to 是不定式符号,还是介词
滁州学院-解放军军事经济学院
to 是不定式符号,还是介词?
——从一道四级考题谈起
中国地质大学(武汉) 许峰
在2000年6月四级考试中,有这样
一选择题:
I have no
objection your story
again .
A)
to hearing C) to hear
B) to have
read D) to having heard
此题正确答案是A项。有许多学生问
为什么不选B项或C项呢?其原因主要是
把这里的
to 理解为不定式符号,而不是介
词。英语中和to 搭配使用,to 又作介词的
情况有哪
些呢?也就是说在何种情况下to
接动名词呢?笔者根据平时教学中所搜集
的这类惯用结构,归
纳如下:
一.习惯接sth. oneself to doing
sth. 的动词
英语中有些动词习惯接宾语加 to
doing sth. ,不可接宾语加to do
sth.。常见的
这类动词有:adapt (使…适应于),
accommodate
(使…适应于),conform (使…
适合于),habituate
(使…习惯于),adjust
(使…适应于),addict
(使…醉心于),
contribute (把…贡献给),dedicate
(把…贡献
给),devote (把…贡献给),give (把…给予),
apply
(把…用于),resign (使…听从于),
reconcile (使…听从于),limit
(把…限制于),
restrict (把…限制于),submit
(使…屈从于)
等等。在这类动词的这种用法中,其宾语一
般是反身代词或one’s
energy , one’s life 或
one’s time 等短语。例如:
1). We’ll soon adapt (accommodate ,
adjust ,conform ) ourselves to living in the
desert . 我们很快就会适应沙漠地方的生
活。
2). She
habituated herself to getting up
early. 她习惯早起。
3). He addicts (abandons) himself to
smoking and drinking. 他沉溺于烟酒。
4). I
applied myself to writing the
report all day
yesterday. 我昨天整天集中精
力在写这篇报告。
5).The
government should give top
priority to
rebuilding the inner cities. 政府应
该优先重建城内旧中心区。
6). The old society left her no way out .
She had to resign herself to working as a wet
nurse. 旧社会逼得她走投无路,她只好给人
家当奶妈。
7). He
couldn’t reconcile himself to
serving in the
firm . 他不安于在那家公司工
作。
8).Tom limits
(restricts) himself to
smoking only two
cigarettes a day .汤姆限制
自己一天只抽二根烟。
9). I
can’t submit myself to being
treated like
that. 我不甘于人家这么待我。
二.习惯接 to doing sth.的动词
英语中有些不及物动词与介词 to 构
成固定搭配,相当于一个及物动词。常见的
这类动词有:admit (承认),amount
(相当
于),apply(适用于),confess(承认),
contribute(有助
于),descend(竟做出), fall
(开始),object (反对),resort(求
助),sink
(堕落到),see(留神,注意),switch(变
换为),take(开
始从事),testify (证明),
witness(作证),等等。这其中admit和
confess也可作及物动词,直接接动名词作
宾语。admit , confess ,
testify和witness后既
可接to doing sth. ,也可接to having
done
sth.。例如:
1). George would never admit
to
being wrong . 乔治从不认错。
2).This
amounts to making no
distinction between just
and unjust wars.
这实际上就等于对正义战争和非正义战争
不加区别。
3).She finally confessed to having
stolen
the money. 她最后招认了偷了那笔
钱。
4). I never
thought he would descend to
speaking bad
language . 我从未想到他竟说
出下流语言。
5). She fell to
brooding about what had
happened to her .
她开始深思默想自己的
遭遇。
6).In order to justify
himself , the boy
had to resort to lying .
这男孩为了给自己
辩护,只得采取撒谎。
7). I did not imagine
that you would
sink to cheating.
我没想到你会堕落到行
骗的地步。
8).We switched to
discussing another
problem as soon as he came
in. 他一进来,
我们便转而讨论另一问题。
9).The woman
testified to having been
present at the time
of the fire. 这女人证明
失火的时候她在场。
10).He
witnessed to having seen the
man enter the
building . 他作证说曾看见那
个人进入这幢大楼。
三.习惯接 to
doing sth. 的短语
英语中有些短语或句型中的to 为介
词,其后接to
doing sth.。这类短语和句型
又可分两类:
1. 短语动词和句型
常见的有come down to (缩减到;竟
落到…地步),come go
close near to (几
乎,接近于),feel up to
(觉得能胜于/适合
于),get down to (开始认真对待),get around
to(花时间/精力做),go far to (大有助
于),look forward
to (期望),what do you
say to (你认为…怎么样),when it
comes to
(关于)等等。例如:
1) I came near to
telling him just what
I thought of the whole
business. 我差一点
告诉了他我对整个事情的看法。
2) He came
down to selling matches on
street corners.
