易混淆英语单词分析
杨靖宇简介-我的一家作文
1. able, capable, competent
able为常用词,指
具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,一般下效率无关,用
作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如:
A cat is able to see in the dark.
(猫在黑暗中能看见
东西。)
capable
指满足一般要求的能力,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是be capable
of
+doing。用作定语,表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如:He is capable of
running
a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He
is a very capable doctor. (他是一
位很好的大夫。)
competent 指“胜任”,“合格”,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如:A
doctor
should be competent to treat many
diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
2. aboard,
abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I
never went aboard a ship.
abroad
副词,在国外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.
board
为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boarding the
plane now.
broad 为形容词,宽广的。如:He has very broad
shoulders.
3. accept, receive
accept 接受,receive“接到”,“收到”。如:I received an
invitation yesterday, but I didn’t
accept it.
(昨天我收到了一个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。)
4. accident,
incident, event
accident事故。如:a traffic
accident (交通事故)
incident“附带事件”,在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,事变。
event
“事件”,指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果,也指国家和社
会的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve,
attain
accomplish表成功,强调完成的结果而不是过程。如:Because
of his hard word, things
are accomplished.
(由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。)
complete
表示积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如:Has he complete his
novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗?)
finish 最常用,后接动词的-
ing形式,表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步
或阶段。如:I’ll finish
the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
achieve
完成,实现,强调通过努力而达到目的。如:You will achieve success if
you
work hard.
Attain达到,实现,常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如:Greater efforts
are needed
before we can attain our goals.
6. accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in railway stations
should be accurate.(火车站
的钟应该是准确的。)
correct
“正确的”,指符合一定的标准或准则,含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是
incorrect,
wrong.
exact“精确的”,“恰好的”,比“大体上正确”更进一步,表
“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是
inexact。
precise强调“精确”,“精密”。
7. accuse, charge, sue
accuse
指责,指控,常与of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of
carelessness.
charge 常与with搭配。如:The police
charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue
常与for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging
his house.
8. achieve, acquire, require,
inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,实现。如:He will never
achieve anything unless he works harder.
(如他不努力工作,将会一事无成。)
acquire取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge (获得知识)
inquire打听,询问。如:inquire a person’s
name(问一个人的姓名)
require需要。如:We require more
help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
9. act, action, deed
act 用作名词时,与action,
deed均可表“行为”,“举动”。Act指时间较短的个人行动或
行为,强调结果。如:The
farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his
apples. (农
夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式,
往往指不止包含一个步骤,且持续时间较长的行为或行动,强调行为的
过程。如:Actions
are more important than words. (行动比语言更重要。)
deed为正式用语,多指伟大的,显著的,感人的行为。如:They thanked him
for his good
deeds. (他们感谢他做的好事。)
10.
actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”,“现
实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在,而不是仅
在理论上可能发生或存在的。
true“真实的”,指与实际相符,而非虚假。
genuine
“真的”,“非冒充的”,“货真价实的”,强调正宗而非冒牌。
11.
adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate
足够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。
enough足够的,指数量多,足够满足某种目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,常可互换使用。但sufficient指数量多,足够满足某
种需要,在
口语中常用enough,在书面语中常用sufficient,在不易肯定时多用eno
ugh。Enough
可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient则不可这么用。
12. admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to
breaking the
window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承认错误,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his
crime to the police. (小
偷向警察承认了罪行。)
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advice,advise
advice劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice.
advise劝告(动词)。如:What do you advise me to do?
adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收养。如:Since
they have no children of their own, they decided
to adopt a
little girl.
(他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳,采用,通过。如:
He
adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。)
adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”,“改编”等。
advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向一个特定的目的地,在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如:
Napoleon
’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从一处向另一处的运动,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded
from
London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
peogress 多表自然过程,指生长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year
is
progressing, it will soon be summer.
(光阴似箭,很快又是夏天了。)
advantage, benefit,
profit
advantage
常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the
advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他十分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit
last year? (你去年赚钱了
吗?)
benefit
指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the
business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。)
advise,
convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议,规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put
my money in
the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince指向某人陈述事实,运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如:We convinced
Smith to go by train rather than plane.
(我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指用感情说服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go
back to work. (我说
服他回去工作了。)
affect,
effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果,影响(名词)。如:Government policy will not
have any effect on us.
afford, provide,
supply
都有“提供,供给”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
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provide
和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连用,构成provide supply somebody
with something的结构。
agree, consent
agree 为常用词。如:Do you agree to the condition?
(你同意这个条件吗?)
consent为正式用词,多用于上下级的关系,表示同意别人的要求或请求。如:Did the
king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗?)
aid, help, assist
用作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式用词,help最常用。
assist最正式,表示协助某人做某事,尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She
employed a woman to assist her with the
housework. (她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。)
alive,
living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。
living可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。
almost,
nearly
一般说来,almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成”
(目标)等。
在all, every, always 前,两者都可用。如:He is
almost (nearly) smoking. (他几乎每
天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing
连用,而nearly却不能。如:Almost no
one believed her.
(几乎没人相信他。)
alone, lonely
alone只表“独自
”的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语;lonely表“孤独”,:“寂寞”,
能作定语和表语。如
:When she is left alone, she feels lonely.
(剩下她一人时她就感
到寂寞。)
alone,
only均可表“只有”,但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。
如:He
alone (Only he) can remember the story.
(只有他才能记起这段经历。)
already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如:The plane had already landed
before we got to the airport.
all
ready准备好的(作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when
the telephone rang.
alter, change
作不及物动词时,两者可通用。
作及物动词时,alter是对局部,表面的改变,而cha
nge则是对本质的,全面的,彻底
的改变。如:Can you alter the dress?
(你会改做这件衣服吗?)Can you change the
dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗?)
altogether, all
together
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altogether总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of
us. (我们总计六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如:We played
the game all together. (我们大家都一起来玩
游戏吧。)
amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主语,人称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一惊”,“几乎使人无法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
among, between
among 在……中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如:Our house is hidden
among trees.
between在两者之间。如:It is easy to
distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
announce, declare
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The
government
announced that they would pay their
debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常用于庄重的场合。如:The judge
declared him
guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受,或指某人故意去妨碍别人。
bother打扰,麻烦,指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble
you with
a few questions?
disturb打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏,精力一时不能集中。如:I am
sorry to disturb you.
answer, reply,
respond
用作动词,都可表“回答”,“答复”。
answer是常用词,后可
接letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),
teleph
one(接电话),advertisement(应征广告)等。
reply较正式,一般只作不及物动词,可与to连用。如:He has replied to
my letter.(他
回答了我信中提的问题。)
respond作“回答”解,用得较少,也同to 搭配。如:He quickly
responded to the question.
