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Lesson One考点解析
1. 商务知识
1) major differences between international business and domestic business (国际商务与国内商务的主要不同点)
ences in legal system (法律体系的不同): The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自己的经营活动。
ences in currencies（货币的不同）: Different countries usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. 不同的国家通常使用不同的货币，参与商务的有关方必须选择使用哪种货币，就兑换等事宜作好一切必要的工作。
ences in cultural background（文化背景的不同）: +Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business. 文化差异包括语言、习俗、传统、宗教、价值观和行为方式的不同，往往给从事商务的人构成挑战甚至陷阱。
ences in natural and economic conditions（自然条件与经济条件的不同）: Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business. 不同的国家自然条件和经济状况不同，对待外国贸易和投资的政策不同，这也使国际商务比国内商务更加复杂。
2) major types of international business (国际商务的主要类型)
A. trade （贸易）
a. commodity trade （商品贸易）: Commodity trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. It is also referred to as visible trade. 商品贸易指在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。这种贸易形式也称作有形贸易。
b. service trade （服务贸易）: Service trade refers to trade of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. 服务贸易是一种以运输、通讯、银行业、保险、咨询、信息业等出现的贸易形式。这种贸易形式也称作无形贸易。
B. investment （投资）
a. foreign direct investment （外国直接投资）: Foreign direct investment is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. 外国直接投资通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
b. portfolio inv
estment （证券投资）: Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit. 证券投资指不以控制为目的而购买国外的金融资产，这样的金融资产可以是股票、债券或定期存款单。
C. other types （其他类型）
a. licensing and franchising （国际许可和特许经营）: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. 国际许可即一家公司允许国外的公司使用它的知识产权。这种知识产权可以是商标、品牌、专利、版权或技术。在特许经营情况下，特许使用方获准以另一家公司即特许授予方的名义开展业务，后者则通过向前者提供商标、品牌、公司标志、经营技巧等获取特许使用费。
b. management contract and contract manufacturing （管理合同和承包生产）: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. 根据管理合同，一家公司要在一定时期内向另一家公司提供管理和其他专门服务，从而收取一笔固定费用或收取相关业务总价值的一个百分比。通过承包生产，一家公司可以在价值链中发挥自身的强项，例如，可以与外国公司签订合同生产它的产品，自己则发挥营销优势。
c. turnkey project and BOT （“交钥匙”工程和建造ue011经营ue011转让）: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. “交钥匙”工程指一家公司与国外买方签订合同，由自己承担所有的设计、建造、装配设备等，在最后完工时将工程交给买方。BOT是“交钥匙”工程一种流行的变通方式。B代表建设，O代表经营，T代表移交。 在BOT工程条件下，一家公司可以在工程竣工后运营一段时间，然后
再最终转交给外国公司。
2. 生词与短语
1) transaction: n. a) a piece of business （一件）
事物，（一笔）交易
The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction.
银行对办理的每件业务收取一定费用。
b) the act of transacting 办理，执行
the transaction of business 业务处理
transact: v. carry out (especially a piece of business or trade) 处理，办理，做（尤指一笔交易）
2) in compliance with: in the state of obedience to a rule, agreement, demand, etc.服从；遵守
The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. 公司说它一向遵守环境法。
3) for short: as a shorter way of saying it 简略简称
My name is David, or Dave for short.
我的名字叫戴维或简称戴夫。
4) headquarters: n. a center of operations or administration 总部,经营或管理中心
The company has its headquarters in the suburbs.
这家公司的总部设在郊区。
5) logo: n. a small pattern or picture that is the sign of a particular organization (某个组织的) 标识，标志
The Longman logo, a small sailing ship, is on the cover of this book. 本书的封面上印有朗文公司的小帆船标志。
6) bonus: n. a sum of money or the equivalent given to an employee in addition to the employee’s usual compensation 红利，奖金，津贴
Those who put in many hours of overtime will receive a percentage of their salary as a bonus.
那些付出许多加班时间的人将得到相当于其工资的一部分作为奖金。
7) flat: adj. a) fixed; unvarying 固定的；无变化的
a flat rate 固定的率利
b) having a smooth, even, level surface 平滑的，具有光滑、平坦且水平表面的
a skirt sewed with fine flat seams 一条缝制得细密平整的裙子
c) free of qualification; absolute 断然的;无条件的；绝对的
a flat refusal 断然的拒绝
8) variant: n. something that differs in form only slightly from somue011ething else 变形，变体
9) factor: n. one that actively contributes to an accomplishment, a result, or a process 因素
the factors determining the rise in interest rates
决定利率上升的若干因素
10) uncertainty: n. a) the condition of being uncertain; doubt 不确定；怀疑
I regarded my decision with growing uncertainty.
我对自己的决定越来越怀疑。
b) something uncertain不确定的事物
the uncertainties of modern life 现代生活的易变性
11) trap: n. a stratagem for catching or tric
king
an unwary person 陷阱，圈套
The police set a trap for the thieves. 警察设下了圈套捉小偷。
12) account for: a) to provide an explanation or justification 做出解释，提出理由
The suspect couldn’t account for his time that night.
