企业员工手册-幼儿园老师寄语

Unit 1
Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy
爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事

1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had
a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that
he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.
在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有 件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足
球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一 项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right
background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a
radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.
但她漂亮而且富有 ，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍
而睿智的律 师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，
我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。

3
“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I
had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.
We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.
about?
在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座 小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪
异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人 的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从
刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。

5
“逻辑学。”

6
“好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

7
are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpl iciter.
“逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实， 其中有些还很普遍。我们先
来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。”

8
“好啊，”她表示同意。

9 Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody
should exercise.
“‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动 。”

10 She nodded in agreement.
她点头表示赞同。
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11 I could see she was stumped.
or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.
我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉 ，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运
动就变得有害而不 是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”

12 is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't
speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.
“接下来是‘草率结论’。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了： 你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校
里好像是没有人会说法语。”

13
“是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”

14 is also a fallacy,I said. generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a
conc lusion.
“这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太 少了。”

15 She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for
another conversation.
她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约 会交谈
的日子。

16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said,
第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫‘文不对题’。”

17 She nodded with delight.
她高兴地点了点头。

18
has six children to feed.
“听好了， ”我说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”

19
“哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了,”她哽咽着轻声说道。

20 it's awful,I agreed, it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he
appealed to the boss's sympathy — Ad Misericor diam.
“对，是挺可怕的,”我表示赞同地说,“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题， 而只是在博取老板的同情，
这就是‘文不对题’。”

21 She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.
她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。

22
textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.
“接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论‘错 误类比’。举个例子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手
术时可以看X光片。”

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23
“我喜欢这个主意，”她说。

24
much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between
them.
“波莉，”我抱怨道，“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是 在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少，而学生却是。
他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。”

25
“我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。

26 With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last.
The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.
经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，她总算能够 分析思考了。现在应该是时候
让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。

27
“波莉，”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”

28
“哦？”她回答说，有一点失望。

29 Favoring her with a grin, I said,
pretty good couple.我赞许地对她笑了笑，说:“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。”

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you think?
“草率结论，”波莉伶俐地说，“或者是按一 般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为吗？”

31 I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations.
patting her hand in a tolerant manner,
good.
我被逗得笑了起来，她 功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的预期。“亲爱的，”我开口说，同时宽容地拍了拍她的
手，“五次约 会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”

32
boy .
“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”

33 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more
false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.
我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕 她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我
决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。

34
“波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”

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35
“文不对题，”她说。

36
so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life.
“你还真是 能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我
是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”

37
“绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”

38 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up.
我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”

39
“我不愿意，”她答道。

40
“为什么？”我追问道。

41 — Rob and I are back together.
“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣——罗伯和我重归于好了。”

42 With great effort, I said calmly,
tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who'll never know where
his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?
我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选 择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，
一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌 肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，
为什么要选择跟他？”

43
voice dripping with sarcasm. — I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your
jacket!
“喔，这是什么假设啊！为 了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，“事
情的真相是—— 我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”














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Unit 1
Text B Why do smart people do dumb things?
聪明人为何会做蠢事？

1 Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectual rigor highly in the modern realm of universities and tech
industry jobs. One of the underlying assumptions of this value system is that smart people, by virtue of what they've
learned, will formulate better decisions. Often this is true. Yet psychologists who study human decision-making
processes have uncovered cognitive biases common to all people, regardless of intelligence, that can lead to poor
decisions in experts and laymen alike.
传统观 念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。这一价值体系所隐含的前提是，
聪明人借助自己丰富的学识会作出更高明的决定。在大多数情况下，确实如此。但是，研究人类决策过程的心理学 家
们却发现了每个人身上都常见的“认知偏差”。不管智力水平如何，这些认知偏差都会引导人们作出错 误的决定，不论
他们是专家还是门外汉。

2 Thankfully these biases can be avoided. Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an
awareness of your own limitations and allow you to factor them into your decision-making.
好在这些偏差是可以避免的。只要知道这些偏差如何及在何种情况下发生，你就能意识到自身的缺陷，并在决策< br>过程中考虑到这些因素的影响。

3 One of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error. Through this people
attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere circumstance, subconsciously considering their
own characters to be stainless.
It also leads us to attribute our own success to our qualifications, discounting luck, while seeing others' success as the
product of mere luck. < br>最常见的偏差之一就是通常所说的“基本归因错误”。犯这种错误的人会将别人的失败归因于性格缺陷，而 将自己
的失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，潜意识中认为自己的性格是完美无瑕的。“詹金斯丢掉了工作是因为 他能力太差，我丢掉
了工作则是因为经济衰退。”同样，这种偏差也会让我们将自己的成功归功于自身素 质而不是运气，而将别人的成功仅
仅看作是运气使然。

4 In other words, we typically demand more accountability from others than we do from ourselves. Not only does
this lead to petty judgments about other people, it also leads to faulty risk assessment when you assume that certain bad
things only happen to others. For example, you might assume, without evidence, that the price of your house will go up
even though 90 percent of them have dropped in price, because you yourself are more competent.
换句话说，我们通常要求别人承担更多的责任，而不是自己。这不仅导致我们心 胸狭窄地对别人进行评价也会由
于假定某种坏事只会发生在别人身上而致使我们做出错误的风险评判。举 一个例子，你可能会毫无根据地假定自己的
房子会升值，哪怕周围百分之九十的房子都已经贬值了，因为 你总认为自己的能力更强。

5 Confirmation bias is sometimes found together with fundamental attribution error. This one has two parts. First,
we tend to gather and rely upon information that only confirms our existing views. Second, we avoid or veto things that
refute our preexisting hypotheses.
“确定性偏差”有时会和“基本归因错误”一并出 现。这种偏差包含两部分：第一，我们往往只收集且只依赖对我们
的已有观点起支持作用的信息；第二， 我们回避或否认那些与自己之前所持的假设相左的信息。

6 For example, imagine that you suspect your computer has been hacked. Every time it stalls or has a little error,
you assume that it was triggered by a hacker and that your suspicions are valid. This bias plays an especially big role in
rivalries between two opposing views. Each side partitions their own beliefs in a logic-proof loop, and claims their
opponent is failing to recognize valid points. Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requires exploring both sides of an
argument with equal diligence.
比如说，假设你怀疑自己 的电脑受到了黑客攻击，那么它每次死机或出个小错，你都会认定是由黑客引起的，而
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且你认定自己的怀疑正确无误。这种偏差在两种敌对观点的对抗中会起到尤其 重要的作用。每一方都会把自己的观点
隔离出来，认为其在逻辑上无懈可击，并声称他们的对手忽略了某 些要点。所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样
的努力认真探究论点的正反两面。

