen. They did a similar test while
listening to music that was chosen for them. They were tested a third time with no music at all. Each time, a
machine measured their heart rate and blood pressure.
The doctors worked most quickly and calmly when listening to the music they themselves had chosen. They did
the worst with no music at all.
What kinds of music did the doctors choose? Mostly classical. But some chose instrumental jazz pieces or Irish
folk music.
There probably is one piece of music that should never be played during an operation: Brahms'
not want your doctor to go to sleep while operating, do you?
3
The Beatles were probably the most important pop and rock group of all time. They were together for only eight
years, but their influence has lasted much longer.
The Beatles came from Liverpool, England. They started playing together in 1962, although Paul McCartney and
John Lennon played together in another group. They started by playing rock 'n' roll songs, but they quickly
developed their own style. By 1963, they had become Britain's top rock group. A year later they toured the United
States, where they attracted millions of fans.
By the time the Beatles broke up in 1970, they had changed the nature of rock and pop music. They introduced
new sounds and rhythms, and they experimented with different types of musical instruments. They recorded
hundreds of songs and they sold millions and millions of records. They made many films and won many awards
for their music.
Today, the Beatles' songs are still very famous all over the world.
4

(Dennis is interviewing Stephanie, a music teacher.)
Dennis: Which do you think is the easiest instrument for people to learn to play?
Stephanie: It's difficult to answer that question because learning to play an instrument is one thing, and learning
to play it well is another. But I think the guitar is the easiest to learn. It's one of the easiest to carry, and that's
important for a musician.
Dennis: And the second?
Stephanie: My second choice is probably the most popular instrument, and I think it's the most satisfying, too,
because you can make more progress at the beginning. That's the piano.
Dennis: So you think playing the piano's more difficult than playing the guitar.
Stephanie: Yes, because, well, your left hand has to work as hard as your right and both hands have to make
notes. With the guitar, you make the notes with the left hand, and the right just picks the strings.
Dennis: Is playing a woodwind or brass instrument very difficult? It looks quite easy.
Stephanie: I think the clarinet and the trumpet are the easiest to learn. Finding the notes is quite easy and
breathing isn't a serious problem. But I find all the wind instruments less satisfying for people to play, because
you can't do much alone. You have to play with others.
Dennis: And which do you think is the most difficult instrument to play?
Stephanie: No doubt at all, the violin. And I think it's the most difficult because both hands have to work, but
they have to do different jobs. I mean, the left hand makes the notes on the strings, and it's harder to find the notes
than on the guitar because the strings are shorter. The right hand has to manage the bow, and bowing well is an art.
Finally, the most difficult thing about it, I find, is holding the instrument under your chin. It's not a natural
position to adopt.
5
(Four people, Steve, Connie, Diane, and Martin, are giving their opinions about their favorite musicians before
attending an international concert.)
Steve: Oh, no doubt about it. My favorite's Bruce Springsteen. He's the best there is. I think he's more direct, he
communicates better than the others. It's not that the others are bad, but he's better. In a way his kind of rock
music's more old-fashioned than, er, Sting's, say, but for me it's more exciting. And the messages in his songs are
simpler. They're easier to understand than Sting's or Peter Gabriel's, so I can relate to them better.
Connie: The singer I want to hear most is Peter Gabriel. He's not really one of my favorite singers—I mean I
don't think he's as exciting as Bruce Springsteen, for instance—but his latest songs, these African songs with
African rhythms, well, they're more musical than pop songs usually are. And I think all the singers are sincere
about the human rights movement, but he feels more deeply about it than the others.
Diane: Oh, I think Sting and his band are the best. Sting's better now with his new band than during his time with
the Police. He seems more natural and I think he enjoys playing more. And he's a much better songwriter now.
The one I like most in the band is the sax-player, Branford Marsalis. He plays brilliantly, but the best thing about
him is his sense of humor. He really makes me laugh!

Martin: To tell you the truth, I'm looking forward most to hearing Youssou N'Dour. I like Peter Gabriel's African
songs, but he's an Englishman, not an African, so it's not the same as the real thing. I mean, real African music is
different from reggae and rock, because it's more rhythmic than reggae, but not as heavy as rock. The rhythms are
very unusual, too, and more sophisticated than people think.
6
It has long been known that Cellist Yo-Yo Ma possesses astonishing musical talent. By age seven he had already
played for Isaac Stern and Pablo Casals. Later he went to Juilliard and on to Harvard, where he studied
international cultures. Soon he tasted stardom, giving concerts around the world.
But he tells of a humbling experience while in Namibia, where he went to observe trance dances and musical
rituals of the people. At the end of his stay he produced a cello and offered them a performance of his own.
said, 'Stop. Don't play. We want to play for you, '
to bring my cello. They didn't give a damn.
His story is one of a star realizing that not everyone knows or cares who he is.
to have a very strong ego,
the center. To play Beethoven, you have to figure out who he was, and how that's encoded in the music. And then
you have to realize you are not Beethoven.
Unit10
1
I was born across the street from the public library, and in my memory it remains my favorite spot in my
hometown. When I was six I learned to read. From the beginning, language seemed like magic to me. Recently I
read that Freud said,
retain much of their magical power.
During the Christmas season of 1927, when I was a sophomore in high school, I hung out in the street with other
kids of my age. The weather was so harsh we played indoors, and after swimming and running and tumbling, we
became bored. I suggested we hold a contest to see who could keep a diary the longest. My challenge was
accepted by two of my friends. One wrote his diary for two weeks, the other three months, and here I am, still
writing mine when I am 50. It has taught me that one way to find the truth is to tell the truth.
Questions:
1. What is the speaker's favorite spot in his hometown?
2. When did the speaker learn to read?
3. Why did the speaker play indoors during the Christmas season of 1927?
4. How long has the speaker been writing his diary?
5. What has the speaker learned from writing his diary?
2
I was born across the street from the public library, and in my memory it remains my favorite spot in my
hometown. When I was six I learned to read. From the beginning, language seemed like magic to me. Recently I

read that Freud said,
retain much of their magical power.
During the Christmas season of 1927, when I was a sophomore in high school, I hung out in the street with other
kids of my age. The weather was so harsh we played indoors, and after swimming and running and tumbling, we
became bored. I suggested we hold a contest to see who could keep a diary the longest. My challenge was
accepted by two of my friends. One wrote his diary for two weeks, the other three months, and here I am, still
writing mine when I am 50. It has taught me that one way to find the truth is to tell the truth.
Questions:
1. What is the speaker's favorite spot in his hometown?
2. When did the speaker learn to read?
3. Why did the speaker play indoors during the Christmas season of 1927?
4. How long has the speaker been writing his diary?
5. What has the speaker learned from writing his diary?
3
A teacher, a petty thief and a lawyer all died and went to the pearly gates. Because of crowding, St. Peter told
them they had to pass a test before ascending any further. Addressing the teacher, he asked,
of the famous ship that hit an iceberg and sank?

The thief was next.

through.
Then St. Peter turned to the lawyer,
4
(The following is a short radio drama concerning two friends, David and John, who both play on a football team.)
David: I am back from the doctor. He told me I was going to die next week.
John: Oh, that seems impossible, David. You are in such good health.
Narrator: David takes from his pocket a medical certificate and shows it to his friend. After reading it, John
realizes the doctor is right. He tries to reassure his friend, but also asks David to promise to send news as soon as
he arrives in Paradise. One week later, as the doctor said, David dies. A month goes past without news, then two.
At last, after three months, David calls his friend.
John: Hello, how are you, David?
David: Fine, thanks. I've got good news and bad news, John.

John: I'd rather you would begin first with the good news.
David: OK, listen. In Paradise, everything is marvelous. The sun shines all the time and people are so lovely. And,
if you may remember, I played on a little team down there but here I play with the best players. Also, I am sure
you have never seen such a big football stadium. Angels and God are our public. You know, it is really
marvelous.
John: Oh, yes. It sounds wonderful. I am really happy for you. BUT you haven't told me the bad news, David.
David: Ah yes, my friend. Your name is marked on the notice board. You are going to play in two weeks.
Statements:
1. David and John are both football players.
2. John thinks that David is joking when David says he is going to die.
3. John doesn't believe what David has told him until he goes to the doctor and sees the medical certificate.
4. David promises to send good news to John from Heaven to relieve his sorrow.
5. It is not until two months after David dies that John gets a call from David.
6. David tells John that life in Heaven is pleasant and people there are friendly.
7. David tells John that Angels and God all like to play football.
8. We can infer from the drama that John will die soon.
5
Speaker A:
Actually it was one of the first lessons I'd ever taught. I had this beginners' class, and I'd noticed that everything I
wrote down on the blackboard they'd copy down into their books. So we were doing the days of the week, and I
wrote them all up on the board and I decided to write an eighth day and called it
were some who diligently wrote it down. I then tried to convince them that in Australia we had eight days a week,
but they didn't fall for that one.
6
Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them—work, family, health,
friends and spirit and you're keeping all of these in the air. You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If
you drop it, it will bounce back. But the other four balls—family, health, friends and spirit—are made of glass. If
you drop one of these, they will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will
never be the same.
You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How?
Don't undermine your worth by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different and each of us is
special.
Don't set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you.

Don't take for granted the things closest to your heart. Cling to them as they would be your life. For without them,
life is meaningless.
Don't let your life slip through your fingers by living in the past or for the future. By living your life one day at a
time, you live all the days of your life.
Don't give up when you still have something to give. Nothing is really over until the moment you stop trying.
Don't be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave.
Don't shut love out of your life by saying it's impossible to find time. The quickest way to receive love is to give;
the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings.
Don't be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily.
Don't use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved.
Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way.

