英语四级课程-阅读(徐磊)-讲义
杨绛为什么叫先生-难忘的教师节
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In the 1960s, medical
researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
developed a
checklist of stressful events.
They appreciated the tricky point that any major
change can be stressful. Negative events like
“serious illness of a family member”
were high
on the list, but so were some positive life-
changing events, like marriage.
When you take
the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the
score does not reflect
how you deal with
stress—it only shows how much you have to deal
with. And we now
know that the way you handle
these events dramatically affects your chances of
staying healthy.
By the early 1970s,
hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes
and Rahe.
And millions of Americans who work
and live under stress worried over the reports.
Somehow the research got boiled down to a
memorable message. Women’s magazines ran
headlines like “Stress causes illness” If you
want to stay physically and mentally
healthy,
the articles said avoid stressful such simplistic
advice is
impossible to follow. Even if
stressful events are dangerous many—like the death
of a loved one—are impossible to avoid.
Moreover, any warning to avoid all
stressful
events is a prescription (处方) for staying away
from opportunities as
well as trouble. Since
any change can be stressful, a person who wanted
to be
completely free of stress would never
marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also
ignores a lot of what we know
about people. It
assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in
the face of
adversity (逆境). But what about
human initiative and creativity﹖ Many come through
periods of stress with more physical and
mental vigor than they had before. We also
know that a long time without change or
challenge can lead to boredom, and physical
and mental strain.
21. The result of
Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us ____ .
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A
B
C
D
the way you handle major events may
cause stress
what should be done to avoid
stress
what kind of event would cause
stress
how to cope with sudden changes in
life
22. The studies on stress in the early
1970’s led to ____ .
A
B
C
D
widespread concern over its harmful effects
great panic over the mental disorder it could
cause
an intensive research into stress-
related illnesses
popular avoidance of
stressful jobs
23. The score of the Holmes-
Rahe test shows ____ .
A
B
C
D
how much pressure you are under
how positive events can change you life
how stressful a major event can be
how you can deal with life-changing events
impossible to follow﹖ 24. Why is “such
simplistic advice” Line 1
A
B
C
D
No one can stay on the same job for long
No prescription is effective in relieving
stress
People have to get married someday
You could be missing opportunities as well
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25. According to
the passage people who have experienced ups and
downs may become
____ .
A
B
C
D
nervous when faced with difficulties
physically and mentally strained
more capable of coping with adversity
indifferent toward what happens to them
Psychiatrists （精神病专家) who work with older
parents say that maturity can
be an asset in
child rearing - older parents are more thoughtful,
use less physical
discipline and spend more
time with their children. But raising kids takes
money
and energy. Many older parents find
themselves balancing their limited financial
resources, declining energy and failing health
against the growing demands of an
active
child. Dying and leaving young children is
probably the older parents' biggest,
and often
unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an
economics professor.
often means parents,
particularly fathers, up retiring much many,
retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.
Henry Metcalf. a 54-year-old journalist, knows
it takes money to raise kids.
But he's also
worried that his energy will give out first. Sure,
he can still ride
bikes with his athletic
fifth grader, but he's learned that young at heart
doesn't
mean young. Lately he's been taking
afternoon naps (午睡) to keep up his energy.
Often, older parents hear the ticking of
another kind of biological clock.
Therapists
who work with middle-aged and older parents say
fears about aging are
nothing to laugh at.
they'll need help getting up out of those
little chairs in nursery school,
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Joann Galst, a New York
psychologist. But at the core of those little
fears there
is often a much bigger one:
protect their child,
Many late-life
parents, though, say their children came at just
the right time.
After marrying late and
undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment,
Marilyn
Nolen and her husband. Randy, had
twins.
who was 55 when she gave birth. The
twins have given the couple what they desired
for years,
more sociable because their
fathers are more involved in their lives. 'The
dads are
older, more mature,
36. Why do
psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child
rearing
A) Older parents can better balance
their resources against children's demands.
B) Older parents are usually more experienced
in bringing up their children.
C) Older
parents are often better prepared financially.
D) Older parents can take better care of their
children.
37. What does the author mean by
saying many, retirement becomes an unobtainable
dream
A) They have to go on working beyond
their retirement age.
B) They can't get full
pension unless they work some extra years.
C)
They can't obtain the retirement benefits they
have dreamed of.
D) They are reluctant to
retire when they reach their retirement age.
38. The author gives the example of Henry
Metcalf to show that
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A) many people are young in spirit despite
their advanced age .
B) taking afternoon naps
is a good way to maintain energy
C) older
parents tend to be concerned about their aging
bodies
D) older parents should exercise more
to keep up with their athletic children
39.
What's the biggest fear of older parents according
to New York psychologist Joan
Galst
A)
Being laughed at by other people.
B) Slowing
down of their pace of life.
C) Being mistaken
for grandparents.
D) Approaching of death.
40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy
Nolen
A) They thought they were an example of
successful fertility treatment.
B) Not until
they reached middle age did they think of having
children.
C) Not until they had the twins did
they feel they had formed a family.
D) They
believed that children born of older parents would
be smarter.
Communications technologies are
far from equal when it comes to conveying the
truth. The first study to compare honesty
across a range of communications media
has
found that people are twice likely to tell lies in
phone conversations as they
are in emails. The
fact that emails are automatically recorded — and
can come back
to haunt (困扰) you – appears to
be the key to the findings.
