被动句的英译
牛津大学校长-碧瑶坐
汉语和英语都有主动语态和被动语态之分,可是对于两种语态的运用不尽相
同。一般来说
,英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高于汉语。从句法角度看。
英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当
主动式不便于表达时,出于造句
的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式,除此之外,从文体的角度看,某
些
文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。
昨晚我盖了两条被子。(不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”)
Last night I
was covered up with two quilts.
困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。
The difficulties have
been overcome, the work has been finished and the
problem solved.
树被风刮倒。 The tree was blown
down by the wind. 风把树刮倒了。The
wind blew down
the tree.
她被人杀害了。She was killed. 有人把她杀害了。
Someone killed her.
敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemy’s
plot was exposed.
我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the
enemy’s plot.
“为……所”式,是较古的被动式,与现代的被动式结合,即为“被……所”,
如:
茅屋为秋风所破。The Thatched house was destroyed by
the autumn storm.
她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated
with sweet words.
“是……的”式,即表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,
如:
这些产品是我国制造的。These products are made in our
country.
风速是用秒米表示的。The speed of wind is
expressed in metres by second.
“……的是”式,一般可以与“是(由)……的”式互相转换,如:
推荐我的是一位教授。I
was recommended by a professor.
接见他的是一位秘书。He
was received by a secretary.
“……加以予以”式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如:
这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。This
question will be discussed in the next
chapter.
这必须在适当的时候予以处理。It must be dealt
with at the appropriate time.
汉语要表达某种客观、间接和非人
称的口气,往往不用被动式,而用上述的
无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。英译时要使用
被动式,以
迎合某些表达的需要。
所谓语态转换,是指翻译中汉英两种语言之间的主动式与被
动式的互换。在
汉语中被动式使用较少,叙述一种行为的时候,常用主动式。英语则不然,
大量
的及物动词可以用被动式,不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动
式。英语中使用被动式比汉语多。
这儿讲的是英语。English is spoken here.
这项工作完成多久了?
How long has the work been done?
这本书已经翻译成中文了。This book has already been
translated into
Chinese.
凤姐还欲问时,只听二门上传出云板,连叩四下,将凤姐惊醒。(《红楼梦》)
Before
Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start
by four blows on
the chimebar at the second
gate.
汉语的被动句子,从结构上来说,大体可分为两类:一类带
有表达
被动意义的标记;另一类则不带这种标记;普通而常
见的最后一类。不论属于哪一类,英译时基本仍可运
用被动
语态。
带有被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子,一般表示较强的被动意义,着
重于被动的动作。此类句子可按英
语的惯常用法,相应地翻译成英语的被动句子。汉语这一类被动式,用
助词
“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等为标记。
海外华侨现在不再被人轻视了。Over-seas Chinese are no longer
looked down
upon.
他被选为学生会主席。He was
elected Chairman of the Students’ Union.
她深受大家的尊敬。She is greatly respected by everyone.
窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了,他一定要挨骂的。The window pane was
broken by the child; he will certainly be
scolded.
这东西已被新机型取代不再生产了。It’s no longer in
production and had
been replaced by our new
model.
余新江像怒视着特务一样,看着对面的粉墙,过了好一阵,才转过头告诉甫
志
高:“两个纵火的特务,当场被抓住以后,供认出他们放火是奉了西南长
官公署第二处的命令!”
(被动语态仍翻译为被动形式)Yu Shin-chiang
glared at the
walll as if the two arsonists were standing there
in front of him
after a long pause, he said to
Fu Chih-kao: “These two secret agents were
caught red-handed. They confessed that they
had started the fire on orders
from the Secod
Department of the Southwest Bureau.”
有些被动句用“为
所”、“被 所”,后加谓语动词来表达被动意义,例如:
社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been
accepted
by the people of the whole country.
他的一位朋友被匪徒所杀害。One of his friends was killed by
bandits.
还有些被动句是用“加以”、“予以”等词后加谓语动词来表达被动意义的。例
如:
这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。The problem must be
dealt with by appropriated means at an
appropriate time.
