the nature of business
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2020年08月01日 05:09
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劳动是指精神或身体的工作来生产商品。大多数劳动变成成品原料，然后分发这些买家。在工业化国家，劳动通常比身体心理。例如，在制造业和农业，机械完成的工作，非常辛苦物理用来做非熟练劳动者。
In other countries, computers programmed robots and other forms of data processing equipment perform many of the jobs which used to require a lot of mental labor. Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that humans have to use in order to conduct business.
在其他国家，电脑编程机器人和执行加工设备，以前的工作需要大量的脑力劳动许多其他形式的数据。因此，在一定程度上未来的因素，资金，可以用来替代劳动或减少体力和脑力劳动，人类必须使用，以进行业务量。
In everyday language, capital means several things. The most general meaning is wealth or money. But it also refers to the equipment that money purchases . As one of the basic factors of production, capital is all of the things that workers use in production and distribution. It includes their tools, machines, and buildings such as factories and warehouses where goods are produced and stored. Capital, therefore, refers to anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.
在日常用语中，资本是指几件事情。最一般意义上是财富或金钱。但它也指设备的钱购买。作为生产的基本因素之一，资本是工人的事情，在生产和销售使用所有。它包括工厂，进行商品的生产，储存仓库，他们的工具，机器和建筑物。资本，因此，是指任何有助于生产和销售商品。
Putting together land, labor, and capital to make something of value, is called entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is the person responsible for controlling and directing the other three factors. The entrepreneur does not make things with his own hands unless he is also a worker. In a business the workers take orders from the entrepreneur. He is the leader, and the employees follow his direction.
放在一起土地，劳动力，资本，使有价值的东西，被称为企业家精神。企业家是人控制和指挥其他三个因素负责。企业家不作他自己的手中的东西，除非他也是一名工人。在一家企业的工人从创业者的命令。他是领导，员工跟随他的方向。
Entrepreneurship includes some other important activities. The entrepreneur is responsible for initiating business activity. He must begin his business by bringing together the land, labor, and capital.
Next, he must manage the business by deciding the general polices for business operation. In order to be successful, an entrepreneur must also be innovative . He must look for new products or new ways of making things, and new methods of d
istribution, or he must offer new services. He must be able to decide on the value of things that other people invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of filing, or a new way of advertising. Finally, he bears all the risks of the business.
创业包括其他一些重要的活动。企业家是企业发起活动负责。他必须首先汇集了土地，劳动力和资本的业务。
接下来，他必须管理，决定对商业运作的一般政策业务。为了获得成功，企业家也必须创新。他必须寻找新的产品或制造产品的新途径，新方法和分配，否则他必须提供新的服务。他必须能够对事物的价值决定，其他人发明，不论它是一个新玩具，新方法的申请，或新的广告方式。最后，他承担了全部业务的风险。
Everyone connected with a business shares in the risks of the business. When a company goes bankrupt , that is, becomes unable to pay its debts, it causes problems for many 10 people. It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere; the customers must look for another place to buy the products; creditors usually lose some of the money to the company. But the entrepreneur takes the biggest risk if the business succeeds or fails. He must pay them up to the limit of his ability to pay. If he is skillful—and lucky—the money he receives from his business venture will pay for the land, labor, and capital, and there will still be some extra money remaining for him. This extra money is the profit. If the money he receives from the business venture is not enough to pay all of the costs, the difference is a loss.
每个人都连接在一个企业的风险企业的股份。当公司破产时，即无力偿还债务，它会导致许多10人的问题。这是谁的员工可能要在其他地方找工作难，客户必须寻找其他地方购买的产品;债权人通常会丧失一些钱给该公司。但最大的风险企业家需要如果企业成功或失败。他必须支付他们到他的支付能力极限。如果他善于和幸运，他的钱，他从商业公司将支付土地，劳动力和资本接收，并仍然会有一些多余的钱为他剩下的。这额外的钱就是利润。如果钱的生意，他从没有收到足够支付所有的费用，所不同的是一种损失。
The Nature of Business
1. Business is the human activity related to material things. It is necessary for civilization. It is found in all societies, even the simplest ones. Business may include the production of goods: Making airplanes, building buildings, and constructing paper boxes are examples of production. It can also
provide the financing for these activities. Lending money, trading stocks and bonds, and selling insurance policies relate to the securing of capital for business activities. Other forms of business include merchandising , which is the selling of products, and providing various services, such a
s accounting,
distributing , and repairs. Business, then, is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services.
2. In our study of business, it is necessary to understand the four basic factors of production. These four factors are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. What is meant by these four terms
3. In order to produce things, it is necessary to use land. Here, the term land is used in the most general way. It refers not only to a piece of real estate where we might build a factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for production. Some of these raw materials are found on the earth’s
surface, such as trees, which yield wood for lumber. Other raw materials are found under the earth’s surface in mines and oil wells, and still other raw materials may be extracted from the air. All the raw materials for production come from the land, the air, and the oceans.
4. Labor refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods. Most labor changes raw materials into finished products and then distributes these to buyers. In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than physical. For example, in both manufacturing and agriculture, machines
accomplish the very tiring physical work that unskilled laborers used to do.