他为穷困所近而到街头叫
卖火柴。
3). After three weeks in
the hospital, I
don’t feel up to decorating
the house any
more.
住了三周医院后,我觉得再也无力
装饰屋子了。
4) These measurers
should go far to
solving the problem.
这些措施对于解决这
个问题大有帮助。
5) What do you say to
taking a walk
with me ? 你跟我去散散步好么?
6)
When it comes to playing chess, he
usually has
a lot to say. 谈起下象棋,他要
说的往往很多。
2. 短语介词
常见的有as to (关于),inwith
reference to
(关于),inwith respect to(关
于),inwith relation to
(关于),with an eye
to (着眼于,打算),with a view to
(着眼
于,目的在于)等等。例如:
1). I’m willing to read
his book, but as
to publishing it, that’s a
different matter.
我
愿意读他写的书,但是,关于出版那是另一
码事了。
2). In
referencerespectregardrelation
to training
teachers, he gave us some good
suggestions.
他就培训师资给了我们不少
好建议。
3). John is going to
college with an eye
to becoming a lawyer.
约翰要上大学,打算
将来成为一名律师。
4). With a view to
improving his ability
to speak French, he
spends most of his
holidays in France.
为了提高法语会话能
词
英语中有此形容词与介词to搭配,
力,他假期大部分在法国度过。
四.习惯接 to doing sth. 的名词
英语中有些名词常与介词to搭配,
后接to doing sth., 不能接to do
sth.。常见的
这类名词有:adjustment (调整;使适用),
dedicati
on(献身),dislike(厌恶),hindrance
(阻碍),key(关键),limit
(限度),objection
(反对),obstacle(障碍),opposition(反对),priority(优先权),repugnance(讨厌),
resistance(抵
抗,反抗)等等。例如:
1) They made a quick adjustment to
working in a plane. 他们很快便适应了在
飞机上工作。
2) His dedication to teaching gained
the
respect of his peers . 他献身教学的精神
赢得了同行的尊敬。
3) There is no limit to serving the
people. 为人民服务是无限的。
4) There were some
natural obstacles
to pumping out North sea
oil . 开采北海石油
有一些自然障碍。
5) The Government
gave priority to
reforming the legal system.
政府将改革法
制列为工作的重点。
6) I have no repugnance to
being a
doctor. 我并不十分讨厌当一名医生。
7) There
has been much resistance to
setting him free.
对于释放他,阻力一直很
大。
五.习惯接 to doing sth. 的形容
后接to doing sth., 不能接to do sth.。常见这
类形容词有:eq
ual(有…的能力,胜任),
addicted(沉溺于,醉心于),averse(
反对
的),equivalent(等于),prior(先于),previous
(在…之
前),preliminary(在…之前),
preparatory(为…作准备;在…之前),u
nused
(不习惯的),unaccustomed(不习惯的)
等等。例如:
1) I am averse to punishing pupils.
我反对惩罚学生。
2) Jim is addicted to collecting
stamps. 吉姆酷爱集邮。
3) She did not feel equal
to receiving
visitors. 她的身体不适,不能接见客人。
4)
Prior to working in America, he
had traveled
in Europe for several years .
在
到美国工作之前,他曾在欧洲旅行几年。
5) He packed his bags
preliminary to
leaving for the station.
在去车站之前他打
好行李包。
6) He attended night-school
preparatory to entering college.
他上夜校
是为进入高等学校作准备。
5. 刘学明,1998,《实用分类英语
惯用法》,湖南教育出版社。
(通讯地址:430074 中国地质
大学(武汉)外语系)
参考书目
1.
秦秀白,1999,《当代英语习语
大词典》,外语教学与研究出版社.天津科
学技术出版社。
2. 潘耀王泉
等,1999,《英语习语大
词典》,商务印书馆。
3.
吕志士等,1994,《英语惯用法
大词典》,中国科学技术出版社。
4.