但是,还必须指出,并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要翻
译成英语的被
动式。有时也有例外。必须首先考虑所选的英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及
上下文
关系等,然后再决定用什么语态。比如“老太太被风吹病了。”这个句
子,若翻译成The old
lady was blown sick by the wind.就不妥。翻译成The old
lady fell ill because of the draught.才符合英语表达习惯
。又如下文中译文中
的被动式就没有按原结构翻译,而是改译成英语主动式,这样,上下文联系
得更为紧密,并避免了头重脚轻的毛病
不带被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子
在形式上一般都有主语,也有动词,但是主语在实际上是谓语动词
的动作承受者,而不是执行者。动作执
行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主
动句,而含义上是被动句。这一类被动句在汉语中大量存在,英译时
一般也
要用被动语态来处理。例如:
这座桥将在今年年底建成。The
construction of the bridge will be completed
by the end of this year. (under examination
consideration construction)
知识分子问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。On such a basis has the
question of the intellectuals been raised.
有些问题还需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be
clarified. (Certain
questions need
clarifying.)
这个问题正在研究。The problem is now being
studied. (or: The problem is
now under
consideration.)
运费包括在价格里。The shipping charges
are included in the price.
不过,汉语中的这种类型的句子,同样不是绝对必须用英语被动式来处
理的。
汉语被动句的英译
Ⅰ:汉英语言特征的简单比较:
汉语是表意
(ideographic)文字;英文是拼音(alphabetic)文字。汉语是分析型(analyti
c)语言,
其典型特征是汉字没有曲折变化(inflection);汉语还是粘着型(agglut
inative)语言,词的组
合凭借词素的粘着,如“光(+明)→光明→(+正大)→光明正大;”
“惩(+治)→惩治→(+腐
败+→官员)→惩治腐败官员。所以,汉语的被动句使用得较少,或者句子
中较少出现诸如“被”,
“让”,“给”,“遭”等字眼。在汉语句子中,即使不说明施事者,主动意义
和被动意义也不至于混
淆。英文属于分析型(analytic)和综合型(synthetic)语言
,其典型特征是通过词的曲折变化,
如名词的单复数、动词的过去式、分词,以及助动词的组句功能来实
现其表意功能。上述的简单
对比告诉我们,在进行汉英和英汉翻译时,句式的合理转换是实现达意、顺畅
的基本要素之一。
Ⅱ:将汉语被动句翻译成英文时,实现句式转换的几个技巧。
㈠汉语句子中使用被动字,翻译成含有“by(in)…”短语的英文被动句。例如:
1.凶手被判处死刑。
The murderer was sentenced to
death.
2.1998年,中国南方的部分省份遭受了严重水灾。
In 1998,
several provinces in Southern China were struck by
flood.
3.行李让雨淋了。
The luggage was soaked in
the rain.
4.那个驾驶员挨警察训斥了。
The driver was
scolded by the policeman.
5.卖火柴的小女孩给冻死了。
The little match girl was frozen to death.
6.过度砍伐把该地区的生态毁了。
The bio-ecological
environment was destroyed by over-felling.
7.许多工作有待于完成。
A lot of work remains to be
finished.
㈡“宾语+谓语动词”的汉语句子一般应译成英文被动句;而“宾
语+主语+谓语动词”的句子一般可
译成英文主动句。请比较:
1.好多过期的书刊杂志都卖了。
A lot of old books and
back numbers have been sold.
2.电视昨天修好了。
The TV set was repaired yesterday.
3.好多过期的书刊杂志我都卖了。
I have sold a lot of old
books and back numbers.
4.电视他昨天修好了。
He
repaired the TV set yesterday.
译成英文主动句。请比较:
1.这次瓦斯爆炸是管理不善造成的。
This gas explosion is
caused by poor management.
2.阿Q正传是鲁迅写的。
The True Story of A-Q was written by Lu Xun.
3.阿Q正传是鲁迅的代表作之一。
The True Story of A-Q is
one of the master pieces of Lu Xun.
4.这部小说的情节是很离奇的。
The plot of this novel is
rather fantastic.
㈣汉语的无主句常常译成英文被动句。例如:
1.必须尊敬长辈。
The elders ought to be
respected.