(他很快就回答了问题。)
另外,respond还可表“对……反应”,“响应”。
appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy是一般用语,仅指感官或智力上的满足,“享受”的意味较强。
approve, prove
approve(1)赞成,同意。如:I don’t
approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building
plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
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prove和approve词形相似,prove是“证明”,“表明是”等。
argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”,“论证”,“企图说明”,且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双方各自陈述理由,尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如:The
subject was
hotly debated.
dispute着重就分歧进行热烈的“争论”,含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如:He
disputed with his wife on household expenses.
arise, rise, raise
arise表无形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现”,“发生”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”,“升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in
the east.(太
阳从东边升起。)
raise为及物动词,“使……上升”,“举起”等。如:He raised his
hand.(他举了手。)
assure, ensure, insure
assure以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,后需连用人称代词或指人的名
词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”,有时同ensure可以换用。
awake,
wake, waken
都可作动词。
awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。
wake常指“睡醒”,多为不及物动词。
waken多用作及物动词,常指“吵醒”,“惊醒”。
await,
wait
await是及物动词。如:I await your further
instructions.
wait“等”、“等候”,是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如:I will wait for
you at the school
gate.
award,
prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品,
奖金等)”,后面可跟双宾语;reward
意为“报酬”,“酬谢”,只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时,award常指奖金,奖品;prize多指在
竞赛、竞争中获
胜所赢得的奖;reward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。
base, basis
base表事物的下部的底部,多用于具体事物。
basis多用于比喻,主要指命题的基础。如:His ideas have no basis
in reality.(他的意
见缺乏现实基础。)
beat, win
beat表在比赛和战斗中打败对手,后接对手作宾语。
Win作及物动词时,其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如:He has won the
race.(他
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赢得了赛跑的胜利。)
beneath, below, under
beneath表示同表面接触,与on
相对。Below表示“在下面,低于”,与above相对。
under表示“在……正下方”与over相对。
beside,
besides
beside在……旁边。如:Come and sit beside me.
besides除……之外。如:I have two other umbrellas
besides this one.
big, great, large
big强调体积,质量,容量和重量大。如:a big
box。Big也有抽象意义,指重大的事
件或行为。如:a big mistake
g
reat带感情色彩,多指程度和质量,指具体事物或人时,表“突出”,“引人注目”。如:
a
great man
large多指面积,数目或数量大。如:a large
population, a large number等。
bloom,
blossom
bloom多指供观赏植物的开花。如:The roses are
blooming.
blossom多指果树等植物的开花。如:The apple trees
are blossoming.
borrow, lend
borrow借入。如:Can I borrow your pen for a moment?
lend把……借给。如:Can you lend me your bike?
bring, take
bring带来。如:Bring me some
water, please.
take拿走。如:Shall I take some
flowers when I go and see her?
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂,难度较大的精确计算。如:You can’t
expect
a schoolboy to calculate distances in
astronomy.
compute常指比较简单的运算。如:It was computed
that two thirds of the students in
the class
passed the examination.
estimate估计,常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如:Some farmers
asked the
weatherman to estimate next year’s
rainfall.
cheat, deceive, trick
cheat欺骗,常用词,主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。
deceive表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如:The boy deceived the
teacher by lying.
trick哄骗,表示耍手段进行欺骗,强调在行骗时使用计
策,有时也指并非出于恶意的
欺骗。如:Tom cleverly tricked his
mother into approval.
childish,
childlike
childish幼稚的。如:It was very childish
of him to lose his temper over something so
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unimportant.
childlike孩子般天真的。如:When she won the gold medal,
there was childlike smile
on her face.
choose, pick, select, elect
choose是一常用词,表一般的“选择”。
pick通常用于不需要认真权衡,对比就能做出决定。
select侧重“在同类的许多东西中,进行有斟酌的精选”。
elect指选举或用其他方法推选人。
cloth, clothing
cloth布。如:I need three yards of cloth to make a
suit.
clothing衣服(总称)。如:You’d better give all
the old clothing away.
complex,
complicated
均可表“复杂”。
complex为常用词。
co
mplicated为正式用词,表由于组成部分太多,相互关系太复杂而不能理解,语气很
强。
compose, consist, constitute
compose为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如:Twelve
men
compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。)
consist表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如:The United
Kingdom
consists of Great Britain and Northern
Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组
成。)
constitute为正式用词,与consist相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如:Twelve
months
constitute a year.(一年有十二个月。)
considerable, considerate
considerable相当多的,可观的。如:He met a considerable
amount of trouble.(他遇
到了许多麻烦。)
considerate
考虑周到的,体谅的。如:It was considerate of you not to
trouble us.(你
真体贴人,不打扰我们。)
consistent, constant, continual, continuous
consistent一致的,符合的。如:His action is always
consistent with his words.
constant不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如:He attributes
his health
to his constant exercise.
continual频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如:Continual
smoking is bad for
health.
continuous不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如:Everything in
the universe
undergoes continuous development
and change.
58. crack, crash
crack(使)破裂,砸开。如:I can crack it, but I can’t
break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把
它弄破。)
crash摔坏,坠毁。如:The plane crashed shortly after
the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就
坠毁了。)
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crawl, creep
crawl多指蛇,虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如:There is an insect
crawling up
your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。)
creep多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如:They
arrived late and crept into the
classroom.(我们迟到了,便悄悄地溜进教室。)
60. cure,
treat
cure治愈,医治。如:The medicine will cure of
your disease.(这药能治好你的病。)
cure表示治好,treat只表示“给……治病”。
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current, present
均可表“现在”,“目前”。
current强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如:current
English (当代
英语)
present为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比
current的范围更窄。如:What’s your
present
address?(你现住址是哪里?)
62. custom, habit
均可表习惯。
custom为正式用词,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。
habit为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如:He has the
bad
habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。)
63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin
均可表“破坏”,“损坏”。
damage一般指部分性的破坏,含可修复使用。
destroy指十分彻底的毁坏,破坏。如:The whole city was
destroyed in the
earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm多指带来悲痛,产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如:Doctors say
smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ru
in为正式用词,强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏,用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏
名声,期望等。如
:She poured water all over my painting and ruined
it. (她把水倒在
画上,把它毁了。)另外,ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
64. decrease, reduce
decrease多表示逐渐缩小。如:The swelling decreased
daily.(肿胀日渐消退。)
reduce为常用词,使用范围较大,可指尺寸,数量,规模和
程度等,也可指地位,经
济状况。如:He won’t reduce the rent of
the house.(他不愿降低房租。)
65. dependent,
independent
dependent依赖的,依靠的(on,
upon)。如:Success is dependent on your hard work.
Independent 不依靠的,独立的(of)。如:John was
independent of his parents when he
was still a
child.
66. desert, dessert
desert沙漠。如:Have you ever been to a desert?
Dessert甜食。如:What would you like for dessert,
an apple pie or ice-cream?
67. discover,
invent
discover发现。如:A coal mine has been
discovered in that area.
invent发明,创造。如:A kind
of toothbrush has been invented to relieve
toothache.
68. duty, responsibility
均有“责任”之意,可换用。
duty意义较广,多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。
responsibility着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。如:I took full
responsibility for
breaking the
vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。)
69. effective,
efficient
均可表示“有效的”。
effective常用以指物,强调能产生某种预期的效果。如:effective
medicine, effective
method等。
efficient“效率
高的”,“有能力的”,用以指人或物,着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预
期效果。如:The
German telephone system is highly efficient.
(德国的电话系统效率
很高。)
70. economic,
economical
economic经济(学)的。如:the economic
doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说)
economical节约的,节俭的。如:He is economical of money
and time.
71. electric, electrical,
electronic
三词都与电有关
electric着重于发电的,电动的或导电的。如:electric
generator(发电机);electric light(电
灯)
electrical多指本身不产生电,但是与电有关的。如:electrical
engineering(电机工程);
an electrical
transcription(广播唱片)
electronic
电子的,电子操作的。如:electronic engineering(电子工程学)
72. emergence, emergency
emergence是emerge的名词形式。
Emergency意为“紧急情况”,“突然事件”。
73.
everyday, every day
74.
