儿童节年龄-中秋对联

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. It is known to all that English is not an easy language ______.
A. to be learned B. to learning
C. to learn D. learning

2. I couldn’t do anything but ______there and hope.
A. just sit B. just sitting
C. just to sit D. just to sitting

3. The total influence of literature upon the course of human
history______.
A. is difficult to evaluate B. is difficult to evaluate it
C. difficult to evaluate it D. it is difficult to evaluate

4. Whenever I feel lonesome, I always find someone______.
A. to talk B. to talk to
C. talking D. to be talked

5. After being scolded, George finally confessed ______the
money.
A. to steal B. to have stolen
C. stealing C. to having stolen

什么叫动词不定式？
在英语中，单独的某个动词只能用作谓语，要想让动词能充当主
语、宾语、表语，补语、定语、状语、同位语和独立成分等角色，就
得改变动词本来的结构，第一种方法 就是采用动词不定式。不定式的
基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时to 可以省略。不定式具有 名词，
形容词和副词的基本特征，因此，它可以在句子中充当的成分十分灵
活。

我将学到什么？
征服动词不定式！

1． 动词不定式的 词性和作用
2． 动词不定式的 实用句型
3． 动词不定式的 特殊用法

动词不定式的词性和作用
当名词用时，它可以：
1、作主语
【例句】： To ignore this would be a mistake.
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
It is more important not to think lies.
2、作宾语
例句： I’m longing to see Judy again.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in
time.
We thought it unnecessary to argue with him about
it.

① 常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：
（超级重点！）

want，afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose,
claim, dare, decide, decline, determine, expect, fail, hope,
intend, learn, manage, happen, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer
② 也可以用疑问代词（副词）+ 不定式”来作宾语：
例句：
My mother will teach me how to cook the dish.
He didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry when he
heard the words.

3. 作表语
例句： Our task is to clean the windows.
That boy seems to be a college student.

超级难点：All you can do now is wait until we come.

4. 作同位语
例句：
His ambition, to be a pilot, was never fulfilled.
We’ll soon have to face that annual problem — what to
give her for her birthday.

做形容词用时，它可以：
5. 作定语 (
重要口语表达！
)
例句： I have something to do.
She has a lot of things to tell you.
超级难点：
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
There is nothing for us to worry about.
6、作宾语补足语
例句： Linda asked Tom to buy her a book written by the
essayist.
要点：
常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, advise, allow, beg,
tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, wish, want, like, hate,
prefer, intend, expect, persuade, permit, remind, order,
warn, cause, urge等。
【考点点津】：
① 在表示使役和感官的动词（如make, let, have, see, hear, watch,
notice, feel）后作宾补的不定式的用法:
例句：
I often hear him sing this song.
Don’t forget to have him come.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
They were made to work day and night.
② hope, demand和suggest不可接不定式作宾语补足语。
误：He hoped me to give him more help.
正：He hoped that I would give him more help.
误：I suggest him to go with me.
正：I suggest that he should go with me.

作副词时，它可以：
7. 作状语
例句：
She came to see me yesterday. （目的）
He opened the door for her to come in. （目的）
We were surprised to hear the news. （原因）
He is old enough to join the army.（结果）
超级重点： in order to, so as to, too…to, …enough…to, only to,

8. 作独立成分
例句：
To tell you the truth, I am not in favor of your
proposal.
Among writers of his age, he was, so to speak, a giant
among dwarfs.
He was rude, to say the least of it.

动词不定式的实用句型

(一) for + 名词+ to do
例句：
It is impossible for us to finish the work without your
help.
没有你的帮助，我们是不可能完成这件工作的。
I think it necessary for you to look into the case yourself.
（二） adj. + of +人+ to do
在和人有关的形容词的后面，经常采用该句型。常见的有：brave,
careless, clever, cruel, foolish, greedy, rude, right, silly, selfish,
stupid, thoughtful, wise, wrong等。
例句：
It was very kind of you to say so.
It was careless of Tom to lose the key.
It was wise of her to do that.

I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.
(三) 省去动词的不定式结构

— Do you want to give a talk on that subject?
— I prefer not to (give a talk).。
I intended to go, but I forgot to (go).
You can do it this way if you care to (do it).
He works harder now than he used to (work harD..

▲ 在少数句子中，整个带to的不定式可以省略。
例句：
1. You may go if you like.
2. She wants to come but her parents won’t let her.

动词不定式的特殊用法

不带“to”的不定式结构 （
重点掌握！）


①表使役和感官的动词（如make, let, have, watch, see, hear, notice,
feel）后面（略）

② why引起的下面这类问句中（绝妙口语短句，请大声朗读并背
下！）：
例句： 1. Why spend such a lot of money?
为什么要花这么多钱？
2. Why worry about such trifles?
干吗为这些小事发愁？
3. Why not wait for a couple of days?
干吗不等一两天？
③ 在had better, would rather…(than), would sooner…(than),
cannot
but, can’t help but…, may (might) as well…等习惯用法中：
例句：
1. Since she is angry, we had better leave her alone.

既然她已经生气了，我们最好别惹她。
2. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.
他们宁愿尝试不成功也不愿放弃这个计划。
④ 在do nothing anything everything but (except) 结构中：
例句：
1. Now he could do nothing but wait for the doctor to
arrive.
2. Mary will do anything but work on a farm.
3. He had no alternative but to go to see him.
他除了去看他以外，别无办法。
4. I don’t have any choice except to give up the plan.
除了放弃这个计划外我别无选择。

不定式的时态

要点： 除了to do 以外，动词不定式也可能有其他的时态，用以强
调不定式动作所发生的时间。
① 不定式的进行式表示谓语动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。
He pretended to be listening attentively.
Steven happened to be answering the phone at that
moment.
② 不定式的完成式表示该动作在谓语动作发生之前已经完成。
seems to have written this essay.
He is believed to have found this gold mine.
③ 不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词前已经开始，并一直持续到
说话时为止，并有可能还在持续。
I am so sorry to have been interrupting you.

不定式的语态

要点：不定式的主动与被动往往和中文的理解有所不同，经常作为考
试的难点。
① 当不定式含有被动意义时，通常以被动态形式出现。
I want this letter to be typed at once.

She asked to be sent to work abroad.
② 但以下情况经常用不定式的主动形式来表被动：
I have some letters to reply today.
I have my wife and kids to look after.
Chinese is difficult to speak.
The box is too heavy to move.

现在就学会用动词不定式！

思维训练：将下面的句子用带有动词不定式的句型复述。
1. I met him by chance in the dinning hall.
=I ______ ______meet him in the dinning hall.

2. He was so careless that he dialed the wrong number again.
=He was so careless____ _____dialed the wrong number
again.

3. you signed the contract without reading it ,which was very
stupid.
=It was____ ____ ____you____ ____the contract without
reading it.

4. It is generally believed that Micheal Jackson have harassed
several kids during the past years.
=Micheal Jackson is believed_____ _____ _____several
kids during the past years.

5. I hoped to help you ,but I couldn’t.
=I hoped _____ _____ ____you.

翻译下面的句子：
1. 我感觉地（the earth）剧烈的晃动。
2. 她什么也没做，只是默默的凝视着(glare at)我。
3. 学英语而不掌握基本的语法对我们来说根本（absolutely）不可能

的。
4. 活到老学到老。
5. 据说他已经着手编写（compile）一本新的字典了。
6．他太卤莽（reckless）以至把短信又发错对象了。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. I have no idea ______ the city.
A. to leave B. have left
C. when to leave D. being left
2. They expected there _______ many more interesting movies
directed by Chinese directors.
A. is B. to be
C. being D. have been
3. The boy walked quietly into the dormitory _____ awake his
roommates.
A. so as to B. so as not to
C. in order to not D. for not to
4. We shall get Tom ______ at the meeting.
A. make a speech B. made a speech
C. to make a speech D. making a speech
5. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it _______ .
A. drinking B. to drink
C. drink D. drunk
6. You would become excited if you watched him _____like an
actor.
A. performing B. to be perform、
C. to perform D. perform
7. As a matter of fact, she would rather stay in the countryside than
in the city
A. to work B. work
C. working D. have worked
8. Madame Curie is believed _______ the radium.
A. discovering B. having discovered
C. to have discovered D. to discover