7 Similar to confirmation bias is the overconfidence bias. In an ideal world, we could be correct 100 percent of the
time we were 100 percent sure about something, correct 80 percent of the time we were 80 percent sure about something,
and so on. In reality, people's confidence vastly exceeds the accuracy of those judgments. This bias most frequently
comes into play in areas where someone has no direct evidence and must make a guess — estimating how many people
are in a crowded plaza, for example, or how likely it will rain. To make matters worse, even when people are aware of
overconfidence bias, they will still tend to overstate the chances that they are correct. Confidence is no prophet and is
best used together with available evidence. When witnesses are called to testify in a court trial, the confidence in their
testimony is measured along with and against the evidence at hand.
与 “确定性偏差”相类似的是“过度自信偏差”。在一个理想的世界，当我们百分之百地确信某件事时，我们就百分
之百地正确；当我们百分之八十地确信某件事时，我们就百分之八十地正确，以此类推。但在现实中，人 们的信心却
大大超过了其判断的准确度。在一个人缺乏直接证据而必须要作出某种猜测的情况下，这一偏 差就最有可能起作用，
比如，估计一个拥挤的购物广场有多少人，或下雨的可能性有多大。更糟糕的是， 即使人们意识到自己有过度自信的
偏差，他们还是会高估自己的正确率。光靠自信是无法进行准确预测的 ，只有在切实证据的基础上，自信才能发挥最
大的作用。当法庭传唤目击者出庭作证时，对他们证词的信 任度是通过已经获取的相符或相反的证据来度量的。

8 The availability bias is also related to errors in estimation, in that we tend to estimate what outcome is more likely
by how easily we can recount an example from memory. Since the retention and retrieval of memories is biased toward
vivid, sensational, or emotionally charged examples, decisions based on them can often lead to strange, inaccurate
conclusions.
与估计失误相关的还有“可得性偏差”，因为我们常常会凭借回忆某一例证的难易程度来推测哪种结果更 可能出现。
由于记忆的留存和重拾会因为事件的生动与否、震撼程度和情感触动程度的不同而产生偏差， 那么，基于这些记忆所
作出的决定也往往会是奇怪或不准确的结论。

9 In action this bias might lead someone to cancel a trip to, for example, the Canary Islands because of a report that
the biggest plane crash in history happened there. Likewise some people might stop going out at night for fear of assault
or rape.
在具体行为中，这种偏差可能会使某人取消比如前往加那利群岛的行程，因为有报道说，史 上最惨重的空难就发
生在那里。同样，人们也可能因惧怕遭到人身侵犯或者强暴而不敢再在晚上出门。

10 Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision, one not based on the
obscured reality of vivid memory. If there is a low incidence of disaster, like only one out of 100,000 plane landings
results in a crash, it is safe to fly to the Canary Islands. If one out of one million people who go out is assaulted, it is safe
to go out at night.
要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须 在作某一具体决定时，以实证方法所取得的证据为依据，而不是以与现实不太相符
的某个鲜明的记忆为依 据。如果灾难的发生率很低，比如飞机着陆过程中坠毁的可能性只有十万分之一，那么飞往加
那利群岛就 仍是安全的。如果人们外出只有百万分之一的几率遭到人身侵犯，那么夜晚出行也就仍是安全的。

11 The sunk cost fallacy has a periodic application and was first identified by economists. A good example of how it
works is the casino slot machine. Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big
return, but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds. If they have been pulling the lever many
times in a row without success, they might decide that they had better keep spending money at the machine, or they will
have wasted everything they already put in.
“沉没成本谬误”也时有发生，它最初是由经济学家发现 的。其作用机理最好的例证就是赌场老虎机。赌徒们冒着
高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得到很大的 回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一次次把钱赌输了。如果他们
多次连续拉动拉杆而没有一次成功， 他们可能会决定最好还是继续把钱投入老虎机，否则他们之前投入的成本就悉数
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浪费了。

12 The truth is that every pull of the lever has the same winning probability of nearly one in a trillion, regardless of
how much money has been put in before — the previous plays were sunk costs.
而 事实是，不论他们之前投入了多少钱，每一次拉动拉杆的成功几率都同样是极小的——之前投入的那些即为沉没成本。

13 In everyday life this can lead people to stay in damaging situations because of how much they have already put
in, stuck on the erroneous belief that the value of that time or energy they have invested will decay or disappear if they
leave. The wisest course is to recognize the effects of the sunk cost fallacy and to leave a bad situation regardless of how
much you have already invested.
在日常生活中，这种谬 误会导致人们由于顾及之前所投入的成本，而持续停留在损失的状态中，同时困顿于一种
错误的观念，即 他们害怕自己一旦离开，之前所投入的时间和精力就会贬值或付诸东流。而最明智的办法则是，要充
分认 识沉没成本谬误导致的结果，离开糟糕的境况，不论之前已投入了多少。

14 While there are still more biases, the key to avoiding them remains the same: When a decision matters, it is best
to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good
intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.
尽管还有其他更多 的偏差，避免这些偏差的关键其实都一样：当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细
审查证据； 同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。





























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Unit 2
Text A The confusing pursuit of beauty
令人困惑的对美的追求

1 If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.
如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。

2 You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response,
then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal
will help you come up with the right answer.
对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答， 然后借口有急事马上脱身。
相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都 不会找到正确答案。

3 The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of
themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and
they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.
其原因是，男性和女性对外表的看法截 然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不
变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗 拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改
变这种看法。

4 Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all,
they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix
much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave
themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four minute allotment of time
for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too
badly, he feels he's done all he can.
我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌 感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样
貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任 何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学
的角度去审视自己。他 们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于一位男性来说，如果能花四分
钟刮刮胡子 ，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。

5 Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it
would be:
beauty industry. She has trouble thinking ies the smallest imperfections in her body and
imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.
女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价 的话，那肯定是：“还不够好。”
一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对自己的看法总是由于受美容 业的影响而蒙着一层阴影。要她认为“我很漂亮”
是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大 ，并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到
并且嘲笑她。

6 Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the
interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls
grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds,
with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of
the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd
standard with that presented to little boys with their
were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but
he was still extremely self- confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others,
violet for this outfit?
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为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生俱来的，而是 由许多复杂的心理和社
会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长 过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身
材比例还原为真人大小的话，就会是7英尺高，61英磅重，大腿纤细 ，上身丰满。要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤
其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，就知道其相对尺 寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种
荒唐标准相比，小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶” 却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“蜜蜂
侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半 像会飞的昆虫。这个玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人
说：“这个配饰 的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？”