嫌疑犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排。
I want you to account for each sum of the money you spent.
我要你说明你所花掉的每一笔钱的用途。
b) to be the cause or origin of 是……原因；占North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our export earnings. 北海石油占我国出口收入的很大一部分。
13) other than: a) except; apart from除了
There was nothing we can do other than wait.
我们除了等待之外，没有其他办法。
You can’t get there other than by boat.
除了坐船，你无法去那里。
b) anything but 决不是
She can hardly be other than annoyed about it.
她当然只会对此感到烦恼。
14) on the part of: of or by someone /something 在某人/某物方面，就某人/某物而言
It was a mistake on the part of Jones to sign the contract without reading it. 没看合同就签了字，那是琼斯的错误。
15) advisable: adj. wise, worthy of being recommended or suggested 明智的，可取的
It is not advisable just to sit there brooding about the unpleasant bygones.
老是坐在那里闷闷不乐地想着过去那些不愉快的事情并不好。
16) stand for: a) to represent; symbolize代表；象征
What does the B stand for? B代表什么？
b) to advocate or support 倡导或者支持
stand for freedom of the press 倡导新闻自由
c) to put up with; tolerate接受；容忍
We will not stand for impertinent behavior.
我们不会容忍不礼貌的行为。
17) expertise: n. skill or knowledge in a particular area 专门技能，专门知识
His business expertise will be of great help to us.
他的商业知识对我们会极其有用。
3. 商务术语
1） customs area (关税区): the area in which customs department is established and its function is carried out independently 指独立设置并行使海关职能的地区
2） conversion (兑换): the exchange of one type of security or currency for another
3） gross domestic product (国内生产总值): GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy GDP指一个区域所有商品和服务的市场价值
4） stocks (股份): the number of shares that each stockholder possesses
5）
bonds (债券): a certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date 由政府或公司发行的，保证一到将来明确的日期归还本金和利息的债务凭证
6） maturity (票据或证券等的到期时间): the time at which a note or bond is due
7） certificate ofdeposit (存折): a certificate from a bank stating that the named party has a specified sum on deposit, usually for a given period of time at a fixed rate of interest 银行开具的证明开户人有确定数额存款的证书，通常按固定利率存一定的期限
8） trademark (商标，牌号): a name, symbol, or other device identifying a product, officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer 标明产品的名字、符号或其他设计，经过正式注册，并只合法地限于其拥有者或制造商使用
9） patent (专利权): a grant made by a government that confers upon the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time 政府授予发明者在一定时期内制造、使用和销售其发明品的唯一的权力
10) royalty (版税;专利权税): money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copy right material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the product 版税即为获得其版权使用许可支付给版权所有者或专利所有者的费用，通常以商品售价的百分比计算
11) copyright (版权): the legal right granted to an author, a composer, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work 授予文学、音乐、戏剧或艺术作品的作者、作曲者、剧作者、出版商或独家经营出版、生产或销售的批发商的合法权利
12) licenser (许可证颁发者): one who grants a license
13) licensee (许可证持有人): one to whom or to which a license is granted
14) franchiser (授予特权者): one that grants a franchise.
15) franchisee (特许经营者): a firm or one who is allowed to operate in the name of another
16) value chain (价值链): the chain of activities by which a company buys in materials, creates a good or service, markets it, and provides services after a sale is made. Each step creates more value for the consumer 价值链是一个企业购进材料、生产、销售、售后服务等一系列活动所构成的活动链条，每一个环节都为顾客创造更多的价值
Lesson One课文难点详解
课文难点详解
1. The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to a
djust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自己的经营活动。
adjust: v. change so as to match or fit; cause to correspond调节，调整；改变……以适应
He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.
他使自己很快适应了这个国家炎热的气候。
adjust my watch 校准我的表
involved: 过去分词作定语修饰“the countries”。
2. With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. 随着经济全球化的发展，很少有人和公司能完全置身于国际商务之外。
stay: v. (v.+adv./prep.) continue to be in a particular place, position, or state; remain 保持原状；维持
Stay away from my daughter. 不要缠住我女儿。
Stay away from the edge of cliff. 不要靠近悬崖边。
“With the development of ...”: 独立主格结构作整个句子的状语。
3. Such investments can be classified into two categories. 国际投资可分为两大领域。
classify: v. arrange or organize according to class or category 分类,分级
The books in the library are classified by /according to subject. 图书馆的书是根据学科分类的。
Biologists classify animals and plants into groups.
生物学家把动植物归入不同的群体。
4. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee. 与许可授予方和许可使用方的关系相比，特许授予方对特许使用方有更多的控制，也提供更多的支持。
comparison: n. (with) the act of comparing 比较，对照
The driver’s injuries were trivial in comparison with those suffered by his passenger.司机受的伤与乘客相比就微不足道了。
My garden doesn’t stand/bear comparison with his.