5. In other countries, computers programmed robots and other forms of data processing equipment perform many of the jobs which used to require a lot of mental labor. Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor
that humans have to use in order to conduct business.
6. In everyday language, capital means several things. The most general meaning is wealth or money. But it also refers to the equipment that money purchases . As one of the basic factors of production, capital is all of the things that workers use in production and distribution. It includes their tools,
machines, and buildings such as factories and warehouseswhere goods are produced and stored. Capital, therefore, refers to anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.
7. Putting together land, labor, and capital to make something of value, is called entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is the person responsible for controlling and directing the other three factors. The entrepreneur does not make things with his own hands unless he is also a worker. In a business the
workers take orders from the entrepreneur. He is the leader, and the employees follow his direction.
8. Entrepreneurship includes some other important activities. The entrepreneur is responsible for initiating business activity. He must begin his business by bringing together the land, labor, and capital. Next, he must manage the business by deciding the general polices for business operation. In order
to be successful, an entrepreneur must also be innovative . He must look for new products or new ways of making things, and new methods of distribution, or
he must offer new services. He must be able to decide on the value of things that other people invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of
filing, or a new way of advertising. Finally, he bears all the risks of the business.
9. Everyone connected with a business shares in the risks of the business. When a company goes bankrupt , that is, becomes unable to pay its debts, it causes problems for many
people. It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere; the customers must look for another place to buy the products; creditors usually lose some of the money to the company. But the entrepreneur takes the biggest risk if the business succeeds or fails. He must pay them up to the
limit of his ability to pay. If he is skillful—and lucky—the money he receives from his business venture will pay for the land, labor, and capital, and there will still be some extra money remaining for him. This extra money is the profit. If the money he receives from the business venture is not enough
to pay all of the costs, the difference is the loss.
商务的性质
1 商务是与物质相关的人类活动。商务对人类文明是必要的。它存在于所有社会形态中，即使是最简单的社会。商务会包括商品生产，例如制造飞机、修建房屋和生产纸盒。它也包括为生产活动提供金融财政服务。如贷款、股票和债券交易、销售有关获取商务资本的保险单。其他形式的商务包括买卖交易，这是销售产品和提供各种服务，例如会计、分销和维修。所以，商务是生产和销售商品以及服务的活动。
2 我们研究商务时，有必要了解生产的四个基本要素。这四个因素是土地、劳动力、资本和企业家素质。这四个术语是什么意思呢？
3 要想生产东西，使用土地是必须的。这里，土地这个术语被广义使用。它不仅指我们可能建工厂的一块房地产，而且还指所有
用于生产的所有原材料。我们发现一些原材料在地球表面，如用来生产木材的树木。发现其他原材料在地表下面，在矿山和油井里，还有其他原料，可以从空气中提取。所有用于生产的原材料都来自于土地、空气和海洋。
4 劳动力是指使用脑力和体力来生产商品。大部分劳动力用在把原材料变为成品和分销这些产品到买家的过程。在工业化国家中，一般是脑力劳动多于体力劳动。例如，在制造业和农业上，机器完成那些非常累人的体力工作，而过去常由没什么技能的人去做。
5 在另外一些国家，电脑给机器人编程序，还有其他形式的数据处理设备做许多过去耗费大量脑力劳动的工作。因此，在一定程度上，下一个因素，资本，可以用来取代劳动力或减少人们用于商务活动的体力和脑力劳动的数量。
6 在日常用语中，资本有几种意思。最普通的意思是财富或金
钱。但它也指钱购买的设备。作为生产的基本要素之一，资本指工人用于生产和分销商品的一切东西。它包括工具、机器、建筑物，例如工厂和生产、储存商品的仓库。因此，资本指帮助生产和销售商品的一切东西。
7 把土地、劳力、资本整合成有价值的东西，就是所谓的企业家素质。企业家是指负责控制和指导其他三个因素的人。企业家不用自己干活，除非他也是一名工人。在商业中，工人执行企业家的命令。他是领导人，员工听他指挥。
8 企业家素质包括其他一些重要活动。企业家负责启动商业活动。他必须通过整合土地、劳力和资本来开始他的业务。下一步，他必须通过为商业运作做大的决策来管理企业。为了成功，企业家还必须创新。他必须寻求新产品或新的生产方法，新的
分销方式或提供新的服务。他必须能够判断人们发明创造的价值，不论它是一个新玩具，一个新的归档方法，或一种新的广告方式。最后，他承担业务的所有风险。
9 每个与业务相关的人都分担业务的风险。当公司破产时，也就是说，公司没有能力偿付其债务时，许多人会有麻烦。员工会很困难地到别处找工作；顾客必须寻找其他地方购买产品；债权人通常会失去投资该公司的一些钱。但是，无论成功或失败，企业家承担的风险最大。他必须竭尽所能支付。如果他精明能干、运气好，那么，他从公司经营中获得的钱在支付土地、劳力和资本之后，还有一些多余的钱。这笔额外款项就是利润。如果他从公司经营中获得的钱，不足够以支付所有的成本费用，那么，这个差额就是亏损。