束氏畜猫-静谧读音

National Geographic 100 Years Collection 2 script

Out of need or curiosity

man has learned much about the Earth on

which he is both guest and prisoner

Often baffled in his brief journey through time

he has found reassurance in the order revealed in nature

the recurring sequence of the seasons

the symmetry in storm

Yet nothing has lessened his terror

when nature seems to turn against him

when the Earth shudders and explodes in fire

making rubble of all he has built

"Twenty thousand people dead;

anywhere from fifty thousand to one hundred

and fifty thousand injured..."

"If that's it, there's a CCP there

The communication may go bad

but that's the angle they ought to go."

"There's two more in there."

Against the sudden blows of an adversary

that often strikes without warning

some have tried to create defenses

Powerless to prevent eruption or earthquake

they seek to diminish its toll

Others light candles of faith seek safety in prayer

Today new candles light the dark

instruments whose beams are reflected from distant objects

or catch signals from outer space

to measure the smallest movements of the Earth's surface

Now man has devised new concepts

of the forces altering our planet

forces that move the continents

twist the globe's thin crust

build vast mountain ranges even beneath the sea

Like all living things Earth is in ceaseless change

Born of fire, it too is being transformed day by day

Once this was blank ocean the cold

storm-swept Atlantic off the southern coast of Iceland

Then, in fiery eruption during the winter of 1963

the island of Surtsey began to emerge from the sea

Today its single square mile of ash

and lava forms one of the newer additions

to the land surface of the globe

Yet this virgin terrain is no longer wasteland

Already life has found it

Already seeds borne by wind

and wave have taken root in the ash

and birds have begun to nest along the cliffs

A closed preserve to casual visitors

the island has become a living laboratory

Here scientists from distant countries can study the ways

by which life tests

and gradually seizes a new domain

Among them is Dr. Robert Ballard, geologist

from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod

"The story I often tell to try to get across the point

that the Earth really is alive

if you were to interview a butterfly

standing on a branch of a sequoia tree

Now, a butterfly lives for only a few days

and a sequoia tree can live for over a thousand years

And if you were to ask that butterfly

Do you perceive the object on

which you are standing as being alive?

And the butterfly would say, of course not

I've been here all my life five days

and the tree hasn't done a thing

Same problem with the human being

If you were to ask a human be
ing

perhaps one that's lived a hundred years

if they perceive the Earth which is over four

and a half billion years in age as being alive

they'd probably say

Of course not. I've been here all my life

and it hasn't done a thing.'

But the Earth really is a very dynamic object

In fact, I think of it as a living organism."