Unit1
1
一Interviewer: Angela, you were born in Korea but you've been living in Canada for a long time, haven't you?
Angela: Yes, I was 10 years old when my parents immigrated to Canada and I've been living here for 20 years
now.
Interviewer: Do you think that belonging to two different cultures has affected your personality?
Angela: Yes, definitely. There are times when I think that I have two personalities. Depending on where I am and
who I'm with, I'm Korean or I'm Canadian.
Interviewer: That sounds complicated. Could you explain what you mean?
Angela: Well, growing up in Canada when I was going to high school, for example, I was known as Angela to the
outside world, and as Sun-Kyung at home. I would wave hello to my teachers, but bow to my parents' Korean
friends when they visited our home.
Interviewer: Do different cultures have different ideas as to what is polite?
Angela: Yes, definitely. In high school, I was expected to look straight in the eyes of my teachers and to talk
openly with them. But when Koreans spoke to me, I was expected to look at my feet and to be shy and silent.
Interviewer: Do you think that having two personalities makes you a richer person?
Angela: Yes, but sometimes I don't know who I am.
二
I am a very sensitive person, and that's good to a point. I feel everyone should be able to feel or understand what
others are going through. But when you hurt, cry, or are unhappy for people you don't know, or for a movie that is
not real, then I think that's a little too sensitive. That's the way I am.
I am a very independent person. I must do things for myself. I don't like people doing things for me, or helping me,
or giving me things. It's not that I don't appreciate it, because I do. I just feel that when someone does something
for you, you owe them, and if there is one thing I don't like to feel, it's that I owe anyone anything.
I think I would be a good friend. I would do almost anything for someone I like, and would share or give anything
I have. I'm very caring and understanding. People trust me with their secrets, and they're right for doing so
because I never tell any secret that is told to me. I'm always there to help in any way that I can. All you have to do
is ask.
I enjoy life and people, which makes me feel good. I find fun in almost everything I do (except housework). I like
to watch people, talk to them, and be around them. It makes no difference whether I agree or disagree with what
they feel, or how they live, or what they look like, or what age they are. I just enjoy learning and being aware of
everything and everyone around me.
三
Tom: Hey, Bill. Do you have any plans for this weekend?

Bill: Yeah, Tom. Cindy and I are going ice-skating on Saturday.
Tom: Oh.
Bill: Why do you ask?
Tom: Well, I thought you might want to come over and study for next week's chemistry test.
Bill: Study?! No way. Hey, what if I try to fix you up with Cindy's sister, Kristi. We could double-date. She's
really outgoing, bright, and funny too.
Tom: Hey, I still remember the girl you fixed me up with last time. She was very moody and self- centered. She
couldn't stop talking about how great she was. I'm not sure if I can trust you,
Bill: Oh come on. So I made a mistake last time. Cindy's sister is really different.
Tom: Well, what does she look like?
Bill: Ah. Looks aren't important. She has a wonderful personality.
Tom: Right.
Bill: Okay. She has long wavy blond hair and blue eyes. She's of medium height, just a little shorter than you are.
Tom: Go on.
Bill: She has a great figure, a nice complexion, and she has a sexy voice. Oh, and she has a tattoo of an eagle on
her arm.
Tom: A what?
Bill: No, just kidding. By the way, she was the runner-up in the Miss California Beauty Pageant two years ago.
Well, you're probably not interested.
Tom: No, wait!
Bill: Ah, just forget I ever mentioned it.
Tom: No, I'm interested!
四
David: Barbara, before you go, could you tell me about these students that are coming into my class?
Barbara: Oh, yes. Now, let me think, well, there's...er...Paul. He's a tall, slim lad with fair hair. Very friendly face,
lovely smile... He's particularly good with group activities, and he's a very helpful person to have in the class and
very helpful with the other students. He speaks fluently, but does make a lot of mistakes! He doesn't seem to mind
making mistakes. He asks a lot of questions...er...he tends to speak first and think later. But he's got lots of
interesting ideas.
David: Good.

Barbara: Ah...Susan...Susan. Now, she's very lively, quick, and very bright. She talks all the time but not always
in English.
David: What? Is she difficult or anything?
Barbara: No...she's quite young but she does behave in quite a grown-up way really for her age. It can be a bit
difficult to actually shut her up sometimes and make her listen to you.
David: Ah, right.
Barbara: She's very nice. She has dark hair and dark eyes.
David: Right, well...are there any other girls in the class?
Barbara: Yes, there is Maria. She's Susan's sister.
David: Yes.
Barbara: Actually it's quite difficult to tell them apart although...er... Maria is slightly older. She's a bit plumper
and has longer hair than Susan. She's not quite as bright as her sister and I think that makes her feel a bit inferior
really. Well, you know, she sulks a bit when she gets things wrong or she misunderstands you. But on the whole,
a very sensible girl.
David: OK.
Barbara: And then there's Peter, who's older than the others. He's got a sort of moustache, spectacles and wavy
dark brown hair. He usually wears a jacket and sometimes a suit. He's very smart and takes notes all the time. He's
also very serious and determined to learn as much as possible. He asks quite difficult questions but he doesn't
mean to be nasty.
David: Well, thanks, Barbara. It's all up to me now, isn't it? Have a good holiday, won't you?
Barbara: Thanks.
David: Bye.
5
1. Pedro sleeps only six hours a night. He goes to school full-time and works part-time in the afternoons. At night
he plays soccer or basketball. He's seldom tired and his favorite way to relax is to jog two or three miles.
What kind of person is Pedro?
2. Mr. Miller was teaching his fourth grade class how to divide. The students didn't understand. He had to repeat
his lesson and explain the idea more slowly. Over the next few days he explained and explained the lesson until
almost the whole class understood and knew how to divide.
What kind of teacher is Mr. Miller?
3. People in the High Street neighborhood don't buy their fruits and vegetables in the supermarket. They buy them
from Mr. Smith's truck. You can trust Mr. Smith. He never tries to sell any bad or unripe fruit. His prices are fair.
What kind of person is Mr. Smith?

4. Jake and Charles ran into the classroom. Each one saw the chair he wanted to sit on. Unfortunately, it was the
same chair. They both sat down at the same time. Each of them had half a chair. Charles said he was there first
and tried to push Jake off the chair. Jake said he was first. Both boys refused to move.

Charles sat like that for the whole period until the bell rang. When they stood up they were stiff and sore.

What kind of person is Jake?
5. Room 46A at Travis High School was always the dirtiest room in the school. Many of the students threw paper
on the floor. One day, Mrs. Duke had an idea. She fastened a basketball hoop over the wastebasket. Now the
students love to practice throwing their paper into the basket. When they miss, they pick the paper up and try
again. And that was the end of the problem.
What kind of person is Mrs. Duke?
6
A number of visitors to the UK, who had traveled throughout the British Isles, were asked by a newspaper
reporter what their impressions of the British people were. Here's a brief summary of what they thought.
There were many different opinions among those interviewed: Some were very flattering, others very critical. The
distinction between the English and the British wasn't always understood, but, on the whole, it seemed that the
Scots were very popular with visitors. They were thought to be very friendly, even though one Dutch visitor
confessed she'd found it hard to understand their English.
A great number found the British generally reserved, particularly the English, although one Australian visitor
called the English
same language was a great help.
Some Asian businessmen, who had traveled widely throughout England, said quite openly that they found North
country people
of them said, with a playful smile on his face,
A few continentals praised
saying 'please' and 'sorry' when you don't feel pleased or sorry,
A young student from South Africa had no views on the matter. He hadn't met any Englishmen, he said. The
country appeared to be full of foreigners like himself.
Statements
1. It was easy to tell the English from the British.
2. Speaking the same language helped one Australian visitor a lot.
3. By
countries.
4. The majority of continentals thought highly of English manners.

5. To the young student from South Africa, Britain seemed to have a lot of foreign visitors.
Unit2
1
Mart Moody from Tupper Lake used to tell this tale.
Tupper Lake. And I had this good dog. I shot at the ducks, and then I sent the dog out there. She was heavy with
pups at the time, and I didn't know whether I should send her out there. It was a cold day in the fall. Well, she
took right off and away she went. But she didn't show up when it got dark. I began to worry about her. She was a
good dog, a really good retriever. She'd get anything I shot at.

shoreline of the lake and I looked out. Suddenly I saw something coming. It was this dog. She came into the shore!
She had three ducks in her mouth. And behind her she had seven pups. And each of the pups had a duck in his
mouth.
2
There was an old man who had a daughter. He told his daughter that he had invited a preacher to his house. He
said,
for him in the other room. Don't you touch them!
to the train to meet the Reverend, and the girl began to taste the ducks. The ducks tasted so good that she kept on
tasting them until she had eaten them all up, every bit of them.
After the old man came back, he didn't even look in the place where he had left the ducks. He went directly into
the other room to sharpen his knife on the oilstone so he could carve the ducks. The preacher was sitting in the
room with the girl. She knew that her papa was going to punish her, and she started crying and shedding tears.
The preacher asked,
preachers to his house and goes to sharpen his knife to cut off both their ears.
that you say, daughter?
The preacher said,
quickly. The daughter called her papa and said,
man ran to the door and yelled to the preacher,
now!
these.
3
Jack Storm was the local barrel maker and blacksmith of Thebes, Illinois. He had a cat that stayed around his shop.
The cat was the best mouse catcher in the whole country, Jack said. He kept the shop free of rats and mice. But,
one day, the cat got caught in a piece of machinery and got a paw cut off. After that, he began to grow weak and
thin and didn't take any interest in anything, because he wasn't getting enough to eat.
So, one day, Jack decided to make a wooden paw for the cat. He made it with his pocket knife and fastened it on
the injured leg. After that, the cat began to grow sleek and fat again. Jack decided to stay at the shop one night to
see how the cat managed with his wooden paw.
After dark, the cat got down in front of a mouse hole and waited. Pretty soon a mouse peered out cautiously.
Quick as a flash the cat seized it with his good paw and knocked it on the head with his wooden one. In no time,
that cat had eighteen mice piled up in front of the mouse hole.

4
Ken: Hey, Josh. Where did you get those comic magazines?
Josh: When I went home last weekend, I found these old Superman magazines that my older brother had bought
many years ago.
Ken: You don't have time to read old comics. Why did you bring them here?
Josh: In my World Literature class we've been talking about the importance of myths, folk tales, and legends to
cultures. We have to write a short paper on which legendary figure we think is the great American hero. I think it's
Superman.
Ken: Superman? Why? I think it's someone like Paul Bunyan, the giant woodsman, or Johnny Appleseed, who
planted early apple trees in the Midwest. Superman is just a modern comic magazine character.
Josh: When I saw these old comics, I started thinking that Superman represents a combination of cultural
traditions and beliefs that have been told throughout our American history.
Ken: How?
Josh: Superman is an orphan who comes by rocket to Earth when his native planet explodes. He lands near a
small town and is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent, who teach him their American middle-class values of
honesty, hard work and consideration for others. As an adult, he migrates to a large city and defends Americans
against evil.
Ken: What else?
Josh: Well, I was thinking about this and realized that he is a symbol of the American character because he is an
immigrant. We Americans have come from somewhere else, too. My great grandparents came from Germany, and
I know your grandparents came from Brazil. They all worked hard and succeeded.
Ken: But how does that relate to Superman?
Josh: He goes to the city, just as many immigrants did, works as a newspaper reporter. But his adopted parents'
values of honesty, hard work and helpfulness are a part of him. He uses his super abilities to fight dishonesty and
to help the victims of crime and injustice, meanwhile working hard at his newspaper job.
Ken: I understand. As an orphan, Superman becomes a new person in a new land, just as our ancestors did, and
succeeds. He also represents our values. Your paper should be interesting. I'd like to read it when it's finished.
Josh: OK.
5
At one time animals and people lived together in peace and talked with each other. But when mankind began to
multiply rapidly, the animals were crowded into forests and deserts.
Man began to destroy many animals for their skins and furs instead of only for food. Animals became angry at
this treatment by man and decided that mankind must be punished.