7 But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most
women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion- dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery
store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest
moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to
Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these
middle-aged women apply clay masks and other products to their faces; she stressed how
important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All
the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they
applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.
然而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那 样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能
的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业，在超市化妆品销售专区的 配合下，总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，使
其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，以及各种 美容器具，才能“激发和恢复”肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期
《奥普拉脱口秀》，在节目中，超级名模辛迪 ·克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这些中年妇
女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去 皱产品；她还强调一定要遵守这些方法，例如：往脸上涂抹这些产品时，要用指尖，
这样可以保护皮肤的 弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，无论
她们如何 认真地使用这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。

8 I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to
plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the
same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote
their self-esteem. They might say to Brad:
我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德·皮特的指 导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，
期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社会所关注 的唯一焦点。人们会鼓励男性借助其他特
征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：“是吗？那么帅哥，你 对草坪维护又知道多少？”

9 Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The
truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I
have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, had gorgeous
fingernails!To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink
polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails. < br>当然，女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。而事实是，大多数男性认 为美
丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来，我在听男性谈论 女性时，从来没
有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：“她的指甲真漂亮啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样 小的东西看起来都一样，无论
一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性 都一概视而不见。

10 By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny
of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease
men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?
女性参与这种极端的从众行为，实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下，因为只有那些 女性才有资格评价她们
所付出的努力。但是，如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意，同时又只是 招致其他女性的指责，这样做究竟
有什么好处呢？
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11 Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say
she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty
compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless
hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not
qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your
hair and inside the folds of your ears.
不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她 看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕，那
样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，这也是你咎由自取。但 是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词，赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么
相配，因为她知道你是在说谎。她已经花 费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪·克劳馥的一样。而且，也许因为
你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须 膏，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。







































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Unit 2
Text B Making the choice to be truly beautiful
选择拥有真正的美丽

1 Extreme makeovers are all the rage these days, with too many people addicted to Botox injection parties and
reality shows. Plastic surgery is on the rise. Many people are trying to match the extraordinary measures actors and
actresses go through to look perfect on the screen. Yet, the shortcuts to create biomedical happiness by having surgery,
taking supplements or dieting don't usually fulfill their promise. Besides, beautiful people are not automatically happy
people.
当今，过度追求相貌修整的风气无比盛行，太多的人沉迷于肉毒杆菌注射的宣讲会和真人秀，整容手术也日趋流
行。许多人的做法堪比男女演员为了使自己在屏幕上看起来完美无瑕而采取的手段。为了获得生物医学标 准下的幸福
感，人们会走做整容手术、吃营养品、节食这样的捷径，但这些捷径并不总能实现它们所承诺 的效果。而且，外表漂
亮的人并不一定就幸福。

2 Attaining the highest degree of your beauty is not about looking good during social interaction, or physiological
perfection, and you can't get there via technology. It's a growth process, a transformation of self through awareness and
learning. It's about meaning, and being real. It's an emotional and spiritual walk, and it requires faith fueled with
liberal doses of loving kindness.
最大限度地实现你自己的美并不是指要让自己在社交时漂亮或在生 理上完美，况且这些也不是通过技术就能实现
的。美是一个成长的过程，是一种通过意识和学习而达到的 自我改造。美在于生活的意义，在于真实。它是一个情感
和精神的旅程，需要人有信念才能获得，而且这 种信念的动力来自慷慨和充满爱心的善良。

3 Every day, I have the delight and privilege of loving Richard, my husband, a real, human, emotionally accessible
man. We're about the same age, and our looks have corroded a bit over time. After almost 20 years, though, we have
grown together in ways that go far deeper than the surface of our skin. Our life is lovely even if it doesn't match the
criterion of love in movie fantasies. We laugh together, we share the struggles of daily life together, and the thought that
he might die before I do fills me with dread. All the muscle- bound male models in the world couldn't replace my very
own, sensual, outgoing friend. It took me 37 years to find him, and I'm not about to replace him with the so-called

能有幸每天爱着理查德，我感到很高兴。他 是我丈夫，一个真实的、有人情味的、情感上可以靠近的人。我们年
龄相仿，相貌已在岁月中有所消退。 但近二十年来，我们共同成长，远超肌肤之表。尽管我们的生活不如虚幻的电影
故事中描述的爱情生活那 样，它却很美好。我们一起欢笑，一起分担日常生活的磕磕绊绊。如果想到他有可能先于我
离世，我会充 满恐惧。世界上任何一位肌肉发达的男模都不能取代我自己的这位性感、外向的伴侣。我花了37年时间
才找到他，我决不会因为所谓的“审美标准上的完美”而另寻他人。

4 I work as a psychotherapist, and clients come to my office every day scarred with emotional pain because their
lives aren't
as they see it on the big screen. It helps when I preface our sessions with the mention that tens of thousands of dollars go
into every second of media they see, that stars have dozens of people devoted exclusively to making them look good
(even when they're naked), that the effort of maintaining their images is an exhausting, full- time job. The
people in the media are under enormous pressure to maintain their looks, and for some reason, my clients don't realize
that they're exempt from that predominant pressure.
我是一名心理理疗师。每天我都要接待许多客户，他们都是因为生活不够“完美”而倍受情感痛苦。由于无法获 得
大屏幕上所看到的那种生活，他们感到力不从心、绝望无助，并因嫉妒而陷于沮丧。给他们提供治疗时 ，如果在治疗
开始前，我告诉他们，他们在媒体上所看到的每秒钟的图像都耗资数万，每个明星都有几十 个人专门为其打理形象，
使其外表悦目（甚至是裸体时也是如此），而且明星们保持形象是一件既费力又 费时的事，这会对他们的治疗有所帮助。
媒体上的俊男俏女们承受着保持形象的巨大压力，而我的客户却 因某种原因，没有意识到他们有幸免受了这种强大的
压力。

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5 I underscore that all the face creams, physical workouts, dietary fads, Prozac capsules and meditation regiments
in the world aren't going to make their lives, their bodies, or their mental state much better. In fact, they often hamper
happiness by distracting from the things that lead to real inner beauty. Life is not about maintaining some young and
stylish outward costume to hide behind. It's about growing and deepening your soul.
我要强调的是，世界上所有的面霜、健身锻炼、 饮食风尚、抗抑郁症的百忧解胶囊，乃至许多人在一起打坐冥思
等等，都不能改善一个人的生活、身体或 精神状况。事实上，这些方法还常常阻碍人们获得幸福，因为它们会使人分
心，不去关注那些能带来真正 内在美的事物。生活的意义不在于通过维持某种年轻时髦的外表来掩盖自己，而在于精
神的成长和升华。