Like Surtsey, Earth too is an island not in the North Atlantic

but in the vaster sea of space

In time beyond the measure of man's brief experience

it too is in slow and ceaseless change

Some two hundred million years ago

its landmasses formed a single continent scientists call Pangea

Then slowly, Pangea's fracturing plates began to move apart

like pieces of a vast jigsaw puzzle

gradually assuming the shapes

and arrangement we recognize on maps today

Riding upon a semiplastic layer of Earth's fiery interior

the ocean floors and continents that form its crust

or lithosphere are in continuing motion

Through the continents seem stationary to living populations

they move an inch or more each year

The friction occurring along the plate margins

is often marked by earthquakes

and volcanic eruption

Sometimes, as in California's San Andreas Fault

the opposing plates grind against each other in a sideways

or lateral motion called translation

It is when a section of the fault locks, builds up tension

then abruptly releases that major earthquakes occur

In other areas such as Japan

in a movement known as subduction

the edge of one crustal plate slowly slides beneath another

causing volcanic activity and tremors

Along the 46,000 mile Mid Ocean Ridge

in an action called spreading molten rock

or magma, emerges through fissures in the ocean floor

soon congealing in new submerged crust

Sometimes, as in Iceland

and its offshore islands of Surtsey and Heimaey

the action has created new land above the sea

Barely two hundred miles south of the Arctic Circle

on the fiery seam still building Iceland itself

Heimaey is accustomed to change

Port or the fleet that fishes the abundant waters nearby

its only town of Vestmannaeyjar has seen many a storm

take its toll of men and ships

Hardy descendants of the Vikings

who colonized the island more than a thousand years ago

its people long have learned to live with uncertainty

to meet risk and hazard with a cheerful face

Each summer by long-standing tradition

the entire population moves out of town

on a three-day community holiday

It is a gathering that harks back to Viking times

when villagers assembled to review the spoken laws

by which they lived

On the grassy floor of an ancient volcanic crater

they build a tent city where the people of the town rediscover

each other in a quite different setting

Side by side, they celebrate many things

home rule

won from Denmar
k more than a century ago

the inheritance of their Viking past

their survival of dangers

that sometimes rise from the Earth itself

At midnight

young men set fire to a great wooden structure built on the hillside

As the flames flare against the dark

they summon varied emotions among the watchers

To their Nordic forefathers fire brought warmth in the numbing cold

It was a symbol of life, of rebirth

But the people of Heimaey have long known

that it also can bring destruction and death

In the winter darkness of January 1973 it brought disaster

Just beyond the town's edge a fissure cracked the earth

abruptly spewing molten lava and ash hundreds of feet into the air

Roused from their beds by the sudden threat

most of the population was evacuated to the nearby mainland

but volunteers would fight a five-month battle with the new volcano

now called Eldfell, "Fire Mountain."

Within a week Eldfell had raised a black

smoldering cone six hundred feet high

and covered the town in ash

More than a hundred buildings had been burned

or crushed under the advancing wall of lava

In early February the lava threatened to block the entrance to the harbor

Desperately, emergency teams fought to dam the flow

by hardening the lava

with great streams of cold seawater

At last, by heroic effort the harbor was saved

But as the eruption continued through ensuing months

the lava would add almost one square mile to the island

while much of the town lay buried under cinders and ash

It would take years to dig out

But at last the precincts of the dead are tidy again

Elsewhere in Iceland life goes on

Under the shadows of the volcanoes

that remain a perpetual enigma

farmers gather crops, prepare for the winter to come

They are doing more

Boldly, Icelanders are making use of the very forces that threaten them

In the north of the mainland near the Krafla volcano

they are attempting to harness the heat of a great geothermal field

to power homes and industrial installations

Recent eruptions have reminded Icelanders of the unpredictability

of the powers they are trying to employ

With Dr. Haraldur Sigurdsson

vulcanologist from the University of Rhode Island

Dr. Ballard visits a site where recent lava flow

has threatened a newly-built electric power plant

"There's the power plant below us here

and if you look over this way..."

"Yeah. You can see the recent flows."

"The entire caldera, recent lavas..."

"Now the flows that were what

earlier this year, are down there?"

"Yes. And you can see the steam defining the fissure

that's been erupting during the last five years

and the black lava flows that have been coming out."

"So if, let's say, there were another eruption right along the caldera

where we see the fissure opening up

the lava could just come down this
valley

and go right around the corner to the power plant."

Icelanders invested in the costly geothermal power plant

because the field had lain dormant for over two hundred years

Begun in 1975 as an alternative to a hydroelectric dam

the plant was almost immediately threatened

by a series of violent eruptions

that brought the lava flow within a mile and a half

Trying to discern a possible pattern in the Krafla volcanic activity

scientists keep watch on the plant

and the surrounding area for ominous signs

Here one of the monitoring team checks

for any ground tilt

which could unbalance and destroy the turbines

In a field near the plant he checks daily

for signs of subterranean activity

measures any possible change in the gap

between two pipes planted on opposite sides of a fissure

Like a serpent's back rising above the sea

the steaming crest of the Mid-Ocean Ridge stretches across Iceland

Here Ballard and Sigurdsson visit the site of the recent lava

flow that is still cooling

"We're in the fissure that erupted six months ago."

"So everything we are walking on is less than six months in age?"

"That's right. And it's still cooling off here

That's why it's still like a sauna bath."

"It's about as fresh as you can get short of having it red."

"Yes. Let's take a look around here."

"Now, if you can sit without cutting your pants

It's even warm

Now, I understand that when the eruption began to take place

a tourist from Denmark was standing right

where the fissure opened up and was..."

"Quite close to the area where the crust split

and rifted apart and the lava started to squirt up."

"So he just took off."

"Actually, I understand the lava was moving quite rapidly here."

"How fast?"

"Up to ten meters per second."

"So you'd have to be a... Let's see

the world's record for the 100-yard dash is..."