The animals held a meeting, but they could not decide how to punish mankind. Finally the animals agreed that
because deer were the animals most often killed by man, deer should decide how man should be punished.
Deer decided that any Indian hunters who killed deer without asking pardon in a suitable manner would be made
to suffer with painful stiffness in their bodies. After this decision was made, the leader of the deer sent a message
to the nearest people, the Cherokee Indians.
before killing him. You must ask his pardon, telling the deer you are forced to kill him only because your people
are hungry and need meat. Otherwise, a terrible disease will come to you.
The spirits of the deer would run to the place where a deer had been killed and these spirits would ask the dead
deer,
the answer was
terrible disease of stiffness in his body, making him crippled so that he could not hunt deer again.
Soon all of the animals agreed that this was a fair and just punishment. Each type of animal decided that they
would also cause a disease in people who mistreated them.
When the friendly plants of the world heard what the animals had decided as punishment for mankind, the plants
decided that this punishment was too harsh. They had a meeting of their own. Finally they decided that each type
of plant should provide a cure for one of the diseases which animals had caused for mankind.
This was the beginning of plant medicines from nature among the Cherokee Indians a long, long time ago.
6
Every March, a flock of buzzards returns to the town of Hinkley, Ohio. No one really knows how long this event
has taken place, but according to local legend the annual buzzard migration began nearly 200 years ago with a
massacre.

Eve, in 1818. The local settlers deciding that the township needed to be made safe for their livestock, gathered
together about 400 men and boys, with guns and clubs and completely surrounded the township of Hinkley.
As the story goes, the townsfolk began marching toward the center of town, driving all the game in front of them,
and killing virtually every wild animal they encountered.

animals out in the snow. When spring came, the remaining dead animals attracted many buzzards, and since 1819
they've been coming back here in March.
Hinkley locals have come to appreciate the buzzards' annual return. In mid- March, on Buzzard Sunday, they
celebrate the birds' arrival with costumes, exhibits and songs.
7
Almost seven centuries ago, in Central Asia, there lived a great king called Tamerlane. He was a mighty, powerful,
conquering soldier, and his greatest ambition was that one day he would rule a massive empire stretching from the
Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. He made his imperial capital in the oasis city of
Samarkand, which he planned to make the most beautiful city on earth. Many magnificent mosques were built and
they were decorated with exquisite blue ceramic tiles on the outside, and with pure gold on the inside.

Tamerlane, like the great oriental king that he was, had many wives, including a Chinese girl called Bibi Khanym.
Now Bibi Khanym was the most beautiful of all Tamerlane's wives, and she was also the youngest. She was his
favorite wife and was deeply in love with him.
In order to demonstrate her great love of Tamerlane, she decided to build a magnificent mosque to honor him,
while he was away fighting in a distant war. She engaged the best architect, who designed for her the most
magnificent mosque you could imagine. And then she found the best master builder, who began work
immediately. But as the weeks and months passed by, the master builder began to fall in love with Bibi Khanym.
She resisted all his advances, but at last he threatened to leave the mosque unfinished unless she allowed him to
kiss her just once. Bibi Khanym wanted the beautiful mosque finished more than anything else. She was
expecting Tamerlane to return any day. So at last she agreed to let the master builder kiss her, just once.
But that was her terrible mistake, for so powerful was the master builder's love for Bibi Khanym that when he
kissed her he left a permanent mark on her face.
King Tamerlane returned and saw the guilty mark on his wife's face. The master builder was executed
immediately, and then, thinking that a woman's beauty can be a dangerous thing, Tamerlane ordered that from
that day on all the women in the kingdom should never be seen in public without a veil to cover their face.
Unit3
1
In August 1975, three men were on their way to rob the Royal Bank of Scotland at Rothesay when they got stuck
in the revolving doors. They had to be helped free by the staff and, after thanking everyone, sheepishly left the
building. A few minutes later, they returned and announced their intention of robbing the bank, but none of the
staff believed them. When, at first, they demanded £5,000, the head cashier laughed at them, convinced that it was
a practical joke.
Considerably disheartened by this, the gang leader reduced his demand first to £500 then to £50 and ultimately to
50 pence. By this stage the cashier could barely control herself for laughter.
Then one of the men jumped over the counter and fell awkwardly on the floor, clutching his ankle. The other two
made their getaway, but got trapped in the revolving doors for a second time, desperately pushing the wrong way.
2
Man: Yes, I'd like to report a theft.
Police Officer: Okay. Can you tell me exactly what happened?
Man: Well, I was walking home from work two days ago, enjoying the nature all around me...the birds, the frogs,
the flowing stream...[Okay, Okay] when this woman knocked me right off my feet, grabbed my stuff, and ran off
through the trees. [Hmm]. I was so surprised by the ordeal that I didn't chase her.
Police Officer: Yeah. Can you describe the woman for me?
Man: Yeah. She was about 190 centimeters tall...
Police Officer: Wait. You said a woman robbed you.

Man: Well, I'm not really sure. [Hmm]. You see, the person was wearing a white and black polka-dot dress, a
light red sweater over it, and she...or he...was wearing a pair of basketball shoes.
Police Officer: Hmm. What else can you tell me?
Man: Okay. Like I said, the person was about 190 centimeters tall, heavily built, with long wavy hair. She...or
he...was probably about in her or his late 30s. I didn't get a good look at the person's face, but well...uh...
Police Officer: What? Was there something else?
Man: Well, the person...had a beard.
Police Officer: Ah! What was, uh, taken...exactly?
Man: Well, just my left shoe. Crazy, isn't it?
Police Officer: Ah hah! The
Man: The
Police Officer: Yeah. It's this man who dresses up like a woman and, for some unknown reason, removes the left
shoe from his victims. He's really quite harmless, though, and he usually returns the shoe to the crime scene a
couple of days later.
Man: Hey, he can keep my shoe, and I'll just take off my left shoe every time I walk through the park.
3
Melissa Luzzi, a Dallas resident who owns an embroidery business, thought her home was secure. But in broad
daylight a thief got in by smashing through a floor-to-ceiling window in the back of her house. Incredibly, no
neighbors heard the disturbance—and her home was robbed of everything of value.
One thing common to every neighborhood I visited: empty streets for much of the day. Many of us are working,
and the kids are in school. But there's usually someone home in the neighborhood.
I've found that, nationwide, police respond much faster to 911 calls than to alarms. So keep an eye on your
neighbors' property, and ask them to do the same for you. Call the police if you hear breaking glass, or see
someone lurking about or notice anything suspicious.
You also might consider joining a community crime-watch group.
watch groups,

best security you've got.
4
I took a trip recently into the heart of the Amazon Basin where one of the big issues facing our planet stands out:
the balance between economic development and the conservation of natural resources. There is strong pressure in
the country to harvest natural riches for short-term financial gains. Then there is intense international concern
about the control of such development. The problem, of course, is that this is a one-way street. Rapid development,
and wholesale harvesting of timber, oil, and the like, will soon lead to the Amazon desert, which would mean the

extinction of half our planet's animal and plant species and the depletion of much of the oxygen we breathe. This
clearly impacts every one of us.
The local people of the Amazon understand the delicate balance of nature. They've survived for thousands of
years by making good use of it, not abusing it—something we can all learn from. And now tourism is playing a
positive role in the equation. Travelers from more developed countries are increasingly interested in the natural
world. As a result, they are fueling a boom in eco-tourism. This is in turn bringing valuable income into the region,
raising awareness of critical issues and helping slow down the otherwise uncontrollable development.
5
It isn't strictly true that one half of the world is rich and the other half is poor. It is one-third that is very rich and
two-thirds that are very poor. People in the rich third don't realize the enormous difference between them and the
other two- thirds. A very simple example is that a dog or a cat in North America eats better than a child in many of
the poorer countries. A fisherman in South America may be catching fish which are processed into pet food and
yet his own children are not getting enough protein for their bodies to develop properly. Although a lot of the
world's natural resources come from these poorer countries, people in the richer countries are probably using
much more of these resources than people in Asia or Africa. The richer countries are in a position to dictate to
suppliers what kind of prices they are prepared to pay for these natural resources. In some cases the prices have
gone down. In others they have remained steady. But the prices the richer countries get for their own exports have
continued to rise. So, they are getting richer and richer, and the poorer countries are getting poorer and poorer.
6
The news report that night was about a famine in Ethiopia. From the first few seconds it was clear that this was a
really monumental catastrophe. The pictures were of people who were so thin that they looked like beings from
another planet. The camera focused on one man so that he looked directly at me, sitting in my comfortable living
room. All around was the sound of death.
It was clear that somehow the world had not noticed this tragedy until now. You could hear the despair, grief and
disgust in the voice of the reporter, Michael Buerk. At the end of the report he was silent. My wife, Paula, started
crying, then rushed upstairs to check our baby, Fifi, who was sleeping peacefully.
I kept seeing the news pictures in my mind. What could I do? I was only a pop singer—and by now not a very
successful pop singer. All I could do was make records which no one bought. But I would do that, I would give all
the profits of the next Rats record to Oxfam. What good would that do? It would only be a little money but it was
more than I could give just from my bank account. Maybe some people would buy it because the profits were for
Oxfam. And I would be protesting about this disaster. But that was not enough.
7
Marsha and Ed Gibson are sitting at the kitchen table. Ed is nervous and upset, and he's smoking. Marsha's eyes
are red. She looks tired. Their children, two boys, eight and ten, are sitting with them. Tony and George know that
their parents are having problems. Now, their parents are telling the boys that they're going to get a divorce.
Their mother is talking first. She's telling them that she loves them and their father loves them, too. But she and
their father are having problems. They aren't going to live together as a family anymore. It has nothing to do with
the boys. The boys are going to live with her. They're going to stay in the same house, go to the same school, and
be with all their friends.
Now, their father is talking. He's going to leave the house this weekend. He's not going to move far away; he's
going to be in the next town. Two weekends a month, the boys are going to stay with him. And, they're going to