9. Where shall I put my watch? The suitcase is the place ______.
A. to put it B. to put it in
C. to put in it D. putting it in
10. You had better _______ such an irrational
decision.
A. to not make B. not making
C. not make D. have not made
11. They ought not to ______ to another city last
year.
A. move B. had moved
C. be moving D. have moved
12. The boy has no pen _______.
A. to write about B. to write with
C. to wise D. to write in
13. I was wondering if the shoes are comfortable
_______.
A. to wear in B. to wear
C. wearing in D. wear in
14. I noticed the lady ______ ?
A. grab his wallet and run B. grab his wallet and runs
C. grabbing his wallet and run D. grabs his wallet and
running
15. He had his daughter ______ the violin two hours
every day.
A. to play B. playing
C. play D. played
16. They could do nothing but _______ for their
wages.
A. to await B. waiting
C. to be waiting D. wait
17. She was made ______ at once.
A. leaving B. to leave
C. left D. leave
18. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed

______ blown off the mountain.
A. to be B. that it was
C. to have been D. that it had been
19. I would rather read than watch TV. The programs seem
______all the time.(97-1,CET-4)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
20. I have a lot of housework to________.
A. to be done B. to do
C. to have done D. to have been done

第六章
征服动名词！

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. He ________ taking the key.
A. admitted B. managed
C. hesitated D. hoped

2. ______ being absent made us annoyed, and nobody would
forgive_____ breaching the promise.
A. Clinton’s, he B. Clinton, him
C. Clinton’s, him D. Clinton, his

3. I want to swim, but they do not allow_______ in this lake.
A. me swim B. my swimming
C. me to swimming D. for my swimming

4. We aren’t accustomed to________ up so early.
A. get B. have got
C. getting D. having got

5. We never listened to lectures from NOS without________.
A. being deeply impressed B. impressing deeply
C. having deeply impressed D. to be deeply impressed

什么叫动名词？
当一个动作在句子中要充当某一名词成分（ 如主语，宾语）等，
就需要把相应的动词名词化，就是我们这一节要认识的动名词。我们
可以把 动名词看成一个名词，因此，名词在句子中能够充当的成分，
动名词通常能够充当。

我将学到什么？
4． 动名词的 句子作用
5． 动名词的 习惯搭配
6． 动名词的 时态和语态
7． 动名词 和其他句型的转换

动名词在句子中可以作的成分有：
1．作主语
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Seeing is believing.
Talking is easier than doing.

实用句型：
① 在“It is no use good doing…”等习惯表达法中，常用形式主
语“it”，而将作主语的V- ing短语放在后面。
例句： It is no use sending him over. It’s too late.
It’s no use doing what you like; you have got to like
what you do.
(英国前首相Churchill经典佳句，引自《新概念》Book IV)
② 在“There is no + doing”结构中，意思相当于“We can’t do
something”。
例句：
There is no joking about such matters.
There is no denying the fact that women are playing an
important role in the world today.

2、作宾语：
I didn’t stop working.
Would you mind passing me the salt, please?
She is used to getting up early.

① 常见的只可跟V- ing作宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, consider,
delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, forgive, finish,
imagine, keep, mind, pardon, postpone, prevent, practise ,

resist, risk, suggest,appreciate, can’t help等。
例句：
She tried to avoid making him angry.
Do you mind my smoking here?
No one can avoid being influenced by
advertisement.
（经典作文开头句，引自《新概念英语》Book III）
② 在动词attempt, begin, start, intend等后面,可以用V-ing，也
可以用to do(不定式)作宾语，含义相同。但如果后面接know,
understand等词时，则常用to do(不定式)。
正： I begin to understand the truth.
误： I begin understanding the truth。
③ 在动词love, like, hate, prefer等后面，用V-ing时，表示习
惯性的、一般性的动作；用to do(不定式)时，多表示一次性的、
具体的动作。
【例句】：
I like going to the cinema.
我喜欢看电影。
I like to go with you.
我很愿与你一起去。
I hate getting up early.
我讨厌早起床。
I hate to say so, but I really can’t go.
我不愿意这么说，但我确实不能去。
④ 在动词remember, forget, regret等后面，用V-ing时，V-ing
往往表示过去的动作；用不定式时，动词不定式常表示将来的动
作或过去未做的动作。
【例句】：
Remember to see him.
I remember seeing him once in Beijing.
I forgot to post the letter.
He will never forget seeing Bill Clinton.
⑤ 在动词stop, try, want, mean, need等后面，用V-ing还是用to do，
意义上有明显的区别。

【例句】：
She stopped to talk with him.
She stopped talking.

You must try writing letters in English.
You must try to write this letter in English.

The boy wants to wash the car.
The boy wants washing .

She doesn’t need to come.
The bike needs repairing (needs to be repaireD..

Your plan would mean spending hours.
I didn’t mean to make you angry.
⑥动词permit, allow, advise等词可以有V +one’s doing和V+ sb to
do两种搭配，意思完全一样。
例句：
We advise you to go to college. 我们建议你上大学。
We advise your going to college. 我们劝你上大学。

超级难点：一般来说，动名词做宾语时用V- ing就够了，但当需要特
别强调动作已经完成时，我们也可以用having V-ed的形式。
例如： I remember informing you of the date of the
meeting.
= I remember having informed you of the date of the
meeting.
I don’t mind having been written about like that.
=I don’t mind being written about like that.
3.做表语
【例句】： My hobby is collecting stamps.
My favorite sport is traveling.

4.作定语

【例句】：He is in the reading room.
This is a swimming pool.
A boy is sleeping in a sleeping car.


动名词难点用法：
一、one’s doing 结构的用法
(1)作主语：
【例句】：Mary’s going there won’t be of any help.
Her refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
(2)作动词的宾语
【例句】：
Do you mind hishim smoking here?
We don’t like the doctor’s saying that.
(3)作介词的宾语
【例句】：
We insist on Mary’s staying longer.
She will be astonished at your coming home in such
a manner.
(4)在口语中，我们常可用人称代词宾格（如me, him, you, us, them
等）或名词的普通格（即名词本身）（如Mary, Tom, my father
等）和V-ing 一起用作宾语。
【例句】：
We insist on Mary staying longer.
We don’t like them saying that.

注意：在下面几种情形下， 通常用名词的普通格。

▲ 当V-ing的逻辑主语是无生命的东西而不是指“人”时：
I knew nothing about the window being open.

▲ 当V-ing逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时（如someone,
anyone, this等）：
She was awakened by someone knocking on the window.

Is there any likelihood of this being true?

▲ 当V- ing的逻辑主语是较长的名词词组时：
Mary insisted on Tom, Sam coming to the party together.
Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room
talking a little louder?

二、作介词的宾语
动名词也可以在介词后作宾语。
例句： He is fond of swimming.
They talked about going abroad.

请特别注意以下搭配
be used to doing, be accustomed to doing, be devoted to doing,
object to doing, look forward to doing, with a view to doing,
confess to doing, take to doing
例句： I am used to sleeping with the light on.
Do you object to working on Sundays?

三、动名词和其他句型的转换
1. before after V-ing…
I had turned off the TV before going out.
=I had turned off the TV before I went out.

2. on V-ing…
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.
=AS soon as I heard the news ,I changed my plans.

3. can’t help V-ing…
I just can’t help missing you when you are not around.
=I just can’t help but miss you when you are not around.

4. it goes without saying that…
It goes without saying that health is better that wealth.

=It is needless to say that health is better than wealth.
现在就学会用动名词！

思维训练：将下面的句子用带有动名词的句型复述。
1．I couldn’t attend the opening ceremony because I was ill.
= Illness______ me______ ______the opening ceremony.
2. It is impossible to foretell the economic tendency with
precision.
= _____ _____ _____ _____the economic tendency with
precision.
3. I remind him that he had promised it.
=I remind him______ his_______ _______it.
4. Let’s check the answers right now.
=what do you say_____ ______the answers right now?
5. Somebody had better water the flowers! They’re gonna die.
=The flowers_____ ______.