75.
76.
77.
everyday每日的,日常的(作定语)。如:This
morning exercise has become my
everyday
routine.
every day每天(作状语)。如:She gets up early
every day.
endure, bear, stand,
tolerate, withstand
都表忍受,忍耐。
bear忍受,容忍,指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如:It is hard to
bear to be
laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
endure忍耐,书面语,指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如:It takes patience
to endure
hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
stand忍受,与bear同义,但较口语化。如:She can’t stand having
nothing to do.(没
事干,她受不了。)
tolerate容忍,容许,指自我克制的态度,对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如:I
can’t
tolerate him if he goes on like that.
(他如果继续这样下去的话,我决不会容忍他。)
withstand经受,承受,指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如:They have
withstood all test.(他
们经受了一切考验。)
error, mistake, fault, shortcoming
均表“缺点”,“错误”。
error是通用词,指任何错误,“犯错误”可以说commit make an error。
mistake指判断或理解方面,或指因考虑不周而造成的错误,搭配是make a
mistake。
fault表示“过失”,可与error通用,现多用来指缺点,特指缺乏某要
素因而不完美。如:
There is a fault in this
machine.(这台机器有一处毛病。)构成短语 find fault
with挑剔,
找毛病。
shortcoming
缺点,可指人或事物的本质上不足之处(常用复数)。如:In spite of his
shortcomings, I still like
him.(尽管他缺点多,我仍然喜欢他。)
especially,
particularly, specially
均可表“特别地”。
especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如:I love
Italy,
especially in summer.(我喜欢意大利,尤其在夏天。)
particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如:The visitors
admired his
paintings, but particularly the
portrait of his
daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画,特别
是他女儿的画像。)
specially 多表示“专门地”,“为特别目的的地”,如表“不寻常”,“过分”等,可与e
specially
通用。如:I made chocolate cake specially
for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力蛋糕。)
exchange,
replace, substitute
均含有“换”之意。
exchange指“互相交换”。
replace的含义为“替换”,“取代”。如:George has replaced
Edward as captain of the
team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute则表示“用……代替”。如:We substitute nylon for
cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了
棉花。)
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
fall, descend
都可表向下运动。
fall指由于重力突然从高处落下或因为失去平衡而跌倒。如:She slipped and
fell
down.(她滑了一下摔倒了。)
descend多指沿着斜面而缓慢向下移动。如:He descended the
hill.(他下山了。)
fame, honor, reputation
都可表名声
fell, fall
fell砍伐(树木)。如:They are felling the
trees.(他们在砍树。)
fell也可作fall的过去式;fell作“砍伐”时,它的过
去式,过去分词分别为felled, felled.
formally, formerly
formally正式地。如:We were required to dress
formally for the party.
formerly从前。如:Formerly
he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
frank, honest, sincere
都与坦率有关。
frank直率的,坦白的,着重表达自己的情感和想法时没有保留。如:To be frank
with you,
I do not know the answer
myself.(老实说,我自己也不知道答案。)
honest诚实的,正直的,指遵守正直等道德准则。如:We want your honest
opinion, not
empty
compliments.(我们需要你的诚心恳的意见,而不是空洞的恭维。)
Sincere诚挚的,诚恳的,强调出自内心的真心实意。如:Please accept
this as a token of
my sincere
gratitude.(请接受这份表示我真诚感谢的礼物。)
gaze,
stare, glance, glimpse
都与“看”有关。
gaze“凝视”,强调由于惊奇、兴趣,目不转睛地注视。
Stare强调由于好奇、害怕或无意地睁大眼睛盯着看看。
glare“怒视”,是凶狠地含有威胁地盯着看。
glimpse“一瞥”,是短暂而急促地看,含有意地匆匆地看一眼,现多用作名词。
[注意]一般表示“看”的单词大多同at搭配构成短,但glimpse却有catch
(have) a glimpse
of这一搭配。
genius,
gift, talent
都有天才之意。
genius天才,是这三词中程度最高的词。如:Shakespeare was a man
of great genius.
gift天赋,比“天才”的意义要弱一点,可用复数。如:He is a man of many
gifts.(他多才
多艺。)
talent才能,一般不用复数,指通过学习和勤奋掌握
的本领、技术和其他的活动能力。
如:As a novelist, he shows great
talent in
characterization.(作为小说家,他在描写人物方
面显出很大的才能。)
85. get, achieve, acquire, attain,
gain, obtain
均可表“获得”。
get用得最广,可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如:Where can I get enough
information?(我
从哪儿能得到足够的资料?)
achieve多指克服困难后取得胜利,成功,强调“得到”这一结果。如:He achieved
his
ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
acquire指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如:acquire
knowledge(获得
知识)。
attain为正式用词,多用于庄重场合,主要指通
过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。
如:The scientist attained
great fame by a new
discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了
名。)
gain多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如:They gained the
victory
after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
obtain多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如:Howard had failed
to obtain a
scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
86. grasp, seize, snatch
都有“抓”的意思。
grasp为常用词,是用适度的力量抓牢。
seize是突然用力抓住。
snatch“攫取”,指出其不意地,突然一把抓住并拿向自己。
87.
hanged, hung
hang, hanged, hanged吊死。如:He
hanged himself when he failed.
Hang, hung,
hung悬挂。如:His pictures were hung in the museum.
88. haste, hurry, speed
都与速度有关。
haste急速,急忙,多指人的动作迅速和匆忙。如:I felt no haste to
depart.(我不急着走。)
hurry急忙,匆忙,常表示混乱,焦急和忙乱的意思。如:I
forgot to pay my bill in my hurry.
Speed迅速,快,不暗示忙乱或焦急。如:More haste, less
speed.(欲速则不达。)
89. hard, hardly
hard努力地。如:Take it easy. You’ve been working
too hard.
hardly几乎不,简直不。如:The children can
hardly wait to hear the news.
90. home,
house
home家。如:East or west, home is best.
House房子,住宅。如:Our new house is quite near the
station.
91. equal, equivalent,
identical, same
皆含相同,相等之意。
equal相同的,相等的,特指“数量,价值等”相同。如:Their ages are
equal.
equivalent相等的,特指“价值,效力,意义”等相同的。如:This
sentence is equivalent to
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
that.
identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the
identical dress
on both occasions.
identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the
identical dress
on both
occasion.(她在两种场合穿同样的衣服。)
same相同的,表示在质量、类型、外表或意义上相同,而实际上有差异。如:He is of
about
the same age as you.
imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
都是与想象有关的形容词。
imaginable可以想象得到的。如:This is
the only solution imaginable.(这是惟一想得出的
解决办法。)
imaginary假想的,虚构的。如:an imaginary character in a
story(故事里的虚构人物)
imaginative富于想象力力的。如:an
imaginative artist(想像力丰定的艺术家)
indifferent, different
indifferent冷漠的,不关心的,同to搭配。如:He was indifferent
to his personal
appearance.(他从前不注意自己的外表。)
different跟……不一样,同from搭配。如:This book is
different from that one.(这本书跟
那本不一样。)
industrial, industrious
industrial工业的,产业的。如:Italy is becoming an
industrial nation.(意大利逐步成为工
业国。)
industrious勤劳的,勤奋的。如:He is an industrious
student.(他是个用功的学生。)
influence, effect
都有“影响”之意。
influence可作动词、名词,指对某人的思想行为、性格等产生影响。如:She was
influenced
by her middle school
teachers.(她受中学时的老师影响。)
effect用作动词意为“造成”,“产生”,用作名词强调由于影响而产生特殊效果。如:The
effects of the medicine are very good.(药效很好。)
intention, idea, purpose
intention主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法,常见的搭配是have
the
intention of doing something.