Jeff Hancock of
Cornell University in Ithaca. New York, asked 30
students to
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keep
a communications diary for a it they noted the
number of conversations or email
exchanges
they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and
confessed to how many lies they
then worked
out the number of lies per conversation for each
medium. He found that
lies made up 14 per cent
of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per
cent
of face-to-face interactions and an
astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His
results, to be presented at conference on human-
computer interaction in
Vienna, Austria, in
April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected
e-mailers
to be the biggest liars, reasoning
that because deception makes people uncomfortable,
the detachment of emailing would make it
easier to lie. Others expected people to
lie
more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most
practiced at that form of
communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a
conversation is being recorded and
could be
reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People
appear to be afraid to
lie when they know the
communication could later be used to hold them to
account,
he says. This is why fewer lies
appear in email than on the phone.
People are
also more likely to lie in real time – in an
instant message or phone
calls – than they
have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He
found many
lies are spontaneous responses to
an expected question, such as: “Do you like me
dress”
Hancock hopes this research will
help companies work out the best ways for their
employees to communicate. For instance, the
phone might be the best medium for sales
where
employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But
given his results, work
assessment, where
honesty is a priority, might be best done using
email.
57. Hancock’s study focuses
on____________.
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A
the consequences of lying in various
communications media.
B the success of
communications technologies in conveying ideas
C people’s preferences in selecting
communications technologies.
D people’s
honesty levels across a range of communications
media.
’s research finding surprised those
who believed that_______.
A people are less
likely to lie in instant message.
B people
are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C people are most likely to lie in email
communication
D people are twice as likely to
lie in phone conversation.
59. According to
the passage, why are people more likely to tell
the truth through
certain medium of
communication
A They are afraid of leaving
behind traces of lies.
B They believe that
honesty is the best policy.
C They tend to be
relaxed when using those media.
D They are
most practiced at those forms of communications.
60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a
preferable medium for promoting sales
because
A salesmen can talk directly to their customs
B salesmen may feel less restrained to
exaggerate
C salesmen can impress customers
being trustworthy
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D salesmen may pass on instant messages
effectively
61. It can be inferred from the
passage that _________.
A honesty should be
encouraged in interpersonal communications.
B
more employers will use emails to communicate with
their employees
C suitable media should be
chosen for different communication purposes
D
email is now the dominant medium of communication
within a company.
More than three dozen
billionaires, including well-known philanthropist
(慈
善家) David Rockefeller, have promised at
least half of their fortunes to charity,
joining a programme that Bill and Melinda
Gates and Warren Buffett started in June
to
encourage other wealthy people to give.
The
pledge is currently worth about $$ 150 billion, but
the programme predicts it
will eventually be
worth $$ 600 billion.
their annual income
of $$ 2200,said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on
the website
of the programme, the Giving
Pledge,
afford that. But she said we have to
share with others.
The pledge has been a
matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-
profit
circles, with some experts dismissing
it as mere publicity and others predicting
that it would produce a flood of new money to
support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the
real value of the pledge was found in the example
it set and
in the sentiments (情感) expressed in
the letters posted on the website.
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Buffett and Gates will
hold several dinners later this year to recruit
more
billionaires, and members of the Giving
Pledge will meet annually to discuss their
philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet
some wealthiest people in China next month and
India
in March.
to take what we think
is a good idea and run with it, we will be
cheering.
Buffett said the number of people
who had agreed to sign on was at the high end
of his expectations. He said some people who
declined to sign the pledge were planning
to
give away most of their wealth but did not want to
draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon
(大亨) Pickens, who is worth about $$ 1 billion, said
in his Giving
Pledge letter:
away. I'm not
a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does
more harm than good.
62. What's the purpose of
the programme started by Bill and Melinda Gates
and Warren
Buffett
A) To spread the idea
of charity around the world.
B) To publicise
the pains and gains of charity work.
C) To
involve more wealthy people in philanthropy.
D) To narrow the gap between the rich and the
poor.
63. What message does Lorry Lokey intend
to convey through his website posting
A) His
family's income is far from large.
B) The
spirit of giving runs in his family.
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C) His family suffered
during the Great Depression.
D) The wealth of
his family has come the hard way.
64. Why are
Buffett and Gates going to meet some wealthiest
people in China and India
A) To share their
experience with the newly rich there.
B) To
publicise their generosity in helping the needy.
C) To persuade the wealthy people there to
join their ranks.
D) To help the billionaires
there see the true value of money.
65. What
reason do some people give for declining to sign
the pledge
A) They are unsure if they can meet
the public's expectations.
B) They have made
plans for disposing of their wealth.
C) They
are still undecided whether to give or not.
D)
They are reluctant to be the focus of attention.
66. What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say
in his Giving Pledge letter
A) Blessed are
those who inherit large fortunes.
B) The more
you give, the happier you will be.
C) Leaving
a fortune to one's children is unwise.
D)
Philanthropy can help free the poor from want.
Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy（破产）
protection is a sad, though not
unexpected,
turning point for a leading American corporation
that pioneered consumer
photography and
dominated the film market for decades, but
ultimately failed to adapt
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to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to
“complacency（自满）,” that
explanation doesn’t
acknowledge the lengths to which the company went
to reinvent
itself. Decades ago, Kodak
anticipated that digital photography would
overtake
film—and in fact, Kodak invented the
first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful
decision, the company chose to shelf its new
discovery to focus on its traditional
film
business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to
the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a
professor at Harvard Business School, but
rather that it failed to execute on a
strategy
to confront it. By the time the company realized
its mistake, it was too
late.