"9.8."

"So it's running about as fast as the world's record

Hope the Dane was a fast runner."

"He was. He got away. So far there have been no casualties."

"Before this took place

this area had been quiet for a long long time

This is why they thought it was safe to build the power plant."

"This area has been without volcanic activity for about 250 years

And therefore, there was the general feeling

that there wasn't an imminent danger

and it was a worthwhile risk to take to start constructs

of a geothermal power station in this central volcano."

"And they've invested what?"

"Oh, probably about 60 million dollars"

"So 60 million dollars is really in peril then

if another major eruption occurs here

and this time it does go over

that pass and down into the basin?"

"Well, that's always a possibility

But in Iceland there is... Iceland is a country

where you have to live with the elements."

In patient calm, Icelanders accept the ga
mble nature

has imposed upon them the frigid climate

the sweeping storms, the hidden threat beneath their feet

Even as they keep a wary eye on the dangerous giant

who has built the very island on which they live

they use his heat to warm their cities and homes

even their indoor gardens a kind of compensation

for the risks they philosophically endure

In winter darkness they take light from the subterranean depths

Warmed by the hidden furnace of the Earth itself

vegetables ripen in the arctic cold

In the volcano's fiery breath flowers bloom

Yet the risk remains

Hardly a year after eruptions threatened the power installation

Sigurdsson returned to Krafla

as the restless giant stirred and became active

Once more the lava flow approached

within one-and-a-half miles of the electric turbines

Though the fiery fountains gradually subsided

the eruption raised the ground level to provide a slope

for future lava flows to travel toward the power plant

For the present the Krafla installation is secure

But Icelanders know that eventually they many have to pay the price

of living on the edge of creation

Sometimes the action of the Mid-Ocean Ridge

brings surprisingly opposite effects

In Iceland its slow spreading process over millions of years

has created the great island on which the people live

Far southeastward

along the nearly 3,000-mile furrow of Africa's Great Rift Valley

the spreading action is slowly

but inexorably opening the heart of a continent

In measurable time to come

eastern Africa will be detached from its mother continent

and this dusty desert landscape will be an ocean floor

Already, in the Afar Triangle at the Horn of Africa the process

has begun the sea is invading the land

At Djibouti's Ghoubet-Al-Kharab

an inland extension of the Gulf of Aden

the sea is temporarily delayed

by a narrow barrier of small volcanic hills sealing off Lake Assal

But as magma seeps through fissures in the Earth's crust

and the seven-mile rift widens and sinks

the sea inevitably will pour into the lowlands beyond

Already seawater from Ghoubet-Al-Kharab

has begun to work its way downward

through cracks and subterranean channels

undergoing substantial chemical change

as it penetrates the heated rock layers below

With Dr. Jean-Louis Cheminee of the French National Center

for Scientific Research

Ballard descend into a recently active fissure through

which a small flow of seawater reaches the distant lake

"So this is the sea coming in, right?"

"Yes, by a system of fissures."

"This is where the water

that we see on the other side of the rift

going into Lake Assal originates from?"

"Yes."

"So it comes in from the sea..."

"...from the sea and crosses the rift

by the fissures inside the mountain..."

"...and out the other side."


"Yes."

"Now, was this fissure in existence in 1978?"

"Yes, yes."

"It just widened?"

"Just widened."

"Because a lot of these rocks are just perched

as if they're ready to come down."

"And the car here - just here..."

"Yeah, well, we should move the car."

"So we go like this."

"So we'll go across the..."

"Not across exactly like this. No."

"We go across this area, right?

Now how long will it take us to get to Assal?

If we went from here all the way across

went across that flat desert-like area

how long would it take to get there?"

"Maybe six hours."

"Six hours." "Yeah, six hours

Terrible road. Six, six and a half."

In torrid heat that reaches more than 130 degrees Fahrenheit

the water here and in the Rift Valley is often reduced to a caustic brine

"I'm standing 500 feet below sea level

near the shore of Lake Assal."

"The ocean is only six miles away

If it weren't for these young lava flows filling the valley floor

I'd be under water right now

In fact, the ocean is trying to do that

As rifting develops in the valley

these deep fissures start to form

This lets water travel beneath the valley

through the fissures

and it can enter Lake Assal along this outlet

In fact, there are several of them in the valley."