2.明年这里将建成一个大型的一站式大卖场。
A large
one-stop merchandiser will be built here next
year.
3.你的电话,小李。
Xiao Li, you are wanted
on the phone.
4.罗马不是一天建成的。
Rome was not
built in a day.
㈤用泛称(generic
person)名词或代词做主语的汉语句子一般可译成英文被动句。例如:
1.人们还没有充分认识到可持续发展的重要性。
2.有人最后一次看到那个孩子在河边玩耍。
The child was last
seen playing by the river.
3.大家有必要进一步讨论这个问题。
The issue needs to be further explored.
㈥含
有“据说”,“据报道”,“据谣传”,“据信”,“应当指出”,“众所周知”,“一般认为”等的汉语
句子,一般译成英文被动句(It+be+pp+that—clause )。例如:
1.据说萨达姆是让一个亲戚出卖了。
2.据报道房产价格明年仍要上扬。
It
is reported that housing prices will continue to
rise next year.
3.据传大学要再次扩招了
It is rumored
that universities will expand their enrollment
once again.
It is said that Saddam
Hussein was betrayed by one of his relatives.
The importance of sustainable development has
not been fully understood.
㈢
“是+实义动词”形式的汉语判断句多译成英文被动句;而“是+名词或形容词”形式的判断句多
4.应当指出,单凭战争不能解决所有的问题。
It should be
pointed out that war alone can’t solve all
problems.
5.众所周知,爱滋病目前是无药可医的。
It is well
known (known to all) that there is no cure for
AIDS at present.
6.一般认为,女性和儿童是弱势群体。
It is
generally accepted (agreed) that women and
children belong to the weaker group in society. 最后,必须说明,上述介绍只是一般可采用的方法,而非必须遵守的原则。如“1998年,中国南
方的部分省份遭受了严重水灾。”一句也完全可以译成:In 1998, severe flood
struckhit several
provinces in Southern China.
总之,只要做到了“达意”和“顺畅”,译出的句子符合译入语的表达习
惯,则翻译的目的就算基本实现
了。
汉语和英语都有主动语态和被动语态之分,可是对于两种语态
的运用不尽相
同。一般来说,英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高于汉语。从句法角度看。
英语重
形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句
的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动
式,除此之外,从文体的角度看,某些
文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。
昨晚我盖了两条被子。(不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”)
Last night I
was covered up with two quilts.
困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。
The difficulties have
been overcome, the work has been finished and the
problem solved.
树被风刮倒。 The tree was blown
down by the wind. 风把树刮倒了。The
wind blew down
the tree.
她被人杀害了。She was killed. 有人把她杀害了。
Someone killed her.
敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemy’s
plot was exposed.
我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the
enemy’s plot.
“为……所”式,是较古的被动式,与现代的被动式结合,即为“被……所”,
如:
茅屋为秋风所破。The Thatched house was destroyed by
the autumn storm.
她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated
with sweet words.
“是……的”式,即表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,
如:
这些产品是我国制造的。These products are made in our
country.
风速是用秒米表示的。The speed of wind is
expressed in metres by second.
“……的是”式,一般可以与“是(由)……的”式互相转换,如:
推荐我的是一位教授。I
was recommended by a professor.
接见他的是一位秘书。He
was received by a secretary.
“……加以予以”式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如:
这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。This
question will be discussed in the next
chapter.
这必须在适当的时候予以处理。It must be dealt
with at the appropriate time.
汉语要表达某种客观、间接和非人
称的口气,往往不用被动式,而用上述的
无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。英译时要使用
被动式,以
迎合某些表达的需要。
所谓语态转换,是指翻译中汉英两种语言之间的主动式与被
动式的互换。在
汉语中被动式使用较少,叙述一种行为的时候,常用主动式。英语则不然,
大量
的及物动词可以用被动式,不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动
式。英语中使用被动式比汉语多。
这儿讲的是英语。English is spoken here.
这项工作完成多久了?
How long has the work been done?
这本书已经翻译成中文了。This book has already been
translated into
Chinese.