张道真,1983,《现代英语用法
词典》,上海译文出版社。
to
是不定式符号,还是介词?
——从一道四级考题谈起
中国地质大学(武汉) 许峰
在2000年6月四级考试中,有这样
一选择题:
I have no
objection your story
again .
A)
to hearing C) to hear
B) to have
read D) to having heard
此题正确答案是A项。有许多学生问
为什么不选B项或C项呢?其原因主要是
把这里的
to 理解为不定式符号,而不是介
词。英语中和to 搭配使用,to 又作介词的
情况有哪
些呢?也就是说在何种情况下to
接动名词呢?笔者根据平时教学中所搜集
的这类惯用结构,归
纳如下:
一.习惯接sth. oneself to doing
sth. 的动词
英语中有些动词习惯接宾语加 to
doing sth. ,不可接宾语加to do
sth.。常见的
这类动词有:adapt (使…适应于),
accommodate
(使…适应于),conform (使…
适合于),habituate
(使…习惯于),adjust
(使…适应于),addict
(使…醉心于),
contribute (把…贡献给),dedicate
(把…贡献
给),devote (把…贡献给),give (把…给予),
apply
(把…用于),resign (使…听从于),
reconcile (使…听从于),limit
(把…限制于),
restrict (把…限制于),submit
(使…屈从于)
等等。在这类动词的这种用法中,其宾语一
般是反身代词或one’s
energy , one’s life 或
one’s time 等短语。例如:
1). We’ll soon adapt (accommodate ,
adjust ,conform ) ourselves to living in the
desert . 我们很快就会适应沙漠地方的生
活。
2). She
habituated herself to getting up
early. 她习惯早起。
3). He addicts (abandons) himself to
smoking and drinking. 他沉溺于烟酒。
4). I
applied myself to writing the
report all day
yesterday. 我昨天整天集中精
力在写这篇报告。
5).The
government should give top
priority to
rebuilding the inner cities. 政府应
该优先重建城内旧中心区。
6). The old society left her no way out .
She had to resign herself to working as a wet
nurse. 旧社会逼得她走投无路,她只好给人
家当奶妈。
7). He
couldn’t reconcile himself to
serving in the
firm . 他不安于在那家公司工
作。
8).Tom limits
(restricts) himself to
smoking only two
cigarettes a day .汤姆限制
自己一天只抽二根烟。
9). I
can’t submit myself to being
treated like
that. 我不甘于人家这么待我。
二.习惯接 to doing sth.的动词
英语中有些不及物动词与介词 to 构
成固定搭配,相当于一个及物动词。常见的
这类动词有:admit (承认),amount
(相当
于),apply(适用于),confess(承认),
contribute(有助
于),descend(竟做出), fall
(开始),object (反对),resort(求
助),sink
(堕落到),see(留神,注意),switch(变
换为),take(开
始从事),testify (证明),
witness(作证),等等。这其中admit和
confess也可作及物动词,直接接动名词作
宾语。admit , confess ,
testify和witness后既
可接to doing sth. ,也可接to having
done
sth.。例如:
1). George would never admit
to
being wrong . 乔治从不认错。
2).This
amounts to making no
distinction between just
and unjust wars.
这实际上就等于对正义战争和非正义战争
不加区别。
3).She finally confessed to having
stolen
the money. 她最后招认了偷了那笔
钱。
4). I never
thought he would descend to
speaking bad
language . 我从未想到他竟说
出下流语言。
5). She fell to
brooding about what had
happened to her .
她开始深思默想自己的
遭遇。
6).In order to justify
himself , the boy
had to resort to lying .
这男孩为了给自己
辩护,只得采取撒谎。
7). I did not imagine
that you would
sink to cheating.
我没想到你会堕落到行
骗的地步。
8).We switched to
discussing another
problem as soon as he came
in. 他一进来,
我们便转而讨论另一问题。
9).The woman
testified to having been
present at the time
of the fire. 这女人证明
失火的时候她在场。
10).He
witnessed to having seen the
man enter the
building . 他作证说曾看见那
个人进入这幢大楼。
三.习惯接 to
doing sth. 的短语
英语中有些短语或句型中的to 为介
词,其后接to
doing sth.。这类短语和句型
又可分两类:
1. 短语动词和句型
常见的有come down to (缩减到;竟
落到…地步),come go
close near to (几
乎,接近于),feel up to
(觉得能胜于/适合
于),get down to (开始认真对待),get around
to(花时间/精力做),go far to (大有助
于),look forward
to (期望),what do you
say to (你认为…怎么样),when it
comes to
(关于)等等。例如:
1) I came near to
telling him just what
I thought of the whole
business. 我差一点
告诉了他我对整个事情的看法。
2) He came
down to selling matches on
street corners.
