第一章 翻译概述
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一、 翻译的渊源：
二、 语言的可译性：语言之间的可译性是绝对的，不可译性是相对的。
三、 翻译的定义：一种更换语言形式和转移信息内容（包括思想、意义、情感、修辞、文体、风格、文化乃至口吻）的复杂的思维及表达过程。
四、 翻译的标准
① 翻译标准的多元化
② 忠实与叛逆
五、 翻译与文化
六、 翻译的过程
① 理解
② 表达
③ 审校
七、 翻译的方法
① 直译与意译
② 异化与归化
八、 英汉语言的差异
① 英语重形合，汉语重意合。
It was so cold that the lake was frozen up.
天气冷，湖面都结冰了。
② 英语重心在前，汉语重心在后。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.
生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
③ 英语属静态语言，汉语属动态。
That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.
这将证明它的使用是十分普遍的。
④ 英语重物称，汉语重人称。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。
⑤ 英语多被动，汉语多主动。
As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.
由于石油深埋在地下，因此，靠研究地表，不能确定石油的有无。
⑥ 英语多复合长句，汉语多简单句。
While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton's academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Hall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-concerned hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.
这个世纪那会儿才过了十几年。 在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，一辆宽敞的私人马车来到契斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前。拉车的两匹马很是肥壮，马具雪亮雪亮的。车夫也很肥胖，头上戴着假发和三角帽。赶车的速度是一小时四英里。
⑦ 英语重后饰，汉语重前饰。
It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.
借助想像与持不同意见的人进行辩论，是个很好的办法。
⑧ 英语重时体，汉语轻时体。
I am forgetting how to speak French.
我开始忘记如何讲法语了。
九、体会翻译
1. In order to talk bout the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is.
译文1: 要谈论宇宙的本质和谈论它是否有开端或终结这样的问题，人们必须弄清什么是科学理论。
译文2: 要探讨宇宙的本质、研究宇宙是否有始有终之类的问题，就必须弄清楚什么是"科学理论"。
2. The study fou
nd that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer.
译文1：这项研究发现，抽烟男人的不抽烟的妻子患肺癌的危险，比一般人要大得多。
译文2：研究结构表明，丈夫吸烟，妻子不吸烟，那妻子患肺癌的危险，要比一般人要大得多。
3. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading: they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.
译文1: 考试没有促进学生去广泛阅读，反而限制了他的阅读；它们不是让学生去追求越来越多的知识，反而诱导他死记硬背。
译文2: 考试不是促进学生去博览群书，反而促使学生去死啃课本；不是促进学生去寻求知识，反而促使学生去死记硬背。
4. 这里气候温和，四季分明，雨量充沛，日照充足，适合多种农作物生长栽培。
译文：It enjoys a temperate climate with well-marked seasons and has plenty of rainfall and sunshine
5. 武陵源集"山峻、峰奇、水秀、峡幽、洞美"于一体，5,000 座岩峰千姿百态，耸立在沟壑深幽之中，800 条溪流蜿蜒曲折，穿行于石林峡谷之间。
译文：Wulingyuan is famous for its high mountains, queer crags, clear waters, deep valleys, and fine waves. Towering from the valleys are 5,000 crags with 800 streams winding forward through the gullies.
6. Writing research reports for college or work is often found far more difficult than it needs to be. The following article offers some excellent advice on how to make the task easier and the report more impressive and effective. Whether you write a research report for a college professor or for a demanding boss in your profession, the author's advice will put you well on your way to becoming a skillful report writer.
第二章 翻译中的基本技巧
一、 增译法
1． Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
2． They say her father was a worker in a small company. Maybe he was as poor as we are.
3． Note that the words "velocity" and "speed" require explanation.
4． Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
5． According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
6． The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time.
7． The crowds melted away after the meeting.
8． But there had been too much publicity about my case.
9． Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
10． 我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。
11． 没有调查，就没有发言权。
12． 小不忍则乱大谋。
13． 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
14． 班门弄斧。
二、 减译法
1. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
2. He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his sh
as no turning.
10. 白茫茫的大地，除了呼呼的北风外，没有一点声响。
11. 工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。
12. 日子很快过去了，她做工却丝毫没有放松。
六、 语态转换
1． He was assassinated in a theater last night.
2． The oil of the world will have been used up, and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.
3． Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
4． History is made by the people.