Idea指“意见”,“见解”。
Purpose意为“目的”,着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如:For what
purpose do
you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么?)
last, latest, final, ultimate
last最后的,与first相对,还可指“上一次的”。如:My seat is in the
last row.
latest最近的,指时间上。如:the latest
news(最新消息)
final最后的,指在一系列的事物中是最后的,而且是结论性的,决定性的。如:The
judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
ultimate 最终的,最后的,用于正式场合,含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如:He
never
considered the ultimate result of his
action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
98. lay, lie
lay放,搁。如:Lay the book on the desk.(把书放在桌上。)
lie(躺)的过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;
lie(说谎)的过去式和过去分词为lied, lied;
lay
作动词时的过去式和过去分词是laid, laid。
99.
literal, literary, literate
literal文字上的,字面的。如:a literal interpretation of
a passage(对一段文章的字面解释)
literary文学的。如:literary
works(文学作品)
literary有文化的(反义词是illiterate),如:people applying
for the job should be computer
literate.(申请这份工作的人应会使用电脑。)
100.
manufacture, make, produce
manufacture制造,加工,较
正式,通常表示把原料经过一定程度制成产品,多指使用
机器大批生产。如:This textile
factory manufactures cloth of good
quality.(这家纺织厂生
产优质布料。)
make做,制造,最常用词,使用较广泛。如:She can make cakes.
Produce生产,制造,着重产品的数量。如:The chemical works
produced 5,000 tons of
chemical fertilizer
last year.(这家化工厂去年生产了5000吨化肥。)
101.
much, very
都可表示“很”。
much用来修饰动词意义很强的过去分词;
very一般修饰形容词或已失去动作意义的过
去分词。
一些只作表语的形容词,一般多用much修饰。
very
much是much的加强语,因此,能用much的地方,都能用very much。
修饰形容词原级用very,修饰比较级用much。
much可修饰名词,very不能。
102. neglect,
overlook, ignore
neglect可以是有意,也可以是无意地“忽略”或“忽视”应该做的事。如:If others
neglect
their duty to you, be sure that you
perform yours to them.
(即使他人忽略了履行对你的义
务,你也要履行你对他们的义务。)
overlook指由于粗心大意,匆忙而“看漏”或“忽略”某东西或某事实。如:His
services have
been overlooked by his
employers.(他的工作一直没有得到雇主的重视。)
ignore不顾,不理,常指有意地不理,不加分析地拒绝考虑。如:She saw him
coming but
she ignored him.
103.
happen, occur, take place
均表示“发生”。
happen是常用词,指偶然或按计划的发生。如:When did the explosion
happen?(爆炸什
么时候发生?)
occur是较正式的用词,主要用以指无计划的发生。
take
place多表示情况或事情按计划发生。如:The story took place in
1917.(故事发生在
1917年。)
104. chance,
opportunity, occasion
chance多指偶然的机会,意外的机会,带有侥幸的意味。如:Even so, it was
a lucky chance
that he could do
it.(即使如此,那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
opportunity主要指能够去做某事
,尤其是达到自己目的,实现某种愿望的好机会。如:
You should make the
most of your opportunities of seeing the country
and learning the
language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家,学习它的语言。)
occasion主要指“时机”,“场合”,也含有“机会”的意思。如:The flags
are hung out on the
occasion of the National
Day.(每逢国庆节,国旗都悬持出来了。)
105. persist,
insist
persist坚持,后面常接介词in。如:He persisted in
carrying on his work in spite of great
fatigue.(他虽然疲倦极了,可仍坚持工作。)
insist坚持,后面接介词on,也可直接连用that引导的名词从句。如:He
insisted on my
going there with him. (He
insisted that I should go there with him.)
106. preserve, conserve, reserve
preserve坚持,后面常接介词in。如:The ship is equipped
with special refrigerating devices
to preserve
food for the whole voyage.(船上设有特殊冷藏设备,在整个航程中保存食物。)
conserve保存,储藏,强调采取措施精心保护某物,防止不必要的浪费,损失或变化。
如:He is conserving his energy for the last twenty-
meter dash.(他正在为最后20米冲刺保
存实力。)
reserve留存(在资金,人力,原料等),保留(权力等)。如:Reserve enough
money for your
home fare.(留足你回家的路费。)
107. probable, possible, likely
probable很可能的,大概的,语气较possible强。如:It is probable
that the cost will be greater
than we
think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
possible强调客观上可能性,但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如:It’s
possible, though
not probable, that he will
accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件,但希望很小。)
likely暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如:It is likely that he
will come.(他多半会来。)
108. purpose, goal,
aim, end, object
purpose目的,意图,比较确定,多指采取坚决的行动去达到目的。如:The tutor
explained
the purpose of the
exercise.(导师说明了该练习的目的。)
goal指经过仔细考虑而选中的比较大的目标
,常需要努力或克服困难才能达到的目的。
如:The goal of her desire is
to be a singer.(她渴望成为一名歌唱家。)
aim常指短期目标,往往比较具体,也比较实际。如:My first aim is to
receive a complete
and good
education.(我的第一个目标是接受完整和良好的教育。)
end目标,目的,较正式。如:My chief end is to serve my
country and my people.(我的首
要目标是为国为民服务。)
object指较明确具体的单个目标,往往出于直接的需要和愿望。如:What is the
object of
your visit?(你访问的目的是什么?)
109. respectable, respected, respectful,
respective
都是形容词。
respectable可尊敬的,值得尊重的。如:His parents were poor
but respectable.(他父母虽
穷却令人尊敬。)
respected表示受人尊敬的,可用于对年长的人,权威性的意见等。
respectful指“充满敬意的”,是主动性的尊重他人。如:The students
were very respectful
towards the great
man.(这些学生对这位伟人十分敬仰。)
respective表“各自分别的”,修饰名词时,名词一般用复数。如:They went
back to their
respective houses.(他们回了各自的家。)
110. round, around
round作副词时,同around意思相近,规范用法应区别动态和静态。
Round用于圆周
运动或测量,around用于指遍及表面或中心附近。如:The
spaceship traveled round the
world in 40
minutes. They planted trees around the lawn.
around用于指遍及表面或中心附近。如:The spaceship traveled
round the world in 40
minutes. They planted
trees around the lawn.
111. rouse,
arouse
rouse表“激起”,语气比arouse强,常有“积极行动”的意思。
arouse表“引起”,动作意味较弱,在表“唤起”意义时,可用rouse换用。
112. say, speak, talk, tell
say着重所说的话,可用作及物动词,带宾语从句。
Speak着重开口发声,不着重所
说的内容,一般作不及物动词,用作及物动词,宾语只
能是某种语言等少数几个名词,不能接that从
句。
Talk表示通过谈话方式交换意见、思想、消息等,一般只作不及物动词。
Tell表示告诉,有时兼含“嘱咐”,“命令”等。Tell the truth说真话,tell
a lie说谎
1. able, capable, competent able为常用词,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,一般下效率无关,用
作定语表
示能力超出平均水平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark.
