句子结构(简单句和复合句)
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2020年08月01日 04:54
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越什么越什么-迷惘是什么意思
先看谓语,
第一,谓语若是be动词,
若be动词系动词,则是主系表结构(主谓结构),表语就是主补,其他成分是定语或者状语;
若be动词是构成时态、被动语态的助动词,则是主谓宾结构同下面。
第二,谓语若是实义动词,
若是不及物动词,则是主谓结构,其他成分是定语或状语;
若是及物动词,则是主谓宾结构,其他成分或是间接宾语(①及物动词是”给、为、带“等词;②该成分和中心词无主谓关系、主系关系,),或是宾补(①及物动词是(使役动词、感官动词、认为发现希望等词)②该成分与修饰词是主谓关系或主系关系;),或是定语,或是状语。
二、两种句式:
句子成分角度:
主语+谓语+定语+状语(谓语是是”系动词+表语“的复合谓语或者不及物动词的简单谓语;系动词又分完全系动词和半系动词)
主语+谓语+宾语+定语+状语(谓语是及物动词)
具体句式:
主语词+be动词+及物动词(不同形式)+定语词+状语词(注意时态、语态与be动词作为系动词的区别)
主语词+be动词+表语词+定语词+状语词
主语词+半系动词+表语词+定语词+状语词
主语词+不及物动词+定语词+状语词
主语词+及物动词+定语词+状语词(注意时态、语态与be动词作为系动词的区别)
通俗说法:
主系表
主谓
主谓(主动,被动,时态)宾宾补
主谓(主动,被动,时态)双宾
三、词性充任成分:
⑴数词
⑵名词(不能做谓语)
作主语:
作宾语:
作表语:
作主补:He is found a good person。
作宾补:I find him a good person。
作定语:a
作状语:Wait a moment.(a moment是状语)
⑶代词
⑷形容词
⑸副词:(不能作谓语、主语、宾语)
作介词宾语:
作表语(特殊主补):The sun is down. 太阳已经落山。
作主补:The book was found here。
作宾补:We must try to help him through. 我们必须设法帮他渡过难关。
作定语:The people there were very friendly.
作状语:It’s quite warm here. 这儿很暖和。
⑹介词短语(不能作谓语、宾语)
作主语:On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.
作表语:The book was on the desk。
作主补:The book was found on the desk。
作宾补:I find the book on the desk。
作介词宾语:A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.
作定语:The book on the desk is mine。
作状语:I go to school。
⑺不定式(不能作谓语,作宾语的是不定式,不是to的介词短语)
作主语:To serve the people is our goal。
作宾语:The driver failed to see the other car in time.
作表语:Our plan is to go to school。
作主补:The book is believed to be un
interesting.
作宾补:We believe him to be guilty.
作定语:The next train to arrive is from Washington.
作状语:I'm glad to see you.
⑻动名词(不能作谓语,状语,补语)
作主语:Reading is an art.
作宾语:They ceased talking。
作表语:Your task is cleaning the windows.
作定语:a swimming pool
⑼现在分词(不能作谓语,主语,宾语)
作表语:Traveling is interesting but tiring.
作主补:He was found singing。
作宾补:I saw him singing now.
作定语:a swimming boy
作状语:Walking in the street,I saw him。
⑽过去分词
作表语:My heart is broken。
作主补:My heart is found broken。
作宾补:I found his heart broken。
作定语:We must adjust to the changed conditions。
作状语:Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!