翻译下面的句子：
1. 他为自己从未在下棋中被打败(beat)而感到自豪。
2. 真爱意味着付出(give)而不求回报(reward).。
3. 我后悔把所有的积蓄(savings)借给了他。他一分钱也没有还给我。
4. 她不喜欢自己的丈夫每天回家那么晚。
5. 开了很长时间的车，我停下来抽了颗烟卷儿(have a smoke)。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. No one can avoid ______ by one’s surroundings.
A. to be influenced B. having influenced
C. influencing D. being influenced
2. The flowers _______ , otherwise they will wither.
A. need to water B. need be watered
C. need watering D. have to be watering
3. She doesn’t feel like ______ tonight.
A. to dance B. dance
C. to be dancing D. dancing

4. No one is permitted to enter the hall without first ______ his
identification card.
A. having to show B. being shown
C. showing D. having shown
5. At first, she wasn’t used _______ and would find excuses for
her mistakes.
A. to be criticized B. to criticizing
C. to being criticized D. to criticize
6. When Jim had seen the film, he ceased ______ in the novel.
A. interested B. interest
C. interesting D. being interested
7. We were surprised at _______ the exam.
A. him not pass B. his passing not
C. his not passing D. him not to pass
8. Pears being 30 cents a jin, she couldn’t resist ______ some.
A. to buy B. buying
C. have bought D. to buying
9. Only by doing so can we be regarded as ______ our
responsibilities.
A. fulfilled B. to fulfill
C. have fulfilled D. having fulfilled
10. People confident in their ability to control their destines are
more likely to adjust well _____ old than those who feel that
they drift on the currents of fate.
A. to growing B. to grow
C. with growing D. into growing
11. She remembered ______ a bunch of flowers at her birthday party
when she was a little girl.
A. to be given B. be given
C. being given D. to give
12. The old professor enjoyed _______ chess very much.
A. being played B. playing
C. to play D. play
13. ______ one’s work properly may be worse than not doing it at all.

A. Not to do B. Doing not
C. Doing D. Not doing
14. Jack, scolded by his mother, finally confessed to ______ the
money.
A. have stolen B. having stolen
C. steal D. stealing
15. I can still recall _______ with him many years ago.
A. to stay
C. to have stayed
B. to staying
D. having stayed

第七章
征服V-ing 和V-ed 分词！

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. While attempting to break into their third bank in one
week,______.
A. the police finally managed to catch the robbers
B. the robbers were finally caught
C. it happened at last that they were captured
D. the capture of the robbers was finally done

2. Our school,______ on a hill, commands a fine view.
A. located B. locating
C. having located D. to locate

3. My father encouraged me in my painting, but never lived to
see any of my works_______ in public.
A. exhibiting B. exhibited
C. having exhibited D. exhibit

4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in
our century, the strangest of them______ perhaps the
hovercraft.
A. is B. being
C. has been D. has been

5. Playing the trumpet with dazzling originality,________
dominated jazz for 20 years.
A. Louis Armstrong B. the influence of Louis
Armstrong
C. the music of Louise Armstrong D. Louis Armstrong’s talent

什么叫分词？
分词就是用动词的V-ing和V-ed形式，在句子中起形容词和 副词
的作用，可以充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。由于其出现频率最高
的作用就是作定语和状 语，因此，分词可以作为简化定语从句和状语
从句的重要手段。

我将学到什么？
1. V-ing分词和V-ed分词的 句子成分和作用
2. V-ing分词和V- ed分词的 区别
3. V-ing分词和V-ed分词 和其他句型的转换


V-ing分词
V-ing分词也叫现在分词，通常具有主动意义。
1． 现在分词充作定语
【例句】： That is a smiling face in the picture.
This is a sleeping boy .
That is a flying bird.
【要点】：分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
【特别提示】：现在分词和动名词做定语的区别
a swimming fish
a swimming pool
growing pains
growing children
A sleeping boy is sleeping in the sleeping car.

2.现在分词做表语
【例句】： The film is very moving.
The present situation is encouraging.
What he told us is greatly shocking.
【要点】：现在分词作表语时表示主语的性质特征。
【特别提示】：现在分词和动名词做表语的区别

The clown’s performance is amusing.
The only thing he did in bed was thinking.

3.现在分词做状语
1）V-ing短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、伴随动作、方式、
结果等意义。
【例句】：
Seeing the teacher entering the classroom, the
students stood up.
Being a teacher, you should be patient.
The children went away laughing and whistling.
2) V-ing的一般式常表示同时发生的动作，而常用V-ing的完成式来表
示先发生的动作。
【例句】：
Having brushed his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs
for breakfast.
请对比：Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs.

思考：现在分词做状语，分词动作的主语和主句的主语有什么特殊
之处？
对比：When playing in the garden, a snake bit me.
When playing in the garden, I was bitten by a snake.

必须掌握的一些特殊结构：
There is no use (in) doing …
There is no hurry (in) doing …
be busy (late, weary ) (in) doing …
busy (employ, occupy) oneself (in) doing…
spend (waste) time (money) (in) doing ….
have trouble (hard time, difficulty, good time) (in) doing ….
be employed, engaged, occupied (in) doing….

4、 现在分词做宾补
常跟V-ing作宾语补足语的动词:

see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, find, keep,
leave, get, want
【例句】：
I saw him rushing out of the room.
Can you get the machine going again?
I heard the girl singing an English song.
思考：V-ing作宾补和to do作宾补有什么不同？

V-ed 分词
V-ed分词也叫过去分词，通常表被动和完成意义。

1、 ed分词做表语
She looked so disappointed after receiving the bad news.
My grandfather was excited every time when he saw me.

提示：已经完全成为形容词的-ed分词。

alarmed amazed amused bored conceited civilized
distinguished educated embarrassed excited exhausted
frightened hurried interested pleased relaxed satisfied
shocked unexpected tired

2、 ed 分词作定语
This is an unexpected ending.
This problem left over by history is to be settled.
特别注意：
（1） ed分词做前臵定语时通常表性质和特点，做后臵定语时通
常表动作。
a developed country
a hand-made table
a book suggested
an essay written
（2） 有些ed分词前臵后臵时意思相差较大
the people involved

an involved explanation
the book given to her
a given time and place.
all parties concerned
a concerned look on his face

难点点拨：V-ed的分词构成的合成形容词
man-made fibers
=fibers made by man
=fibers which are made by man
state-owned enterprises
=enterprises owned by the states
=enterprises which are owned by the states
a well-lighted room
=a room which is well- lighted
试分析下列分词的特点： one-eyed horse, two-faced man,
three-legged table, level-headed man

3、ed分词做宾补
）放在表示感觉和心理状态的动词 see, hear, find, feel, think后
面
She felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.
I found her greatly changed.
2) 放在表示“致使”意义的动词make, get, have, keep后面
On these questions we have made our views known.
Let’s have the more difficult questions answered first.
Our monitor always keeps us informed of the latest
news.
3) 放在表示“希望”，“要求”等意义的动词like, want, wish,
order后面
I want none of you involved in the scandal (丑闻)。
He ordered such an untrustworthy employee fired.

4、ed分词做状语

1) 表示原因
Filled with excitement, this is more than a movie about
love.
Exhausted, the students fell asleep at once.

2) 表示时间，条件
Heated, water changes into steam.
United, we stand; divided, we fall.

3) 表示让步
Defeated, they remained popular soccer players.
Cursed, he kept on working without complaining.

难点点拨：
ed分词做状语时，也可以根据其逻辑意思通过when(ever),
where(ever),though, although, as if, once, unless, until，as等
词引导（详见状语从句的省略）
The book looks very nice when printed.
As expected, he arrived punctually.
Even if forgiven, I still owe him an apology.
Once published, the novel caused a sensation among
the readers.



超级大重点：

ed分词与V-ing分词作状语用法总结

基本原则：ing表主动。进行的一般用ing，完成的一般用having
done(在不造成歧义的情况下也可以用doing.)

ed表被动，强调进行用being done,完成用done或having
been done.

通常分为几种情况：

表时间：a.分词动作发生在前,分词在前。
Locking the door, he went home.
Having brushed his teeth, he went down stairs.
（having been）Encouraged, he went on striving.

b.分词动作伴随主句动作，分词在前在后均可，一般在后。
He found something he had not known reading carefully.
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.
Being seen from the mountain, the school looked so
beautiful.

表原因：条件通常在主句前。
Having seen the movie twice, he doesn’t like to go to the
cinema with us.
Taking the new medicine, he’s turning better.
Given more time, he would did it better.

表让步：通常在主句前。
Defeated, we shouldn’t lose our courage.
Having lived in the States for years, he just can speak
English awkwardly.

表结果：放在句末.
I went home, finding nobody in.

思维训练：

分词结构的意义，在于它可以作为简化各种复杂句型的手段 ，所以，
分词的意义绝不仅仅在于考试，学会在各种复合句与分词之间进行
熟练切换，才是真正 学会用分词的精髓之所在。

1. 状语从句变分词结构

方法：把连接词去掉。
把从句主语去掉。（必须是从句和主句主语相同时）
把动词改为分词。
例：If you turn to the right, you will see the tower on the left.
= Turning to the right, you will see the tower on the left.

2. 并列句变分词结构
例： I left home at seven and arrived at my destination in two
hours.
= I left home at seven ,arriving at my destination in two
hours.

3. 定语从句变分词结构
例：The boy who was punished by the teacher was Tom.
= The boy punished by the teacher was tom.