(猫在黑暗中能看见
东西。)
capable
指满足一般要求的能力,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是be capable
of
+doing。用作定语,表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如:He is capable of
running
a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He
is a very capable doctor. (他是一
位很好的大夫。)
competent 指“胜任”,“合格”,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如:A
doctor
should be competent to treat many
diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
2. aboard,
abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I
never went aboard a ship.
abroad
副词,在国外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.
board
为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boarding the
plane now.
broad 为形容词,宽广的。如:He has very broad
shoulders.
3. accept, receive
accept 接受,receive“接到”,“收到”。如:I received an
invitation yesterday, but I didn’t
accept it.
(昨天我收到了一个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。)
4. accident,
incident, event
accident事故。如:a traffic
accident (交通事故)
incident“附带事件”,在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,事变。
event
“事件”,指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果,也指国家和社
会的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve,
attain
accomplish表成功,强调完成的结果而不是过程。如:Because
of his hard word, things
are accomplished.
(由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。)
complete
表示积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如:Has he complete his
novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗?)
finish 最常用,后接动词的-
ing形式,表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步
或阶段。如:I’ll finish
the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
achieve
完成,实现,强调通过努力而达到目的。如:You will achieve success if
you
work hard.
Attain达到,实现,常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如:Greater efforts
are needed
before we can attain our goals.
6. accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in railway stations
should be accurate.(火车站
的钟应该是准确的。)
correct
“正确的”,指符合一定的标准或准则,含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是
incorrect,
wrong.
exact“精确的”,“恰好的”,比“大体上正确”更进一步,表
“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是
inexact。
precise强调“精确”,“精密”。
7. accuse, charge, sue
accuse
指责,指控,常与of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of
carelessness.
charge 常与with搭配。如:The police
charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue
常与for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging
his house.
8. achieve, acquire, require,
inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,实现。如:He will never
achieve anything unless he works harder.
(如他不努力工作,将会一事无成。)
acquire取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge (获得知识)
inquire打听,询问。如:inquire a person’s
name(问一个人的姓名)
require需要。如:We require more
help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
9. act, action, deed
act 用作名词时,与action,
deed均可表“行为”,“举动”。Act指时间较短的个人行动或
行为,强调结果。如:The
farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his
apples. (农
夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式,
往往指不止包含一个步骤,且持续时间较长的行为或行动,强调行为的
过程。如:Actions
are more important than words. (行动比语言更重要。)
deed为正式用语,多指伟大的,显著的,感人的行为。如:They thanked him
for his good
deeds. (他们感谢他做的好事。)
10.
actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”,“现
实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在,而不是仅
在理论上可能发生或存在的。
true“真实的”,指与实际相符,而非虚假。
genuine
“真的”,“非冒充的”,“货真价实的”,强调正宗而非冒牌。
11.
adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate
足够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。
enough足够的,指数量多,足够满足某种目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,常可互换使用。但sufficient指数量多,足够满足某
种需要,在
口语中常用enough,在书面语中常用sufficient,在不易肯定时多用eno
ugh。Enough
可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient则不可这么用。
12. admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to
breaking the
window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承认错误,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his
crime to the police. (小
偷向警察承认了罪行。)
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advice,advise
advice劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice.
advise劝告(动词)。如:What do you advise me to do?
adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收养。如:Since
they have no children of their own, they decided
to adopt a
little girl.
(他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳,采用,通过。如:
He
adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。)
adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”,“改编”等。
advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向一个特定的目的地,在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如:
Napoleon
’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从一处向另一处的运动,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded
from
London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
peogress 多表自然过程,指生长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year
is
progressing, it will soon be summer.
(光阴似箭,很快又是夏天了。)
advantage, benefit,
profit
advantage
常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the
advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他十分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit
last year? (你去年赚钱了
吗?)
benefit
指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the
business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。)
advise,
convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议,规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put
my money in
the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince指向某人陈述事实,运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如:We convinced
Smith to go by train rather than plane.
(我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指用感情说服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go
back to work. (我说
服他回去工作了。)
affect,
effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果,影响(名词)。如:Government policy will not
have any effect on us.
afford, provide,
supply
都有“提供,供给”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
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provide
和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连用,构成provide supply somebody
with something的结构。
agree, consent
agree 为常用词。如:Do you agree to the condition?
(你同意这个条件吗?)
consent为正式用词,多用于上下级的关系,表示同意别人的要求或请求。如:Did the
king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗?)
aid, help, assist
用作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式用词,help最常用。
assist最正式,表示协助某人做某事,尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She
employed a woman to assist her with the
housework. (她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。)
alive,
living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。
living可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。
almost,
nearly
一般说来,almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成”
(目标)等。
在all, every, always 前,两者都可用。如:He is
almost (nearly) smoking. (他几乎每
天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing
连用,而nearly却不能。如:Almost no
one believed her.
(几乎没人相信他。)
alone, lonely
alone只表“独自
”的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语;lonely表“孤独”,:“寂寞”,
能作定语和表语。如
:When she is left alone, she feels lonely.
(剩下她一人时她就感
到寂寞。)
alone,
only均可表“只有”,但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。
如:He
alone (Only he) can remember the story.
(只有他才能记起这段经历。)
already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如:The plane had already landed
before we got to the airport.
all
ready准备好的(作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when
the telephone rang.
alter, change
作不及物动词时,两者可通用。
作及物动词时,alter是对局部,表面的改变,而cha
nge则是对本质的,全面的,彻底
的改变。如:Can you alter the dress?
(你会改做这件衣服吗?)Can you change the
dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗?)
altogether, all
together
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altogether总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of
us. (我们总计六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如:We played
the game all together. (我们大家都一起来玩
游戏吧。)
amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主语,人称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一惊”,“几乎使人无法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
among, between
among 在……中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如:Our house is hidden
among trees.
between在两者之间。如:It is easy to
distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
announce, declare
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The
government
announced that they would pay their
debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常用于庄重的场合。如:The judge
declared him
guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受,或指某人故意去妨碍别人。
bother打扰,麻烦,指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble
you with
a few questions?
disturb打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏,精力一时不能集中。如:I am
sorry to disturb you.
answer, reply,
respond
用作动词,都可表“回答”,“答复”。
answer是常用词,后可
接letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),
teleph
one(接电话),advertisement(应征广告)等。
reply较正式,一般只作不及物动词,可与to连用。如:He has replied to
my letter.(他
回答了我信中提的问题。)
respond作“回答”解,用得较少,也同to 搭配。如:He quickly
responded to the question.