be with him one month in the summertime. He'll take his vacation then and they'll go to the beach. The boys can
call him anytime. He's going to be nearby. It'll be better this way.
Tony and George don't really understand what's happening. On the one hand, they know that their parents aren't
happy. On the other hand, they want everyone to stay together.
Questions:
1. How does the couple feel about their divorce?
2. Why does the couple decide to get a divorce?
3. Where will the husband go after the divorce?
4. What is the children's response to their parents' divorce?
Unit4
1
For many of you this will be your last year at university and now is the time for you to begin thinking seriously
about your future careers. In order to give you as much help as possible, I have quoted a list of questions that you
ought to ask yourself.
First,
well as your strengths. Take a really good look at yourself and give real thought to the kind of person you are, and
what kind of person you want to be.
Second,
Talk to people who have similar abilities and interests and who are already in the careers that interest you. You
can gain some idea of what they consider to be important and challenging in those careers. Watch these people at
work.
Third,
am considering?
importance of education in all fields, technical and professional. Remember that chances of promotion are usually
given to educated persons—other things being equal.
Fourth,
experience that you can benefit from. They can help you think about the jobs. They can stimulate you to give
careful thought to what you really want to do, and offer useful suggestions about how you might take full
advantage of your personal qualities and qualifications.
Last,
important to my future happiness? Is it a combination of both?
The above questions and their answers should give you some better ideas about how you should start planning
your career. Your life- long job cannot be approached in any kind of haphazard fashion. It must be considered
carefully, examined from every angle, and talked over with those who know you and those who can help you in
any way.
2

Interviewer: Some people feel that their jobs are misunderstood by others. Is that very common?
Sociologist: Oh, absolutely. Most jobs or professions have an image or stereotype attached to them, and some of
these are not realistic. The serious point is that young people choose their careers based on these false images, and
they may even avoid certain careers which have a negative image. This can cause problems for the economy.
Interviewer: Is there evidence of this problem?
Sociologist: Yes, there was a recent survey of children's attitudes to different professions.
Interviewer: How was this done? Children don't know much about jobs and professions.
Sociologist: True. What the investigators wanted to get was children's impressions and prejudices. They gave the
children twelve pairs of statements, one of the pair positive, and the other negative. Children were asked to say
which of the statements was
Interviewer: For example?
Sociologist: Well, for example,
Interviewer: I see. What professions did they ask about?
Sociologist: The list is long, but it included lawyers, economists, accountants, sales representatives, scientists and
engineers.
Interviewer: And the results?
Sociologist: Well, they are striking, especially for engineers who came out much worse than one might expect.
About 90 percent of the children thought that engineering was a
more likely to take orders than to give them. The only other person they thought more likely to lose his job was
the sales representative. But, there were good points too. Engineering was seen to be
work
Interviewer: Hmm, not a rosy picture.
Sociologist: No, but it got better when children were asked what they thought of the engineer as a person. Most of
them chose positive comments, but most thought the engineer was likely to be badly dressed.
Interviewer: What about other professions? What were the most popular?
Sociologist: Oh, the lawyers by far. Next came accountants and scientists as well as economists. The engineers
and sales representatives were the least popular.
Interviewer: Sounds like a sign of the times.
Sociologist: Yes, but I think the most serious implication was the children's apparent ignorance of the importance
of the engineer's role in society.
3
(Here's a dialog between a woman whose job is to help people find jobs and a man looking for a job.)
Woman: Look. Here's a job that might interest you.

Man: What is it? Are you sure? The last job interview you sent me off to was a disaster.
Woman: Well, look. It says they want a sales manager, and it looks like it's a big international company. That'd
be good. You might get to travel.
Man: What kind of company is it, though?
Woman: Um, let's see. Yes, it's a textile company that seems to import from abroad. They say the salary is really
good. They operate a system of paying you a basic salary and then offering you a sales commission on top of that.
They say it is high. And oh, look! They give you a car to travel round in. That's not bad, is it?
Man: Um, do they say anything about experience?
Woman: Um, let's see. No, they want someone young with ambition and enthusiasm. Oh yes, they want
graduates, so that's OK. You've been to university. Now what else? Let's see.
Man: There must be some catch.
Woman: No, the only thing is you have to travel, but then that's what the company car's for. Oh, and you have to
be able to get on well with other people because it says you have to be good on a team.
Man: Um, perhaps I'll have a closer look at that one.
4
Womack: Now what do you want to see me about, Janet?
Janet： Well, I have a few questions I'd like to ask you, Mr. Womack. Can you give me some information about
secretarial jobs?
Womack： Yes, of course. First, let me get your file out. Now you're 16, aren't you?
Janet： That's right.
Womack：Well, what would you like to know?
Janet：About the opportunities in general and the basic training, and things like typing speed and shorthand speed.
Womack：Before we go any further, Janet, when you said secretarial work, did you only mean typing or more
general things?
Janet： Well, I suppose I'd have to start as a word processor operator, wouldn't I?
Womack： If you left school at sixteen, yes. But if you wanted to have a better chance of getting a more
interesting secretarial job more quickly, it would be better if you stayed on and took A levels. According to your
file, your English is good, and you've done French and economics, haven't you?
Janet：Yes, they're my best subjects. If I stayed, what A levels would I need to be a secretary?
Womack：That depends, but those three subjects are all very suitable.
Janet： And then I suppose I'd have to do a secretarial course, wouldn't I? Um, what sort of speed do they expect?

Womack：I've got the typing speed here, I think. Oh, yes, it should be 65 words per minute.
Janet：And would I have to learn shorthand?
Womack：Yes, you would. You'd need a speed of 90 to 100 words a minute.
Janet：Oh, it sounds a lot, doesn't it? Would I have a chance to use my French?
Womack：Oh, yes, if you were a secretary with languages.
Janet：What sort of work would I have to do?
Womack：Well, you'd have to translate letters, of course, but you'd also have to answer the phone to foreign
callers and interpret if foreign visitors came to the firm. It would be useful if you learned a second foreign
language. That would help a lot.
Janet：I think I'd like a job like that. But I'd better go away and think about it. You see, well, after all, two more
years at school is a long time, isn't it?
Womack： I'm sure it seems so at your age. If you need any more help, please come back and we'll talk about it
again.
Janet：Thanks, Mr. Womack.

Questions:
1. Who is Janet?
2. When will Janet be qualified for a more interesting secretarial job?
3. What subjects has Janet taken?
4. What is Janet's decision finally?
5. What can you infer from the dialog?
5
David: Hi! You're listening to Radio Southwest, the best in the southwest for music and up-to-the-minute news.
Sue's here. Hello, Sue.
Sue: Hello, David.
David: And we've got the Jobspot for you today. So, if you're looking for a new job, this could be the spot for you.
So, let's have a look, and see what we've got today.
Sue: Well, the first one we've got is a cook. That's in a large, busy restaurant, so it's very useful to have had
experience in cooking. Must be a high school graduate and the pay is $$12 an hour. So that's not bad, is it? The
hours are good too. That's Monday to Friday, 3:00 p.m. till 6:00 p.m.

David: Great. Thanks, Sue. So that's a cook. Now, how do you fancy working out of doors? How do you fancy
being a gardener? So as long as you're fit and strong, and at least 16 years old, that'll suit you. The pay is $$8 an
hour. And the hours, Tuesday to Saturday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., you have to work on Sunday once a month, but
on Monday the Garden Center's closed. Now, the sort of work you'd be doing is potting, watering, things like that.
So, how about applying for that? Pay, $$8 an hour. Sue, what else have you got?
Sue: Right, Dave. Well, from outdoors to indoors. We've got a word processor operator job here. This job might
suit a woman with school-age children, because the hours are only 15 hours a week. It's a small, friendly office,
and they require a high school graduate with two years' experience operating a computer. Pay is $$9 per hour. So,
there you go. That's a nice job in an office. If you fancy any of those jobs, give us a ring here on Jobspot at Radio
Southwest. And now back to the music.
6
Interviewer: Do you think anybody can be trained to be a teacher?
Interviewee: Well, I think there are probably some people that can be teachers but I think it's a gift that you have.
And not many people have that internal kind of thing.
Interviewer: Can you define any of that?
Interviewee: Oh...
Interviewer: What sort of specific uh...are there certain personality...
Interviewee: Well, I think that the best teachers are people that are fairly sensitive, and, er, extroverted, okay?
Interviewer: Uh-huh...
Interviewee: The best teachers I know are kind of extroverted people, and they really like kids...
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Interviewee: But, by the same token, I know some teachers who really care about doing a good job and want
those kids to like them and want to do well.
Interviewer: Right...
Interviewee: But for some teachers, they just don't have it. And it's...it's sad when you see that happening,
because there're some teachers who don't care, you know—they're just in it now because they've been in it so long
and it's too late to move out...and...
Interviewer: Well, aren't there some very definable management skills involved in teaching that often are
neglected in teacher training, maybe? I mean...
Interviewee: I don't know how you train somebody to do that. To be a good teacher, I think you have to have a
high tolerance level for confusion—I think you have...
Interviewer: Um...
Interviewee: To have that when you've got thirty kids... You have to have that. You have to be a very patient
person, and I know it just sounds totally inadequate, but I don't know how to put my...my finger on it. It just...