他为穷困所近而到街头叫
卖火柴。
3). After three weeks in
the hospital, I
don’t feel up to decorating
the house any
more.
住了三周医院后,我觉得再也无力
装饰屋子了。
4) These measurers
should go far to
solving the problem.
这些措施对于解决这
个问题大有帮助。
5) What do you say to
taking a walk
with me ? 你跟我去散散步好么?
6)
When it comes to playing chess, he
usually has
a lot to say. 谈起下象棋,他要
说的往往很多。
2. 短语介词
常见的有as to (关于),inwith
reference to
(关于),inwith respect to(关
于),inwith relation to
(关于),with an eye
to (着眼于,打算),with a view to
(着眼
于,目的在于)等等。例如:
1). I’m willing to read
his book, but as
to publishing it, that’s a
different matter.
我
愿意读他写的书,但是,关于出版那是另一
码事了。
2). In
referencerespectregardrelation
to training
teachers, he gave us some good
suggestions.
他就培训师资给了我们不少
好建议。
3). John is going to
college with an eye
to becoming a lawyer.
约翰要上大学,打算
将来成为一名律师。
4). With a view to
improving his ability
to speak French, he
spends most of his
holidays in France.
为了提高法语会话能
词
英语中有此形容词与介词to搭配,
力,他假期大部分在法国度过。
四.习惯接 to doing sth. 的名词
英语中有些名词常与介词to搭配,
后接to doing sth., 不能接to do
sth.。常见的
这类名词有:adjustment (调整;使适用),
dedicati
on(献身),dislike(厌恶),hindrance
(阻碍),key(关键),limit
(限度),objection
(反对),obstacle(障碍),opposition(反对),priority(优先权),repugnance(讨厌),
resistance(抵
抗,反抗)等等。例如:
1) They made a quick adjustment to
working in a plane. 他们很快便适应了在
飞机上工作。
2) His dedication to teaching gained
the
respect of his peers . 他献身教学的精神
赢得了同行的尊敬。
3) There is no limit to serving the
people. 为人民服务是无限的。
4) There were some
natural obstacles
to pumping out North sea
oil . 开采北海石油
有一些自然障碍。
5) The Government
gave priority to
reforming the legal system.
政府将改革法
制列为工作的重点。
6) I have no repugnance to
being a
doctor. 我并不十分讨厌当一名医生。
7) There
has been much resistance to
setting him free.
对于释放他,阻力一直很
大。
五.习惯接 to doing sth. 的形容
后接to doing sth., 不能接to do sth.。常见这
类形容词有:eq
ual(有…的能力,胜任),
addicted(沉溺于,醉心于),averse(
反对
的),equivalent(等于),prior(先于),previous
(在…之
前),preliminary(在…之前),
preparatory(为…作准备;在…之前),u
nused
(不习惯的),unaccustomed(不习惯的)
等等。例如:
1) I am averse to punishing pupils.
我反对惩罚学生。
2) Jim is addicted to collecting
stamps. 吉姆酷爱集邮。
3) She did not feel equal
to receiving
visitors. 她的身体不适,不能接见客人。
4)
Prior to working in America, he
had traveled
in Europe for several years .
在
到美国工作之前,他曾在欧洲旅行几年。
5) He packed his bags
preliminary to
leaving for the station.
在去车站之前他打
好行李包。
6) He attended night-school
preparatory to entering college.
他上夜校
是为进入高等学校作准备。
5. 刘学明,1998,《实用分类英语
惯用法》,湖南教育出版社。
(通讯地址:430074 中国地质
大学(武汉)外语系)
参考书目
1.
秦秀白,1999,《当代英语习语
大词典》,外语教学与研究出版社.天津科
学技术出版社。
2. 潘耀王泉
等,1999,《英语习语大
词典》,商务印书馆。
3.
吕志士等,1994,《英语惯用法
大词典》,中国科学技术出版社。
4.
张道真,1983,《现代英语用法
词典》,上海译文出版社。