现在就学会用分词！

思维训练： 将下面的从句用带有Ving结构的句型复述或用从句复述
分词结构。(注意有的句子无法转换或可能是 病句)
1． You should always read a contract carefully before you sign
your name.
2． After he had been seen by her, he had to admit everything.
3． Being ill seriously, he couldn’t attend the meeting.
4． While I was waiting for the bus, a brick fell on my head.
5． Trying to get to sleep last night, a mosquito kept buzzing in
my ear.

用分词结构翻译下面的句子。
1． 住在城里的人们并不知道乡下生活的乐趣。
2． 被狗咬过两次之后，邮递员拒绝再为他们家送信了。
3． 当了自由职业者这么久，我觉得很难再听任谁的差遣了。
4． 电影《手机》深刻(profound ly)揭示（expose）了人们之间的
信任危机，引起了中国观众的强烈反响（concern）。

5. 既然（seeing）我们的爱已经变了味儿，我们还是平静的（calmly）
分手吧。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. The vacuum tube, invented near the beginning of our century,
gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before
______,and later opened the road for television.
A. was captured B. captured
C. capturing D .has been captured
2. The Great Depression was the longest and most severe period
of economic depression_______ the United States.
A. it ever experienced B. ever experienced by
C. that experienced D. which it ever
experienced by
3. Imagine our embarrassment when we saw Mary_______.
A. wore her new dress that has a price tag on it
B. she wears her new dress that has a price tag on it
C. wearing her new dress that has a price tag on it.
D. to wear her now dress that has a price tag on it
4. Television is an instrument of communication,______ us to see
us as well as to hear the performer.
A. permitted B. permitting
C. permits D. being permitted
5. Many things_______ impossible in the past are common today.
A. considered B. to consider
C. considering D. to be considered
6. The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian
word ”Nebrathka”, ______ flat water.
A. to mean B. meaning
C. it means D. by meaning
7. ______in a recent science competition, the three students
were awarded scholarships totaling $$21000.
A. To be judged the best B. Having judged the best
C. Judged the best D. Judging the best

8. _______the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus
would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. having believed B. believing
C. believed D. Being believed
9. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in
Europe until Columbus found it_______ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. having cultivated
C. been cultivated D. cultivating
10. The Amazon rain forest, ________the earth’s lungs, converts
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
A. functioning as B. which functioning as
C. functions as D. functioned as
11. He opened his lips as if ______something.
A. saying B. having said
C. to have said D. to say
12. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,________
A. the circumstances were considered seriously by the judge
B. the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances
A. the circumstances were seriously considered by the judge
B. the judge was ready to consider the circumstances seriously
13. _________, we have to adopt new measures to solve the
problem.
A. So is the situation B. that being the case
D. that is the case D. the situation is so
14. the soldier was accused of _______ his country.
A. betraying B. having betrayed
C. being betrayed D. having been betrayed
15. People complain that the costs of establishing an office are so
much that only the rich can afford _____ for office.
A. running B. to have run
C. to run D. having run

warming up exercises
征服独立主格！

看看我会了多少：
1． After jumping out of the boat,_______.
A. the shark bites the man B. the shark bit the man
C. the man was bitten by the shark D. the man is bitten by a
shark

2. Steven walked in the room, books _____carefully in his arms.
A. to be held B. held
C. were held D. holding

3. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth,
wheat______ by far the biggest cereal crop.
A. is B. being
C. has been D. to be

4. Mike was lying in bed, his hands________ under his head.
A. were crossing B. were crossed
C. crossing D. crossed

5. _____ the temperature failing so rapidly, we couldn't go on
with the experiment.
A. With B. As
C. For

什么叫独立主格？
英语中还有一种类似从句的结构，称其结构是因为它不含有谓语
动词，只含有如不定式、-ing分词、-ed 分词、形容词、副词或介词
短语。前部分的名词或代词相当于从句的主语， 后部分相当于从句
中的谓语或表语。此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简
单句。

我将学到什么？
1．独立主格的 基本作用
2．独立主格的 多种形式

3．独立主格的 特殊用法

常见基本结构:
1. 名词（代词）+V-ingV-ed
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep
sorrow.
The test finished, we began our holiday
The strike having been called off, the workers returned
to the factory.
罢工停止了，工人们回到工厂。（独立结构）
2. 名词（代词）+形容词
She came into the room, her ears red with cold.
He hobbled into the room, hair long, dirty and unkempt,
clothes stained and tattered, and toes sticking out of his
shoes.
他跌跌撞撞地走进房间，头发又长又脏，乱蓬蓬的，衣服污迹
斑斑，破破烂烂，脚指也露在了鞋 子外面。
3. 名词（代词）+副词
He put on his socks wrong side out.
4. 名词（代词）+不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out
next month.
5. 名词（代词）+介词短语
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
【实用短语】:一部分已成为固定词组的常用独立结构：
God willing如果情况允许的话
weather permitting天气允许的话
other things being equal 如果其他情形都一样
this being the case情况既然如此
all things considered通盘考虑起来

带with的独立主格
with的复合结构作独立主格在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴

随等）和定语，作定 语时紧随被修饰名词后。

1. with +
名词
+
介词短语
:
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room with his schoolbag in his
hand.
2. with +
名词
+ adj .
With the door open, he left the classroom.
3
．
with +
名词
+adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
4
．
with +
名词
+V -ing
（主动）

With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
5
．
with +
名词
+ V-ed
（被动）

He stood there, with his hand raised. (= He stood there,
his hand raised.)
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
6
．
with +
名词
+
不定式

With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for
it.

用法:
 独立结构通常用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况：
【例句】
1. He sat in the front row, his mouth half open, his head thrust
forward so as not to miss any word.
2. He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his
nose.
3. He set out up the mountain with three young men, ropes
tied to their backs.
4. I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the
order.
5. He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.

 有时也可用来表示时间、原因和条件：
【例句】：
1. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.(时
间)
2. No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought
to a close.(原因)
3. All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to
George.(条件)

难点用法
:
，如：
we, one, you
时，
1
．当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”
主语可省 略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：

generally speaking
一般来说

strictly speaking
严格地说

talking of…
谈到

speaking of …
说到

judging from…
由……来判断

taking all things into consideration
把一切都考虑在内

considering…
考虑到……


2
．独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是
in
时，其前后的两个
名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不 用复数。但
with
的复合结构不受此限制。

【例句】:
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能
加his）
She just sat there with a knife in her hand.

现在就学会用独立主格！

在以下句子中用恰当的形式填空。
1. He sat in the chair, with his mouth______ (open).
2. His parents_______(die) last week, the child has no one to look
after him.

3. There was not a vacant seat in the bus, and I kept standing.
=_______ _______ no vacant seat in the bus, I kept standing.
4. If we judge from his appearance, he is rather poor.
=______ ______his appearance, he is rather poor.
5. As the lamp is lit, we shall all see.
=______ _____ _____lit, we shall all see.

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. ______ , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to
succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of Language
is poor. (1997.6四级真题)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things
equal
C. To be equal other things D. Other things to be
equal
2. A new technique _______ , the yields as a whole increased by
20 percent. (1990 ,1四级真题)
A. working out B. having worked out
C. having been worked out D. to have been worked
out
3. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was
laid on expanding education ,with girls as well as boys ______
to go to school. (1997.1四级真题)
A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged
C. being encouraged D. be encouraged
4. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers
could do nothing but take the train. ( 1999.1四级真题 )
A. had been cancelled B. have been cancelled
C. were cancelled D. having been cancelled
5. All the tasks _____ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday
for a week. (2001.6四级真题)
A. had been fulfilled B. having been fulfilled
C. were fulfilled D. been fulfilled
6. All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

(1998.6四级真题)
A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
7. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ___
furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn. (1993年考研真题)
A. what B. that
C. which D. such
8. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British
recapture of the port ______ half a day before the defenders
actually surrendered. (2001年考研真题)
announce ced
C. announcing announced
9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new
phone _____ to the system, so does the value of a computer system
increase with each program that turns out. (1997年考研真题)
A. adding have added
add
10. So many directors ______, the board meeting had to be put off.
( 2001.1四级真题 )
A. were absent B. been absent
C. had been absent D. being absent
11. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience ______ on benches, chairs, or boxes. ( 2000.1四级真
题 )
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
12. The speech ______ ,a lively discussion started. (1995，1四级真
题)
A. being delivered B. was delivered
C. be delivered D. having been delivered
13. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied
C. to be tied D. tied

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. It is known to all that English is not an easy language ______.
A. to be learned B. to learning
C. to learn D. learning