"At the present moment it's so hot that most of the seawater

that comes in evaporates leaving the salt behind

But as rifting continues

more and more water will pour through these fissure systems

until the sea claims this entire area

as the ocean penetrates deeper

and deeper into the continent of Africa."

Here, as in Iceland, the spreading action creates new crust

Elsewhere, in compensation

the distant edges of an expanding plate must be destroyed

Outpost of Asia

Japan's island chain bears the shock of the Philippine

and Pacific Plates as they thrust beneath the Eurasian Plate

in a massive subduction zone

In the deep ocean trenches off Japan

the aging plates plunge back into Earth's molten interior

causing powerful disturbances

The mists here are dragon's breath

the hissing steam of Japan's 20,000 hot springs

and forty active volcanoes

With a long history of destructive earthquakes

Japan has begun a massive effort to prepare for the future

In Shizuoka Prefecture near Tokyo

school children take lessons in reading, writing

and catastrophe learning the skills

that may save their lives

In this temple to the victims of a great disaster

memory and reality are like the mismatched faces

of an earthquake fault

Here survivors come to witness again the day a world ended

search again for faces that exist only in old men's dreams

Just before noon on Saturday September 1, 1923

an earthquake registering 7.9 on the Richter scale struck Tokyo

shaking the earth for a full five minutes

Ignited by hot
f sag ponds near San Francisco

the fault stretches like a taut line of danger

between the state's two most heavily populated centers

In times past each of the cities has felt its power

Once the fabled gateway to the gold rush

its hills crowned with ornate palaces of mining and railroad tycoons

San Francisco today soars in a dazzling array of skyscrapers

along its Embarcadero daring evidence of a city that refused to die

Dr. Ballard recalls a fateful morning

at the beginning of the century

"On the 18th of April 1906

the San Andreas Fault suddenly snapped

The city of SAN Francisco felt the brunt of the blow

Some 700 people were killed

and most of the city was destroyed by fire

"Today, people think of it as an event found in history books

Yet to geologists, the fault is very much alive

We are monitoring the fault system

attempting to understand its behavior

predict its next move

One thing we do know

We will experience another earthquake like that of 1906

It's just a matter of time

At dawn February 9, 1971

an earthquake registering 6.4 on the Richter scale

struck the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles

Twisting railroad tracks

shattering highway overpasses

it strewed disaster across the city landscape

as if by an angry giant's hand

Like a silent accomplice

flames leaped through the wreckage

Great hospitals and other structures collapsed

Everywhere the quake trapped its casual human victims

When it had passed, the city counted the cost 64 dead

500 million dollars in property damage

Because the water behind a weakened dam was quickly lowered

thousands of lives were saved

which otherwise might have been lost

In it's aftermath alarmed public agencies radically

expanded their earthquake preparations

Today not only standard surveying methods

but a wide array of new instruments are employed

to monitor California's fractured landscape

Using laser beams and radio waves

from remote stars

scientists can measure the state for crustal changes

or plate movements as small as an inch

Along the San Andreas a network of seismic devices

reports local changes in the release of radioactive gas from rock strata

sudden drops in the water level of wells

variations in gravity or the Earth's magnetic field

Other meters detect the slightest movement deep beneath the surface

measure strain in a locked section of the fault

the state of California also is checking its basement"

above which 24 million people live

From hundreds of instruments scattered

across the length of the state

continuous reports flow into separate computer centers

for the southern and the northern sectors

At the United States Geological Survey in Menlo park

widely diverse in formation is correlated

and condensed to provide a summary of seismic activity

during eac
h passing month

Like scholars trying to break an enemy code

or decipher a lost language

scientists are trying to discern a consistent meaning

in all the signals sent from the Earth

Though the San Andreas remains an enigma

a silent threat of havoc to come

sophisticated technology is bringing closer the time

when man may be able to predict earthquakes

with reasonable accuracy and certainty

Scientists know

that in prediction lies a major defense against catastrophe

Using an instrument no more complicated than a garden hoe

one young geologist

from the California Institute of Technology has shown

that the key to the future may lie in the past

At excavations along the fault at Pallett Creek near the Mojave

Dr. Kerry Sieh has revealed a repeat pattern

of California quakes hundreds of years

before any recorded history of the region

"We are on the main trace of the San Andreas Fault

And the layer that I just scraped off

has been radiocarbon dated at 1350 A.D.