Interviewer: But you do believe it is uh...there is a gift of some sort, or there is something...
Interviewee: Yeah, I do.
Unit5
1
Every culture has its own way of saying things, its own special expressions. These are the living speech of a
people. The
Soap operas are radio and television plays about the problems and emotions in human relationships. They are
called soap operas because the first programs—years ago—were paid for by soap-making companies.
Like musical operas, soap operas are not about real people. And critics charge that they do not represent a
balanced picture of real life. They note that almost everyone in a soap opera has a serious emotional problem, or is
guilty of a crime. And there are several crises in every program.
Yet, soap opera fans do not care about what the critics say. They love the programs and watch them every day.
Such loyalty has made soap operas very popular in the United States. In fact, a few programs are so popular that
they have been produced with the same actors for many years.
Another expression that uses the word
There was a time when soap and other products were shipped in wooden boxes. The boxes were small, but strong.
You could stand on one to see over the heads in a crowd or to be seen in a crowd. Soap boxes were a simple, easy
way to make yourself taller if you wanted to give a public speech.
Such soap box speeches usually were political and one-sided. The speakers shouted their ideas to anyone who
walked by. Many talked for hours, refusing to get off their soap boxes.
Today, you don't need a wooden box to make a soap box speech. Anyone, anywhere, who talks endlessly about a
cause, is said to be on a soap box.
Another quieter way to win support or gain influence is to
kind words to get the person to do what you want.
2
Interviewer: Do you think learners should aim to speak English with a native-speaker pronunciation?
Interviewee: That's a difficult question to answer. I think the most important thing is to be understood easily. For
most learners, it's not necessary or desirable to speak like a native speaker. For some learners, for example, those
who eventually want to teach English, or be interpreters perhaps, a native-speaker pronunciation is the ultimate
goal. At least, that's what I think.
Interviewer: Children often do not want to speak English with a native- speaker pronunciation. Why not?
Interviewee: In general, children are splendid mimics and imitate strange sounds very easily and well. However,
it is true that most children do not want to sound
due to shyness but I think the main reason is that most children want to belong to a group—they dress alike, listen

to the same music, share the same opinions and hobbies. Even if a child can speak English like a native speaker,
he or she will usually choose not to—unless, of course, the rest of the group speaks with a native-speaker
pronunciation too.
Interviewer: What is the main reason why adults find pronunciation difficult?
Interviewee: Numerous reasons have been offered for the difficulties which many adults find with pronunciation
and, no doubt, there is some truth in all of these. It seems to be the case that children are better mimics than adults.
But if an adult really wants to achieve a native-speaker pronunciation, then he or she can. It is NOT the student's
own language that prevents him or her from achieving a native- speaker pronunciation in English. It is the fact that
the adult student has a strong sense of national identity. In other words, he or she wants to be identified as a
German or Brazilian speaking English. In my opinion, this sense of national identity is more important than other
explanations, such as the greater anxiety of adults or the effect of their own language habits.
3
Receptionist: English Language Center. May I help you?
Caller: Yes. I'm calling to find out more information about your program.
Receptionist: Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language-learning opportunities for our
part of the U.S. [Uh- huh.] For example, some students need to learn the basic functional language skills for their
jobs. Others need intensive English so that they can enter a U.S. university.
Caller: Okay. I'm calling for a friend interested in attending a U.S. university.
Receptionist: We have a variety of courses that can help her, from basic communication courses to content-based
classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English.
Caller: Great. What are your application deadlines for the next semester?
Receptionist: Well, we ask applicants to apply at least two months before the semester begins. [Uh-huh.] This
gives us time to process the application and issue the student's I-20.
Caller: What is an I-20?
Receptionist: Oh, an I-20 is a form giving our permission for a student to study in our program. The student will
have to take this form to the U.S. embassy in their home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.
Caller: I see. What's the tuition for a full- time student in your courses?
Receptionist: It's two thousand thirty dollars.
Caller: How does one apply?
Receptionist: Well, we can mail an application form which can be mailed back to us, or a person can fill out our
application form that's on our Web site.
Caller: And are there other materials my friend would need to send besides the application form?

Receptionist: Yes. She would need to send in a $$35 non-refundable application fee [Uh-huh], a sponsorship form
indicating who will be responsible financially for her while studying in our program, and a bank statement
showing that she or her sponsor has sufficient funds to cover tuition expenses and living costs for study.
Caller: And how can she send these materials to you?
Receptionist: She can either send the application packet by regular mail or she can fax it.
Caller: And the application fee?
Receptionist: We accept money orders, traveler's checks, or credit cards.
Caller: All right. I think that's about it. Thank you for help.
Receptionist: You're welcome.
Caller: Goodbye.
4
The ability to speak or write two languages well is called bilingualism. Bilingual education is generally a matter
of public policy. In a country like the United States that has what may be considered a national
language—English—bilingual education means teaching English to those who were brought up using other native
languages. On the other hand, there are nations such as Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland that have two or more
national languages. This does not mean that all citizens of these countries speak two or more languages, but they
are entitled to government services, including education, in the language of their choice. Some South American
countries, like Peru and Ecuador, have large populations of Indians who speak various tribal tongues. There are
government programs to teach the Indians Spanish, the national language in most of Latin America.
Bilingual education in the United States dates back to the first half of the 19th century, when millions of
immigrants who arrived needed to learn English in order to make economic and social adjustments to the way the
majority of the population lived.
In countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Holland, whose languages are spoken by relatively few
foreigners, bilingual education has long been a part of the school curriculum. Educated persons in these countries
normally learn a second language such as English, German, or French for use in international communication.
5
Identification of the factors that lead to fast, effective foreign language learning has become increasingly
important because of the large number of people who are anxious, as adults, to learn a new language for a very
specific purpose: travel, business, study, or international friendship. The requirements for effective language
learning may be examined in terms of the learner, the teacher, and the curriculum.
The learner must be personally committed to investing the time, applying the concentrated effort, and taking the
emotional risks necessary to learn a new language. In addition to motivation, the learner should have at least
minimal language-learning aptitude. While it is likely that nearly everyone can learn a new language if he or she
is given enough time and effort, the ease with which you are able to acquire the language is related in part to
specific language-learning aptitude. Other psychological factors that are important in picking up a new language
include a sense of curiosity and a sensitivity to other people. Expectations also play an important role in
determining the ease and speed with which you will learn your second language. Another factor is the learner's

goals. If you are a serious adult language learner you need to write and clarify your goal in each specific area:
understanding, speaking, reading, and writing.
Clearly, the learner and teacher are far more important than techniques, texts, and program design. The most
crucial factor involved in determining a language teacher's effectiveness, however, is probably his or her attitude
toward the students, toward the language and toward the program. On the other hand, the language used in the
classroom should be up- to-date and authentic. You need to learn not only words and structures but how to use
them in a way acceptable to people from a different background. A good language curriculum will include
practice in the nonverbal aspects of communication as well as discussion of cultural differences and similarities.
6
Talk Show Host: Welcome to today's program! Our guest is Dr. Charles Adams, language learning specialist. His
book, Learning a Language over Eggs and Toast, is on the bestseller list. Welcome.
Dr. Adams: Thank you.
Talk Show Host: Tell us about the title of your book.
Dr. Adams: First, it is important to establish a regular study program, like planning a few minutes every morning
around breakfast time.
Talk Show Host: But, I took Spanish for four years, and I didn't become a proficient speaker of it.
Dr. Adams: Well, we can't become fluent speakers in a matter of a few minutes here and there. We should follow
a regular course of study and remember that there is a difference between native fluency and proficiency in a
language. I propose the latter.
Talk Show Host: What are the basic keys you suggest?
Dr. Adams: People must organize their study by setting realistic and attainable goals. Some people think they can
learn a language in 30 days and become discouraged when they can't. Small steps are the key. Learning five new
words a day and learning to use them actively is far better than learning 30 and forgetting them the next day.
Talk Show Host: [Um-hum.] You mentioned individual learning styles. Can you explain what you mean by
learning styles?
Dr. Adams: Sure. People have different ways of learning. Some are visual learners who prefer to see models of
the patterns they are expected to learn. Others are auditory learners who favor hearing instructions over reading
them. Our preferences are determined by factors such as personality, culture, and past experiences.
Talk Show Host: What is your learning style?
Dr. Adams: I learn by doing.
Talk Show Host: What do you mean by that?
Dr. Adams: I know it might sound unusual, but moving around while trying to learn material helps me. While I
cut up tomatoes and onions for my breakfast in the morning, I might recite aloud vocabulary to the rhythm of the
knife.
Talk Show Host: What is my learning style?

Dr. Adams: You're going to have to read my book to find that out.
Talk Show Host: Okay. Thanks for joining us.
Dr. Adams: My pleasure.
Unit6
1
Woman: Why do you think people are afraid of tarantulas?
Man: Well, I guess it's because people are afraid of all spiders, and tarantulas happen to be the biggest of all the
spiders. And maybe it's also because some spiders really are very poisonous. In California, for example—in most
of the garages in California—you get black widows, which are quite small but certainly more dangerous than
tarantulas.
Woman: But personally you aren't afraid of tarantulas?
Man: Well, I shouldn't be frightened of tarantulas, simply because I know that they aren't really dangerous—all
they can do is give you a small bite, but it's not poisonous. And yet I must say I don't like to pick them up. But
you see, some people keep pet mice and pet rabbits and, well, they can give you a much worse bite than a
tarantula ever could. And yet people aren't frightened of them.
Woman: Why do you think people are frightened of spiders?
Man: I don't know—it's very strange. People are frightened of spiders and they are frightened of snakes, and, well,
obviously some spiders and some snakes really are poisonous. But most snakes are harmless, and it's really
strange that people are so frightened of spiders because it's quite difficult to find a spider that's really dangerous.
2
Shop Assistant: Good afternoon, madam. Can I help you?
Customer: Yes. I'm looking for a pet for my son. Can you suggest anything?
Shop Assistant: What kind of pet does he want? A traditional pet, a cat...or a dog? Or something unusual?
Customer: Well, he'd like a snake or a crocodile, but he isn't going to get one.
Shop Assistant: We've got a nice Alsatian at the moment.
Customer: An Alsatian? Did you say
and savage.
Shop Assistant: Oh, no, madam. They aren't as savage as some dogs.
Customer: Really?
Shop Assistant: Oh, yes. Last week we had a small dog. It was only as big as your handbag, but it was as savage
as a tiger—it bit me three times!
Customer: Perhaps not a dog, then.