Kodak is an
example of a firm that was very much aware that
they had to adapt,
and spent a lot of money
trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large
companies
have a difficult time switching to
new markets because there is a temptation to put
existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise
of digital photography, its
corporate （企业的）
culture was too rooted in the successes of the
past for it to
make the clean break necessary
to fully embrace the future. They were a company
stuck
in time. Their history was so important
to them. Now their history has become a
liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last
several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the
company commanded 90% of the market for
photographic film and 85% of the market for
cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition
from Japanese film company Fuji Photo,
which
undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film
and photo supplies. Kodak’s
decision not to
pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los
Angeles Olympics
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was a major miscalculation. The bid went
instead to Fuji, which exploited its
sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the
marketplace.
62. What do we learn about Kodak
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B)
It is approaching its downfall.
C) It
initiated the digital revolution in the film
industry.
D) It is playing the dominant role
in the film market.
63. Why does the author
mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital
camera
A) To show its early attempt to
reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to
overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick
adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To
show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
64. Why do large companies have difficulty
switching to new markets
A) They find it
costly to give up their existing assets.
B)
They tend to be slow in confronting new
challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest
in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck
in their glorious past.
65. What does the
author say Kodak’s history has become
A) A
burden.
B) A mirror.
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C) A joke.
D) A challenge.
66.
What was Kodak’s fatal mistake
A) Its blind
faith in traditional photography.
B) Its
failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.
C) Its
refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
D) Its
overconfidence in its corporate culture.
When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the
Dominican Republic, he knew only
a few words
of English. Education soon became a __47__ . “I
couldn't understand
anything,” he said. He
__48__ from his teachers, came home in tears, and
thought
about dropping out.
Then Mrs.
Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with
him while teaching
him math and science in his
__49__ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while
teaching
me English,” he said. Given the
chance to demonstrate his ability, he __50__
confidence and began to succeed in school.
Today, he is a __51__ doctor, runs his own
clinic, and works with several
hospitals.
Every day, he uses the language and academic
skills he __52__ through
bilingual education
to treat his patients.
Roberto’s story is
just one of __53__ success stories. Research has
shown that
bilingual education is the most
__54__ way both to teach children English and
ensure
that they succeed academically. In
Arizona and Texas, bilingual students __55__
outperform their peers in monolingual
programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented
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bilingual education,
and now has dropout rates that are less than half
the state
average and college __56__ rates of
more than 90%.
In El Paso, bilingual
education programs have helped raise student
scores from
the lowest in Texas to among the
highest in the nation.
• A) wonder
I) hid
• B) acquired
J) prominent
• C) consistently
K) decent
• D) regained
L) countless
• E) nightmare
M) recalled
• F) native
N) breakthrough
• G) acceptance
O) automatically
H) effective
EI Nino
is the name given to the mysterious and often
unpredictable change in
the climate of the
world. This strange __47__ happens every five to
eight years.
It starts in the pacific Ocean
and is thought to be caused by a failure in the
trade
winds(信风), which affects the ocean
currents driven by these winds. As the trade
winds lessen in _48_, the ocean temperatures
rise, causing the Peru current flowing
in from
the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.
The
warning of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The
hot, humid (潮湿的)air
over the ocean causes
severe_49_ thunderstorms. The rainfall is
increased across
South America, __50__ floods
to Peru. In the West Pacific, there are droughts
affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while
some parts of the world prepare for heavy
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rains and floods, other
parts face drought, poor crops and _51_.
EI
Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The
1982-83 EI Nino brought the most
__52__
weather in modern history. Its effect was
worldwide and it left more than
2,000 people
dead and caused over eight billion pounds_53_of
damage. The 1990 EI
Nino lasted until June
1995. Scientists _54__this to be the longest EI
Nino for 2,000
years.
Nowadays, weather
experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will
__55__, but
they are still not __56__sure what
leads to it or what affects how strong it will
be.
[A] estimate
[I] completely
[B] strength
[J] destructive
[C] deliberately
[K] starvation
[D] notify
[L] bringing
[E] tropical
[M] exhaustion
[F] phenomenon
[N] worth
[G] stable
[O] strike
[H] attraction
It's the first
question parents ask when their child is diagnosed
with autism
(自闭症). Will his future brothers or
sisters have a higher risk of __47__ it, too
According to the largest study of siblings
(兄弟姐妹) in families with autism,
the answer is
yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older
sibling with the
developmental disorder, the
__48__ risk of autism was nearly 19%, __49__
higher than
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previous sibling-recurrence estimates that
were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with
more
than one older autistic sibling had an even higher
risk of the disorder: 32%.
The __50__ suggest
that genes play a key role in autism risk. But
they also hint
that other environmental
factors __51__ by siblings, like influences in the
womb
(子宫), may be important as well.
On
the __52__ of the findings, the researchers
recommend that doctors closely
__53__ younger
siblings of autistic children to pick up any early
signs of the
disorder, __54__ an unusually
large head or delayed language development and
communication skills. Evidence suggests that
early __55__ and diagnosis of autism
can help
children take advantage of therapies that can
treat some of its __56__.
