英语句子成分分析
玛丽莲梦兔
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2020年08月02日 06:09
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宾语补足语一般句型"复合谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语"在英语中使用很广,宾语补足语用来说明宾语的情况,能带宾语补足语的动词常见的有make,keep,,name,call,hear,seem,leave等. 如:Books gave me knowledge and make me happy书能给予我知识并使我快乐. She found him a very clever boy.
名词做宾补
had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.
形容词做宾补
Sunday I saw you out with your sister.
副词做宾补
4. To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
介词短语做宾补
5. I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
现在分词
6.I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
不定式做宾补
1).to do The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there. ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade 2) 省略 to 的不定式 We saw the car stop. I made him change his mind 被动语态: The car was seen to stop. He was made to change his mind.编辑本段备注
感官动词:see watch notice look at observe feel hear listen to 使役动词: make let have 一感二听三让四观看 一感:feel 二听:hear, listen to 三让:let, have, make 四观看:observe, see, watch, look at 8 从句做宾补 We will make our hometown what your hometown is now. 9.注意: it 做形式宾语 结构: 主+谓语+ it +宾补+真正宾语 I found it pleasant to be with your family. We think it our duty that we should help the poor. Choose the best answers. 宾语补足语和宾语从句是有不同的 它是补充说明宾语状态及动作的短语或形容词。 其实宾语补足语和宾语从句是有不同的,功能宾语补语,即在宾语后面补充说明宾语的性质,状态,动作,特征宾语补语,即在宾语后面补充说明宾语的性质,状态,动作,特征上的差距: 宾语是主语动作的承受者,而宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。英语句子成分 根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。
1. 主语:表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,置于句首。如:It’s getting cold. 天冷起来了。Now everything is ready. 现在一切都准备好了。The teacher is very kind to us. 老师对我们很好。
(1)名词作主语 David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。
(2) 代词作主语 Who is speaking, please? (在电话中)请问您是谁? That's OK. 这没问题。
(3) 数词
连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割。
3. 表语:表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、代词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如:
He looks very angry. (形容词) His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。(动名词) His task is to repair the bike. (不定式) She is a doctor. (名词) The poor boy was himself. (代词) Time is up. (副词) He is satisfied with the response. (分词短语) He is in the classroom now. (介词短语) The fact is that she has accepted his gift. (从句)
作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。(fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。)
1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 例如: He always kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests(= remains) a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come(=become), run. 例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
4. 宾语:指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子等充当,位于动词之后。
(1) 名词作宾语 Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。
(2) 代词作宾语 He didn't say anything. 她什么也没说。
(3) 数词作宾语 How many do you want? - I want two. 你要几个?- 我要两个。
(4) 名词化的形容词作宾语 They sent the injured to hospital.
他们把伤员送到医院。
(5) 不定式或ing形式作宾语 The asked to see my passport. 他们要求看我的护照。 I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。
(6) 从句作宾语 Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话记下了没有? I have no idea of what he is doing.他在做什么,我不知道。
在通常情况下,介词必须有自己的宾语。能充当介词宾语的成分很多,如:
1. 名词或代词作介词宾语 Don’t worry about it. 别为它担心。He is good at English. 他擅长英语。I’ll be back in a moment. 我一会儿就回来。
【注】若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格:We are waiting for her. 我们在等她。(不能用…for she)
2. 动名词作介词宾语She is good at telling stories. 她善于讲故事He was very angry at losing it. 把它丢失了,他很生气。thank you for telling me the news. 谢谢你告诉我这个消息。
3. 从句作介词宾语He was surprised at what she said. 听到她说的话,他很吃惊。He began to think about what he would do. 他开始考虑他该怎么办。
【注】介词后通常不接that从句,但表示“除外”的介词except 是例外:I know nothing about him except that he is from Paris. 我只知道是来自巴黎,其他的就不知道了。
另外,介词后也不接if从句作宾语,遇此情况可用whether:We are worried about whether he will come. 我们担心他是否能来。
4. 不定式作介词宾语He wanted nothing except to watch TV. 他只想看电视。He had no choice but to sell his house. 他没有办法,只好把房子卖了。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
【注】1. 介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别介词。该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词 do,其后的不定式通常不带 to;若其前没有出现动词 do,则其后的不定式通常带 to。
2. 介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:I bought a book on how to repair cars. 我买了一本关于如何修理汽车的书。
5. 副词作介词宾语I can’t stay for long. 我不能久呆。It’s too hot in here. 这里面太热了。I looked everywhere except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
【注】副词用作介词宾语的情况并不常见,通常只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词,而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点,如可说in here,但不能说come to here。
6. 数词作介词宾语He has a son of sixteen. 他有一个16岁的儿子。He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
7. 介词短语作介词宾语Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。Suddenly he came out from behind the door. 他突然从门后出来。
【注】通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是 from, till, u
义。
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。
3 基本句型 三 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 S V(及物动词) O
常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案?2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说:"早上好!
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
4 基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。S │V(及物)│o(多指人)│ O(多指物)
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来), give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
英语句子成分结构详解
一、英语语句基本结构分析:
(一)主谓宾结构:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America. He made a speech. Tow and tow is four. To be a teacher is my dream. Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,
eg:We come. Many changes took place in my home town.
注(以
语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to .
五、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短 I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
六、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如: We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students. (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结
构)。 感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I belie
ve,等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
八、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。例:错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略,如: Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词如: With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做,他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in,with glasses on
his nose.老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)