(他很快就回答了问题。)
另外,respond还可表“对……反应”,“响应”。
appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy是一般用语,仅指感官或智力上的满足,“享受”的意味较强。
approve, prove
approve(1)赞成,同意。如:I don’t
approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building
plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
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prove和approve词形相似,prove是“证明”,“表明是”等。
argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”,“论证”,“企图说明”,且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双方各自陈述理由,尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如:The
subject was
hotly debated.
dispute着重就分歧进行热烈的“争论”,含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如:He
disputed with his wife on household expenses.
arise, rise, raise
arise表无形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现”,“发生”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”,“升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in
the east.(太
阳从东边升起。)
raise为及物动词,“使……上升”,“举起”等。如:He raised his
hand.(他举了手。)
assure, ensure, insure
assure以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,后需连用人称代词或指人的名
词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”,有时同ensure可以换用。
awake,
wake, waken
都可作动词。
awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。
wake常指“睡醒”,多为不及物动词。
waken多用作及物动词,常指“吵醒”,“惊醒”。
await,
wait
await是及物动词。如:I await your further
instructions.
wait“等”、“等候”,是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如:I will wait for
you at the school
gate.
award,
prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品,
奖金等)”,后面可跟双宾语;reward
意为“报酬”,“酬谢”,只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时,award常指奖金,奖品;prize多指在
竞赛、竞争中获
胜所赢得的奖;reward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。
base, basis
base表事物的下部的底部,多用于具体事物。
basis多用于比喻,主要指命题的基础。如:His ideas have no basis
in reality.(他的意
见缺乏现实基础。)
beat, win
beat表在比赛和战斗中打败对手,后接对手作宾语。
Win作及物动词时,其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如:He has won the
race.(他
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46.
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48.
49.
50.
51.
赢得了赛跑的胜利。)
beneath, below, under
beneath表示同表面接触,与on
相对。Below表示“在下面,低于”,与above相对。
under表示“在……正下方”与over相对。
beside,
besides
beside在……旁边。如:Come and sit beside me.
besides除……之外。如:I have two other umbrellas
besides this one.
big, great, large
big强调体积,质量,容量和重量大。如:a big
box。Big也有抽象意义,指重大的事
件或行为。如:a big mistake
g
reat带感情色彩,多指程度和质量,指具体事物或人时,表“突出”,“引人注目”。如:
a
great man
large多指面积,数目或数量大。如:a large
population, a large number等。
bloom,
blossom
bloom多指供观赏植物的开花。如:The roses are
blooming.
blossom多指果树等植物的开花。如:The apple trees
are blossoming.
borrow, lend
borrow借入。如:Can I borrow your pen for a moment?
lend把……借给。如:Can you lend me your bike?
bring, take
bring带来。如:Bring me some
water, please.
take拿走。如:Shall I take some
flowers when I go and see her?
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂,难度较大的精确计算。如:You can’t
expect
a schoolboy to calculate distances in
astronomy.
compute常指比较简单的运算。如:It was computed
that two thirds of the students in
the class
passed the examination.
estimate估计,常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如:Some farmers
asked the
weatherman to estimate next year’s
rainfall.
cheat, deceive, trick
cheat欺骗,常用词,主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。
deceive表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如:The boy deceived the
teacher by lying.
trick哄骗,表示耍手段进行欺骗,强调在行骗时使用计
策,有时也指并非出于恶意的
欺骗。如:Tom cleverly tricked his
mother into approval.
childish,
childlike
childish幼稚的。如:It was very childish
of him to lose his temper over something so
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unimportant.
childlike孩子般天真的。如:When she won the gold medal,
there was childlike smile
on her face.
choose, pick, select, elect
choose是一常用词,表一般的“选择”。
pick通常用于不需要认真权衡,对比就能做出决定。
select侧重“在同类的许多东西中,进行有斟酌的精选”。
elect指选举或用其他方法推选人。
cloth, clothing
cloth布。如:I need three yards of cloth to make a
suit.
clothing衣服(总称)。如:You’d better give all
the old clothing away.
complex,
complicated
均可表“复杂”。
complex为常用词。
co
mplicated为正式用词,表由于组成部分太多,相互关系太复杂而不能理解,语气很
强。
compose, consist, constitute
compose为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如:Twelve
men
compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。)
consist表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如:The United
Kingdom
consists of Great Britain and Northern
Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组
成。)
constitute为正式用词,与consist相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如:Twelve
months
constitute a year.(一年有十二个月。)
considerable, considerate
considerable相当多的,可观的。如:He met a considerable
amount of trouble.(他遇
到了许多麻烦。)
considerate
考虑周到的,体谅的。如:It was considerate of you not to
trouble us.(你
真体贴人,不打扰我们。)
consistent, constant, continual, continuous
consistent一致的,符合的。如:His action is always
consistent with his words.
constant不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如:He attributes
his health
to his constant exercise.
continual频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如:Continual
smoking is bad for
health.
continuous不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如:Everything in
the universe
undergoes continuous development
and change.
58. crack, crash
crack(使)破裂,砸开。如:I can crack it, but I can’t
break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把
它弄破。)
crash摔坏,坠毁。如:The plane crashed shortly after
the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就
坠毁了。)
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crawl, creep
crawl多指蛇,虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如:There is an insect
crawling up
your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。)
creep多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如:They
arrived late and crept into the
classroom.(我们迟到了,便悄悄地溜进教室。)
60. cure,
treat
cure治愈,医治。如:The medicine will cure of
your disease.(这药能治好你的病。)
cure表示治好,treat只表示“给……治病”。
61.
current, present
均可表“现在”,“目前”。
current强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如:current
English (当代
英语)
present为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比
current的范围更窄。如:What’s your
present
address?(你现住址是哪里?)
62. custom, habit
均可表习惯。
custom为正式用词,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。
habit为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如:He has the
bad
habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。)
63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin
均可表“破坏”,“损坏”。
damage一般指部分性的破坏,含可修复使用。
destroy指十分彻底的毁坏,破坏。如:The whole city was
destroyed in the
earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm多指带来悲痛,产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如:Doctors say
smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ru
in为正式用词,强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏,用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏
名声,期望等。如
:She poured water all over my painting and ruined
it. (她把水倒在
画上,把它毁了。)另外,ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
64. decrease, reduce
decrease多表示逐渐缩小。如:The swelling decreased
daily.(肿胀日渐消退。)
reduce为常用词,使用范围较大,可指尺寸,数量,规模和
程度等,也可指地位,经
济状况。如:He won’t reduce the rent of
the house.(他不愿降低房租。)
65. dependent,
independent
dependent依赖的,依靠的(on,
upon)。如:Success is dependent on your hard work.
Independent 不依靠的,独立的(of)。如:John was
independent of his parents when he
was still a
child.
66. desert, dessert
desert沙漠。如:Have you ever been to a desert?
Dessert甜食。如:What would you like for dessert,
an apple pie or ice-cream?
67. discover,
invent
discover发现。如:A coal mine has been
discovered in that area.
invent发明,创造。如:A kind
of toothbrush has been invented to relieve
toothache.
68. duty, responsibility
均有“责任”之意,可换用。
duty意义较广,多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。
responsibility着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。如:I took full
responsibility for
breaking the
vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。)
69. effective,
efficient
均可表示“有效的”。
effective常用以指物,强调能产生某种预期的效果。如:effective
medicine, effective
method等。
efficient“效率
高的”,“有能力的”,用以指人或物,着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预
期效果。如:The
German telephone system is highly efficient.
(德国的电话系统效率
很高。)
70. economic,
economical
economic经济(学)的。如:the economic
doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说)
economical节约的,节俭的。如:He is economical of money
and time.
71. electric, electrical,
electronic
三词都与电有关
electric着重于发电的,电动的或导电的。如:electric
generator(发电机);electric light(电
灯)
electrical多指本身不产生电,但是与电有关的。如:electrical
engineering(电机工程);
an electrical
transcription(广播唱片)
electronic
电子的,电子操作的。如:electronic engineering(电子工程学)
72. emergence, emergency
emergence是emerge的名词形式。
Emergency意为“紧急情况”,“突然事件”。
73.
everyday, every day
74.
