实用经济学专业术语
别妄想泡我
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2020年08月01日 13:27
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信封的格式怎么写-不臣之心
（摘自旺旺英语论坛）
我觉得这份汇总并不是很全，大家在学习时继续补充吧。如果有时间和精力，就补充进来，和大家共享。
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由 刘冬焱 在 05-05-2003 10:59 AM 发表:
给不方便下载的同学
MBA专业术语汇总
A
Ability-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage 绝对优势
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate 平均税率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost 平均总成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost 平均可变成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator 加速数
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments 后天禀赋
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns
adverse selection 逆向选择
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance
5-05-2003 11:03 AM 发表:
d
causation 因果关系
relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one
central planning 中央计划
the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced
centralization 集权
organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top
centrally planned economy 中央计划经济
an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government
certificate of deposit (CD) 存单
account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquidity
circular flow 循环流程
how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector
classical economists 古典经济学家
economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment
classical unemployment 古典失业
unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment
competitive equilibrium price 竞争性均衡价格
the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each other
consumer protection legislation 消费者保护法
laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buying
consumer sovereignty 消费者权益
the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off
consumption function 消费函数
the relationship between disposable income and consumption
contingency clauses 应变条款
statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors
corporate income tax 公司所得税
a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporation
correlation 相关
relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another one
cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀
inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs
Cournot competition 古诺竞争
an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount
credentials competition 文凭竞争
the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but t
greater than revenues
deflation 通货紧缩
a persistent decrease in the general level of prices
demand-constrained equilibrium 受需求约束的平衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the current price level
demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀
inflation whose initial cause is aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at the current price level
demographic effects 人口效应
effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthrates, and location
deregulation 放松管制
the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freely
devaluation 贬值
a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system
developed countries 发达国家或工业化国家
the wealthiest nations in the world, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减
the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and less
dividends 股息
that portion of corporate profits paid out to shareholders
downward rigidity of wages 工资下降刚性
the situation that exists when wages do not fall quickly in response to a shift in the demand or supply curve for labor, resulting in an excess supply of labor
dual economy 二元经济
the separation in many LDCs between an impoverished rural sector and an urban sector that has higher wages and more advanced technology
duopoly 双头垄断
an industry with only two firms
durable goods 耐用品
goods that provide a service over a number of years, such as cars, major appliances, and furniture
dynamic consistency 动态一致性
a policy is said to have dynamic consistency when government announces a course of action and then has the incentives to actually carry out that policy
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由 刘冬焱 在 05-05-2003 11:04 AM 发表:
E
Economics 经济学
The study of how society manages its scarce resources
Economies of scale 规模经济
The property that long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
Efficiency 效率
The property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society; The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
Efficiency wages 效率工资
Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity
Efficient scale 有效规模
The quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
Elasticity 弹性
A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
Equilibrium 均衡
A situation in which supply and demand have been brou
the quantity demanded
Inferior good 低档商品
A good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in quantity demanded
Inflation 通货膨胀
An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
Inflation rate 通货膨胀率
The percentage change in the price index from the preceding period
Internalizing an externality 外部性的内在化
Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
Investment 投资
Spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing
imperfect competition 不完全竞争
any market structure in which there is some competition but firms face downward-sloping demand curves
implicit contract 隐含合同
an unwritten understanding between two groups involved in an exchange, such as an understanding between employer and employees that employees will receive a stable wage throughout fluctuating economic conditions
import function 进口函数
the relationship between imports and national income
incomplete markets 不完全市场
situations in which no market may exist for some good or for some risk, or in which some individuals cannot borrow for some purposes
increasing, constant or diminishing returns to scale 规模收益递增/不变/递减
when all inputs are increased by a certain proportion, output increases by a greater proportion (also known as economies of scale)
indexing 指数化
the formal linking of any payment to a price index
individual income tax 个人所得税
a tax based on the income received by any individual or household
infant industry argument for protection 幼稚工业保护论
the argument that industries must be protected from foreign competition while they are young, until they have a chance to acquire the skills to enable them to compete on equal terms
infinite elasticity of demand 无限需求弹性
the situation that exists when any amount will be demanded at a particular price, but nothing will be demanded if the price rises even a small amount
infinite elasticity of supply 无限供给弹性
situation that exists when any amount will be supplied at a particular price, but nothing will be supplied if the price falls even a small amount
inflation tax 通货膨胀税