2. I couldn’t do anything but ______there and hope.
A. just sit B. just sitting
C. just to sit D. just to sitting

3. The total influence of literature upon the course of human
history______.
A. is difficult to evaluate B. is difficult to evaluate it
C. difficult to evaluate it D. it is difficult to evaluate

4. Whenever I feel lonesome, I always find someone______.
A. to talk B. to talk to
C. talking D. to be talked

5. After being scolded, George finally confessed ______the
money.
A. to steal B. to have stolen
C. stealing C. to having stolen

什么叫动词不定式？
在英语中，单独的某个动词只能用作谓语，要想让动词能充当主
语、宾语、表语，补语、定语、状语、同位语和独立成分等角色，就
得改变动词本来的结构，第一种方法 就是采用动词不定式。不定式的
基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时to 可以省略。不定式具有 名词，
形容词和副词的基本特征，因此，它可以在句子中充当的成分十分灵
活。

我将学到什么？
征服动词不定式！

1． 动词不定式的 词性和作用
2． 动词不定式的 实用句型
3． 动词不定式的 特殊用法

动词不定式的词性和作用
当名词用时，它可以：
1、作主语
【例句】： To ignore this would be a mistake.
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
It is more important not to think lies.
2、作宾语
例句： I’m longing to see Judy again.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in
time.
We thought it unnecessary to argue with him about
it.

① 常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：
（超级重点！）

want，afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose,
claim, dare, decide, decline, determine, expect, fail, hope,
intend, learn, manage, happen, offer, plan, prepare,
pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer
② 也可以用疑问代词（副词）+ 不定式”来作宾语：
例句：
My mother will teach me how to cook the dish.
He didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry when he
heard the words.

3. 作表语
例句： Our task is to clean the windows.
That boy seems to be a college student.

超级难点：All you can do now is wait until we come.

4. 作同位语
例句：
His ambition, to be a pilot, was never fulfilled.
We’ll soon have to face that annual problem — what to
give her for her birthday.

做形容词用时，它可以：
5. 作定语 (
重要口语表达！
)
例句： I have something to do.
She has a lot of things to tell you.
超级难点：
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
There is nothing for us to worry about.
6、作宾语补足语
例句： Linda asked Tom to buy her a book written by the
essayist.
要点：
常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, advise, allow, beg,
tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, wish, want, like, hate,
prefer, intend, expect, persuade, permit, remind, order,
warn, cause, urge等。
【考点点津】：
① 在表示使役和感官的动词（如make, let, have, see, hear, watch,
notice, feel）后作宾补的不定式的用法:
例句：
I often hear him sing this song.
Don’t forget to have him come.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
They were made to work day and night.
② hope, demand和suggest不可接不定式作宾语补足语。
误：He hoped me to give him more help.
正：He hoped that I would give him more help.
误：I suggest him to go with me.
正：I suggest that he should go with me.

作副词时，它可以：
7. 作状语
例句：
She came to see me yesterday. （目的）
He opened the door for her to come in. （目的）
We were surprised to hear the news. （原因）
He is old enough to join the army.（结果）
超级重点： in order to, so as to, too…to, …enough…to, only to,

8. 作独立成分
例句：
To tell you the truth, I am not in favor of your
proposal.
Among writers of his age, he was, so to speak, a giant
among dwarfs.
He was rude, to say the least of it.

动词不定式的实用句型

(一) for + 名词+ to do
例句：
It is impossible for us to finish the work without your
help.
没有你的帮助，我们是不可能完成这件工作的。
I think it necessary for you to look into the case yourself.
（二） adj. + of +人+ to do
在和人有关的形容词的后面，经常采用该句型。常见的有：brave,
careless, clever, cruel, foolish, greedy, rude, right, silly, selfish,
stupid, thoughtful, wise, wrong等。
例句：
It was very kind of you to say so.
It was careless of Tom to lose the key.
It was wise of her to do that.

I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.
(三) 省去动词的不定式结构

— Do you want to give a talk on that subject?
— I prefer not to (give a talk).。
I intended to go, but I forgot to (go).
You can do it this way if you care to (do it).
He works harder now than he used to (work harD..

▲ 在少数句子中，整个带to的不定式可以省略。
例句：
1. You may go if you like.
2. She wants to come but her parents won’t let her.

动词不定式的特殊用法

不带“to”的不定式结构 （
重点掌握！）


①表使役和感官的动词（如make, let, have, watch, see, hear, notice,
feel）后面（略）

② why引起的下面这类问句中（绝妙口语短句，请大声朗读并背
下！）：
例句： 1. Why spend such a lot of money?
为什么要花这么多钱？
2. Why worry about such trifles?
干吗为这些小事发愁？
3. Why not wait for a couple of days?
干吗不等一两天？
③ 在had better, would rather…(than), would sooner…(than),
cannot
but, can’t help but…, may (might) as well…等习惯用法中：
例句：
1. Since she is angry, we had better leave her alone.

既然她已经生气了，我们最好别惹她。
2. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.
他们宁愿尝试不成功也不愿放弃这个计划。
④ 在do nothing anything everything but (except) 结构中：
例句：
1. Now he could do nothing but wait for the doctor to
arrive.
2. Mary will do anything but work on a farm.
3. He had no alternative but to go to see him.
他除了去看他以外，别无办法。
4. I don’t have any choice except to give up the plan.
除了放弃这个计划外我别无选择。

不定式的时态

要点： 除了to do 以外，动词不定式也可能有其他的时态，用以强
调不定式动作所发生的时间。
① 不定式的进行式表示谓语动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。
He pretended to be listening attentively.
Steven happened to be answering the phone at that
moment.
② 不定式的完成式表示该动作在谓语动作发生之前已经完成。
seems to have written this essay.
He is believed to have found this gold mine.
③ 不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词前已经开始，并一直持续到
说话时为止，并有可能还在持续。
I am so sorry to have been interrupting you.

不定式的语态

要点：不定式的主动与被动往往和中文的理解有所不同，经常作为考
试的难点。
① 当不定式含有被动意义时，通常以被动态形式出现。
I want this letter to be typed at once.

She asked to be sent to work abroad.
② 但以下情况经常用不定式的主动形式来表被动：
I have some letters to reply today.
I have my wife and kids to look after.
Chinese is difficult to speak.
The box is too heavy to move.

现在就学会用动词不定式！

思维训练：将下面的句子用带有动词不定式的句型复述。
1. I met him by chance in the dinning hall.
=I ______ ______meet him in the dinning hall.

2. He was so careless that he dialed the wrong number again.
=He was so careless____ _____dialed the wrong number
again.

3. you signed the contract without reading it ,which was very
stupid.
=It was____ ____ ____you____ ____the contract without
reading it.

4. It is generally believed that Micheal Jackson have harassed
several kids during the past years.
=Micheal Jackson is believed_____ _____ _____several
kids during the past years.

5. I hoped to help you ,but I couldn’t.
=I hoped _____ _____ ____you.

翻译下面的句子：
1. 我感觉地（the earth）剧烈的晃动。
2. 她什么也没做，只是默默的凝视着(glare at)我。
3. 学英语而不掌握基本的语法对我们来说根本（absolutely）不可能

的。
4. 活到老学到老。
5. 据说他已经着手编写（compile）一本新的字典了。
6．他太卤莽（reckless）以至把短信又发错对象了。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. I have no idea ______ the city.
A. to leave B. have left
C. when to leave D. being left
2. They expected there _______ many more interesting movies
directed by Chinese directors.
A. is B. to be
C. being D. have been
3. The boy walked quietly into the dormitory _____ awake his
roommates.
A. so as to B. so as not to
C. in order to not D. for not to
4. We shall get Tom ______ at the meeting.
A. make a speech B. made a speech
C. to make a speech D. making a speech
5. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it _______ .
A. drinking B. to drink
C. drink D. drunk
6. You would become excited if you watched him _____like an
actor.
A. performing B. to be perform、
C. to perform D. perform
7. As a matter of fact, she would rather stay in the countryside than
in the city
A. to work B. work
C. working D. have worked
8. Madame Curie is believed _______ the radium.
A. discovering B. having discovered
C. to have discovered D. to discover