二、句子成分:分析了主语、完全系动词,半系动词,表语,及物动词,不及物动词,双宾语,宾补,主补,定语,状语
1【主语】
⑴组成成分:
名、代、数、动名词、从句
2谓语(
Ⅰ复合谓语:“系动词+表语”
㈠系动词
分类:
第一种分类:
⑴【完全系动词】
定义:暨be动词,它必须结合表语暨主补构成复合谓语。
I am here。(地点副词here作表语)
⑵【半系动词】
定义:某些既可以作系动词(需结合表语构成复合谓语),又可以作实义动词(可单独作为谓语)的词。(区分它是否充任系动词时,看其能否被be代替,能的话,当时就是系动词),包括:状态性系动词;持续性系动词;表像性系动词;感官系动词;变化系动词;终止系动词。
第二种分类:
(1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
(2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
(3)表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
(4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
(5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
(6)终止系动词:
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
第三种分类:
⑴表示状态的连系动词有: be appear seem keep remain continue stay prove 等
a . She appears very young .
b. His temperature seems to be all right .
c. He made a fire in the room to keep warm .
d. The weather continued fine .
e. This proved very helpful .
⑵.表示感觉的连系动词有: look feel smell sound taste 等
a. A paper tiger looks terrible , but in fact it is not .
b. The medicine smells terrible .
c. Ann felt very happy
d. That sounds interesting .
⑶表示转变的连系动词有:become fall get go grow turn 等
a. Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful .
b. Soon they fell asleep .
c. The trees turn green and the flowers start to come out .
㈡【表语】(是一种特殊的主语补足语):
组成成分:
例子:
①名
② 代
③数
④形容词
She is beautiful 。
⑤ 副词(疑问副词、地点副词、时间副词、与介词同形的副词、带有动态性质的副词、其他副词)
How is your rmother?你母亲好吗?(疑问副词how,when,where,why作表语)
He isn’t here.他不在那里.(地点副词,apart,作表语)
The meeting will be tomorrow.会议将于明天举行(时间副词today,,ete作表语)
Is XiaoWuin in?小吴在家吗?(与介词同形的副词about,,作表语)
I'll be back in a minute. 我一会儿就回来(带有动态性质性质的副词back(回来),home(回家).away(离开)等作表语)
Is that so? 是那样吗?(其他副词作表语)
⑥介词短语
I am at home.(at home 是介词短语作表语)
⑦不定式(①将来的具体动作;②主语表语对称表条件结果;③主语为特定词duty等)
My plan is to do it right now。(to do it 是不定式作表语,①表将来的具体动作。②如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。 例如:To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。③如果主语是im,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 例如:His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.)
⑧动名词((①抽象的一般性行为;②名词性质,可与主语对调位置,意思正确))
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。(teaching是动名词作表语,①表示抽象的一般性的行为②动名词是名词性质 ,可与主语互换位置,意思不变且正确)
⑨现在分词(①形容词性质,与主语对调位置,意思
错误;②主谓关系)
My job is interesting. 我的工作很有趣。(interesting是现在分词作表语,①现在分词是形容词性质,有的已转化为形容词,表示主语的性质和特征,不可与主语互换,否则意思错误;②现在分词与所修饰的词是主谓关系,主动发出动作)
⑩过去分词(形容词性质,与主语对调位置,意思错误;动宾关系)
My heart is broken 。(broken是过去分词作表语,①过去分词是形容词性质,有的已转化为形容词,表示主语的性质和特征,不可与主语互换,否则意思错误;②过去分词与所修饰的词是动宾关系,被动承受动作)
11从句
My wish is what you want。
Ⅱ简单谓语
分类:
⑴【及物动词】:和主语、宾语构成主谓宾结构,其后接“简单宾语”或者"双宾语或"者“宾语+宾补”,可增加状语、定语。
第一种情形,主动语态:
①接简单宾语(参考下文,哪些词充任简单宾语)
I love here。(here是名词,作宾语)
②接【双宾语】(①及物动词;②及物动词是”给、为、带“等词;③该成分与中心词无主谓关系或者主系关系)
she will make him a good wife( = she will make a good wife for him )这是双宾语 h
She take you a beautiful girl 。
③接宾语和【宾语补足语】(①及物动词;②及物动词是(使役动词、感官动词、认为发现希望等词)②该成分与宾语是主谓关系或主系关系;)