Shop Assistant: How about a cat?
Customer: A cat? Hmm...they aren't as friendly as dogs, are they?
Shop Assistant: No, but they don't eat as much as dogs either. And they're very clean. They wash themselves
every day.
Customer: Hmm...
Shop Assistant: Or how about a bird? A parrot or a budgie? We have both.
Customer: Which do you recommend?
Shop Assistant: Well, budgies aren't as easy to train and they never speak as well as parrots.
Customer: Yes, but budgies don't need as much space as parrots, do they?
Shop Assistant: That's true. Budgies are very popular because they are so easy to keep.
Customer: Yes...but they're a bit noisy, aren't they? I want a quiet pet.
Shop Assistant: A quiet pet? Well, how about a goldfish? There's nothing as quiet as a goldfish.
3
Many people around the world become friends with animals. Some call their pet animals by human names. They
treat them like members of the family. Scientists now are proving what many pet owners already know—pets are
good for your health.
The Delta Society is a research center in the northwestern state of Washington. They say animals have a healthy
effect on people, especially people who are sick and lonely.
Several years ago, the Delta Society developed a program called
therapy programs throughout the country. They take animals to visit people in hospitals, prisons and private
homes. Dogs and cats are taken most often. But other visitors include snakes, rabbits, horses and birds. Some of
the animals stay with the people forever.
The dolphin also has a good effect on people. Scientists at the Dolphin Research Center in Florida introduce sick
people to playful dolphins. People feed the dolphins, touch them, and ride on the dolphins' backs in the water. In
this way, the animals help the patients feel better.
The head of the Delta Society, Linda Hines, says one reason for the pet therapy is that animals help sick people
get better. Also, she says the animals have a calming effect on people, because pets can help people forget their
own problems.
4
Pet-lovers who are on a budget should choose a cat rather than a dog. First, the initial cost of a cat is far less than
that of a dog. Cats can be gotten for free from ads in the paper or, for a small donation, from the SPCA. Dogs, on
the other hand, may cost anywhere from 20 dollars for a mixed puppy to hundreds for a pedigree dog. Second,
cats are cheaper to feed than dogs. Cats are small and eat little. Dry cat food is especially economical. A dog,
though, can eat his way through 50 dollars a month without even trying, if he's even close to being large. A final

area where cat owners save is on vet bills. Cats do not require many annual shots, and are usually quite healthy. In
contrast, a dog's vet bills can be astronomical. Dogs require numerous shots annually and are susceptible to more
diseases than humans. Dollar for dollar, a cat is a far better pet for most people.
5
(Richard commutes from Tunbridge Wells to Charing Cross in the London area every day. This difficult journey
is made easier with the help of Raffles, his guide dog. Laura met him on the train.)
Laura: What a lovely dog! How long have you had her?
Richard: Um...since July 1988.
Laura: Isn't it a bit unusual to have an Alsatian as a guide dog? Aren't they usually Labradors?
Richard: Yes, you're right. I did have a Labrador before Raffles, but we were walking through London one day
when a bomb went off and it frightened her so much that she became unreliable.
Laura: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. What happened to her?
Richard: She's fine. She's leading a life of luxury with a family in Rye.
Laura: What about Raffles, then? Could you commute without her for instance?
Richard: Mm, yes...but much more slowly. On the other hand, people often overestimate what guide dogs can do.
Laura: Really? In what way?
Richard: Well, it's impossible to train them to cope with modern traffic, especially in London. The best she can
do is warn me of a dangerous situation.
Laura: How can she do that?
Richard: Simply by sitting down and refusing to move. I have to stand still and just hope that the driver misses
me.
Laura: That must be a terrible experience...
Richard: Yes, it's not much fun!
Laura: Can I ask how much you paid for Raffles?
Richard: 50 pounds.
Laura: What?
Richard: 50 pounds... Any blind person can buy a dog for 50 pounds. Of course a lot of people pay more
voluntarily, but the minimum price is 50 pounds.
Laura: So public contributions are really important.
Richard: Absolutely.

Questions:
1. Why did Richard part with his Labrador?
2. Which of the following statements best describes people's opinion about guide dogs?
3. What does Raffles do to warn the owner of a dangerous situation?
4. How much did Richard pay for Raffles?
5. How does Richard feel about the public contributions?
6
Over 450 wild horses have been killed in Nevada. The land they were on belonged to the government. Some
people say it is worse than when all the buffaloes were killed. Many of the horses were shot while running.
Wild horses are protected by law. 28 thousand wild horses share the land with six million cattle. Cattlemen say
the horses are crowding the cattle out. It is said that there is a war going on. Both the cattle and the horses need
the water and grass that is on the land.
The president of the Nevada cattleman group also helps to protect the horses. He says that he does not like what is
happening to the horses. He does want the government to help keep the number of horses low.
Some people think the Navy used the wild horses for target practice. Pilots flew over the area where the horses
were found. The Navy said that they did not let their pilots do that.
The horses were found far from the nearest road. The killings happened over a large area. It has been happening
for the last two years.
Some people think that the horses should be gotten rid of. Others think that they should stay. In the meantime, the
police will try to figure out who did it.
Questions:
have been killed in Nevada recently?
were they killed?
is the number of the animals killed?
long has the killing lasted?
did the killing?
Unit7
1
Maria: Good afternoon. I'd like to book two return air tickets from Istanbul to Athens, please.
Travel agent: Certainly. When are you traveling?
Maria: We want to take the flight tomorrow afternoon and come back on Friday afternoon.

Travel agent: First class or economy class?
Maria: Economy class.
Travel agent: Two adults?
Maria: Yes.
Travel agent: And your name is?
Maria: Almar. A-L-M-A-R.
Travel agent: Initials?
Maria: M. H.
Travel agent: And the other passenger?
Maria: P. J. Almar.
Travel agent: On the 11th and the 14th, did you say?
Maria: That's right. Do we have to change planes?
Travel agent: No, it's a direct flight. Here are your tickets, Mrs. Almar. These are for the outward journey—from
Istanbul to Athens on flight SN 862 at 17: 50 on July 11. And these are for the return journey—Athens to Istanbul
on flight SN 863 at 15: 10 on July 14. Don't forget to be at the airport 45 minutes before departure time.
Maria: Thank you. Do you accept credit cards?
Travel agent: Certainly. Thank you. That's TL6796. Could you sign here, please? Thank you very much.
Maria: Thank you.
Questions:
1. Where does the dialog most probably take place?
2. What are the names including initials of the woman and her husband?
3. When will the woman go to Athens?
4. How long will the Almars stay in Athens?
5. How does the woman pay for the tickets?
6. How much does the woman have to pay for the tickets?
2
(Alex, a young Englishman, is staying in New York with Linda, a friend of his. He is there for only two days and
wants to see as much as possible. He is talking to Linda about the most interesting places.)

Part 1
Linda: So what are you going to do while you're here?
Alex: Well. I don't know much about New York really, you know, just the Empire State Building and the Statue
of Liberty. You tell me!
Linda: You've just got two days, right? You're going to be pretty busy if you want to see all the sights!
Alex: I'm planning to start early tomorrow morning. What should I do first?
Linda: I think you should start with the ruins of the World Trade Center building. It was the highest building
before the September 11 attacks and many people go there for mourning.
Alex: Mm. I'll definitely do that. Which is the highest building in the city now?
Linda: The Empire State Building. Now it's the highest building, and the view's just beautiful in the morning,
when it's clear and fresh. You have to do that!
Alex: Sounds great!
Part 2
Alex: What else do you recommend?
Linda: Well, it depends on what you like—art, shopping, and theater?
Alex: Well, not shopping particularly. But I'd like to see an art gallery or two.
Linda: Oh, then you must go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which is just enormous. You could spend two
days there! That's by Central Park, so you can take a walk through Central Park at the same time, but not after
dark, remember. It's dangerous then.
Alex: Right.
Part 3
Alex: What about the Statue of Liberty? I must see the Statue of Liberty!
Linda: Well, there are different ways to do that. You can take a tour by boat. That stops so you can get out and
climb up to the top.
Alex: Yeah.
Linda: Or the cheap way is just to take the regular Staten Island ferry—that's not a tourist boat, so it doesn't stop,
but it passes right by.
Alex: No, I think I'll be a typical tourist and climb up to the top!
Linda: All right. Well, there's another interesting trip in the same area—to Ellis Island. There's a big museum all
about the immigrants who arrived there. That's pretty interesting!
Alex: Mm. Yes, I'd definitely like to do that, too.

Linda: Sure, but you're going to be pretty busy. You won't be able to do that in one day. It's a long way, you
know!
Alex: Really? How far is it?
Linda: Five or six miles at least!
Alex: Is it? I've got no idea where these places are. Have you got a map, perhaps?
Linda: Sure, I'll go to get it, and you can plan your route.
3
I'm a window-seat guy. I know most people like the aisle, but I prefer the window. I like to look out when I fly. I
like to see the countryside, the square fields passing below. It's a game to me. I try to figure out which city we're
over, which river we've just crossed. And I like to watch the tiny matchbox cars moving down the road and
wonder whether the drivers know they're being watched from above.
The view comes with a price, of course. It means I'm trapped, a captive audience to whoever might wander down
the aisle and plop down next to me. Over the years, I've perfected the art of being polite but not cozy to these aisle
people. I'll say
There are aisle people who tell their life stories. Unprovoked, they begin spilling the family beans, even before the
peanuts are served. It happened to me again recently. Lucky for me, it was only an hour's flight.
He said he was coming back from a weekend visiting his wife and child, who were staying at her brother's house
in Chicago.
Oh, a summer vacation. I innocently nodded. The floodgates opened. No, she left him because he was working
too much. He was never home. She just got up and walked out of the door, taking the baby with her. He hoped to
get them back, and mend fences, but he couldn't leave his work. He didn't know what to do.
It was therapy at 30,000 feet, all included in the price of an airline ticket. By the time we landed, I knew more
about this man than I do about my own brother.
4
If you're staying in a hostel, would you most likely be resting your head in (A) a castle; (B) a South Pacific resort;
(C) a boat? Surprisingly, the answer is (D): all of the above. No doubt you've heard stories about previous
generations' youthful adventures abroad, during which they routinely spent nights in slightly seedy quarters, often
in the company of 25 to 30 strangers. In exchange for a wallet-friendly night's sleep, travelers endured shared
bathrooms, noisy fellows, and unreasonably early curfews.
Today's hostels are a far cry from the spartan lodgings of old. With private accommodation options, online
booking, and 24-hour access, they are often as convenient as budget hotels. Add to that Internet connections,
restaurants and private bathrooms, and you wonder why anyone else shells out the cash to stay elsewhere.
What prompted the change? Roger Charles, secretary general of the International Youth Hostel Federation, points
to the changing demands of young travelers.
private bedrooms with facilities, and they don't want to stay in dorms. Assumption of greater comfort drives
demand.

