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t of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials and take part in Jury Service. A metic was of foreign birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law courts. When city-states were first formed, they were ruled by a few wealthy men. However, they moved toward democracy. Democracy is the form of government that we have in the United States. The word means rule by the people. In a democracy, the people vote on who they want to be their leaders. In Athens, the people were divided into three groups: Upper class - male citizens of Athens since birth . Middle class - males who were not born in Athens . Lower class - slaves .
Only men who were born in Athens were allowed to vote. They did this at public assemblies where upper class citizens discussed laws that might benefit Athens. These assembly meeting often got very noisy and led to many arguments between the men who were there.
Roman society was established as a hierarchy based on legal distincions between the ruling class and the ruled,the rich and the poor, aristocracy and the ordinary people, the citizen and among the non-citizens, there was a distinction between the free and the non-free.
Pax Romana refers to the long period of peace, lasting two hundred years in Romana was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the first and second centuries AD. INn 27 B.C. the history of Rome was divided into two periods,before then,Rome had been a republic, in that year,Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of that ,Emperors were very important figures in ancient Rome. Although they did not exist at the start of the empire, Romans felt that one man was needed to act as the leader of the empire. The emperor did not have unlimited power because there were other important figures in the Roman government. Caesar Augustus was one of the most famous Roman emperors. Julius Caesar was also a ruler of Rome, but he ruled as a dictator, not an emperor.
Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman law. In its earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure.
Since the Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they decided to balance the power of the government between three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The two leaders of the executive branch, the consuls, were elected for just one year by the upper class. They supervised the Senate and ordered the Roman army during wars. Other members of the executive branch were the tax collectors, mayors, city police, and other people in po
milar traditions and trusted the same gods, they often fought with one another. Everyone was stubborn and believed that their city-state was better than all other city-states.



Who ruled the city-states?

Since city-states were separated from each other, each had its own government. When city-states were first formed, they were ruled by a few wealthy men. However, they moved toward democracy.



What is democracy?

Democracy is the form of government that we have in the United States. The word means rule by the people. In a democracy, the people vote on who they want to be their leaders. In Athens, the people were divided into three groups:

Upper class - male citizens of Athens since birth
Middle class - males who were not born in Athens
Lower class - slaves

How did they make the laws?

Only men who were born in Athens were allowed to vote. They did this at public assemblies where upper class citizens discussed laws that might benefit Athens. These assembly meeting often got very noisy and led to many arguments between the men who were there.


Government in Rome
Since you've seen what ancient Rome looked like, now you should learn who made the laws you would have followed if you had lived there.



What is an Emperor?

Emperors were very important figures in ancient Rome. Although they did not exist at the start of the empire, Romans felt that one man was needed to act as the leader of the empire. The emperor did not have unlimited power because there were other important figures in the Roman government. Caesar Augustus was one of the most famous Roman emperors.
Julius Caesar was also a ruler of Rome, but he ruled as a dictator, not an emperor.



photo courtesy of "An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors"



How was the Roman government organized?

Since the Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they decided to balance the power of the government between three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The two leaders of the executive branch, the consuls, were elected for just one year by the upper class. They supervised the Senate and ordered the Roman army during wars. Other members of the executive branch were the tax collectors, mayors, city police, and other people in positions of power in cities. The most powerful part of the legislative branch was the Senate. The Senate was a group of about 300 male citizens who owned land. They could tell the consuls how much money they could spend and on what. These men were appointed by the consuls. The judicial branch had six judges who were elected every two years. They were in charge of deciding punishments that criminals would receive. Their job was similar to the job that judges have today in the United States.




Would I have been able to vote in Rome?

In ancient Rome, you were not allowed to vote on laws or elect leaders of the government until you were an adult. Even
then, only men who owned land were allowed to have a say in the laws.


Greek Art
We already know that the ancient Greeks enjoyed music, but what did they think about other kinds of art? Keep reading to learn more.



What kinds of art did the ancient Greeks enjoy?

The ancient Greeks enjoyed all different kinds of art. They are especially famous for their sculptures, including their statues and vases. The vases often had scenes from the Olympics or pictures of musical instruments painted on them. The best artists in ancient Greece sculpted statues of important people in Greek history. If you look at the slide show below, you will see some Greek vases and sculptures.



slide show courtesy of All Souls School British Museum, Ancient Greeks Virtual Tour



Would I have been able to watch television?

Since there was no television, the ancient Greeks had to find other forms of entertainment, usually related to art. Greeks were well known for their participation in outdoor theaters like the one pictured below.



photo courtesy of Antony Mason

Theaters in towns were used for festivals, usually for a holiday or to honor a god. On these days, everyone in town except the slaves went to the theater to watch four plays that were comedies, funny plays, or tragedies, sad plays. Actors in the plays played more than one character in each play. They wore different masks so that the audience knew which character they were playing. The masks were very important because all of the actors were men, and they had to play both men's and women's roles.



Roman Art and Entertainment
Although the ancient Romans weren't well known for their artistic abilities, they borrowed many artistic ideas from the ancient Greeks. For example, they enjoyed going to the theater and making vases in much the same way as the Greeks. To find out what else the Romans did for entertainment, keep reading.



What else did Romans do for entertainment?

For entertainment, Romans traveled to large arenas such as the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, or a theater. In the Colosseum (pictured below), Romans watched games or spectacles known as ludi. These ludi included animal fights, and gladiator fights. Occasionally the Colosseum was flooded in order to stage small naval battles. In the Circus Maximus, chariot racing was was enjoyed by all. Romans watched comedies and tragedies played out in large public theaters.



photo courtesy of "A Walking Tour of Ancient Rome"



What were chariot races?

Chariot races were very popular. Thousands of people would pack into the Circus Maximus to cheer on their favorite teams. These races were very dangerous, and many of the men were thrown from their chariots and trampled by the horses during the race. Below is a picture of a chariot painted on a vase.



photo courtesy of Harvard University Art Museums



What were animal and gladiator fights?

Two ludi at the Colosseum were animal
fights and gladiator fights. In the animal fights, animals or people fought other animals, such as lions. The only people who fought animals were criminals. In gladiator fights, trained men, criminals, or slaves trying to win their freedom fought other men to the death. The last person alive was the winner!



photo courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania Museum

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