• A) average
I) including
• B)basis
J) monitor
• C)common
K) reason
• D)consequently
L)results
• E) detection
M) shared
• F) developing
N) symbols
• G) distributed
O) symptoms
• H) dramatically
Universities Branch Out
A) As never before
in their long history, universities have become
instruments of
national competition as well as
instruments of peace. They are the place of the
scientific discoveries that move economies
forward, and the primary means of
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educating the talent
required to obtain and maintain competitive
advantage. But at
the same time, the opening
of national borders to the flow of goods,
services,
information and especially people
has made universities a powerful force for global
integration, mutual understanding and
geopolitical stability.
B) In response to
the same forces that have driven the world
economy, universities
have become more self-
consciously global: seeking students from around
the world
who represent the entire range of
cultures and values, sending their own students
abroad to prepare them for global careers,
offering courses of study that address
the
challenges of an interconnected world and
collaborative(合作的) research
programs to
advance science for the benefit of all humanity.
C) Of the forces shaping higher education none
is more sweeping than the movement
across
borders. Over the past three decades the number of
students leaving home each
year to study
abroad has grown at an annual rate of percent,
from 800,000 in 1975
to million in 2004. Most
travel from one developed nation to another, but
the flow
from developing to developed
countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow,
from
developed to developing countries, is on
the rise, too. Today foreign students earn
30
percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the
United States and 38 percent of
those in the
United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders
for undergraduate
study is growing as well, to
8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best
institutions and 10 percent of all
undergraduates in the . In the United States,
20 percent of the newly hired professors in
science and engineering are foreign-born,
and
in China many newly hired faculty members at the
top research universities
received their
graduate education abroad.
D) Universities
are also encouraging students to spend some of
their undergraduate
years in another country.
In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate
in the
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Erasmus
program each year, taking courses for credit in
one of 2,200 participating
institutions across
the continent. And in the United States,
institutions are
helping place students in
summer internships(实习) abroad to prepare them for
global
careers. Yale and Harvard have led the
way, offering every undergraduate at least
one
international study or internship opportunity—and
providing the financial
resources to make it
possible.
E) Globalization is also reshaping
the way research is done. One new trend involves
sourcing portions of a research program to
another country. Yale professor and Howard
Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu
directs a research center focused on
the
genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan
University, in collaboration with
faculty
colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center
has 95 employees and
graduate students working
in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale
faculty,
postdoctors and graduate students
visit regularly and attend videoconference
seminars with scientists from both campuses.
The arrangement benefits both countries;
Xu’s
Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower
costs of conducting research
in China, and
Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty
get on-the-job
training from a world-class
scientist and his . team.
F) As a result of
its strength in science, the United States has
consistently led
the world in the
commercialization of major new technologies, from
the mainframe
computer and the integrated
circuit of the 1960s to the Internet
infrastructure (基
础设施) and applications
software of the 1990s. The link between
university-based
science and industrial
application is often indirect but sometimes highly
visible:
Silicon Valley was intentionally
created by Stanford University, and Route 128
outside Boston has long housed companies spun
off from MIT and Harvard. Around the
world,
governments have encouraged copying of this model,
perhaps most successfully
in Cambridge,
England, where Microsoft and scores of other
leading software and
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biotechnology companies have set up shop
around the university.
G) For all its
success, the United States remains deeply hesitant
about sustaining
the research-university
model. Most politicians recognize the link between
investment in science and national economic
strength, but support for research
funding has
been unsteady. The budget of the National
Institutes of Health doubled
between 1998 and
2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation
since then. Support
for the physical sciences
and engineering barely kept pace with inflation
during
that same period. The attempt to make
up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would
be better served by steady, predictable
increases in science funding at the rate
of
long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of
inflation plus 3 percent per year.
H)
American politicians have great difficulty
recognizing that admitting more
foreign
students can greatly promote the national interest
by increasing
international understanding.
Adjusted for inflation, public funding for
international exchanges and foreign-language
study is well below the levels of 40
years
ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the
visa process caused a dramatic
decline in the
number of foreign students seeking admission to .
universities, and
a corresponding surge in
enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the .
Objections
from American university and
business leaders led to improvements in the
process
and a reversal of the decline, but the
United States is still seen by many as
unwelcoming to international students.
I)
Most Americans recognize that universities
contribute to the nation’s
well-being through
their scientific research, but many fear that
foreign students
threaten American
competitiveness by taking their knowledge and
skills back home.
They fail to grasp that
welcoming foreign students to the United States
has two
important positive effects: first, the
very best of them stay in the States and—like
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immigrants
throughout history—strengthen the nation; and
second, foreign students
who study in the
United States become ambassadors for many of its
most cherished(珍
视) values when they return
home. Or at least they understand them better. In
America
as elsewhere, few instruments of
foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace
and stability as welcoming international
university students.
46. American
universities prepare their undergraduates for
global careers by giving
them chances for
international study or internship.
47. Since
the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students
has increased at an
annual rate of percent.
48. The enrollment of international students
will have a positive impact on America
rather
than threaten its competitiveness.
49. The
way research is carried out in universities has
changed as a result of
globalization.
50.
Of the newly hired professors in science and
engineering in the United States,
twenty
percent come from foreign countries.
51. The
number of foreign students applying to .
universities decreased sharply after
September
11 due to changes in the visa process.
52.
The . federal funding for research has been
unsteady for years.
53. Around the world,
governments encourage the model of linking
university-based
science and industrial
application.
54. Present-day universities
have become a powerful force for global
integration.