凤姐还欲问时,只听二门上传出云板,连叩四下,将凤姐惊醒。(《红楼梦》)
Before
Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start
by four blows on
the chimebar at the second
gate.
汉语的被动句子,从结构上来说,大体可分为两类:一类带
有表达
被动意义的标记;另一类则不带这种标记;普通而常
见的最后一类。不论属于哪一类,英译时基本仍可运
用被动
语态。
带有被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子,一般表示较强的被动意义,着
重于被动的动作。此类句子可按英
语的惯常用法,相应地翻译成英语的被动句子。汉语这一类被动式,用
助词
“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等为标记。
海外华侨现在不再被人轻视了。Over-seas Chinese are no longer
looked down
upon.
他被选为学生会主席。He was
elected Chairman of the Students’ Union.
她深受大家的尊敬。She is greatly respected by everyone.
窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了,他一定要挨骂的。The window pane was
broken by the child; he will certainly be
scolded.
这东西已被新机型取代不再生产了。It’s no longer in
production and had
been replaced by our new
model.
余新江像怒视着特务一样,看着对面的粉墙,过了好一阵,才转过头告诉甫
志
高:“两个纵火的特务,当场被抓住以后,供认出他们放火是奉了西南长
官公署第二处的命令!”
(被动语态仍翻译为被动形式)Yu Shin-chiang
glared at the
walll as if the two arsonists were standing there
in front of him
after a long pause, he said to
Fu Chih-kao: “These two secret agents were
caught red-handed. They confessed that they
had started the fire on orders
from the Secod
Department of the Southwest Bureau.”
有些被动句用“为
所”、“被 所”,后加谓语动词来表达被动意义,例如:
社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been
accepted
by the people of the whole country.
他的一位朋友被匪徒所杀害。One of his friends was killed by
bandits.
还有些被动句是用“加以”、“予以”等词后加谓语动词来表达被动意义的。例
如:
这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。The problem must be
dealt with by appropriated means at an
appropriate time.
但是,还必须指出,并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要翻
译成英语的被
动式。有时也有例外。必须首先考虑所选的英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及
上下文
关系等,然后再决定用什么语态。比如“老太太被风吹病了。”这个句
子,若翻译成The old
lady was blown sick by the wind.就不妥。翻译成The old
lady fell ill because of the draught.才符合英语表达习惯
。又如下文中译文中
的被动式就没有按原结构翻译,而是改译成英语主动式,这样,上下文联系
得更为紧密,并避免了头重脚轻的毛病
不带被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子
在形式上一般都有主语,也有动词,但是主语在实际上是谓语动词
的动作承受者,而不是执行者。动作执
行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主
动句,而含义上是被动句。这一类被动句在汉语中大量存在,英译时
一般也
要用被动语态来处理。例如:
这座桥将在今年年底建成。The
construction of the bridge will be completed
by the end of this year. (under examination
consideration construction)
知识分子问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。On such a basis has the
question of the intellectuals been raised.
有些问题还需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be
clarified. (Certain
questions need
clarifying.)
这个问题正在研究。The problem is now being
studied. (or: The problem is
now under
consideration.)
运费包括在价格里。The shipping charges
are included in the price.
不过,汉语中的这种类型的句子,同样不是绝对必须用英语被动式来处
理的。
汉语被动句的英译
Ⅰ:汉英语言特征的简单比较:
汉语是表意
(ideographic)文字;英文是拼音(alphabetic)文字。汉语是分析型(analyti
c)语言,
其典型特征是汉字没有曲折变化(inflection);汉语还是粘着型(agglut
inative)语言,词的组
合凭借词素的粘着,如“光(+明)→光明→(+正大)→光明正大;”
“惩(+治)→惩治→(+腐
败+→官员)→惩治腐败官员。所以,汉语的被动句使用得较少,或者句子
中较少出现诸如“被”,
“让”,“给”,“遭”等字眼。在汉语句子中,即使不说明施事者,主动意义
和被动意义也不至于混
淆。英文属于分析型(analytic)和综合型(synthetic)语言
,其典型特征是通过词的曲折变化,
如名词的单复数、动词的过去式、分词,以及助动词的组句功能来实
现其表意功能。上述的简单
对比告诉我们,在进行汉英和英汉翻译时,句式的合理转换是实现达意、顺畅
的基本要素之一。
Ⅱ:将汉语被动句翻译成英文时,实现句式转换的几个技巧。
㈠汉语句子中使用被动字,翻译成含有“by(in)…”短语的英文被动句。例如:
1.凶手被判处死刑。
The murderer was sentenced to
death.