The layer right above it

which has the beautiful orange color here

and here has a radiocarbon date near its top of about 1560 A. D

or about the time Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel

This layer dates from about the birth of Benjamin Franklin 1700

and this layer about right here was the surface of the Earth

at the time of the 1857 earthquake

"Now, this is the main trace of the San Andreas Fault running up

through these layers up though to about here."

"Here's the 1353 A.D. layer broken

by the fault trace coming up

through the 1560 A.D. layer here

So here we have the Pacific Plate

and here we have the North American Plate

broken only by this very narrow trace, or plane

of the San Andreas Fault."

"And it continues on up up through the 1700s level

and stopping at this level the 1857 level

In 1857 there occurred the great Fort Tejon earthquake

which was the last great earthquake to break the San Andreas Fault

in the southern part of the state."

"Elsewhere at this site

we have exposures a total of 11 prehistoric earthquakes

and the great Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857

The radiocarbon dates show

that the earthquakes occur with frequency

they occur about every 145 years

It's been 125 years since the great Fort Tejon earthquake

The chances are really quite good that

within our lifetime

we're going to see another great Fort Tejon earthquake."

"Give me the number of dead you anticipate

that you are estimating

and I will try to work it out on the end."

"Estimates of injured range from 50 to 80 thousand

with an unknown number trapped in collapsed structures

At this time the numbers of dead may be in excess of ten thousand."

To train disaster agencies

and to alert the public the state's Office of

Emergency Services stages yearly drills

"I would like to clar
ify what's turned out to be a rumor

of a radioactive release problem at Cal Tech."

Alex Cunninham

director of the California Office of Emergency Services

"The scenario for this exercise is

that an earthquake occurred yesterday in Los Angeles

actually about 30 miles northwest of San Bernardino

along the San Andreas Fault

Its magnitude, for exercise purposed 8.3."

"And believe me we are very selective

at this level on using Guard resources

And I recommend strongly now

I can't handle a delicate issue like this on the phone

I recommend very strongly that if you want the Guard for this

that you are going to have to come through bureaucratic channels."

"We need to have an update

as of this time on the number of injuries and deaths, please."

"All the hospital beds in northern county appear be down

Southern county looks like they're in pretty good shape

But the Needs Assessment Team will be

back half an hour and will give us all the figures."

"Hold on a second. We got to get this together."

"The State of California is very well prepared to

handle a moderate earthquake

And the citizens who have been through these kind of quakes

are reasonably well prepared

But when we talk about a catastrophic earthquake

something in the area of an 8

or an 8.3 no level of government

and particularly the individual citizens

are prepared for such an event

It's no longer a question of if the big earthquake is coming

It's simply a matter of when

Scientists are telling us

because of recent seismic activity

and other phenomena other scientific data

that the great earthquake will strike in southern California

some time in the next 30 years

Unfortunately, many people say well

if it's 30 years away

we don't have to worry about it

It's not 30 years away

It could happen tomorrow it could happen today;

it could happen next month

But sometime in the next 30 years

we're going to have it

and people damn well better prepare themselves for it."

Distantly aware of threatened holocausts

most Los Angeles residents remain caught in the traumas

and traffic jams of daily life

Too few know the mathematics of terror

At the time of the 1857 quake 11,000 people lived in Los Angeles

Today there are more than seven million

Many remember the impact of the San Fernando tremor

But the 8.3 earthquake

which scientists now predict

will be a shock 800 times as strong

a natural disaster without precedent in American history

Thirty-five hundred years ago on the Aegean island of Santorini

these ruins too held a civilization

Here, long before the Parthenon

the maritime community of Akrotiri created a culture

that rivaled the splendors of nearby Minoan Crete

In frescoes artists painted

the sunlit landscapes of man in his springtime

the years in Eden when th
e Earth was filled with wonders

Upon the walls were mirrored the ordinary tasks

and pleasures of a small world

in which the simplest acts of everyday life held meaning

and even the gods often behaved like noisy neighbors

Over the wide sea, returning seamen brought strange gifts

and creatures from the shadowy lands beyond

told of odysseys across a world still new

Now they are gone

abruptly vanished in a great catastrophe

All that remain are a half-excavated civilization under glass

a few amphoras in orderly array

life and death filed on an index card

One of the scientists trying to decipher the puzzle of the past

Dr. Christos Doumas of the University of Athens leads Dr. Ballard

through the remains of a city

that died thirty-five centuries ago

"This is an ancient street leading to the Triangle Square

flanked on the left by the Building Delta

and on the right by the West House."

