转类
别妄想泡我
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2020年07月31日 04:10
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朦胧拼音-不惜工本
A certain word-class is shifted to another word-class without the addition of affix. (also called functional shift or derivation by zero suffix) 无需词缀就实现词类的转换.
Comparing:
V. N.
Suffixation: invade—invasion
Conversion: attack—attack
Example:
1. The enemy invaded us last night. The enemy launched an invasion on us last night.
2. The enemy attacked us last night. The enemy launched an attack on us last night.
1. Noun- attributive (adjective ) 名词作定语
danger zone a department decision drug addict impulse buying instrument flying
prestige university affluence society spark plug
China town China tea economy measure (经济措施) efficiency expert (研究提高工作效率的专家) accident victims statistics expert president speech surface vessel
2. noun-verb (名词转化为动词)
名词转化为动词是现代英语中最为普遍的现象,也是转类中构词力最活跃的方法之一. 为什么? 因为
1).在现代英语里,有个趋向,就是名词要比动词优先(a preponderance of nouns over verbs). 粗略估计,在新词词汇里, 约60%为名词.
2). 构成动词的词缀很少, 只有be-, en-, -ify, -ize, and –en. –en 的动词很少, 就只有几个, (如shorten, widen, sharpen, deepen) , -ize是唯一构成动词最多的一个词缀.
很明显, 仅凭现有的动词不可能表达所有新吸收的名词的思想和行为. 因此,大量的名词被转化为动词那就不足为奇了.
Examples:
Kissinger helicoptered to the Camp David. (Bush often helicopters to the White House by Air Force One)
Target- to target
US and Russia targeted each other with missiles.
They have been targeted for help.
can(罐, 罐头)
The workers are canning the baby corns. (putting the baby corns to the cans)
to house sb. to weed the garden, to finger the hot water. To brake a car,
to nurse the patients, to doctor a patient, to mother an orphan
elbow (he elbowed his way out in the crowd)
hand (hand me the pen), head (where are you heading?)
water (to water the flower)
parrot 鹦鹉, 学舌者, 机械模仿别人的人vt.学舌
Tom parroted what his boss said.
shadow
He was shadowed by a police.
Mail (telegraph, telephone)
Will you please mail me a letter.
Summer (holiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, vacation)
We summered in Dalian this year.
如果一个(新)产品很流行,那么这个词会有很大可能性转类成动词来使用.
如:
Radio- to radio (a message) Tape - to tape (a lecture ) x-ray-to x-ray (sb’s chest )
Videotape- to videotape (the conference)
3. Verb-noun. (动词转化为名词)
Verb to noun is also very common. But it is not as numerous as noun to verb.
This kind of nouns usually occurs following verb like:
Give, have, make, take, and are preceded by the indefinite ar
ticle
To give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh;
To have a look, swim, ride, try, drink;
To make a dive, guess, search, an attempt;
To take a peep, turn;
Desire: she has a desire to be a president. (He desired to be a president.)
Look: let me take a look.
Push: give sb a push.
Repeat: There will be a repeat of the program next week.
Others:
Find: This little restaurant is quite a find. (We found a nice little restaurant.)
catch: They had a good catch of fish today.
Answer: He gave a sound answer to the question.
He is great bore. (He is a person who bored everyone.)
Divide: this is the divide between the two rivers. (turn, rise, retreat, dump)
最常见的短语动词(词组)变成名词:
Breakdown, breakthrough dropout, get-away, hold-up, etc.
4. Adjective- verb. 形容词转化成动词
For example:
不及物动词: pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim (out) idle (away)
及物动词: bare, blunt, busy (oneself), free, right, smooth, tame, warm
5. adjective-noun 形容词转化为名词
(部分转类)
1) 一些形容词前加定冠词, 表示一类人或物:
The poor, the rich, the unemployed, the incredible, the sublime, the ridiculous
The sick and (the) wounded, the deaf and mute
2) 以-s, -es, -sh, -ch结尾 表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词, 与定冠词连用, 表示整个民族:
The Danish, the English, the Chinese, the Scotch, the Japanese,
完全转类:
形容词完全转化成名词, 并带有一定的特性
There is only one black in my class.
He was a moderate.
过去分词前加定冠词表示单个人:
the accused, the deceased, the departed, the deserted, the condemned