6 The only way I know to develop my soul is through feelings. Witnessing natural phenomena — the star-lit galaxy,
a centuries-old redwood, the symphony of birds' songs in spring — stretches it, making me feel humble and majestic, all
at the same time. Human relationships bruise, collide and comfort, teaching me maturity and passion. Love urges my
soul to blossom and glow, affection elicits feelings of eternity, and so I learn to accept others as they are.
我所知道的 唯一的精神升华的途径就是通过情感。亲眼目睹各种自然现象——星光闪烁的银河，几百年树龄的红
杉木 ，春天里鸟儿的叫声汇成的交响乐——这些都使我的精神得以延伸，让我觉得自己既卑微又伟大。人际关系中的< br>摩擦、冲突和安慰使我变得成熟并充满激情。爱情促使我的精神成长并焕发光彩，亲情激发了我对永恒的感 受，因此
我学会了接受他人的真实本色。

7 The humans in my life are not the barren, self-absorbed
imperfect people. Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families
and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.
我生活中 的人都不是屏幕上那种思想平庸、迷恋自我的“美貌人士”。我们只是平凡的、实实在在的、有缺点的人。
我们一起勤奋努力，患难与共，尽力完善自我，和家人及朋友紧密相处，努力用我们的个人道德和志向去照亮世 界。

8 We come from numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve of each other's decisions, but we care for
each other the best we can. We struggle to be less self-indulgent, more compassionate and understanding. We try to
resist the lure of novelty fads, the manipulations of advertising. We survive through social phenomena that we don't
agree with, through interwoven natural and unnatural disasters that take our loved ones and possessions, through fads
and fancies that are often unhealthy. From each event, we learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture, we process the
emotional outcome, and we move on. These life events are the soul's workout, and though we may groan and complain,
we can feel the growth eventually. < br>我们来自各种不同的背景，而且有时意见相左，但是我们尽力互相关心。我们努力消除自己的任性，努力使 自己
更具同情心、更宽容。我们努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的诱惑及广告的操纵。我们会经历自己并不赞同 的社会现象，经
历那些夺走我们所挚爱的人和财物的错综交织的自然及人为灾难， 经历不良的时尚和幻 想。但从每一例这样的事件中，
我们都不断地学习、成长。我们有时也会发生分歧，也要处理分歧对感情 所带来的影响，然后继续前行。这些人生经
历是对我们心灵的历练。虽然我们会抱怨、发牢骚，我们终会 感受到自己的成长。

9 The secret is that this growth is visible to others, and the effort registers on one's entire being. It becomes an
authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint. Have you ever seen an elderly person like that,
one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief
sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can't be bought in
a jar.
这 其中的秘密就在于这种成长是他人可见的，而且这种努力在一个人的全身上下都能得到展现。它成了一种真实的存在，使一个人的精神像圣人那样光彩四溢。你是否见过这样一位老者，他眼睛里透射着智慧，当他温柔地 询问你
的健康，或以简短的抚慰让你感到平静和放心时，他对你的关爱是那样显露无遗？这样的老者内心 所散发出的精神才
是真正的美，这种美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妆品所能买得到的。

10 The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to achieve this perspective, this fullest embodiment of the
highest expression of soul, even as our mortal bodies wear out and degenerate.
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神奇的是，尽管我们的肉体会老去并且衰退，我们 每个人都完全有能力达到这个境界，即最大程度地展现最崇高
的精神内涵。

11 In other words, true beauty is not about looks. It's about choices. As we move through life and grow through
each of its checkpoints, we should seek out and build the kinds of experiences that reveal and purify our divine inner
beauty. We must look at our own lives and decisions from a more valuable perspective than the media's shallow eye.
换句话说，真正的美丽无关外貌，而在于选择。 在人生的旅途中，每当我们经过一个节点，都应该寻找那些能够
展示和净化我们神圣的内在美的人生体验 ，并且将它们积累下来。我们必须从一个更有价值的角度而非以媒体肤浅的
眼光来看待自己的人生和决定 。

12 The decisions we make today affect the rest of our lives. We ourselves are ultimately the only people to whom we
are accountable and for whom we are responsible. Each new decision we make can be a new resolution to build the
beautiful future we long to have.
我们今天所作的决 定会影响我们的余生。归根到底，我们自己才是唯一要对自己负责的人。我们所做的每一个新
决定都可能 表明了一个新决心，一个创造我们所渴望拥有的美好未来的决心。


































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Unit 3
Text A Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world
弗雷德•史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想

1 Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport,
in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pick-ups from locations all over the United States earlier in the
day. Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and
envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their
destinations to be dispersed by hand — many within 24 hours of leaving their senders. This is the culmination of a
dream of Frederick W. Smith, the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx
Corp. — known originally as Federal Express — the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world.
Conceived when he was in college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has become the
standard for door-to-door package delivery. 每天夜晚，在田纳西州的孟菲斯机场，都有几百架带着白、紫、桔色图案的飞机降落。而在每天此前的早些时 候，
这些飞机都在美国各地收集包裹。工作人员从飞机上卸下的包裹及信件数量超过五十万之巨。长方形 的包裹和信封又
在这里依据收件地址被迅速整理分拣，然后装载上其他飞机，飞往各自的目的地，在那儿 再由人工投递——到这时很
多邮件离开寄件人之手还不到24小时。这是弗雷德里克·W.史密斯的终极 梦想，他就是联邦快递集团（最初为联邦快
递）这一全球最大、最成功的隔夜送达服务企业的创始人、总 裁、首席执行官及董事会主席。如今，史密斯这一源于
大学时代的妙想已在现实中经营到了第28个年头 ，并已成为包裹快递入户行业的标杆。

2 Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high
regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stockholders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx.
Now, so many years later, he's still the of the shipHe attributes the success of the company simply to
leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.
史密斯被公认为是一位和蔼可亲、 性格迷人的杰出企业家。无论是他的竞争者、员工，还是他公司股票的持有人，
都对他十分敬重。弗雷德 ·史密斯创建“联邦快递”时只有27岁。现在多年过去了，他仍然坐在“掌门人”的位置上。他
将公司 的成功简单地归因于领导力，而这一推论则来自于他的军旅生涯及其家庭的影响。

3 Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11, 1944 in Mississippi. His father died
when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith was an invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to
walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloy walking
stick. Cured of the disease by the age of l0, he became a star athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and
baseball.
弗雷德里克·华莱士·史密斯1944年8月11日出生于密西西比州一 个富裕的家族。他四岁时父亲就离世了。史密
斯年少时被视为病残者，因为他得了一种病，使他无法正常 行走。为此他常遭受坏孩子的侮辱捉弄，他学会了挥舞合
金拐杖来保护自己。十岁时他的病治好了，到了 高中他则成了学校里的体育明星，足球、篮球、棒球样样能行。