Hostel patrons are changing, too. They are not so young anymore. For instance, you'll see people in their twenties
and thirties who are taking a year off from work to travel. They're on a tight budget, so they turn to hostels. You
also see seniors staying in hostels more and more now; it has really become an opportunity for cultural and
intergenerational exchange.
5
(Mike is going to visit the Sahara with his classmates and he is asking his friend, Bob, who has been there, for
advice.)
Mike: Yes, I am going to leave for the Sahara with my classmates next week. And I think there will be problems
crossing it. I mean how did you make sure that you didn't run out of petrol or water?
Bob: Well, yes. In fact, fuel is one of the main problems crossing the Sahara because you have to go a very long
way from one filling station to the next. You have to go eight or nine hundred kilometers between places where
you can be sure to get fuel. What we did in fact was to use a diesel vehicle because it doesn't use quite so much
fuel as a petrol vehicle. And also diesel fuel is the main fuel used by lorries. So if you're really stuck, you can
always beg, or more likely buy, some diesel fuel off a passing lorry.
Mike: How much water do you think I ought to take for an expedition of eight people?
Bob: Well, one 18-liter metal can of water will usually serve for two people on the complete Saharan crossing,
but in addition to the needs for drinking you've got to remember that you need to carry water for your vehicle.
And usually we left about half our water intact for emergency purposes.
Mike: And obviously a real worry must be breaking down.
Bob: Yes, because if you do break down and have to get help, it will cost a lot because people know you're at
their mercy there. So you have to be as self-sufficient as you can and anticipate everything that could go wrong,
and there must be somebody with you who knows how to repair almost anything that can go wrong with a motor
vehicle.
Mike: Is it going to be cold or warm and what sort of things should I take?
Bob: Well, strangely enough the Sahara can be everything from very cold to incredibly hot. It depends partly on
the time of year. At night in the winter, it can get quite cold. The winter there is the same as the European winter.
So you need a good sleeping bag and sweaters.
6
(Two stars look back at their favorite holiday travel. Jamie Lee Curtis is an actress and author. Her new movie,
Christmas with the Kranks, opened in December, 2004. Her latest children's book, It's Hard to Be Five, is in
stores now. Juliet Mills is an actress on the NBC soap Passions.)
I'm Jamie Lee Curtis. My fondest holiday memories come from the years my family vacationed at Sun Valley in
Idaho. A big group of my parents' friends and family would usually end up there over Christmas break. Even as
kids we could go bowling, swimming or ice- skating, watch movies and get ice cream by ourselves because
everything was within walking distance. One time, all the parents were at a cocktail party, and we ran up to the
balcony, threw snowballs on them and ran down the halls laughing as we raced back out into the night. I'll never
forget those moments of inhaling the fresh, cold mountain air and feeling so free.

I'm Juliet Mills. Many years ago my husband and I spent the holidays driving down to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico,
with our two- year-old daughter, Melissa. We lined our Dodge van with luxurious carpet, added a sound system
and a fridge and threw our sleeping bags in the back. For about a month, we stopped and camped on amazing
beaches on the Baja coast. We set our own pace and were very spontaneous. Sometimes we'd stop in little fishing
villages for ice or go to a bakery for food. One of the stops I remember along the way was at a beautiful beach
where whales often swam. Maxwell and I love driving trips and this is a favorite. You can reveal all your secrets
as you stare at the road in front of you. It was such a relaxing holiday because we were inspired by a beautiful
place and our family was together.
Unit8
1
Although twins have always been a source of curiosity, they are not so uncommon statistically, since they occur
once in every 86 births.
About one third of all twins are identical, or single-egg twins. Identical twins have the same genes and, hence, the
same sex, hair, eyes, blood type, and bone and tooth structure. Some identical twins are mirror images of each
other. For example, one may be left- handed, the other right-handed. As young children, some identical twins may
develop their own private language. Identical twins have an especially keen intuition, and they often seem to think
and dress alike even when away from each other. In fact, even when they are separated at birth and raised apart,
identical twins develop surprising similarities. They may pursue the same careers, have the same interests, or die
within days of each other.
In contrast to identical twins, fraternal twins inherit a separate set of genes and are not necessarily of the same sex.
2
When Robert Jones, 19, went to college this fall, he was surprised that so many of his classmates called him

discovered they had the same birth date. Both Robert and Edward were adopted. When they talked with each
other, they discovered that they were identical twins separated shortly after birth. In fact, they were wrong: They
were triplets. After newspapers published their pictures, Edward's mother got a call from David Kellman.
not going to believe this,
As
1976. They were adopted by three different couples, none of whom was told their new son had brothers. The
reunion of the three boys after 19 years was a big surprise for everyone in all the families.
Relatives say their resemblance extends well beyond their looks. All three like active sports and have similar
tastes in rock music and girlfriends. All three are extroverts who have similar gestures. They talk in the same way,
they have the same laugh, they hold their cigarettes in the same way, and all three smoke the same brand of
cigarette.
Questions:
1. What surprised Robert Jones when he went to college?
2. Who found the clue to the relationship between Robert Jones and Edward Gallant?
3. How did David Kellman get to know his origins?
4. Which of the following statements is true about Robert Jones, Edward Gallant and David Kellman?

3
Michael Phelps stands six feet four inches (193 centimeters) and weighs 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms), with the
broad shoulders and slim waist common to the elite swimmer.
But consider his body measurements a little closer and it becomes clearer why Phelps is dominating these
Olympic Games.
He has an extended trunk and relatively short legs, a distinct advantage in the water. The inseam of his pants is
reportedly 32 inches (81 centimeters), shorter than that of Hicham El Guerrouj, the great Moroccan runner, who is
five feet nine inches (175 centimeters) but all legs.
Phelps has double-jointed elbows, knees, and ankles, which allows him to bend himself like few swimmers can.
His size-14 (European size-48.5) feet are like giant fins.
Add to that the extraordinary work rate of his lungs and heart, and Phelps appears almost superhuman—a
different species from the rest of us.
Of course, he trains extraordinarily hard. But so do others. To be an Olympic champion, a person's genes must
first be preset for maximal athletic performance. After all, great athletes are born, then made better.

professor of applied physiology at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta.
dedication, motivation, and excellent training will not rise to the world-class level unless he or she has inherited a
supercharged physiological system for the sport.
4
(Summerhill is a famous experimental boarding school that was founded in 1921. Here the founder, A. S. Neill
talks about his ideas about the founding and running of the school.)
Our aims of the school:
When my wife and I began the school, we had one main idea: to make the school fit the child—instead of making
the child fit the school.
I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was
because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how he should learn. The other way
dated from the days when psychology was still an unknown science.
Our view on education:
Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children the freedom to be themselves. In order to do
this, we had to renounce all discipline, all direction, all suggestion, all moral training, and all religious instruction.
We have been called brave, but it did not require courage. All it required was what we had—a complete belief in
the child as a good, not an evil, being. For over forty years, this belief in the goodness of the child has never
changed; it rather has become a final faith.
My view is that a child is born wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestion of any kind, he will
develop as far as he is capable of developing. Logically, Summerhill is a place in which people who have the
inborn ability and wish to be scholars will be scholars while those who are only fit to sweep the street will sweep
the street. But we have not produced a street cleaner so far.

5
Chang and Eng were the original Siamese twins, born in Siam in 1811. The King of Siam ordered them to be
killed but their mother managed to keep them alive and bring them up as normal as possible.
They were not very tall and were connected by a band of tissue 4.5 inches long, but they were very intelligent.
They emigrated to America, became famous as a circus act and by the time they were thirty had made a lot of
money. Then they got married. They married sisters and between them had twenty-two children. Chang and Eng
now have more than 1,000 descendants. For some years they all lived in the twins' original house; but when the
families grew they built separate homes, Chang and Eng spending three days in one and the next three in the
other.
In their later years, Chang's health deteriorated because he drank too much. Eng became so worried that he tried to
get separated, but no doctor would do the operation. The end of their lives was painful. On January 12, 1874,
Chang took to his bed with bronchitis in his own house. On the Thursday it was time to move, according to the
arrangement, to Eng's house, Eng did not want Chang to go, but Chang insisted. His health grew steadily worse
until he died on January 17. When Eng realized his twin brother had died he said,
He did, two hours later.
6
The importance of nature over nurture in behavior has been shown in an experiment with monkeys.
A University of Chicago researcher has shown for the first time that young monkeys reared by foster mothers are
more likely to show the aggressive or friendly behavior of their birth mothers instead of the behavior of their
foster mothers.
The discovery of inheritance of social behavior among non-human primates is important in understanding human
behavior. It supports another research that suggests that behavior such as sociability and aggressiveness in humans
may have a genetic basis.
Rhesus monkeys offer an important research population because they organize in strong matrilineal structures,
and the female offspring often exhibit the same social behavior as their mothers. The experiment showed that
some aspects of behavior were inherited or learned by the female offspring. Also it showed that inherited behavior
was probably more important than nurture in female offspring.
For the study, rhesus female babies were exchanged between mothers who had recently given birth.
To understand the origins of behavior, the researchers looked at social contact and aggression among the offspring.
The researchers showed, for example, how many times the infants had bodily contact and how many times they
expressed aggression, such as threats, slaps, bites and chases with other group members.
Looking at the behavior of the monkey offspring and their mothers over a period of three years, the researchers
found that the offspring's behavior resembled the behavior of their biological mothers. There was practically no
behavioral similarity between the offspring and their foster mothers. For instance, offspring who often used
threats and slaps to get their way usually had biological mothers who also showed the same behavior.
Questions:
1. What is the purpose of the research done at the University of Chicago?
2. What does the research done at the University of Chicago suggest?

3. Why does the research done at the University of Chicago have important implications for people?
4. How did the researchers try to find out the origins of certain behavior?
Unit9
1
(Bill, Howard, and Lisa are talking about background music.)
Part I
Bill: What are you working on now?
Howard: I've just finished a piece of background music.
Lisa: Background music? Oh, like the music they're playing here now.
Howard: Yes. You hear it everywhere, in restaurants, airports, supermarkets, department stores...
Bill: In banks, too. I noticed it while we were at the bank today.
Lisa: Did you? I didn't.
Howard: You are not supposed to notice it. It's just there, in the background. It's supposed to influence your
attitudes, and put you in the right mood.
Lisa: I'm not sure I like that idea.
Howard: Well, it seems to work. Companies pay millions of dollars every year for background music. It's
supposed to give you a better feeling about yourself and the people around you. Factories use it a lot. It makes the
workers happy, and they work better that way. In one factory, music increased production by 4.5 percent.
Bill: I should think they'd get tired of hearing music all day.
Howard: They don't though. One fellow in San Francisco told me,
the telephone to complain.
Lisa: Now that I think about it, I can't remember when there wasn't background music in restaurants and stores.
Howard: That shows how young you are. Actually, it all started during World War II when some factories had
their own orchestras to keep workers happy and calm. Now, of course, the music is piped in by a machine, and
different kinds of music are played at different times during the day. They play faster music at 10 in the morning
than at 8, for instance, because workers tend to be slower then.
Part II
Bill: What about restaurants? Do they play the same music for dinner and lunch?
Howard: I don't know about that, but I do know that hamburger places play fast music. When they started playing
faster music, they found that a customer spent only seventeen minutes eating. The time was 22 minutes before
that.
Lisa: So they have more people coming in and out to buy hamburgers.