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55. When foreign students leave America, they
will bring American values back to
their home
countries.
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In the 1960s,
medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
developed a
checklist of stressful events.
They appreciated the tricky point that any major
change can be stressful. Negative events like
“serious illness of a family member”
were high
on the list, but so were some positive life-
changing events, like marriage.
When you take
the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the
score does not reflect
how you deal with
stress—it only shows how much you have to deal
with. And we now
know that the way you handle
these events dramatically affects your chances of
staying healthy.
By the early 1970s,
hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes
and Rahe.
And millions of Americans who work
and live under stress worried over the reports.
Somehow the research got boiled down to a
memorable message. Women’s magazines ran
headlines like “Stress causes illness” If you
want to stay physically and mentally
healthy,
the articles said avoid stressful such simplistic
advice is
impossible to follow. Even if
stressful events are dangerous many—like the death
of a loved one—are impossible to avoid.
Moreover, any warning to avoid all
stressful
events is a prescription (处方) for staying away
from opportunities as
well as trouble. Since
any change can be stressful, a person who wanted
to be
completely free of stress would never
marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also
ignores a lot of what we know
about people. It
assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in
the face of
adversity (逆境). But what about
human initiative and creativity﹖ Many come through
periods of stress with more physical and
mental vigor than they had before. We also
know that a long time without change or
challenge can lead to boredom, and physical
and mental strain.
21. The result of
Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us ____ .
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A
B
C
D
the way you handle major events may
cause stress
what should be done to avoid
stress
what kind of event would cause
stress
how to cope with sudden changes in
life
22. The studies on stress in the early
1970’s led to ____ .
A
B
C
D
widespread concern over its harmful effects
great panic over the mental disorder it could
cause
an intensive research into stress-
related illnesses
popular avoidance of
stressful jobs
23. The score of the Holmes-
Rahe test shows ____ .
A
B
C
D
how much pressure you are under
how positive events can change you life
how stressful a major event can be
how you can deal with life-changing events
impossible to follow﹖ 24. Why is “such
simplistic advice” Line 1
A
B
C
D
No one can stay on the same job for long
No prescription is effective in relieving
stress
People have to get married someday
You could be missing opportunities as well
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25. According to
the passage people who have experienced ups and
downs may become
____ .
A
B
C
D
nervous when faced with difficulties
physically and mentally strained
more capable of coping with adversity
indifferent toward what happens to them
Psychiatrists （精神病专家) who work with older
parents say that maturity can
be an asset in
child rearing - older parents are more thoughtful,
use less physical
discipline and spend more
time with their children. But raising kids takes
money
and energy. Many older parents find
themselves balancing their limited financial
resources, declining energy and failing health
against the growing demands of an
active
child. Dying and leaving young children is
probably the older parents' biggest,
and often
unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an
economics professor.
often means parents,
particularly fathers, up retiring much many,
retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.
Henry Metcalf. a 54-year-old journalist, knows
it takes money to raise kids.
But he's also
worried that his energy will give out first. Sure,
he can still ride
bikes with his athletic
fifth grader, but he's learned that young at heart
doesn't
mean young. Lately he's been taking
afternoon naps (午睡) to keep up his energy.
Often, older parents hear the ticking of
another kind of biological clock.
Therapists
who work with middle-aged and older parents say
fears about aging are
nothing to laugh at.
they'll need help getting up out of those
little chairs in nursery school,
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Joann Galst, a New York
psychologist. But at the core of those little
fears there
is often a much bigger one:
protect their child,
Many late-life
parents, though, say their children came at just
the right time.
After marrying late and
undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment,
Marilyn
Nolen and her husband. Randy, had
twins.
who was 55 when she gave birth. The
twins have given the couple what they desired
for years,
more sociable because their
fathers are more involved in their lives. 'The
dads are
older, more mature,
36. Why do
psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child
rearing
A) Older parents can better balance
their resources against children's demands.
B) Older parents are usually more experienced
in bringing up their children.
C) Older
parents are often better prepared financially.
D) Older parents can take better care of their
children.
37. What does the author mean by
saying many, retirement becomes an unobtainable
dream
A) They have to go on working beyond
their retirement age.
B) They can't get full
pension unless they work some extra years.
C)
They can't obtain the retirement benefits they
have dreamed of.
D) They are reluctant to
retire when they reach their retirement age.
38. The author gives the example of Henry
Metcalf to show that
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A) many people are young in spirit despite
their advanced age .
B) taking afternoon naps
is a good way to maintain energy
C) older
parents tend to be concerned about their aging
bodies
D) older parents should exercise more
to keep up with their athletic children
39.
What's the biggest fear of older parents according
to New York psychologist Joan
Galst
A)
Being laughed at by other people.
B) Slowing
down of their pace of life.
C) Being mistaken
for grandparents.
D) Approaching of death.
40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy
Nolen
A) They thought they were an example of
successful fertility treatment.
B) Not until
they reached middle age did they think of having
children.
C) Not until they had the twins did
they feel they had formed a family.
D) They
believed that children born of older parents would
be smarter.
Communications technologies are
far from equal when it comes to conveying the
truth. The first study to compare honesty
across a range of communications media
has
found that people are twice likely to tell lies in
phone conversations as they
are in emails. The
fact that emails are automatically recorded — and
can come back
to haunt (困扰) you – appears to
be the key to the findings.