4 Smith's passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline of the Mississippi Delta, a
terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation. As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale
flying club; its alumni had populated naval aviation history, including the famous
Smith administrated the club's business end and ran a small charter operation in New Haven.
史密斯对飞行充满 了激情。15岁时，他就曾驾驶一架作物喷粉飞机在密西西比三角洲的天际翱翔，三角洲的地形
平坦开阔 ，甚至都不需要雷达导航。在耶鲁大学上学时，他参与重建了耶鲁飞行俱乐部，在美国海军航空史的每个时
期都有这一俱乐部出来的校友的身影，包括一战时期著名的“百万富翁飞行队”。史密斯负责管理俱乐部的事务 ，同时
还在纽黑文经营一项小规模的租赁业务。

5 With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, but Smith never stopped looking for
his own ideaHe thought he had found it when he wrote a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a
prototype for a transportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small, time-sensitive goods, such as
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replacement parts and medical supplies, to major US regions. The professor wasn't impressed and told Smith he
couldn't quantify the idea and clearly it wasn't feasible.
由于飞行打乱了学习时间，他的学业受到了影响，但史密斯从未停 止寻找自己的“伟大想法”。在撰写一门经济学
课程的学期论文时，他认为自己已经找到了它。他设计了 一份运输企业的经营草案，该运输企业可以确保连夜递送小
型或时间紧迫的货品到达美国的主要地区，如 替换零件、医药用品等等。教授对这篇论文未予重视，他告诉史密斯说，
他无法量化他的想法，并说这一 想法明显不切合实际。

6 However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more years elapsed before he could turn
his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in 1966, just as America's involvement in the Vietnam War
was deepening. Since he was a patriot and had attended officers' training classes, he joined the Marines.
然而，史密斯确信自己已经发现 了些什么，尽管又过了好几年他才得以把自己的想法付诸实施。在此期间，他于
1966年从耶鲁大学毕 业，那时正值美国在越战中越陷越深，而他是个充满爱国热情的人，又参加过士官训练课程，所
以他加入 了美国海军陆战队。

7 Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. the military, leadership
means getting a group of people to subordinate their individual desires and ambitions for the achievement of
organizational goals,
measurable effects on a company's bottom line.
史密斯在越南战场上服役两期，完成了两百多次飞 行任务。“在军队中，领导力意味着能使团队中所有成员将个人
的期望与抱负置于从属地位，而以实现集 体目标为重，”史密斯说道，这其中融合了他军旅生涯和经营管理的经验。“而
优秀的领导力对控制一个 公司的盈亏底线来说具有相当重要的作用。”

8 Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected all the points of a network
through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficiency could be enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized
businesses, whether the system involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to take a stab at
starting his own business. With an investment from his father's company, as well as a chunk of his own inheritance,
Smith bought his first delivery planes and in 1971 formed the Federal Express.
从越南战场回国后，史密斯开始执着于这样一个理念，即如果能将某个运输网络的各个节点通过一个中介枢纽相
互连接，其效率较之其他各环节相互之间无联系的分散经营的模式来说要高出许多，不论这一系统所涉及 的是运送包
裹和信件还是人员和飞机。他决定放手一搏，创建自己的企业。史密斯用父亲公司的投资和他 自己继承财产的一部分
购买了第一架快递飞机，并于1971年创建了联邦快递。

9 The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not uncommon for FedEx
drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their own pockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for
the welfare of his employees. Just as he recalled, even when they didn't have the money, even when there weren't
couches in the office and electric typewriters, they still set the precedent to ensure a good medical and dental plan for
their people.
最初的日子伴随着极度的拮据乃至财务损失。联邦快递 公司的司机自己掏腰包为货车付汽油费的情况屡见不鲜。
但是，尽管面对这样的问题，史密斯仍然为公司 雇员的福利着想。正如他所回忆的那样，即使在他们公司没有钱、办
公室没有沙发和打字机的情况下，他 们仍然开辟先例，保证员工享受很好的医疗和牙齿保健福利。

10 Along the way, FedEx pioneered centralization and the
by almost all major airlines. The phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our language as much as Xerox or Google.
一路走来，联邦快递率先践行了集中调控和轴辐式空中交通系统。自它以后，该 系统被几乎所有大航空公司所
采纳。而“联邦快递一下”也成为了像“复印一下”或“谷歌一下”这样的 固定说法，成为了我们的词汇。

11 Smith says success in business boils down to three things. First, you need to have appealing product or service
and a compelling strategy. Then you need to have an efficient management system. Assuming you have those things,
leading a team is the single most important issue in running an organization today.
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史密斯说生意上的成功归根结底就 是三点：首先你需要一项吸引人的产品或服务以及一套制胜的战略；其次你需
要一套高效的管理系统；在 拥有这些之后，如何领导好一个团队就是当今经营一家公司最为重要的事了。

12 Although Smith avoids the media and the trappings of public life, he is said to be a friendly and accessible
employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx's Memphis site at night
from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service
to come to Memphis for an
(P-S-P). Smith says,
entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and is, in turn, supported by them.
personally involving himself in its implementation, Frederick Smith is the forerunner of the new sphere of leadership
that success in the future will demand.
尽管史密斯回避媒体采访和公众生活的荣耀 ，但他却被称为是一位友善而平易近人的雇主。他重视自己的雇员，
从不认为他们理所应当该为自己工作 。有报道称，他会时不时在晚上造访联邦快递位于孟菲斯的基地，并且称名道姓
地与包裹分拣人员打招呼 。他会主动发邀请给任何一位已在公司服务十年的快递员，请他们到孟菲斯出席“周年庆典早
餐”，这已 经持续了很多年。而这其中包含了弗雷德·史密斯自己的哲学：人员，服务，利润（P-S-P）。史密斯说，“ P-S-P
的哲学理念就好像一个不可分割的循环，没有清晰可辨的入口或出口，每一个环节都支持着其 他环节，同时也反过来
受其他环节支撑。”通过明确表达并亲身践行这一理念，弗雷德里克·史密斯已成 为未来成功所必需的新领导领域的开
拓者。