5． Everything possible was done to conceal our movements from the enemy and to misled them.
6． The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.
7． High voltage current is usually carried by overheadwire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted.
8． 该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
9． 知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。
10． 中美已经建立了外交关系。
11． 必须指出，有些问题还需要澄清。
12． 旅客请在此填写报关表。
七、 分译
1. It's in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes.
2. They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.
3. They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.
4. The suggestion was made today by the influential New York Times which predicted a "change of topic" at the forthcoming meeting, with emphasis shifting from armament limitation to human rights.
5. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labour, tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers, with their wives and children, were forced into the cities in search of work, any work, under any condition, that would keep them alive.
八、 综合训练
1. The memory of the great men who have lived in London and the poets and dramatists and novelists who wrote their works there lend the place a romance and charm that every visitor cannot but feel.
2. So cowed was their condition, and so long and so hard their experience of what such a man could do to them, within the law and beyond it, that not a voice, or a hand, or even an eye was raised.
3. Distant thunder greeted this scheme, from the South Pacific, where de Gaulle on his travels sent orders to prepare further proposals.
4. It is not that I don't wish them fame and fortune, especially the seniors as they lurch toward graduation, more stuffed with learning and short of money than they probably ever will be again.
5. 这支歌唱遍了神州大地，唱遍了50年悠悠岁月，余音袅袅，一曲难忘。
6. 自此而下，江面宽阔，水流平缓，一叶轻舟，顺流而下，沿江景色，饱览无遗。
第三章 基本句型的翻译
一、 定语从句
1． 融合法
a. Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with right now.
b. Anything that takes up space and has weight is matter.
c. The sun, which had hidden all day behind the clouds, now came out in all its splendor.
d. Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
e. Fortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.
f. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.
g. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.
h. Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.
2． 拆分法
a. Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.
b. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
c. This type of meter is called a multimeter, which is used to measure electricity.
d. He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.
e. Fine grains of dust can reflect blue light, which coarse grains of dust cannot.
f. We live in a narrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism, and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure.
3． 译作状语
a. Computers, which have many advantages, cannot take the place of man. They can only do what they are told to do.
b. Liquids, which contain no free electrons, are poor conductors of heat.
c. Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
d. It was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process.
e. In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories.
f. Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.
g. However, iceberg water could be extremely cheap for some countries when compared with desalination, a process which requires much more fuel and much more money.
h. 一个不怕困难、百折不挠、坚持到底的科学工作者一定会在科研工作中取得辉煌的成就。
i. 在我们肉眼看来似乎静止不动的一杯水中，却有数不清的水分子正在进行着大量的无规则的热运动。
二、 状语从句
a. When tables and other materials are included, they should be conveniently placed, so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.
b. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
c. At first glance, this simplification might seem just as likely to result in underestimating a future benefit as it is in underestimating a future ri
all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
g. Even so the Lisbon government admitted a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflicted "many" Portuguese casualties.
h. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
五、 复杂长句
1． 顺译法
a. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
b. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
c. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgement, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
d. " It's not because I have the least pride, Copperfield, you understand," said Traddles, "that I don't usually give my address here."
2． 逆译法
a. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
b. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
c. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
d. Through scientific practice we've come to realize that matter can neither come from naught nor can it be reduced to naught; the total mass of reagents before reaction is constantly equivalent to that of resultants after reaction --- the law of conservation of matter.
e. The poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
f. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of language have been understood.
g. It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diff
used precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the great discomfort.
3． 分译法
a. The media cannot responsibly keep silent on the economical scandals of the high ranking government officials.
b. It was her first hesitant approach to a faith in which she was ultimately to find the strength and comfort she sought.
c. Although perhaps only one percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
d. Low costs, by themselves, cannot guarantee market competitiveness in a world of increasingly choosy customers who often care as much about quality, style and service as they do about price.
4． 融合法
a. A molecule may be considered as the smallest particle of matter that can exist without changing its nature.
b. In 1970, he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.
c. A bar of iron placed in a coil, through which a current is flowing, becomes magnetized.
d. Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and source of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.