9. Where shall I put my watch? The suitcase is the place ______.
A. to put it B. to put it in
C. to put in it D. putting it in
10. You had better _______ such an irrational
decision.
A. to not make B. not making
C. not make D. have not made
11. They ought not to ______ to another city last
year.
A. move B. had moved
C. be moving D. have moved
12. The boy has no pen _______.
A. to write about B. to write with
C. to wise D. to write in
13. I was wondering if the shoes are comfortable
_______.
A. to wear in B. to wear
C. wearing in D. wear in
14. I noticed the lady ______ ?
A. grab his wallet and run B. grab his wallet and runs
C. grabbing his wallet and run D. grabs his wallet and
running
15. He had his daughter ______ the violin two hours
every day.
A. to play B. playing
C. play D. played
16. They could do nothing but _______ for their
wages.
A. to await B. waiting
C. to be waiting D. wait
17. She was made ______ at once.
A. leaving B. to leave
C. left D. leave
18. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed

______ blown off the mountain.
A. to be B. that it was
C. to have been D. that it had been
19. I would rather read than watch TV. The programs seem
______all the time.(97-1,CET-4)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
20. I have a lot of housework to________.
A. to be done B. to do
C. to have done D. to have been done

第六章
征服动名词！

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. He ________ taking the key.
A. admitted B. managed
C. hesitated D. hoped

2. ______ being absent made us annoyed, and nobody would
forgive_____ breaching the promise.
A. Clinton’s, he B. Clinton, him
C. Clinton’s, him D. Clinton, his

3. I want to swim, but they do not allow_______ in this lake.
A. me swim B. my swimming
C. me to swimming D. for my swimming

4. We aren’t accustomed to________ up so early.
A. get B. have got
C. getting D. having got

5. We never listened to lectures from NOS without________.
A. being deeply impressed B. impressing deeply
C. having deeply impressed D. to be deeply impressed

什么叫动名词？
当一个动作在句子中要充当某一名词成分（ 如主语，宾语）等，
就需要把相应的动词名词化，就是我们这一节要认识的动名词。我们
可以把 动名词看成一个名词，因此，名词在句子中能够充当的成分，
动名词通常能够充当。

我将学到什么？
4． 动名词的 句子作用
5． 动名词的 习惯搭配
6． 动名词的 时态和语态
7． 动名词 和其他句型的转换

动名词在句子中可以作的成分有：
1．作主语
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Seeing is believing.
Talking is easier than doing.

实用句型：
① 在“It is no use good doing…”等习惯表达法中，常用形式主
语“it”，而将作主语的V- ing短语放在后面。
例句： It is no use sending him over. It’s too late.
It’s no use doing what you like; you have got to like
what you do.
(英国前首相Churchill经典佳句，引自《新概念》Book IV)
② 在“There is no + doing”结构中，意思相当于“We can’t do
something”。
例句：
There is no joking about such matters.
There is no denying the fact that women are playing an
important role in the world today.

2、作宾语：
I didn’t stop working.
Would you mind passing me the salt, please?
She is used to getting up early.

① 常见的只可跟V- ing作宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, consider,
delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, forgive, finish,
imagine, keep, mind, pardon, postpone, prevent, practise ,

resist, risk, suggest,appreciate, can’t help等。
例句：
She tried to avoid making him angry.
Do you mind my smoking here?
No one can avoid being influenced by
advertisement.
（经典作文开头句，引自《新概念英语》Book III）
② 在动词attempt, begin, start, intend等后面,可以用V-ing，也
可以用to do(不定式)作宾语，含义相同。但如果后面接know,
understand等词时，则常用to do(不定式)。
正： I begin to understand the truth.
误： I begin understanding the truth。
③ 在动词love, like, hate, prefer等后面，用V-ing时，表示习
惯性的、一般性的动作；用to do(不定式)时，多表示一次性的、
具体的动作。
【例句】：
I like going to the cinema.
我喜欢看电影。
I like to go with you.
我很愿与你一起去。
I hate getting up early.
我讨厌早起床。
I hate to say so, but I really can’t go.
我不愿意这么说，但我确实不能去。
④ 在动词remember, forget, regret等后面，用V-ing时，V-ing
往往表示过去的动作；用不定式时，动词不定式常表示将来的动
作或过去未做的动作。
【例句】：
Remember to see him.
I remember seeing him once in Beijing.
I forgot to post the letter.
He will never forget seeing Bill Clinton.
⑤ 在动词stop, try, want, mean, need等后面，用V-ing还是用to do，
意义上有明显的区别。

【例句】：
She stopped to talk with him.
She stopped talking.

You must try writing letters in English.
You must try to write this letter in English.

The boy wants to wash the car.
The boy wants washing .

She doesn’t need to come.
The bike needs repairing (needs to be repaireD..

Your plan would mean spending hours.
I didn’t mean to make you angry.
⑥动词permit, allow, advise等词可以有V +one’s doing和V+ sb to
do两种搭配，意思完全一样。
例句：
We advise you to go to college. 我们建议你上大学。
We advise your going to college. 我们劝你上大学。

超级难点：一般来说，动名词做宾语时用V- ing就够了，但当需要特
别强调动作已经完成时，我们也可以用having V-ed的形式。
例如： I remember informing you of the date of the
meeting.
= I remember having informed you of the date of the
meeting.
I don’t mind having been written about like that.
=I don’t mind being written about like that.
3.做表语
【例句】： My hobby is collecting stamps.
My favorite sport is traveling.

4.作定语

【例句】：He is in the reading room.
This is a swimming pool.
A boy is sleeping in a sleeping car.


动名词难点用法：
一、one’s doing 结构的用法
(1)作主语：
【例句】：Mary’s going there won’t be of any help.
Her refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
(2)作动词的宾语
【例句】：
Do you mind hishim smoking here?
We don’t like the doctor’s saying that.
(3)作介词的宾语
【例句】：
We insist on Mary’s staying longer.
She will be astonished at your coming home in such
a manner.
(4)在口语中，我们常可用人称代词宾格（如me, him, you, us, them
等）或名词的普通格（即名词本身）（如Mary, Tom, my father
等）和V-ing 一起用作宾语。
【例句】：
We insist on Mary staying longer.
We don’t like them saying that.

注意：在下面几种情形下， 通常用名词的普通格。

▲ 当V-ing的逻辑主语是无生命的东西而不是指“人”时：
I knew nothing about the window being open.

▲ 当V-ing逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时（如someone,
anyone, this等）：
She was awakened by someone knocking on the window.

Is there any likelihood of this being true?

▲ 当V- ing的逻辑主语是较长的名词词组时：
Mary insisted on Tom, Sam coming to the party together.
Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room
talking a little louder?

二、作介词的宾语
动名词也可以在介词后作宾语。
例句： He is fond of swimming.
They talked about going abroad.

请特别注意以下搭配
be used to doing, be accustomed to doing, be devoted to doing,
object to doing, look forward to doing, with a view to doing,
confess to doing, take to doing
例句： I am used to sleeping with the light on.
Do you object to working on Sundays?

三、动名词和其他句型的转换
1. before after V-ing…
I had turned off the TV before going out.
=I had turned off the TV before I went out.

2. on V-ing…
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.
=AS soon as I heard the news ,I changed my plans.

3. can’t help V-ing…
I just can’t help missing you when you are not around.
=I just can’t help but miss you when you are not around.

4. it goes without saying that…
It goes without saying that health is better that wealth.

=It is needless to say that health is better than wealth.
现在就学会用动名词！

思维训练：将下面的句子用带有动名词的句型复述。
1．I couldn’t attend the opening ceremony because I was ill.
= Illness______ me______ ______the opening ceremony.
2. It is impossible to foretell the economic tendency with
precision.
= _____ _____ _____ _____the economic tendency with
precision.
3. I remind him that he had promised it.
=I remind him______ his_______ _______it.
4. Let’s check the answers right now.
=what do you say_____ ______the answers right now?
5. Somebody had better water the flowers! They’re gonna die.
=The flowers_____ ______.