Jeff Hancock of
Cornell University in Ithaca. New York, asked 30
students to
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keep
a communications diary for a it they noted the
number of conversations or email
exchanges
they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and
confessed to how many lies they
then worked
out the number of lies per conversation for each
medium. He found that
lies made up 14 per cent
of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per
cent
of face-to-face interactions and an
astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His
results, to be presented at conference on human-
computer interaction in
Vienna, Austria, in
April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected
e-mailers
to be the biggest liars, reasoning
that because deception makes people uncomfortable,
the detachment of emailing would make it
easier to lie. Others expected people to
lie
more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most
practiced at that form of
communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a
conversation is being recorded and
could be
reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People
appear to be afraid to
lie when they know the
communication could later be used to hold them to
account,
he says. This is why fewer lies
appear in email than on the phone.
People are
also more likely to lie in real time – in an
instant message or phone
calls – than they
have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He
found many
lies are spontaneous responses to
an expected question, such as: “Do you like me
dress”
Hancock hopes this research will
help companies work out the best ways for their
employees to communicate. For instance, the
phone might be the best medium for sales
where
employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But
given his results, work
assessment, where
honesty is a priority, might be best done using
email.
57. Hancock’s study focuses
on____________.
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A
the consequences of lying in various
communications media.
B the success of
communications technologies in conveying ideas
C people’s preferences in selecting
communications technologies.
D people’s
honesty levels across a range of communications
media.
’s research finding surprised those
who believed that_______.
A people are less
likely to lie in instant message.
B people
are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C people are most likely to lie in email
communication
D people are twice as likely to
lie in phone conversation.
59. According to
the passage, why are people more likely to tell
the truth through
certain medium of
communication
A They are afraid of leaving
behind traces of lies.
B They believe that
honesty is the best policy.
C They tend to be
relaxed when using those media.
D They are
most practiced at those forms of communications.
60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a
preferable medium for promoting sales
because
A salesmen can talk directly to their customs
B salesmen may feel less restrained to
exaggerate
C salesmen can impress customers
being trustworthy
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D salesmen may pass on instant messages
effectively
61. It can be inferred from the
passage that _________.
A honesty should be
encouraged in interpersonal communications.
B
more employers will use emails to communicate with
their employees
C suitable media should be
chosen for different communication purposes
D
email is now the dominant medium of communication
within a company.
More than three dozen
billionaires, including well-known philanthropist
(慈
善家) David Rockefeller, have promised at
least half of their fortunes to charity,
joining a programme that Bill and Melinda
Gates and Warren Buffett started in June
to
encourage other wealthy people to give.
The
pledge is currently worth about $$ 150 billion, but
the programme predicts it
will eventually be
worth $$ 600 billion.
their annual income
of $$ 2200,said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on
the website
of the programme, the Giving
Pledge,
afford that. But she said we have to
share with others.
The pledge has been a
matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-
profit
circles, with some experts dismissing
it as mere publicity and others predicting
that it would produce a flood of new money to
support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the
real value of the pledge was found in the example
it set and
in the sentiments (情感) expressed in
the letters posted on the website.
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Buffett and Gates will
hold several dinners later this year to recruit
more
billionaires, and members of the Giving
Pledge will meet annually to discuss their
philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet
some wealthiest people in China next month and
India
in March.
to take what we think
is a good idea and run with it, we will be
cheering.
Buffett said the number of people
who had agreed to sign on was at the high end
of his expectations. He said some people who
declined to sign the pledge were planning
to
give away most of their wealth but did not want to
draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon
(大亨) Pickens, who is worth about $$ 1 billion, said
in his Giving
Pledge letter:
away. I'm not
a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does
more harm than good.
62. What's the purpose of
the programme started by Bill and Melinda Gates
and Warren
Buffett
A) To spread the idea
of charity around the world.
B) To publicise
the pains and gains of charity work.
C) To
involve more wealthy people in philanthropy.
D) To narrow the gap between the rich and the
poor.
63. What message does Lorry Lokey intend
to convey through his website posting
A) His
family's income is far from large.
B) The
spirit of giving runs in his family.
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C) His family suffered
during the Great Depression.
D) The wealth of
his family has come the hard way.
64. Why are
Buffett and Gates going to meet some wealthiest
people in China and India
A) To share their
experience with the newly rich there.
B) To
publicise their generosity in helping the needy.
C) To persuade the wealthy people there to
join their ranks.
D) To help the billionaires
there see the true value of money.
65. What
reason do some people give for declining to sign
the pledge
A) They are unsure if they can meet
the public's expectations.
B) They have made
plans for disposing of their wealth.
C) They
are still undecided whether to give or not.
D)
They are reluctant to be the focus of attention.
66. What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say
in his Giving Pledge letter
A) Blessed are
those who inherit large fortunes.
B) The more
you give, the happier you will be.
C) Leaving
a fortune to one's children is unwise.
D)
Philanthropy can help free the poor from want.
Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy（破产）
protection is a sad, though not
unexpected,
turning point for a leading American corporation
that pioneered consumer
photography and
dominated the film market for decades, but
ultimately failed to adapt
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to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to
“complacency（自满）,” that
explanation doesn’t
acknowledge the lengths to which the company went
to reinvent
itself. Decades ago, Kodak
anticipated that digital photography would
overtake
film—and in fact, Kodak invented the
first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful
decision, the company chose to shelf its new
discovery to focus on its traditional
film
business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to
the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a
professor at Harvard Business School, but
rather that it failed to execute on a
strategy
to confront it. By the time the company realized
its mistake, it was too
late.