2.1998年,中国南方的部分省份遭受了严重水灾。
In 1998,
several provinces in Southern China were struck by
flood.
3.行李让雨淋了。
The luggage was soaked in
the rain.
4.那个驾驶员挨警察训斥了。
The driver was
scolded by the policeman.
5.卖火柴的小女孩给冻死了。
The little match girl was frozen to death.
6.过度砍伐把该地区的生态毁了。
The bio-ecological
environment was destroyed by over-felling.
7.许多工作有待于完成。
A lot of work remains to be
finished.
㈡“宾语+谓语动词”的汉语句子一般应译成英文被动句;而“宾
语+主语+谓语动词”的句子一般可
译成英文主动句。请比较:
1.好多过期的书刊杂志都卖了。
A lot of old books and
back numbers have been sold.
2.电视昨天修好了。
The TV set was repaired yesterday.
3.好多过期的书刊杂志我都卖了。
I have sold a lot of old
books and back numbers.
4.电视他昨天修好了。
He
repaired the TV set yesterday.
译成英文主动句。请比较:
1.这次瓦斯爆炸是管理不善造成的。
This gas explosion is
caused by poor management.
2.阿Q正传是鲁迅写的。
The True Story of A-Q was written by Lu Xun.
3.阿Q正传是鲁迅的代表作之一。
The True Story of A-Q is
one of the master pieces of Lu Xun.
4.这部小说的情节是很离奇的。
The plot of this novel is
rather fantastic.
㈣汉语的无主句常常译成英文被动句。例如:
1.必须尊敬长辈。
The elders ought to be
respected.
2.明年这里将建成一个大型的一站式大卖场。
A large
one-stop merchandiser will be built here next
year.
3.你的电话,小李。
Xiao Li, you are wanted
on the phone.
4.罗马不是一天建成的。
Rome was not
built in a day.
㈤用泛称(generic
person)名词或代词做主语的汉语句子一般可译成英文被动句。例如:
1.人们还没有充分认识到可持续发展的重要性。
2.有人最后一次看到那个孩子在河边玩耍。
The child was last
seen playing by the river.
3.大家有必要进一步讨论这个问题。
The issue needs to be further explored.
㈥含
有“据说”,“据报道”,“据谣传”,“据信”,“应当指出”,“众所周知”,“一般认为”等的汉语
句子,一般译成英文被动句(It+be+pp+that—clause )。例如:
1.据说萨达姆是让一个亲戚出卖了。
2.据报道房产价格明年仍要上扬。
It
is reported that housing prices will continue to
rise next year.
3.据传大学要再次扩招了
It is rumored
that universities will expand their enrollment
once again.
It is said that Saddam
Hussein was betrayed by one of his relatives.
The importance of sustainable development has
not been fully understood.
㈢
“是+实义动词”形式的汉语判断句多译成英文被动句;而“是+名词或形容词”形式的判断句多
4.应当指出,单凭战争不能解决所有的问题。
It should be
pointed out that war alone can’t solve all
problems.
5.众所周知,爱滋病目前是无药可医的。
It is well
known (known to all) that there is no cure for
AIDS at present.
6.一般认为,女性和儿童是弱势群体。
It is
generally accepted (agreed) that women and
children belong to the weaker group in society. 最后,必须说明,上述介绍只是一般可采用的方法,而非必须遵守的原则。如“1998年,中国南
方的部分省份遭受了严重水灾。”一句也完全可以译成:In 1998, severe flood
struckhit several
provinces in Southern China.
总之,只要做到了“达意”和“顺畅”,译出的句子符合译入语的表达习
惯,则翻译的目的就算基本实现
了。