16 50

Unit 3
Text B Building the dream of Starbucks
霍华德·舒尔茨创造“星巴克”之梦

1 Howard Schultz is not a household name to most North Americans, but those living in urban or suburban
communities know his company: the specialty coffee retailer Starbucks. With impressive velocity, Starbucks has grown
into the largest coffee roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in North America in a span of only a decade. By 2000, its
coffee houses could be found in more than 3,000 locations worldwide; even President Bill Clinton was seen in a snapshot
with a Starbucks brew in his hand. According to the US weekly magazine, Newsweek, Schultz's merging of the three Cs
— coffee, commerce and community — surely ranks as one of the '90s greatest retail successes.
霍华德·舒尔茨这个名 字在北美并非家喻户晓，不过居住在城市或市郊社区的人都知道他的公司：特色咖啡零售商
星巴克。区区 十年间，星巴克已凭借惊人的速度成长为北美最大的咖啡豆烤制商和特色咖啡零售商。截至2000年，它
旗下的咖啡店已经遍布世界三千多个角落。就连美国前总统比尔·克林顿也被人拍到手捧星巴克咖啡。根据美国 杂志《新
闻周刊》的报道，舒尔茨将“3C”概念——咖啡、商业和社区——融为一体，这已然使星巴克 名列20世纪90年代最成
功的零售商之列。

2 Schultz was born in 1953 and grew up in an extremely poor section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City.
His mother worked as a receptionist, and his father held a variety of jobs, none of which offered decent pay or medical
insurance. When Schultz was seven, his father lost his job as a delivery driver when he broke his ankle in an accident. In
the ensuing months, the family was literally too poor to put food on the table. < br>舒尔茨出生于1953年，在纽约市布鲁克林区一个极其贫困的街区长大。他母亲是一位前台接待员，父亲 则从事过
很多不同的工作，但其中没有哪一份工作给他支付过体面的酬劳或购买过医疗保险。舒尔茨七岁 时，他父亲在一次事
故中扭断了脚踝，失去了他当时做送货司机的工作。在接下来的几个月中，他们家真 的是穷到了揭不开锅的地步。

3 During his youth, Schultz was hounded by the shame of his family's
Brooklyn summer one year to attend camp, but would not return when he learned it was for low- income families. He
was teased by boys in high school and ashamed to tell his girlfriend where he lived. The harsh memories of those early
times stayed with him for the rest of his life.
青年时代 的舒尔茨一直由于其家庭“穷困工人阶层”地位所蒙受的耻辱而备受精神折磨。有一年他逃离布鲁克林炎
热的夏天去参加夏令营，但当他得知这个夏令营是专门为低收入家庭的学生开办的时候，就再也不愿意去参加了。 中
学时他遭受到了男孩子们的奚落，也羞于告诉女朋友自己住在哪里。这些早年痛苦的记忆一直伴随着他 一生。

4 Sports became an escape from the shame of poverty. Schultz earned an athletic scholarship to Northern Michigan
University in 1975. He was the first person in his family to graduate from college as none of his predecessors had
training beyond vocational school.
体育运 动成了他逃避穷困这一耻辱的方式。1975年，舒尔茨获得了北密歇根大学体育奖学金。他也是他家族中第一个从大学毕业的人,因为他的前辈中没有一个人接受过比职业学校培训更高的教育。

5 The bud of inspiration for his phenomenal coffee business began growing in a 1983 visit to Milan, Italy. Schultz
conceived of a new American way of life in the coffee bars of Milan. He sought to recreate such forums for people in the
US to start their days or visit with friends. In 1987, at the age of 34, Schultz organized a group of investors and
purchased the company that had formerly employed him, the Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle, which he
restructured as the Starbucks Corporation.
舒尔茨令人瞩目的咖啡生意的最初灵感源于1983年他对意大利米兰的造访。在米兰的咖啡馆里，舒尔茨设想 了一
种新型的美国式生活方式。他寻求在美国重现那种米兰式的交往平台，使人们能以那种方式开始新的 一天或与朋友小
聚。1987年，当舒尔茨34岁时，他组织了投资团队并购买下了他原先工作的公司， 即西雅图的“星巴克咖啡公司”，
将其重组为“星巴克集团”。

6 The public verdict was overwhelmingly positive. Schultz's premium coffee bars were an instant success, acting as
17 50

a stimulus of rapid growth and expansion not only for Starbucks but also for the coffee industry around the world. In
1992, Starbucks became the first specialty coffee company to go public, affirming its magnitude and prospects.
公众的反映出奇 地好。舒尔茨创建的高端咖啡厅立即获得了成功，这刺激了星巴克乃至全球整个咖啡产业的迅速
成长和发 展。1992年，星巴克成为第一家公开上市的特色咖啡经营公司，确证了公司的发展规模和前景。

7 Starbucks' first major venture outside of the northwestern part of the nation was Chicago, where the company's
specialty sales division developed new business with department stores and established Starbucks coffee bars adjacent to
the business sections in national bookstores. Starbucks also formed a partnership with PepsiCo to create and distribute
a new ready-to-drink coffee-based beverage, and entered into a licensing agreement with Kraft Foods. As a company
seeking to develop with a multilateral approach, Starbucks even developed a relationship with the music industry to sell
Starbucks- tailored CDs of classical brass and orchestral music in the coffee bars.
星巴克迈出美国西北部进行投资的第一站是在 芝加哥。在那里，公司分管特色销售的部门开创了与百货商店联手
以及在国家书店毗邻营业区的地方开设 星巴克咖啡吧的经营新渠道。同时，星巴克还和百事可乐公司建立了伙伴关系，
研发并销售一款即开即饮 的新型咖啡饮品，他们与卡夫食品公司也签订了一份许可协议。作为一家寻求与多方进行合
作而发展的企 业，星巴克甚至与音乐产业合作，在咖啡吧里销售为星巴克量身定做的古典铜管乐及管弦乐激光唱片。

8 When Starbucks opened its first store in New York City, it was a homecoming for Schultz, but he did not act like
the head of the reigning royalty of coffee he had become. The New York Times commented, soft-spoken Mr.
Schultz has barely a trace of a New York accent and a timid, almost apologetic manner.
星巴克在纽约开第一家分店对于舒尔茨来说是回 归故里，但他并没有摆出一副咖啡行业王者的姿态。《纽约时报》
评论说：“舒尔茨先生说话温和，几乎 没有一丝纽约口音的痕迹，而且他举止腼腆，甚至谦卑。”