Kodak is an
example of a firm that was very much aware that
they had to adapt,
and spent a lot of money
trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large
companies
have a difficult time switching to
new markets because there is a temptation to put
existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise
of digital photography, its
corporate （企业的）
culture was too rooted in the successes of the
past for it to
make the clean break necessary
to fully embrace the future. They were a company
stuck
in time. Their history was so important
to them. Now their history has become a
liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last
several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the
company commanded 90% of the market for
photographic film and 85% of the market for
cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition
from Japanese film company Fuji Photo,
which
undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film
and photo supplies. Kodak’s
decision not to
pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los
Angeles Olympics
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was a major miscalculation. The bid went
instead to Fuji, which exploited its
sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the
marketplace.
62. What do we learn about Kodak
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B)
It is approaching its downfall.
C) It
initiated the digital revolution in the film
industry.
D) It is playing the dominant role
in the film market.
63. Why does the author
mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital
camera
A) To show its early attempt to
reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to
overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick
adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To
show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
64. Why do large companies have difficulty
switching to new markets
A) They find it
costly to give up their existing assets.
B)
They tend to be slow in confronting new
challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest
in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck
in their glorious past.
65. What does the
author say Kodak’s history has become
A) A
burden.
B) A mirror.
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C) A joke.
D) A challenge.
66.
What was Kodak’s fatal mistake
A) Its blind
faith in traditional photography.
B) Its
failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.
C) Its
refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
D) Its
overconfidence in its corporate culture.
When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the
Dominican Republic, he knew only
a few words
of English. Education soon became a __47__ . “I
couldn't understand
anything,” he said. He
__48__ from his teachers, came home in tears, and
thought
about dropping out.
Then Mrs.
Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with
him while teaching
him math and science in his
__49__ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while
teaching
me English,” he said. Given the
chance to demonstrate his ability, he __50__
confidence and began to succeed in school.
Today, he is a __51__ doctor, runs his own
clinic, and works with several
hospitals.
Every day, he uses the language and academic
skills he __52__ through
bilingual education
to treat his patients.
Roberto’s story is
just one of __53__ success stories. Research has
shown that
bilingual education is the most
__54__ way both to teach children English and
ensure
that they succeed academically. In
Arizona and Texas, bilingual students __55__
outperform their peers in monolingual
programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented
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bilingual education,
and now has dropout rates that are less than half
the state
average and college __56__ rates of
more than 90%.
In El Paso, bilingual
education programs have helped raise student
scores from
the lowest in Texas to among the
highest in the nation.
• A) wonder
I) hid
• B) acquired
J) prominent
• C) consistently
K) decent
• D) regained
L) countless
• E) nightmare
M) recalled
• F) native
N) breakthrough
• G) acceptance
O) automatically
H) effective
EI Nino
is the name given to the mysterious and often
unpredictable change in
the climate of the
world. This strange __47__ happens every five to
eight years.
It starts in the pacific Ocean
and is thought to be caused by a failure in the
trade
winds(信风), which affects the ocean
currents driven by these winds. As the trade
winds lessen in _48_, the ocean temperatures
rise, causing the Peru current flowing
in from
the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.
The
warning of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The
hot, humid (潮湿的)air
over the ocean causes
severe_49_ thunderstorms. The rainfall is
increased across
South America, __50__ floods
to Peru. In the West Pacific, there are droughts
affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while
some parts of the world prepare for heavy
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rains and floods, other
parts face drought, poor crops and _51_.
EI
Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The
1982-83 EI Nino brought the most
__52__
weather in modern history. Its effect was
worldwide and it left more than
2,000 people
dead and caused over eight billion pounds_53_of
damage. The 1990 EI
Nino lasted until June
1995. Scientists _54__this to be the longest EI
Nino for 2,000
years.
Nowadays, weather
experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will
__55__, but
they are still not __56__sure what
leads to it or what affects how strong it will
be.
[A] estimate
[I] completely
[B] strength
[J] destructive
[C] deliberately
[K] starvation
[D] notify
[L] bringing
[E] tropical
[M] exhaustion
[F] phenomenon
[N] worth
[G] stable
[O] strike
[H] attraction
It's the first
question parents ask when their child is diagnosed
with autism
(自闭症). Will his future brothers or
sisters have a higher risk of __47__ it, too
According to the largest study of siblings
(兄弟姐妹) in families with autism,
the answer is
yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older
sibling with the
developmental disorder, the
__48__ risk of autism was nearly 19%, __49__
higher than
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previous sibling-recurrence estimates that
were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with
more
than one older autistic sibling had an even higher
risk of the disorder: 32%.
The __50__ suggest
that genes play a key role in autism risk. But
they also hint
that other environmental
factors __51__ by siblings, like influences in the
womb
(子宫), may be important as well.
On
the __52__ of the findings, the researchers
recommend that doctors closely
__53__ younger
siblings of autistic children to pick up any early
signs of the
disorder, __54__ an unusually
large head or delayed language development and
communication skills. Evidence suggests that
early __55__ and diagnosis of autism
can help
children take advantage of therapies that can
treat some of its __56__.