5． 综合法
a. The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible --- about one in four.
b. It appears that as a result of these past and recent developments the villagers fell a need to turn outward away from the village.
c. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
d. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "step" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
e. As far as sight could reach, I feasted my eyes on a vastness of infinite charm, which presents itself in a profusion of color, in verdant luxuriance, in dulcet warbling, in pervading perfume, in rippling undulation, in cataract sprays, in hilly waves, in field crisscross and verily in vitality and variety.
f. On the glaring expanse of the lake --- levels of hard crust, flashes of green ice blown clear, chains of drifts ribbed like the sea-beach --- the moonlight was overwhelming. It stormed on the snow, it turned the woods ashore into crystals of fire. The night was tropical and voluptuous. In that drugged magic there was no difference between heavy heat and insinuating cold.
g. The late afternoon sun that still came over the brown shoulder of the mountain showed the bridge dark against the steep emptiness of the gorge. It was a steel bridge of a single span and there was a sentry box at each end. It was wide enough for two motor cars to pass and it spanned, in solid flung metal grace,
a deep gorge at the bottom of which, far below, a brook leaped in white water through rocks and boulders down to the main stream of the pass.
h. Cells in the visual cortex --- the surface layers at the back of the brain --- have two important jobs to do. They have to analyse the depth of objects in the visual world, and they have to detect discontinuities between one object and another. The same cells are involved in both processes --- but how are the two overlapping systems organized? Using a new technique, Gary Blasdel and Guy Salama of the University of Pittsburgh in the US have produced pictures of the visual cortex of macaque monkeys that demonstrate the two systems in action.
i. Mr. Weston was a great favorite, and there was not a creature in the world to whom she spoke with such unreserve, as to his wife; not any one ,to whom she related with such conviction of being listened to and understood, of being always interesting and always intelligible, the little affairs, arrangement, perplexities and pleasures of her father and herself.
j. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
k. 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。
l. 历来只有真正老实的劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理，才能排除一切想入非非的发财梦想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
m. 历史业已证明，人类对资源的认识、开发和利用，以及制造生产工具利用资源的能力，是社会生产力发展水平的重要标志，也在一定程度上决定了一定社会的社会基本结构和发展形态。
第三章 文 体 翻 译
第一节 科技文体
1. As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a "drilling rig" is assembled.
2. Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated with acid and dried, before being dispatched to countries all over the world.
3. If some sugar is added to water and stirred, the sugar disappears; in other words, it dissolves, because sugar is soluble in water.
4. The power supply of this motor plant is provided by an atomic generator.
5. Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds.
6. When steam is condensed again to water, the same amount of heat is given out as it was taken in when the steam was formed.
7. The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler.
8. The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a
very considerable reduction in friction.
9. The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes.
10. The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.
11. Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world.
12. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain elements are missing.
13. Long regarded by elementary particle physicists as a costly nuisance, synchrotron radiation is now recognized as a valuable research tool.
14. Theorists believe that the waves are generated near the bottom of a coronal hole and ride outward, exerting added pressure on the high speed stream.
15. Bred in the areas around the equator, this protozoan proves very inactive out of the tropical zone.
16. A further inference was drawn by Pascal, who reasoned that if this "sea of air" existed, its pressure at the bottom would be greater than its pressure further up, and that therefore the height of mercury column would decreased in proportion to the height above sea-level.
第二节 文体翻译综合训练
1. Kant, seated behind a little desk, spoke in a conversational tone, in a low voice, and very rarely indulged in gesture, but he enlivened his discourse with humour and abundant illustrations. His aim was to teach his students to think for themselves and he did not like it when they busied themselves with their quills to write down his every word. "Gentlemen, do not scratch so," he said once, "I am not oracle."
2. Farady was one of the world's greatest experimenters and he set himself the task of finding out more about light, heat, electricity and magnetism. He had the idea that if electricity flowing through a wire could create a magnetic field around it, then the field around a magnetic might be used to produce electricity. His experiments with two magnets, an iron core and a coil of wire proved his idea to be correct.
3. The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for metaphysics or religious.
4. 发展是硬道理，中国解决所有问题的关键在于依靠自己的发展。
5. 发展才是硬道理。抓住机遇，发展自己，关键是发展经济。
6. 我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后
，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要依靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。
7. 中央认为，这些改革应该根据国民经济各个环节的内在联系和主客观条件的成熟程度，分别轻重缓急和难易，有先有后，逐步进行，争取五年左右的时间基本实现。
8. 中国农户生产规模小，经营分散，在向社会主义市场经济体制转变的过程中，容易造成粮食生产的波动，需要进一步加强对粮食生产的调控。
9. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Stature for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.
10. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.
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