9 Schultz has also attracted considerable attention with his unconventional employment policies. He wanted to give
Starbucks' employees both a philosophical and a financial stake in the business. He decreed that employees who worked
the quota of 20 hours a week or more were eligible for medical, dental, and optical coverage as well as for stock options.
At a time when other companies were trimming benefits as a cost-cutting measure, Schultz, who grew up in a family
without any medical coverage, was vocal in his belief that genuinely caring about your employees is critical to building a
sturdy workforce. ork Times.
but if they are treated poorly they get beaten down. We want to provide our people with dignity and self-esteem, and we
can't do that with lip cks stipulates that every employee with at least half-time hours can receive
health-care benefits. Schultz credits the utilization of such a benefits policy as the key to the company's growth because
it has given Starbucks a more dedicated workforce and an extremely high level of customer service. The chain also
achieved a dramatically low turnover rate, half that of the average fast food business. This creates a significant
numerical payoff for Starbucks, since each new employee represents an expenditure of $$3,000 in recruiting and training
costs and productivity losses.
舒尔茨与众不同的员工政策也引起了人们的广泛关注。他 希望给星巴克的员工提供不仅是经营理念上的而且也是
经济上的参与公司成败的机会。他规定，员工完成 每周20小时的工作定额或超过这一定额，就有资格享受医疗、牙齿
及眼部保健方面的福利，也能享受股 票优先认购权。就在其他企业通过削减福利来节省成本之时，舒尔茨，虽然生长
在一个没有任何医疗福利 保障的家庭，却仍然坦言自己的信仰，即真诚地关心员工对建立一个坚实的员工队伍是至关
重要的。“服 务在美国是一门缺失的艺术，”他对《纽约时报》如此说道，“我相信人们愿意把工作做好，但如果遭受的
待遇很差，他们就会受到打击。我们希望给予员工尊严与自尊，而这一点光靠动动嘴皮子是做不到的。”星巴克 规定，
每一位工时超过半工制的员工都能享受医疗保障福利。舒尔茨相信这一福利政策的切实施行是企业 成长的关键，因为
此举已使星巴克拥有了更加尽心尽力的工作团队以及至高水准的客户服务。这一连锁反 应也使员工的流动率极低，几
乎只有快餐行业平均流动率的一半。在经营数字上，这一政策则给星巴克带 来了显著回报，因为每招募和培训一位新
员工及其生产率损失所产生的费用就高达三千美元。

10 Schultz has remained firmly committed to employee and community enrichment, a philosophy which is
embedded in the very core of Starbucks' business culture. He has never grown accustomed to success enough to forget
his working-class roots. He dedicated his book to the memory of his father, whom he had once spoken harshly to and
18 50

accused of a lack of ambition. They were words Schultz would regret the rest of his life, a reminiscence he wished he
could scrub from his memory. His father received the diagnosis of lung cancer and died before his son became a
millionaire. Schultz once told his audience that his crowning success was that
my father never got to work f or.
舒尔茨一直坚定地致力于员工及社区发展，这一理念已经根植于星巴克的核心企业文化当中。他从 未因为太过习
惯于成功而忘却自己劳动阶层的根基。他把自己的一本书献给了父亲以表纪念。他曾经对父 亲说过尖刻的话，甚至曾
指责他缺乏上进心，这些话让舒尔茨后悔终生，他期望能够将这些回忆从记忆中 抹去。他的父亲被诊断出了肺癌，在
儿子成为百万富翁之前就离去了。舒尔茨曾经告诉他的听众，他最重 要的成功在于“我创立了一个我父亲从来都不曾有
福气为之工作的那种企业。”








































19 50

Unit 4
Text A Achieving sustainable environmentalism
实现可持续性发展的环保主义

1 Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or
disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for
Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by
congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental
claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound
policy?
在上流社会，对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、 反对整容一样，是一种不可或缺的态度。然而，既然从泰德·特纳到
乔治·W.H.布什，每个人都声称 自己热爱地球母亲，那么，在由议员、选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛
盾的提案、规章和 法规中，我们又该如何做出选择呢？显而易见，并不是每一项冠以环境保护名义的事情都值得去做。
我们 怎样才能分离出最佳选择，并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢？

2 There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities.
Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless.
Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that
directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.
有一种简便的方法。首先要区分什 么是环境奢侈品，什么是环境必需品。奢侈品是指那些无需人类付出代价就能
拥有的给人美好感受的东西 。必需品则是指那些无论付出什么代价，都一定要去拥有的东西。这一区分原则可以被称
为理性环保主义 的至高原则。它规定，对那些直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取应对措施是环境保护的必需品，
而 其他则都属于奢侈品。

3 For example, preserving the atmosphere — stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect — is an
environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone
depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the
beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.
例如，保护 大气层——阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应——是环境保护的必需品。近来，科学家报告说臭氧层遭受
破坏 的程度远比我们先前认为的要严重得多。臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及眼疾有关，而且它还会破坏海洋生态。而海洋< br>生态是食物链的起点，人类则位于该食物链的顶端。

4 The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines,
disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of
the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or
Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?
温室效应所可能引发的热效应是非常具有毁灭性的：冰川融化、海岸线被淹没、气候 遭受破坏、平原干涸，最终
食物消失殆尽。美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界。随着全球气候的变化， 我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西
哥州的沙漠气候，而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的温和气候吗？

5 Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly
threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will
strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane
environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the
parameters of self- survival.
臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难，而且是需要紧急处理的灾难，因为它们直接威 胁到人类，且后果很难扭转。
理性环保主义——唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环保主张——首先公开声明，自 然是服务于人类的。理性环保主义是一种
完全以人类为中心的思想。它号召人类保护自然，但是是在人类 自我生存得到保证的前提之下。

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6 Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt
earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to
consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness
of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that
came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.
当然，这种以人类为 中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的，后者已经沉溺于对地球的公然崇拜。有的
人甚至声称地 球是一个活的生物体。这种环保主义喜欢把自己看作是神圣的，其实它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自
然 是否友善的问题上，当下的环保主义采取了高度选择性的片面的观点，而这种观点与自然造成的灾难这一现实是不
相协调的。当龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州，当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国，毁灭了整座整座的村庄，使几百万人失去 家园的时候，
我对自然的崇拜便停止了。

7 A non- sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that
In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments.
Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the
legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of
drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it
needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of
the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in
the ANWR.
非感情用事的环保主义是建 立在普罗泰哥拉的格言“人是万物的尺度”的基础上的。在建立人类权威的过程中，这
条原则会帮助我们 梳理各种错综复杂的关于环境保护的争议。就以当前关于是否在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角
落开采 石油的激烈争论为例吧。环保主义者联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国会审议、使这一开采行为变得合法化的一项立法行动。他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源而不是开采能源。这其实是一个错误的非此即 彼的主
张。美国确实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗，但同时也需要生产更多的能源。政府的估测 表明，在北极国家
野生动物保护区的地下蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可能性几乎到达50％。我们没有寻 找安全的方法开采北极国家野生
动物保护区地下的石油，这看上去是不符合情理的。

8 The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars
but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the
birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.
美国 刚刚经历了一场战争，其部分原因就是为了获取石油。对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了金钱的代价，而且也
付出了生命的代价。就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿的繁衍地而放弃能够以和平手段获得的石油，这是一种十分怪异的 感情
用事。