• A) average
I) including
• B)basis
J) monitor
• C)common
K) reason
• D)consequently
L)results
• E) detection
M) shared
• F) developing
N) symbols
• G) distributed
O) symptoms
• H) dramatically
Universities Branch Out
A) As never before
in their long history, universities have become
instruments of
national competition as well as
instruments of peace. They are the place of the
scientific discoveries that move economies
forward, and the primary means of
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educating the talent
required to obtain and maintain competitive
advantage. But at
the same time, the opening
of national borders to the flow of goods,
services,
information and especially people
has made universities a powerful force for global
integration, mutual understanding and
geopolitical stability.
B) In response to
the same forces that have driven the world
economy, universities
have become more self-
consciously global: seeking students from around
the world
who represent the entire range of
cultures and values, sending their own students
abroad to prepare them for global careers,
offering courses of study that address
the
challenges of an interconnected world and
collaborative(合作的) research
programs to
advance science for the benefit of all humanity.
C) Of the forces shaping higher education none
is more sweeping than the movement
across
borders. Over the past three decades the number of
students leaving home each
year to study
abroad has grown at an annual rate of percent,
from 800,000 in 1975
to million in 2004. Most
travel from one developed nation to another, but
the flow
from developing to developed
countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow,
from
developed to developing countries, is on
the rise, too. Today foreign students earn
30
percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the
United States and 38 percent of
those in the
United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders
for undergraduate
study is growing as well, to
8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best
institutions and 10 percent of all
undergraduates in the . In the United States,
20 percent of the newly hired professors in
science and engineering are foreign-born,
and
in China many newly hired faculty members at the
top research universities
received their
graduate education abroad.
D) Universities
are also encouraging students to spend some of
their undergraduate
years in another country.
In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate
in the
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Erasmus
program each year, taking courses for credit in
one of 2,200 participating
institutions across
the continent. And in the United States,
institutions are
helping place students in
summer internships(实习) abroad to prepare them for
global
careers. Yale and Harvard have led the
way, offering every undergraduate at least
one
international study or internship opportunity—and
providing the financial
resources to make it
possible.
E) Globalization is also reshaping
the way research is done. One new trend involves
sourcing portions of a research program to
another country. Yale professor and Howard
Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu
directs a research center focused on
the
genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan
University, in collaboration with
faculty
colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center
has 95 employees and
graduate students working
in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale
faculty,
postdoctors and graduate students
visit regularly and attend videoconference
seminars with scientists from both campuses.
The arrangement benefits both countries;
Xu’s
Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower
costs of conducting research
in China, and
Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty
get on-the-job
training from a world-class
scientist and his . team.
F) As a result of
its strength in science, the United States has
consistently led
the world in the
commercialization of major new technologies, from
the mainframe
computer and the integrated
circuit of the 1960s to the Internet
infrastructure (基
础设施) and applications
software of the 1990s. The link between
university-based
science and industrial
application is often indirect but sometimes highly
visible:
Silicon Valley was intentionally
created by Stanford University, and Route 128
outside Boston has long housed companies spun
off from MIT and Harvard. Around the
world,
governments have encouraged copying of this model,
perhaps most successfully
in Cambridge,
England, where Microsoft and scores of other
leading software and
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biotechnology companies have set up shop
around the university.
G) For all its
success, the United States remains deeply hesitant
about sustaining
the research-university
model. Most politicians recognize the link between
investment in science and national economic
strength, but support for research
funding has
been unsteady. The budget of the National
Institutes of Health doubled
between 1998 and
2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation
since then. Support
for the physical sciences
and engineering barely kept pace with inflation
during
that same period. The attempt to make
up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would
be better served by steady, predictable
increases in science funding at the rate
of
long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of
inflation plus 3 percent per year.
H)
American politicians have great difficulty
recognizing that admitting more
foreign
students can greatly promote the national interest
by increasing
international understanding.
Adjusted for inflation, public funding for
international exchanges and foreign-language
study is well below the levels of 40
years
ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the
visa process caused a dramatic
decline in the
number of foreign students seeking admission to .
universities, and
a corresponding surge in
enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the .
Objections
from American university and
business leaders led to improvements in the
process
and a reversal of the decline, but the
United States is still seen by many as
unwelcoming to international students.
I)
Most Americans recognize that universities
contribute to the nation’s
well-being through
their scientific research, but many fear that
foreign students
threaten American
competitiveness by taking their knowledge and
skills back home.
They fail to grasp that
welcoming foreign students to the United States
has two
important positive effects: first, the
very best of them stay in the States and—like
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immigrants
throughout history—strengthen the nation; and
second, foreign students
who study in the
United States become ambassadors for many of its
most cherished(珍
视) values when they return
home. Or at least they understand them better. In
America
as elsewhere, few instruments of
foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace
and stability as welcoming international
university students.
46. American
universities prepare their undergraduates for
global careers by giving
them chances for
international study or internship.
47. Since
the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students
has increased at an
annual rate of percent.
48. The enrollment of international students
will have a positive impact on America
rather
than threaten its competitiveness.
49. The
way research is carried out in universities has
changed as a result of
globalization.
50.
Of the newly hired professors in science and
engineering in the United States,
twenty
percent come from foreign countries.
51. The
number of foreign students applying to .
universities decreased sharply after
September
11 due to changes in the visa process.
52.
The . federal funding for research has been
unsteady for years.
53. Around the world,
governments encourage the model of linking
university-based
science and industrial
application.
54. Present-day universities
have become a powerful force for global
integration.
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55. When foreign students leave America, they
will bring American values back to
their home
countries.
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