翻译下面的句子：
1. 他为自己从未在下棋中被打败(beat)而感到自豪。
2. 真爱意味着付出(give)而不求回报(reward).。
3. 我后悔把所有的积蓄(savings)借给了他。他一分钱也没有还给我。
4. 她不喜欢自己的丈夫每天回家那么晚。
5. 开了很长时间的车，我停下来抽了颗烟卷儿(have a smoke)。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. No one can avoid ______ by one’s surroundings.
A. to be influenced B. having influenced
C. influencing D. being influenced
2. The flowers _______ , otherwise they will wither.
A. need to water B. need be watered
C. need watering D. have to be watering
3. She doesn’t feel like ______ tonight.
A. to dance B. dance
C. to be dancing D. dancing

4. No one is permitted to enter the hall without first ______ his
identification card.
A. having to show B. being shown
C. showing D. having shown
5. At first, she wasn’t used _______ and would find excuses for
her mistakes.
A. to be criticized B. to criticizing
C. to being criticized D. to criticize
6. When Jim had seen the film, he ceased ______ in the novel.
A. interested B. interest
C. interesting D. being interested
7. We were surprised at _______ the exam.
A. him not pass B. his passing not
C. his not passing D. him not to pass
8. Pears being 30 cents a jin, she couldn’t resist ______ some.
A. to buy B. buying
C. have bought D. to buying
9. Only by doing so can we be regarded as ______ our
responsibilities.
A. fulfilled B. to fulfill
C. have fulfilled D. having fulfilled
10. People confident in their ability to control their destines are
more likely to adjust well _____ old than those who feel that
they drift on the currents of fate.
A. to growing B. to grow
C. with growing D. into growing
11. She remembered ______ a bunch of flowers at her birthday party
when she was a little girl.
A. to be given B. be given
C. being given D. to give
12. The old professor enjoyed _______ chess very much.
A. being played B. playing
C. to play D. play
13. ______ one’s work properly may be worse than not doing it at all.

A. Not to do B. Doing not
C. Doing D. Not doing
14. Jack, scolded by his mother, finally confessed to ______ the
money.
A. have stolen B. having stolen
C. steal D. stealing
15. I can still recall _______ with him many years ago.
A. to stay
C. to have stayed
B. to staying
D. having stayed

第七章
征服V-ing 和V-ed 分词！

warming up exercises
看看我会了多少：
1. While attempting to break into their third bank in one
week,______.
A. the police finally managed to catch the robbers
B. the robbers were finally caught
C. it happened at last that they were captured
D. the capture of the robbers was finally done

2. Our school,______ on a hill, commands a fine view.
A. located B. locating
C. having located D. to locate

3. My father encouraged me in my painting, but never lived to
see any of my works_______ in public.
A. exhibiting B. exhibited
C. having exhibited D. exhibit

4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in
our century, the strangest of them______ perhaps the
hovercraft.
A. is B. being
C. has been D. has been

5. Playing the trumpet with dazzling originality,________
dominated jazz for 20 years.
A. Louis Armstrong B. the influence of Louis
Armstrong
C. the music of Louise Armstrong D. Louis Armstrong’s talent

什么叫分词？
分词就是用动词的V-ing和V-ed形式，在句子中起形容词和 副词
的作用，可以充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。由于其出现频率最高
的作用就是作定语和状 语，因此，分词可以作为简化定语从句和状语
从句的重要手段。

我将学到什么？
1. V-ing分词和V-ed分词的 句子成分和作用
2. V-ing分词和V- ed分词的 区别
3. V-ing分词和V-ed分词 和其他句型的转换


V-ing分词
V-ing分词也叫现在分词，通常具有主动意义。
1． 现在分词充作定语
【例句】： That is a smiling face in the picture.
This is a sleeping boy .
That is a flying bird.
【要点】：分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
【特别提示】：现在分词和动名词做定语的区别
a swimming fish
a swimming pool
growing pains
growing children
A sleeping boy is sleeping in the sleeping car.

2.现在分词做表语
【例句】： The film is very moving.
The present situation is encouraging.
What he told us is greatly shocking.
【要点】：现在分词作表语时表示主语的性质特征。
【特别提示】：现在分词和动名词做表语的区别

The clown’s performance is amusing.
The only thing he did in bed was thinking.

3.现在分词做状语
1）V-ing短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、伴随动作、方式、
结果等意义。
【例句】：
Seeing the teacher entering the classroom, the
students stood up.
Being a teacher, you should be patient.
The children went away laughing and whistling.
2) V-ing的一般式常表示同时发生的动作，而常用V-ing的完成式来表
示先发生的动作。
【例句】：
Having brushed his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs
for breakfast.
请对比：Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs.

思考：现在分词做状语，分词动作的主语和主句的主语有什么特殊
之处？
对比：When playing in the garden, a snake bit me.
When playing in the garden, I was bitten by a snake.

必须掌握的一些特殊结构：
There is no use (in) doing …
There is no hurry (in) doing …
be busy (late, weary ) (in) doing …
busy (employ, occupy) oneself (in) doing…
spend (waste) time (money) (in) doing ….
have trouble (hard time, difficulty, good time) (in) doing ….
be employed, engaged, occupied (in) doing….

4、 现在分词做宾补
常跟V-ing作宾语补足语的动词:

see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, find, keep,
leave, get, want
【例句】：
I saw him rushing out of the room.
Can you get the machine going again?
I heard the girl singing an English song.
思考：V-ing作宾补和to do作宾补有什么不同？

V-ed 分词
V-ed分词也叫过去分词，通常表被动和完成意义。

1、 ed分词做表语
She looked so disappointed after receiving the bad news.
My grandfather was excited every time when he saw me.

提示：已经完全成为形容词的-ed分词。

alarmed amazed amused bored conceited civilized
distinguished educated embarrassed excited exhausted
frightened hurried interested pleased relaxed satisfied
shocked unexpected tired

2、 ed 分词作定语
This is an unexpected ending.
This problem left over by history is to be settled.
特别注意：
（1） ed分词做前臵定语时通常表性质和特点，做后臵定语时通
常表动作。
a developed country
a hand-made table
a book suggested
an essay written
（2） 有些ed分词前臵后臵时意思相差较大
the people involved

an involved explanation
the book given to her
a given time and place.
all parties concerned
a concerned look on his face

难点点拨：V-ed的分词构成的合成形容词
man-made fibers
=fibers made by man
=fibers which are made by man
state-owned enterprises
=enterprises owned by the states
=enterprises which are owned by the states
a well-lighted room
=a room which is well- lighted
试分析下列分词的特点： one-eyed horse, two-faced man,
three-legged table, level-headed man

3、ed分词做宾补
）放在表示感觉和心理状态的动词 see, hear, find, feel, think后
面
She felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.
I found her greatly changed.
2) 放在表示“致使”意义的动词make, get, have, keep后面
On these questions we have made our views known.
Let’s have the more difficult questions answered first.
Our monitor always keeps us informed of the latest
news.
3) 放在表示“希望”，“要求”等意义的动词like, want, wish,
order后面
I want none of you involved in the scandal (丑闻)。
He ordered such an untrustworthy employee fired.

4、ed分词做状语

1) 表示原因
Filled with excitement, this is more than a movie about
love.
Exhausted, the students fell asleep at once.

2) 表示时间，条件
Heated, water changes into steam.
United, we stand; divided, we fall.

3) 表示让步
Defeated, they remained popular soccer players.
Cursed, he kept on working without complaining.

难点点拨：
ed分词做状语时，也可以根据其逻辑意思通过when(ever),
where(ever),though, although, as if, once, unless, until，as等
词引导（详见状语从句的省略）
The book looks very nice when printed.
As expected, he arrived punctually.
Even if forgiven, I still owe him an apology.
Once published, the novel caused a sensation among
the readers.



超级大重点：

ed分词与V-ing分词作状语用法总结

基本原则：ing表主动。进行的一般用ing，完成的一般用having
done(在不造成歧义的情况下也可以用doing.)

ed表被动，强调进行用being done,完成用done或having
been done.

通常分为几种情况：

表时间：a.分词动作发生在前,分词在前。
Locking the door, he went home.
Having brushed his teeth, he went down stairs.
（having been）Encouraged, he went on striving.

b.分词动作伴随主句动作，分词在前在后均可，一般在后。
He found something he had not known reading carefully.
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.
Being seen from the mountain, the school looked so
beautiful.

表原因：条件通常在主句前。
Having seen the movie twice, he doesn’t like to go to the
cinema with us.
Taking the new medicine, he’s turning better.
Given more time, he would did it better.

表让步：通常在主句前。
Defeated, we shouldn’t lose our courage.
Having lived in the States for years, he just can speak
English awkwardly.

表结果：放在句末.
I went home, finding nobody in.

思维训练：

分词结构的意义，在于它可以作为简化各种复杂句型的手段 ，所以，
分词的意义绝不仅仅在于考试，学会在各种复合句与分词之间进行
熟练切换，才是真正 学会用分词的精髓之所在。

1. 状语从句变分词结构

方法：把连接词去掉。
把从句主语去掉。（必须是从句和主句主语相同时）
把动词改为分词。
例：If you turn to the right, you will see the tower on the left.
= Turning to the right, you will see the tower on the left.

2. 并列句变分词结构
例： I left home at seven and arrived at my destination in two
hours.
= I left home at seven ,arriving at my destination in two
hours.

3. 定语从句变分词结构
例：The boy who was punished by the teacher was Tom.
= The boy punished by the teacher was tom.