the decrease in buying power (wealth) that inflation imposes on those who hold currency (and other assets, like bonds, the payments for which are fixed in terms of dollars)
inflationary spiral 通货膨胀螺旋
a self-perpetuating system in which price increases lead to higher wages, which lead to further price increases
infrastructure 基础设施
the roads, ports, bridges, and legal system that provide the necessary basis for a working economy
insider-outsider theory 局内人—局外人理论
the theory that firms are reluctant to pay new workers (outsiders) a lower wage than current workers (insiders), because current workers will fear bei
展中国家
the poorest nations of the world, including much of Africa, Latin America, and Asia
life-cycle hypothesis 生命周期假说
the theory that individuals typically save when they are young and working and spend their savings as they age and retire
life-cycle savings motive 生命周期储蓄动机
people save during their working lives so that they can consume more during retirement
limit pricing 限制性定价
the practice of charging a lower price than the level at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, as a way of deterring entry by persuading potential competitors that their profits from entering are likely to be limited
Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线
a curve that shows the cumulative proportion of income that goes to each cumulative proportion of the population, starting with the lowest income group
Luddites 卢德派分子
early nineteenth-century workmen who destroyed labor-saving machinery rather than see it taking over their jobs
M
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学
The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Marginal changes 边际变动
Small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
Marginal cost 边际成本
The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
Marginal product 边际产量
The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
Marginal product of labor 劳动的边际产量
The increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率
The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal revenue 边际收益
The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Marginal tax rate 边际税率
The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
Market 市场
A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Market economy 市场经济
An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Market failure 市场失灵
A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
Market for loanable funds 可贷资金市场
The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds
Market power 市场力量
The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Medium of exchange 交换媒介
An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services
Menu costs 菜单成本
The costs of changing prices
Microeconomics 微观经济学
The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 总需求与总供给模型
The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
Monetary ne
utrality 货币中性
The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
Monetary policy 货币政策
The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
Money 货币
The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people
Money multiplier 货币乘数
The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
Money supply 货币供给
The quantity of money available in the economy
Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争
A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
Monopoly 垄断
A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
Multiplier effect 乘数效应
The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending
Mutual fund 共同基金
An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds
M1, M2, M3 货币供给量的度量
measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds
managerial slack 管理松懈
the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition
marginal costs and benefits 边际成本和边际收益
costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another
marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向
the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向
the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向
the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal utility 边际效用
the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo
market clearing 市场出清
situation that exists when there is neither excess supply nor excess demand
market failures approach 市场失灵论
the argument that government may have an economic role to play when markets fail to produce efficient outcomes
market labor supply curve 劳动的市场供给曲线
the relationship between the wage paid and the amount of labor willingly supplied, found by adding up the labor supply curves of all individuals in the economy
median voter 中间投票人
the voter such that half the population have preferences on one side of this voter (for instance, they want higher government expenditures and taxes),while the other half of the population have preferences on the other side of this voter (they want lower taxes and expenditures)
merit goods and bads 公
a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity
slope 斜率
the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the "rise") by the change in the horizontal axis (the "run")
Smith's "invisible hand" 斯密“看不见的手”
the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an "invisible hand"
smoothing consumption 均匀消费
consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption
social marginal cost 社会边际成本
the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer
socialism 社会主义
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state
soft budget constraints 软预算约束
budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses
static expectations 静态预期
the belief of individuals that today's prices and wages are likely to continue into the future
sticky prices 粘性价格
prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium
sticky wages 粘性工资
wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions
stock statistics 存量统计
measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines
sunk cost 沉没成本
a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered
supply-constrained equilibrium 供给约束的均衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand
surplus labor 剩余劳动
a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers
T
Tariff 关税
A tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Tax incidence 税收归宿
The study of who bears the burden of taxation
Technological knowledge 技术知识
Society's understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services
Theory of liquidity preference 流动偏好理论
Keynes' theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance
Total cost 总成本
The amount a firm pays to buy the inputs into production
Total revenue 总收益
The amount a firm receives for the sale of its output; The amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold
Trade balance 贸易余额
The value of a nation's exports minus the value of its imp