美国文学复习资料3
玛丽莲梦兔
757次浏览
2020年08月01日 12:57
最佳经验
本文由作者推荐
孙振耀退休感言-邓颖超
1、background:
① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit.
② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/收音机）
③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎
2、Imagism 意象派：present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.
书上内容：
一、时期综述：
1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.
2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel
Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》
William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》
6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》 .
二、代表作家：
1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人
①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。
②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”
Edewin Arlington Robinson爱德堡.阿林顿.；罗宾逊
2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet
①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.
(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.
(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.
②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.
③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑
Carl Sandburg 卡尔.桑德堡
3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人
①His work is prima
rily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。
②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《带蓝吉他的人》；
“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.
“Anecdote of the Jar”《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体
③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。
(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。
(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)
★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人
①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家
②代表作：
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.
“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。
“Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem
“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧
③作品特点：(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。
(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。
(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知识
、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。
5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家
①作品：“This Side of Paradise”《人间天堂》，the first novel.
“The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel
“Tender Is the Night” 《夜色温柔》 novel
②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望
Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了
③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘 真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价
6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家
①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。
(2) His primary concern was an individual’s “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性”，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。
(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.
②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”
“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”
7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克
①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers
“The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。
8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳
①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”
③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流
2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者
7、International theme：The meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contrast with European decadence and
the moral and psychological complications arising therefore. The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures could be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value Systems, and the protagonist usually goes through a painful process of spiritual growth, gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.
8、Symbolism: It is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century.
★4、transcendentalism超验主义：
①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
③they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
④it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善
Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家“Sketch Book”“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最
接近史诗的作品。③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人