75.
76.
77.
everyday每日的,日常的(作定语)。如:This
morning exercise has become my
everyday
routine.
every day每天(作状语)。如:She gets up early
every day.
endure, bear, stand,
tolerate, withstand
都表忍受,忍耐。
bear忍受,容忍,指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如:It is hard to
bear to be
laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
endure忍耐,书面语,指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如:It takes patience
to endure
hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
stand忍受,与bear同义,但较口语化。如:She can’t stand having
nothing to do.(没
事干,她受不了。)
tolerate容忍,容许,指自我克制的态度,对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如:I
can’t
tolerate him if he goes on like that.
(他如果继续这样下去的话,我决不会容忍他。)
withstand经受,承受,指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如:They have
withstood all test.(他
们经受了一切考验。)
error, mistake, fault, shortcoming
均表“缺点”,“错误”。
error是通用词,指任何错误,“犯错误”可以说commit make an error。
mistake指判断或理解方面,或指因考虑不周而造成的错误,搭配是make a
mistake。
fault表示“过失”,可与error通用,现多用来指缺点,特指缺乏某要
素因而不完美。如:
There is a fault in this
machine.(这台机器有一处毛病。)构成短语 find fault
with挑剔,
找毛病。
shortcoming
缺点,可指人或事物的本质上不足之处(常用复数)。如:In spite of his
shortcomings, I still like
him.(尽管他缺点多,我仍然喜欢他。)
especially,
particularly, specially
均可表“特别地”。
especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如:I love
Italy,
especially in summer.(我喜欢意大利,尤其在夏天。)
particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如:The visitors
admired his
paintings, but particularly the
portrait of his
daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画,特别
是他女儿的画像。)
specially 多表示“专门地”,“为特别目的的地”,如表“不寻常”,“过分”等,可与e
specially
通用。如:I made chocolate cake specially
for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力蛋糕。)
exchange,
replace, substitute
均含有“换”之意。
exchange指“互相交换”。
replace的含义为“替换”,“取代”。如:George has replaced
Edward as captain of the
team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute则表示“用……代替”。如:We substitute nylon for
cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了
棉花。)
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
fall, descend
都可表向下运动。
fall指由于重力突然从高处落下或因为失去平衡而跌倒。如:She slipped and
fell
down.(她滑了一下摔倒了。)
descend多指沿着斜面而缓慢向下移动。如:He descended the
hill.(他下山了。)
fame, honor, reputation
都可表名声
fell, fall
fell砍伐(树木)。如:They are felling the
trees.(他们在砍树。)
fell也可作fall的过去式;fell作“砍伐”时,它的过
去式,过去分词分别为felled, felled.
formally, formerly
formally正式地。如:We were required to dress
formally for the party.
formerly从前。如:Formerly
he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
frank, honest, sincere
都与坦率有关。
frank直率的,坦白的,着重表达自己的情感和想法时没有保留。如:To be frank
with you,
I do not know the answer
myself.(老实说,我自己也不知道答案。)
honest诚实的,正直的,指遵守正直等道德准则。如:We want your honest
opinion, not
empty
compliments.(我们需要你的诚心恳的意见,而不是空洞的恭维。)
Sincere诚挚的,诚恳的,强调出自内心的真心实意。如:Please accept
this as a token of
my sincere
gratitude.(请接受这份表示我真诚感谢的礼物。)
gaze,
stare, glance, glimpse
都与“看”有关。
gaze“凝视”,强调由于惊奇、兴趣,目不转睛地注视。
Stare强调由于好奇、害怕或无意地睁大眼睛盯着看看。
glare“怒视”,是凶狠地含有威胁地盯着看。
glimpse“一瞥”,是短暂而急促地看,含有意地匆匆地看一眼,现多用作名词。
[注意]一般表示“看”的单词大多同at搭配构成短,但glimpse却有catch
(have) a glimpse
of这一搭配。
genius,
gift, talent
都有天才之意。
genius天才,是这三词中程度最高的词。如:Shakespeare was a man
of great genius.
gift天赋,比“天才”的意义要弱一点,可用复数。如:He is a man of many
gifts.(他多才
多艺。)
talent才能,一般不用复数,指通过学习和勤奋掌握
的本领、技术和其他的活动能力。
如:As a novelist, he shows great
talent in
characterization.(作为小说家,他在描写人物方
面显出很大的才能。)
85. get, achieve, acquire, attain,
gain, obtain
均可表“获得”。
get用得最广,可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如:Where can I get enough
information?(我
从哪儿能得到足够的资料?)
achieve多指克服困难后取得胜利,成功,强调“得到”这一结果。如:He achieved
his
ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
acquire指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如:acquire
knowledge(获得
知识)。
attain为正式用词,多用于庄重场合,主要指通
过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。
如:The scientist attained
great fame by a new
discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了
名。)
gain多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如:They gained the
victory
after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
obtain多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如:Howard had failed
to obtain a
scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
86. grasp, seize, snatch
都有“抓”的意思。
grasp为常用词,是用适度的力量抓牢。
seize是突然用力抓住。
snatch“攫取”,指出其不意地,突然一把抓住并拿向自己。
87.
hanged, hung
hang, hanged, hanged吊死。如:He
hanged himself when he failed.
Hang, hung,
hung悬挂。如:His pictures were hung in the museum.
88. haste, hurry, speed
都与速度有关。
haste急速,急忙,多指人的动作迅速和匆忙。如:I felt no haste to
depart.(我不急着走。)
hurry急忙,匆忙,常表示混乱,焦急和忙乱的意思。如:I
forgot to pay my bill in my hurry.
Speed迅速,快,不暗示忙乱或焦急。如:More haste, less
speed.(欲速则不达。)
89. hard, hardly
hard努力地。如:Take it easy. You’ve been working
too hard.
hardly几乎不,简直不。如:The children can
hardly wait to hear the news.
90. home,
house
home家。如:East or west, home is best.
House房子,住宅。如:Our new house is quite near the
station.
91. equal, equivalent,
identical, same
皆含相同,相等之意。
equal相同的,相等的,特指“数量,价值等”相同。如:Their ages are
equal.
equivalent相等的,特指“价值,效力,意义”等相同的。如:This
sentence is equivalent to
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
that.
identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the
identical dress
on both occasions.
identical相同的,相等的,侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如:She wore the
identical dress
on both
occasion.(她在两种场合穿同样的衣服。)
same相同的,表示在质量、类型、外表或意义上相同,而实际上有差异。如:He is of
about
the same age as you.
imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
都是与想象有关的形容词。
imaginable可以想象得到的。如:This is
the only solution imaginable.(这是惟一想得出的
解决办法。)
imaginary假想的,虚构的。如:an imaginary character in a
story(故事里的虚构人物)
imaginative富于想象力力的。如:an
imaginative artist(想像力丰定的艺术家)
indifferent, different
indifferent冷漠的,不关心的,同to搭配。如:He was indifferent
to his personal
appearance.(他从前不注意自己的外表。)
different跟……不一样,同from搭配。如:This book is
different from that one.(这本书跟
那本不一样。)
industrial, industrious
industrial工业的,产业的。如:Italy is becoming an
industrial nation.(意大利逐步成为工
业国。)
industrious勤劳的,勤奋的。如:He is an industrious
student.(他是个用功的学生。)
influence, effect
都有“影响”之意。
influence可作动词、名词,指对某人的思想行为、性格等产生影响。如:She was
influenced
by her middle school
teachers.(她受中学时的老师影响。)
effect用作动词意为“造成”,“产生”,用作名词强调由于影响而产生特殊效果。如:The
effects of the medicine are very good.(药效很好。)
intention, idea, purpose
intention主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法,常见的搭配是have
the
intention of doing something.