Howard: Exactly. And that's good for business. You can see why music has become so popular. In Los Angeles,
for instance, 30 different companies are selling background music services.
Lisa: I still think there's something about it that I don't quite like.
Howard: I know what you mean, but lots of people wouldn't agree with you. The Xerox Corporation in Rochester,
N. Y., spends more than $$80,000 a year for background music. Prisons use it, and farmers use it to keep their
cattle calm. It's even supposed to have an effect on plants.
2
More and more doctors are operating to music. They say it eases their minds.
One doctor in Chicago says classical music is the only kind that does not interfere while he is operating. But in
another Chicago operating room, the British rock group Pink Floyd can be heard. And in Washington, at least one
doctor operates to the sound of the Beatles.
Researchers from the State University of New York at Buffalo did a study that seems to confirm that music helps
reduce tension in doctors. They gave fifty male doctors difficult mathematical kinds of tests.
The doctors did the test while listening to music they themselves had chosen. They did a similar test while
listening to music that was chosen for them. They were tested a third time with no music at all. Each time, a
machine measured their heart rate and blood pressure.
The doctors worked most quickly and calmly when listening to the music they themselves had chosen. They did
the worst with no music at all.
What kinds of music did the doctors choose? Mostly classical. But some chose instrumental jazz pieces or Irish
folk music.
There probably is one piece of music that should never be played during an operation: Brahms'
not want your doctor to go to sleep while operating, do you?
3
The Beatles were probably the most important pop and rock group of all time. They were together for only eight
years, but their influence has lasted much longer.
The Beatles came from Liverpool, England. They started playing together in 1962, although Paul McCartney and
John Lennon played together in another group. They started by playing rock 'n' roll songs, but they quickly
developed their own style. By 1963, they had become Britain's top rock group. A year later they toured the United
States, where they attracted millions of fans.
By the time the Beatles broke up in 1970, they had changed the nature of rock and pop music. They introduced
new sounds and rhythms, and they experimented with different types of musical instruments. They recorded
hundreds of songs and they sold millions and millions of records. They made many films and won many awards
for their music.
Today, the Beatles' songs are still very famous all over the world.
4

(Dennis is interviewing Stephanie, a music teacher.)
Dennis: Which do you think is the easiest instrument for people to learn to play?
Stephanie: It's difficult to answer that question because learning to play an instrument is one thing, and learning
to play it well is another. But I think the guitar is the easiest to learn. It's one of the easiest to carry, and that's
important for a musician.
Dennis: And the second?
Stephanie: My second choice is probably the most popular instrument, and I think it's the most satisfying, too,
because you can make more progress at the beginning. That's the piano.
Dennis: So you think playing the piano's more difficult than playing the guitar.
Stephanie: Yes, because, well, your left hand has to work as hard as your right and both hands have to make
notes. With the guitar, you make the notes with the left hand, and the right just picks the strings.
Dennis: Is playing a woodwind or brass instrument very difficult? It looks quite easy.
Stephanie: I think the clarinet and the trumpet are the easiest to learn. Finding the notes is quite easy and
breathing isn't a serious problem. But I find all the wind instruments less satisfying for people to play, because
you can't do much alone. You have to play with others.
Dennis: And which do you think is the most difficult instrument to play?
Stephanie: No doubt at all, the violin. And I think it's the most difficult because both hands have to work, but
they have to do different jobs. I mean, the left hand makes the notes on the strings, and it's harder to find the notes
than on the guitar because the strings are shorter. The right hand has to manage the bow, and bowing well is an art.
Finally, the most difficult thing about it, I find, is holding the instrument under your chin. It's not a natural
position to adopt.
5
(Four people, Steve, Connie, Diane, and Martin, are giving their opinions about their favorite musicians before
attending an international concert.)
Steve: Oh, no doubt about it. My favorite's Bruce Springsteen. He's the best there is. I think he's more direct, he
communicates better than the others. It's not that the others are bad, but he's better. In a way his kind of rock
music's more old-fashioned than, er, Sting's, say, but for me it's more exciting. And the messages in his songs are
simpler. They're easier to understand than Sting's or Peter Gabriel's, so I can relate to them better.
Connie: The singer I want to hear most is Peter Gabriel. He's not really one of my favorite singers—I mean I
don't think he's as exciting as Bruce Springsteen, for instance—but his latest songs, these African songs with
African rhythms, well, they're more musical than pop songs usually are. And I think all the singers are sincere
about the human rights movement, but he feels more deeply about it than the others.
Diane: Oh, I think Sting and his band are the best. Sting's better now with his new band than during his time with
the Police. He seems more natural and I think he enjoys playing more. And he's a much better songwriter now.
The one I like most in the band is the sax-player, Branford Marsalis. He plays brilliantly, but the best thing about
him is his sense of humor. He really makes me laugh!

Martin: To tell you the truth, I'm looking forward most to hearing Youssou N'Dour. I like Peter Gabriel's African
songs, but he's an Englishman, not an African, so it's not the same as the real thing. I mean, real African music is
different from reggae and rock, because it's more rhythmic than reggae, but not as heavy as rock. The rhythms are
very unusual, too, and more sophisticated than people think.
6
It has long been known that Cellist Yo-Yo Ma possesses astonishing musical talent. By age seven he had already
played for Isaac Stern and Pablo Casals. Later he went to Juilliard and on to Harvard, where he studied
international cultures. Soon he tasted stardom, giving concerts around the world.
But he tells of a humbling experience while in Namibia, where he went to observe trance dances and musical
rituals of the people. At the end of his stay he produced a cello and offered them a performance of his own.
said, 'Stop. Don't play. We want to play for you, '
to bring my cello. They didn't give a damn.
His story is one of a star realizing that not everyone knows or cares who he is.
to have a very strong ego,
the center. To play Beethoven, you have to figure out who he was, and how that's encoded in the music. And then
you have to realize you are not Beethoven.
Unit10
1
I was born across the street from the public library, and in my memory it remains my favorite spot in my
hometown. When I was six I learned to read. From the beginning, language seemed like magic to me. Recently I
read that Freud said,
retain much of their magical power.
During the Christmas season of 1927, when I was a sophomore in high school, I hung out in the street with other
kids of my age. The weather was so harsh we played indoors, and after swimming and running and tumbling, we
became bored. I suggested we hold a contest to see who could keep a diary the longest. My challenge was
accepted by two of my friends. One wrote his diary for two weeks, the other three months, and here I am, still
writing mine when I am 50. It has taught me that one way to find the truth is to tell the truth.
Questions:
1. What is the speaker's favorite spot in his hometown?
2. When did the speaker learn to read?
3. Why did the speaker play indoors during the Christmas season of 1927?
4. How long has the speaker been writing his diary?
5. What has the speaker learned from writing his diary?
2
I was born across the street from the public library, and in my memory it remains my favorite spot in my
hometown. When I was six I learned to read. From the beginning, language seemed like magic to me. Recently I

read that Freud said,
retain much of their magical power.
During the Christmas season of 1927, when I was a sophomore in high school, I hung out in the street with other
kids of my age. The weather was so harsh we played indoors, and after swimming and running and tumbling, we
became bored. I suggested we hold a contest to see who could keep a diary the longest. My challenge was
accepted by two of my friends. One wrote his diary for two weeks, the other three months, and here I am, still
writing mine when I am 50. It has taught me that one way to find the truth is to tell the truth.
Questions:
1. What is the speaker's favorite spot in his hometown?
2. When did the speaker learn to read?
3. Why did the speaker play indoors during the Christmas season of 1927?
4. How long has the speaker been writing his diary?
5. What has the speaker learned from writing his diary?
3
A teacher, a petty thief and a lawyer all died and went to the pearly gates. Because of crowding, St. Peter told
them they had to pass a test before ascending any further. Addressing the teacher, he asked,
of the famous ship that hit an iceberg and sank?

The thief was next.

through.
Then St. Peter turned to the lawyer,
4
(The following is a short radio drama concerning two friends, David and John, who both play on a football team.)
David: I am back from the doctor. He told me I was going to die next week.
John: Oh, that seems impossible, David. You are in such good health.
Narrator: David takes from his pocket a medical certificate and shows it to his friend. After reading it, John
realizes the doctor is right. He tries to reassure his friend, but also asks David to promise to send news as soon as
he arrives in Paradise. One week later, as the doctor said, David dies. A month goes past without news, then two.
At last, after three months, David calls his friend.
John: Hello, how are you, David?
David: Fine, thanks. I've got good news and bad news, John.

John: I'd rather you would begin first with the good news.
David: OK, listen. In Paradise, everything is marvelous. The sun shines all the time and people are so lovely. And,
if you may remember, I played on a little team down there but here I play with the best players. Also, I am sure
you have never seen such a big football stadium. Angels and God are our public. You know, it is really
marvelous.
John: Oh, yes. It sounds wonderful. I am really happy for you. BUT you haven't told me the bad news, David.
David: Ah yes, my friend. Your name is marked on the notice board. You are going to play in two weeks.
Statements:
1. David and John are both football players.
2. John thinks that David is joking when David says he is going to die.
3. John doesn't believe what David has told him until he goes to the doctor and sees the medical certificate.
4. David promises to send good news to John from Heaven to relieve his sorrow.
5. It is not until two months after David dies that John gets a call from David.
6. David tells John that life in Heaven is pleasant and people there are friendly.
7. David tells John that Angels and God all like to play football.
8. We can infer from the drama that John will die soon.
5
Speaker A:
Actually it was one of the first lessons I'd ever taught. I had this beginners' class, and I'd noticed that everything I
wrote down on the blackboard they'd copy down into their books. So we were doing the days of the week, and I
wrote them all up on the board and I decided to write an eighth day and called it
were some who diligently wrote it down. I then tried to convince them that in Australia we had eight days a week,
but they didn't fall for that one.
6
Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them—work, family, health,
friends and spirit and you're keeping all of these in the air. You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If
you drop it, it will bounce back. But the other four balls—family, health, friends and spirit—are made of glass. If
you drop one of these, they will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will
never be the same.
You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How?
Don't undermine your worth by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different and each of us is
special.
Don't set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you.

Don't take for granted the things closest to your heart. Cling to them as they would be your life. For without them,
life is meaningless.
Don't let your life slip through your fingers by living in the past or for the future. By living your life one day at a
time, you live all the days of your life.
Don't give up when you still have something to give. Nothing is really over until the moment you stop trying.
Don't be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave.
Don't shut love out of your life by saying it's impossible to find time. The quickest way to receive love is to give;
the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings.
Don't be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily.
Don't use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved.
Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way.

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