"Now here's where you found the frescoes."

"Yes, we found frescoes and other things which show

that we are discovering here a very highly civilized society

of the Bronze Age."

"The houses are individual surrounded by streets

There are several stories as you see

and we have indoor plumbing connected directly

with the drainage system of the street."

"So you had a society of individual families living together..."

"Yes. And every house was an entity by itself."

"And here we can see how sophisticated these houses were

The basement, as in

many of the houses was used for storing

goods a variety of crops like barley flour of barley

lentils, various nuts like almonds."

"So they had a pretty good diet

I mean it was varied."

"Yes. And they were consuming also seafood

because we found shells of sea urchins

and remains of dried fish

"The city was captured by the earthquakes and

this staircase shows

that it was broken before the eruption of the volcano

"So this probably caused them to evacuate."

"Yes. It was a warning for the people."

"And then after the earthquake

the major eruption occurred."

"Yes. It destroyed almost everything

as you sea and then the site was covered with volcanic ash."

Before the great warning tremors

Akrotiri lay on the flank of a steeply sloping island

unaware that miles below

the Earth's crust was in movement

Soon after the quake

the island exploded in one of historical prodigious volcanic eruptions

Suddenly a mountain had disappeared

its walls collapsed into a volcanic caldera now filled

by the inrushing sea

A vast searing cloud of pumice and ash buried Akrotiri

and surged over the Mediterranean

with an impact on history that still is being assessed

"We're inside the caldera

Behind me are the layered walls of the volcano

which record its long history

The black layers are basaltic lava flows;

the red ones a
tephra ejected from the volcanic vent."

"These prehistoric layers once

formed a great volcano over 5,000 feet high

About 3,500 years ago

the entire volcano erupted destroying over two-thirds of the island

At the top today you can see a white layer of pumic

and ash which records that great event

That layer is over 100 feet thick."

Human beings still cling to the narrow rim of cliffs

that now surrounds emptiness

Today several thousand islanders live on the heights

and fish or search for sponges in the depths of the caldera

Steep paths link them with the ports through which supplies

much of their fresh water

and occasional visitors arrive by sea

Today the centers of Western civilization

have moved far beyond Santorini

Insulated from the rumors and alarms of a wider world

it has settled into the ways of village life

Upon the cliffs workmen build

and repair structures using the very ash

and pumice of the explosion

that once destroyed their island

In the fields around them

farmers tend vineyards

and reap grain planted in the volcano soil

The pumice is even sold for profit

was once exported for the building of the Suez Canal

more than a century ago

Intermittently strong tremors still shake the island

but the widows of Santorini remain solitary symbols of the tenacity

by which life endures

Beneath them one plate slides

under another in endless movement

even the gods may change

but prayer remains a step in the search

for reassurance and certainty

On Good Friday

worshippers are surrounded by frescoes

that describe not the joys of life but its tragic burdens

Yet for the devout islanders

faith holds a triumphant hope

Out of death's darkness life returns

a flame passed from candle to candle

In the ritual of twenty centuries the villagers

again find a ancient recognition

In the Easter story of resurrection

they tell their own

After the resurrection joy

the breaking of eggs to release the symbolic life within

Across the island

after forty days of fasting

the villagers feast and dance

The world has changed many time

since this woman lived in Santorini

Her gods have vanished

The streets on which she walked now end in walls of ash

Yet in these dancing rhythms of life

she might hear echoes of another time

the refrains of home

Imperceptible to living generations

the change goes on

toward a future that science's computers

already have begun to outline

By its present drift

Africa, in its clockwise movement

will close the Mediterranean

and collide with southern Europe

raising great new mountain ranges like a rumpled rug

In Africa itself the sea at last will flood the desert thorn trees

isolate eastern Africa

invade a domain once held by elephants and lions

In the Americas, as elsewhere

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