She make him a good husband.(make是及物动词作谓语;him是宾语;a good husband该成分和him是主系关系,因此a good husband该成分是宾补)
She take you a decent person 。
I find a book on the desk。(on the book 是宾补)
第二种情形,被动语态:
接【主语补足语】:
主语补足语定义:表语是一种特殊的主补,被动态后原主动语态下的宾补即为现在的主补。
例子:
被动句:The book is found on the desk by me。 (主语补足语)
主动句:I find the book on the desk . (宾语+宾语补足语)
辨析:The house is cleaned by her。(状语)
The book on the desk is found by me。(on the desk 是定语;by me 是)
⑵不及物动词:和主语构成主谓结构,可增加状语、定语。
I go to school。(go是vi,单独作谓语;to shcool是状语,school是to的介词宾语)
He came back,tired。(come在此是不及物动词回来,单独作谓语;bak tired都是状语)
I live in London。(live是生活的的意思,因此是不及物动词;in London 是介词短语作状语)
3【宾语】
⑴简单宾语:
①名词作简单宾语:Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。
②代词作简单宾语:She didn't say anything. 她什么也没说。(此处为反身代词)
③数词作简单宾语:—How many do you want? — I want two. 你要几个?- 我
要两个。
④名词化的形容词作简单宾语:They sent the injured to hospital.他们把伤员送到医院。
⑤不定式作简单宾语:They asked to see my passport. 他们要求看我的护照。
⑥动名词作简单宾语I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。
⑦从句作简单宾语:Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有?
⑵介词宾语
同简单宾语
⑶复合宾语(带宾补的宾语)
同简单宾语
4【定语】
Ⅰ定义:定语是修饰名词性质的其他句子成分(包括主语、宾语、表语(尽管表语和系动词构成复合谓语))
Ⅱ可充任定语的词:数词,代词,名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,从句
Ⅲ例子:
①数词(相当于形容词)
Two boys need two pens。
②代词(包括物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、 关系代词、 连接代词、 疑问代词)
His name is Tom。
③ 名词所有格
It is Tom‘s house。
④ 名词
The boy needs a ball pen
⑤形容词
a beautiful girl
⑥副词(时间副词、地点副词)
Most of the people here know each other. 这里大多数人互相认识。
The temperature today is seventy degrees Fahrenheit. 今天气温是华氏70度。
I had the good fortune to be chosen for a trip abroad. 我真幸运,被选中出国旅行。
Her speech yesterday was a signal that her views have changed.
disturb the old lady downstairs.
⑦介词短语
a map of china
a map on the desk
⑧不定式
The boy to write this letter needs a pen。
She is the right person to teacher him。(to teach him 作定语)
There is nothing to do today.(to do为定语, 修饰名词nothing)
⑨动名词
a swimming pool
⑩ 现在分词
a swimming boy
11过去分词
a boy named Tom
12从句
5【状语】
Ⅰ定义:状语是修饰整个句子或动词性质、形容词性质的其他句子成分(包括谓语、定语)
Ⅱ充任状语的词:名词词组(相当于副词)、副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式
Ⅲ例子:
①名词词组作状语:
[1]名词或名词词组作状语,一般置于句末。
Wait a minute. 等一会儿。
Come this way! 走这边!
No one really knows why wolves walk (in)single file.排成一列行走。
[2]next/last/this/one/every/each/some/any/all+ day/month/year/Sunday等等可以直接用作状语,有些已经演化成了固定短语如all the year round一年到头 all the time一直
We must get together again some day.将来某天我们必能再相聚.
see you next Monday.
[3]一些由and或or连接所形成的名词短语如Rain or shine和heart and soul等直接作状语
Rain or shine,we must arrive there on time.
we should serve people heart and soul.
[4]名词词组each/every/the first/time, the instant/instance/moment/minute 所引导的时间状语从句; the way所
直接引导的方式状语从句
②副词作状语:
He speaks English very well. (其中的“very”是程度副词,用来修饰“well”。“very well”是修饰“speak”的程度状语。)
③介词短语作状语
The boy was praised for his bravery.
The classroom is cleaned by students。(by students 作状语)
④从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连。