Idea指“意见”,“见解”。
Purpose意为“目的”,着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如:For what
purpose do
you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么?)
last, latest, final, ultimate
last最后的,与first相对,还可指“上一次的”。如:My seat is in the
last row.
latest最近的,指时间上。如:the latest
news(最新消息)
final最后的,指在一系列的事物中是最后的,而且是结论性的,决定性的。如:The
judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
ultimate 最终的,最后的,用于正式场合,含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如:He
never
considered the ultimate result of his
action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
98. lay, lie
lay放,搁。如:Lay the book on the desk.(把书放在桌上。)
lie(躺)的过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;
lie(说谎)的过去式和过去分词为lied, lied;
lay
作动词时的过去式和过去分词是laid, laid。
99.
literal, literary, literate
literal文字上的,字面的。如:a literal interpretation of
a passage(对一段文章的字面解释)
literary文学的。如:literary
works(文学作品)
literary有文化的(反义词是illiterate),如:people applying
for the job should be computer
literate.(申请这份工作的人应会使用电脑。)
100.
manufacture, make, produce
manufacture制造,加工,较
正式,通常表示把原料经过一定程度制成产品,多指使用
机器大批生产。如:This textile
factory manufactures cloth of good
quality.(这家纺织厂生
产优质布料。)
make做,制造,最常用词,使用较广泛。如:She can make cakes.
Produce生产,制造,着重产品的数量。如:The chemical works
produced 5,000 tons of
chemical fertilizer
last year.(这家化工厂去年生产了5000吨化肥。)
101.
much, very
都可表示“很”。
much用来修饰动词意义很强的过去分词;
very一般修饰形容词或已失去动作意义的过
去分词。
一些只作表语的形容词,一般多用much修饰。
very
much是much的加强语,因此,能用much的地方,都能用very much。
修饰形容词原级用very,修饰比较级用much。
much可修饰名词,very不能。
102. neglect,
overlook, ignore
neglect可以是有意,也可以是无意地“忽略”或“忽视”应该做的事。如:If others
neglect
their duty to you, be sure that you
perform yours to them.
(即使他人忽略了履行对你的义
务,你也要履行你对他们的义务。)
overlook指由于粗心大意,匆忙而“看漏”或“忽略”某东西或某事实。如:His
services have
been overlooked by his
employers.(他的工作一直没有得到雇主的重视。)
ignore不顾,不理,常指有意地不理,不加分析地拒绝考虑。如:She saw him
coming but
she ignored him.
103.
happen, occur, take place
均表示“发生”。
happen是常用词,指偶然或按计划的发生。如:When did the explosion
happen?(爆炸什
么时候发生?)
occur是较正式的用词,主要用以指无计划的发生。
take
place多表示情况或事情按计划发生。如:The story took place in
1917.(故事发生在
1917年。)
104. chance,
opportunity, occasion
chance多指偶然的机会,意外的机会,带有侥幸的意味。如:Even so, it was
a lucky chance
that he could do
it.(即使如此,那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
opportunity主要指能够去做某事
,尤其是达到自己目的,实现某种愿望的好机会。如:
You should make the
most of your opportunities of seeing the country
and learning the
language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家,学习它的语言。)
occasion主要指“时机”,“场合”,也含有“机会”的意思。如:The flags
are hung out on the
occasion of the National
Day.(每逢国庆节,国旗都悬持出来了。)
105. persist,
insist
persist坚持,后面常接介词in。如:He persisted in
carrying on his work in spite of great
fatigue.(他虽然疲倦极了,可仍坚持工作。)
insist坚持,后面接介词on,也可直接连用that引导的名词从句。如:He
insisted on my
going there with him. (He
insisted that I should go there with him.)
106. preserve, conserve, reserve
preserve坚持,后面常接介词in。如:The ship is equipped
with special refrigerating devices
to preserve
food for the whole voyage.(船上设有特殊冷藏设备,在整个航程中保存食物。)
conserve保存,储藏,强调采取措施精心保护某物,防止不必要的浪费,损失或变化。
如:He is conserving his energy for the last twenty-
meter dash.(他正在为最后20米冲刺保
存实力。)
reserve留存(在资金,人力,原料等),保留(权力等)。如:Reserve enough
money for your
home fare.(留足你回家的路费。)
107. probable, possible, likely
probable很可能的,大概的,语气较possible强。如:It is probable
that the cost will be greater
than we
think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
possible强调客观上可能性,但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如:It’s
possible, though
not probable, that he will
accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件,但希望很小。)
likely暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如:It is likely that he
will come.(他多半会来。)
108. purpose, goal,
aim, end, object
purpose目的,意图,比较确定,多指采取坚决的行动去达到目的。如:The tutor
explained
the purpose of the
exercise.(导师说明了该练习的目的。)
goal指经过仔细考虑而选中的比较大的目标
,常需要努力或克服困难才能达到的目的。
如:The goal of her desire is
to be a singer.(她渴望成为一名歌唱家。)
aim常指短期目标,往往比较具体,也比较实际。如:My first aim is to
receive a complete
and good
education.(我的第一个目标是接受完整和良好的教育。)
end目标,目的,较正式。如:My chief end is to serve my
country and my people.(我的首
要目标是为国为民服务。)
object指较明确具体的单个目标,往往出于直接的需要和愿望。如:What is the
object of
your visit?(你访问的目的是什么?)
109. respectable, respected, respectful,
respective
都是形容词。
respectable可尊敬的,值得尊重的。如:His parents were poor
but respectable.(他父母虽
穷却令人尊敬。)
respected表示受人尊敬的,可用于对年长的人,权威性的意见等。
respectful指“充满敬意的”,是主动性的尊重他人。如:The students
were very respectful
towards the great
man.(这些学生对这位伟人十分敬仰。)
respective表“各自分别的”,修饰名词时,名词一般用复数。如:They went
back to their
respective houses.(他们回了各自的家。)
110. round, around
round作副词时,同around意思相近,规范用法应区别动态和静态。
Round用于圆周
运动或测量,around用于指遍及表面或中心附近。如:The
spaceship traveled round the
world in 40
minutes. They planted trees around the lawn.
around用于指遍及表面或中心附近。如:The spaceship traveled
round the world in 40
minutes. They planted
trees around the lawn.
111. rouse,
arouse
rouse表“激起”,语气比arouse强,常有“积极行动”的意思。
arouse表“引起”,动作意味较弱,在表“唤起”意义时,可用rouse换用。
112. say, speak, talk, tell
say着重所说的话,可用作及物动词,带宾语从句。
Speak着重开口发声,不着重所
说的内容,一般作不及物动词,用作及物动词,宾语只
能是某种语言等少数几个名词,不能接that从
句。
Talk表示通过谈话方式交换意见、思想、消息等,一般只作不及物动词。
Tell表示告诉,有时兼含“嘱咐”,“命令”等。Tell the truth说真话,tell
a lie说谎