现在就学会用分词！

思维训练： 将下面的从句用带有Ving结构的句型复述或用从句复述
分词结构。(注意有的句子无法转换或可能是 病句)
1． You should always read a contract carefully before you sign
your name.
2． After he had been seen by her, he had to admit everything.
3． Being ill seriously, he couldn’t attend the meeting.
4． While I was waiting for the bus, a brick fell on my head.
5． Trying to get to sleep last night, a mosquito kept buzzing in
my ear.

用分词结构翻译下面的句子。
1． 住在城里的人们并不知道乡下生活的乐趣。
2． 被狗咬过两次之后，邮递员拒绝再为他们家送信了。
3． 当了自由职业者这么久，我觉得很难再听任谁的差遣了。
4． 电影《手机》深刻(profound ly)揭示（expose）了人们之间的
信任危机，引起了中国观众的强烈反响（concern）。

5. 既然（seeing）我们的爱已经变了味儿，我们还是平静的（calmly）
分手吧。

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. The vacuum tube, invented near the beginning of our century,
gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before
______,and later opened the road for television.
A. was captured B. captured
C. capturing D .has been captured
2. The Great Depression was the longest and most severe period
of economic depression_______ the United States.
A. it ever experienced B. ever experienced by
C. that experienced D. which it ever
experienced by
3. Imagine our embarrassment when we saw Mary_______.
A. wore her new dress that has a price tag on it
B. she wears her new dress that has a price tag on it
C. wearing her new dress that has a price tag on it.
D. to wear her now dress that has a price tag on it
4. Television is an instrument of communication,______ us to see
us as well as to hear the performer.
A. permitted B. permitting
C. permits D. being permitted
5. Many things_______ impossible in the past are common today.
A. considered B. to consider
C. considering D. to be considered
6. The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian
word ”Nebrathka”, ______ flat water.
A. to mean B. meaning
C. it means D. by meaning
7. ______in a recent science competition, the three students
were awarded scholarships totaling $$21000.
A. To be judged the best B. Having judged the best
C. Judged the best D. Judging the best

8. _______the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus
would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. having believed B. believing
C. believed D. Being believed
9. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in
Europe until Columbus found it_______ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. having cultivated
C. been cultivated D. cultivating
10. The Amazon rain forest, ________the earth’s lungs, converts
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
A. functioning as B. which functioning as
C. functions as D. functioned as
11. He opened his lips as if ______something.
A. saying B. having said
C. to have said D. to say
12. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,________
A. the circumstances were considered seriously by the judge
B. the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances
A. the circumstances were seriously considered by the judge
B. the judge was ready to consider the circumstances seriously
13. _________, we have to adopt new measures to solve the
problem.
A. So is the situation B. that being the case
D. that is the case D. the situation is so
14. the soldier was accused of _______ his country.
A. betraying B. having betrayed
C. being betrayed D. having been betrayed
15. People complain that the costs of establishing an office are so
much that only the rich can afford _____ for office.
A. running B. to have run
C. to run D. having run

warming up exercises
征服独立主格！

看看我会了多少：
1． After jumping out of the boat,_______.
A. the shark bites the man B. the shark bit the man
C. the man was bitten by the shark D. the man is bitten by a
shark

2. Steven walked in the room, books _____carefully in his arms.
A. to be held B. held
C. were held D. holding

3. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth,
wheat______ by far the biggest cereal crop.
A. is B. being
C. has been D. to be

4. Mike was lying in bed, his hands________ under his head.
A. were crossing B. were crossed
C. crossing D. crossed

5. _____ the temperature failing so rapidly, we couldn't go on
with the experiment.
A. With B. As
C. For

什么叫独立主格？
英语中还有一种类似从句的结构，称其结构是因为它不含有谓语
动词，只含有如不定式、-ing分词、-ed 分词、形容词、副词或介词
短语。前部分的名词或代词相当于从句的主语， 后部分相当于从句
中的谓语或表语。此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简
单句。

我将学到什么？
1．独立主格的 基本作用
2．独立主格的 多种形式

3．独立主格的 特殊用法

常见基本结构:
1. 名词（代词）+V-ingV-ed
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep
sorrow.
The test finished, we began our holiday
The strike having been called off, the workers returned
to the factory.
罢工停止了，工人们回到工厂。（独立结构）
2. 名词（代词）+形容词
She came into the room, her ears red with cold.
He hobbled into the room, hair long, dirty and unkempt,
clothes stained and tattered, and toes sticking out of his
shoes.
他跌跌撞撞地走进房间，头发又长又脏，乱蓬蓬的，衣服污迹
斑斑，破破烂烂，脚指也露在了鞋 子外面。
3. 名词（代词）+副词
He put on his socks wrong side out.
4. 名词（代词）+不定式
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out
next month.
5. 名词（代词）+介词短语
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
【实用短语】:一部分已成为固定词组的常用独立结构：
God willing如果情况允许的话
weather permitting天气允许的话
other things being equal 如果其他情形都一样
this being the case情况既然如此
all things considered通盘考虑起来

带with的独立主格
with的复合结构作独立主格在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴

随等）和定语，作定 语时紧随被修饰名词后。

1. with +
名词
+
介词短语
:
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room with his schoolbag in his
hand.
2. with +
名词
+ adj .
With the door open, he left the classroom.
3
．
with +
名词
+adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
4
．
with +
名词
+V -ing
（主动）

With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
5
．
with +
名词
+ V-ed
（被动）

He stood there, with his hand raised. (= He stood there,
his hand raised.)
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
6
．
with +
名词
+
不定式

With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for
it.

用法:
 独立结构通常用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况：
【例句】
1. He sat in the front row, his mouth half open, his head thrust
forward so as not to miss any word.
2. He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his
nose.
3. He set out up the mountain with three young men, ropes
tied to their backs.
4. I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the
order.
5. He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.

 有时也可用来表示时间、原因和条件：
【例句】：
1. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.(时
间)
2. No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought
to a close.(原因)
3. All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to
George.(条件)

难点用法
:
，如：
we, one, you
时，
1
．当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”
主语可省 略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：

generally speaking
一般来说

strictly speaking
严格地说

talking of…
谈到

speaking of …
说到

judging from…
由……来判断

taking all things into consideration
把一切都考虑在内

considering…
考虑到……


2
．独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是
in
时，其前后的两个
名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不 用复数。但
with
的复合结构不受此限制。

【例句】:
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能
加his）
She just sat there with a knife in her hand.

现在就学会用独立主格！

在以下句子中用恰当的形式填空。
1. He sat in the chair, with his mouth______ (open).
2. His parents_______(die) last week, the child has no one to look
after him.

3. There was not a vacant seat in the bus, and I kept standing.
=_______ _______ no vacant seat in the bus, I kept standing.
4. If we judge from his appearance, he is rather poor.
=______ ______his appearance, he is rather poor.
5. As the lamp is lit, we shall all see.
=______ _____ _____lit, we shall all see.

给下面的句子选择一个最合适的答案：
1. ______ , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to
succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of Language
is poor. (1997.6四级真题)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things
equal
C. To be equal other things D. Other things to be
equal
2. A new technique _______ , the yields as a whole increased by
20 percent. (1990 ,1四级真题)
A. working out B. having worked out
C. having been worked out D. to have been worked
out
3. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was
laid on expanding education ,with girls as well as boys ______
to go to school. (1997.1四级真题)
A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged
C. being encouraged D. be encouraged
4. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers
could do nothing but take the train. ( 1999.1四级真题 )
A. had been cancelled B. have been cancelled
C. were cancelled D. having been cancelled
5. All the tasks _____ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday
for a week. (2001.6四级真题)
A. had been fulfilled B. having been fulfilled
C. were fulfilled D. been fulfilled
6. All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

(1998.6四级真题)
A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
7. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ___
furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn. (1993年考研真题)
A. what B. that
C. which D. such
8. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British
recapture of the port ______ half a day before the defenders
actually surrendered. (2001年考研真题)
announce ced
C. announcing announced
9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new
phone _____ to the system, so does the value of a computer system
increase with each program that turns out. (1997年考研真题)
A. adding have added
add
10. So many directors ______, the board meeting had to be put off.
( 2001.1四级真题 )
A. were absent B. been absent
C. had been absent D. being absent
11. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience ______ on benches, chairs, or boxes. ( 2000.1四级真
题 )
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
12. The speech ______ ,a lively discussion started. (1995，1四级真
题)
A. being delivered B. was delivered
C. be delivered D. having been delivered
13. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his
back。
A. being tied B. having tied
C. to be tied D. tied