我的花园无法与他的相比。
5. However, loss of control over the production
process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery. 但是，对生产过程失去控制却可能造成质量和交货期方面的问题。
give rise to: to be the cause of; lead to something 引起，导致
Unhygienic conditions give rise to disease.
卫生条件不好会导致疾病。
International support has given rise to a new ptimism in the company. 国际支持使公司重新乐观起来。
Lesson One课后练习1参考答案
课后练习1参考答案
1) International business refers to transaction etween pa
rties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan. International business takes place between countries while domestic business takes place in the same country.
2) Visible trade refers to the form of commodity rade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. Invisible trade refers to the kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. The latter is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade.
3) Yes, I can. In business activities, Americans are more informal than Europeans. Americans are pleased to be called their first names to close the relationship. Europeans will think it impolite to be called the first names, especially the first time they meet.
4) International investment can be classified into two categories, that is, foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment. The major difference between them is that FDI is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.
5) In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its ntellectual property to a firm in another country. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.
6) Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.
7) Under a management contract, one company offers
anagerial or other specialized services to
another within a particular period for a flat
payment or a percentage of the relevant business
volume. When a government forbids foreign
ownership in certain industries, it is most
applicable.
8) For an international turnkey project, a firm igns a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For BOT, B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a p
eriod of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project.
Lesson One同步综合练习
同步综合练习
1. Translate the following words and expressions:
1) From English into Chinese:
other than account for
portfolio patent
customs area
2) From Chinese into English:
有形贸易 遵守
代表 价值链
特许经营者
2. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:
1) logo a. as a shorter way of saying it
2) GDP b. the time at which a note or bond is due
3) licenseeb c. the condition of being uncertain
4) maturity d. a small pattern or picture that is the sign of a particular organization
5) for short e. build, operate and transfer
6) uncertainty f. wise
7) BOT g. a sum of money or the equivalent given to an employee in addition to the employee’s usual compensation
8) stock h. one to whom or to which a license is granted.
9) bonus i. the number of shares that each stockholder possesses
10) advisable j. gross domestic product
3. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English:
1) copyright 2) certificate of deposit
3) management contract 4) trademark
5) transaction
4. Answer the following questions in English:
1) List four main means of entering a foreign market.
2) What are major types of international business?
3) What is royalty?
4) What is patent?
5) What is value chain?
5. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word (Some words are given the first letter or letters):
International business as a field of management training deals 1) the special features of business activities that cr 2) national boundaries. These activities may be m 3) of goods, services, c 4) , or personnel; tr
5) of technology, information, or d 6) , or even the supervision of employees. International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business tran 7) across national boundaries gives 8) to new and unique problems of management and governmental p 9) that have received inadequate attention in traditional ar 10) of business economies.
6. Translate the following into Chinese:
The international business field is concerned with the issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of crossue011border business transactions. The field encompasses international transaction
s in commodities, international transfers of intangibles such as technology and data, and the performance of international services such as banking and transportation. It gives special attention to the multinational enterprise—an enterprise based in one country and operating in one or more other countries—and the full range of methods open to such enterprises for doing business internationally.
7. Translate the following into English:
1) 国际贸易和国内贸易在法制体系、货币、文化和自然条件与经济条件方面都有所不同。
2) 随着经济全球化的发展，无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大。
3) 国际投资是国际商务的另一种重要形式，可分为外国直接投资和证券投资两大领域。
4) 对商务知识的了解可避免产生国际贸易活动中的一些问题。
5) BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式。
Lesson One参考答案
参考答案
1.
1) 除外；占；证券；专利；关税区
2） visible trade; in compliance with; stand for; value chain; franchisee
2.
1) d 2)j 3)h 4)b 5)a
6)c 7)e 8)I 9)g 10) f
3.
1) The legal right granted to an author, a composer, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work.
2) A certificate from a bank stating that the named party has a specified sum on deposit, usually for a given period of time at a fixed rate of interest.
3) Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.
4) A name, symbol, or other device identifying a product, officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer.
5) A piece of business; the act of transacting.
4.
1) They are international trade, international investment, international licensing and franchising.
2) They are trade, investment, management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.
3) Money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copy right material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the product.
4) A grant made by a government that confers upon the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.
5) The chain of activities by which a company buys in materials, creates a good or service, markets it, and provides services after a sale is made. Each
step creates more value for the consumer.
5.
1) with 2) cross 3)movement 4)capita
5) transfers 6) data
7) transaction 8) rise
9) policy 10) areas
6.
国际商务领域涉及的是国际公司和政府在处理跨国商务交易中面对的问题，这一领域包括商品的国际交易，无形资产如技术、信息的国际传输，及国际服务如银行业和运输业。国际商务尤其关注跨国企业，即立足于一个国家，在多个国家进行经营活动的企业，以及这些企业进行国际商务时的所有方式方法。
7.
1) International business and domestic business are quite different in legal systems, currency, culture and natural and economic conditions.
2) With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries.
3） International investment is another form of international business and can be classified into two categories, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment.
4) Knowledge of business will avoid giving rise to some problems in respect of international business activities.
5) BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project.
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