9 I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed.
But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance
that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.
我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿。如果他们的交配模式受到干扰，我会感到非常遗憾。但是，鱼和熊掌不能兼得。是要保
护驯鹿，还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而减少对石油的依赖，面对这一僵局，我每次都会选择人类而 不是驯鹿。

10 I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible
cost, I would agree that it should be — biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that
not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more
fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose
the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.
我对俄勒冈州的斑点猫头鹰的态度也是一样。我绝不是仇视猫头鹰。如果花很少的代价就可以保护猫头鹰 ，我会
赞同它应受保护——毕竟，生物多样性对生态系统是非常必要的。但是，我们必须记住，保持生物 多样性并不意味着
要留住每一种物种。有时候，为了更加根本的利益，我们不得不牺牲一部分生活中美的 东西。如果为了保护斑点猫头
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鹰而让三万伐木工家 庭失去生计，我会选择伐木工家庭（包括他们的锯子和砍伐的木材），而不是猫头鹰。

11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not.
Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between
their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.
重要的是，我们要区分哪些东西对环境保护是根本性的， 哪些是非根本性的。自然受我们的监护，而不是我们的
主人。我们应该尊重自然，也可以开发利用自然。 但是，如果人类必须在自身的福利和自然的福利之间作出选择，自
然则必须作出让步。

12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent
maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential
geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of
necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case
the principle is the same: protect the environment — because it is humanity's environment.
只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密不可分时,人类才应该作出让步。当人类 栖息地的完整性（比如大气层或维持地
球核心的基本地质状况）受到威胁时，人类就必须立即调整自己的 行为。而当人类受到的威胁不大，不太需要对自己
的行为进行调整时，恰当的做法是平衡考虑经济方面和 与之相对的健康方面的因素，以便作出适度的调整。但是，无
论是哪种情况，其遵循的原则是一致的：保 护环境，因为这是我们人类的环境。

13 The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A
sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.
感情用事的环保 主义者会说这种拯救自然的思路是完全错误的。的确是这样。理性、明确的环保主义保护环境是
为了人类 自身，而不是为了自然。


























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Unit 4
Text B What nature is telling you?
倾听自然诉说

1 Let's sit down here, all of us, on the open prairie, where we can't see a highway or a fence, free from the debris of
the city. Let's have no blankets to sit on, but let our bodies converge with the earth, the surrounding trees and shrubs.
Let's have the vegetation for a mattress, experiencing its texture, its sharpness and its softness. Let us become like stones,
plants, and trees. Let us be animals, think and feel like animals.
让我 们在这儿坐下来吧，我们所有的人，就在这片广阔的草原上。在这里，我们看不见高速公路，看不见围栏，
远离城市垃圾。我们不要铺毯子，就让我们的身体和大地、周围的树木及灌木来个亲密接触吧。让我们把草当垫 子，
感受它或许坚硬或许柔软的质地。让我们想象自己变成了石头、植物和树木，想象自己变成了动物， 并像动物那样思
考和感觉。

2 This is my plea: Listen to the air. You can hear it, feel it, smell it, taste it. We feel it between us, as a presence
presiding over the day. It is a good way to start thinking about nature and talking about it. To go further, we must rather
talk to it, talk to the rivers, to the lakes, to the winds as to our relatives.
这就是我的请求：倾听空气。你们可以听见它，感觉它，闻到它，品尝 它。我们可以感到它就在我们中间，作为
一种实实在在的存在，主宰着每一天。这是一个好方式，我们可 以就这样开始思考自然，谈论自然。如果再想好点的
话，我们就不如和自然说话，也就是和江河说话，和 湖泊说话，和风说话，就像我们和亲人说话一样。

3 You have impaired our ability to experience nature in the good way, as part of it. Even here we are conscious that
somewhere beyond the marsh and its cranes, somewhere out in those hills there are radar towers and highway
overpasses. This land is so beautiful and strange that now some of you want to make it into a national park. You have
not only contaminated the earth, the rocks, the minerals, all of which you call
you have even changed the animals, which are part of us, changed them into vulgar zoological mutations, so no one can
recognize them.
你们已经损坏了我们人类作为大自 然的一部分以一种美好的方式体验大自然的能力。即使在这里，我们也知道，
在沼泽地和栖息于此的鹤之 外的某个地方，在远处山里的某个地方，就建有雷达塔和高速公路立交桥。这片土地如此
美丽与奇特，以 至于你们中的某些人想把它变成一座国家公园。你们已经污染了土地、岩石、矿物——这些都是被你
们称 为已经“死去”但其实是非常有生命活力的东西。不仅如此，就连属于我们一部分的动物，也被你们改造了。你们
把它们变成了低级的基因变异动物，以至于没有人能再认识它们。

4 There is power in an antelope, so you let it graze within your fences. But what power do you see in a goat or sheep,
prey animals with no defenses, creatures that hold still while you slaughter them? There was great power in a wolf, even
in a fox. You have inverted nature and turned these noble animals into miniature lap dogs. Nature is bound by your
ropes and whips and is obedient to your commands. You can't do much with a cat, so you fix it, alter it, declaw it, and
even cut its vocal cords so that you can experiment on it in a laboratory without being disturbed by its cries.
羚羊是一种有力量的动物，因而你们把它圈养在栅栏里。但是，山羊或绵羊，这些没有自 卫能力的猎物、这些悄
无声息任凭你们宰杀的动物，你们在它们身上看到了什么力量？狼身上有巨大的力 量，狐狸身上也同样有巨大的力量。
你们违背自然，把这些高贵的动物变成了小型的可以放在腿上把玩的 哈巴狗。自然被你们的绳索和鞭子所束缚，屈服
于你们的命令。对猫，你们无能为力，所以你们就设法修 理它们、改造它们，剪掉它们锋利的爪子，甚至切断它们的
声带，这样你们就可以用猫在实验室做实验， 而不会再受它们叫声的干扰。

5 You have also made all types of wild birds into chickens — creatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly.
There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat. Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be
hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big. One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing
themselves by flying against the walls of their cages. Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural,
crazy, no- good bird. It also makes unnatural, detached, no- good human beings.
所有的野生鸟类都被你们改造成了鸡禽——一种翅膀退化、根 本不会飞的生物。你们有许多农场，专门用来饲养
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鸡以提供鸡胸脯肉。这些鸡被关在狭窄压抑的笼子里，不得不一直弓着身体，这使它们的胸脯肌肉变得很大。如果 突
发一声巨响，鸡群会吓得发疯般乱跑，撞死在笼子壁上。一辈子都必须佝偻着背使得这些鸡变成了既不 天然又不正常、
毫无用处的禽类。同时，人类也变得很不自然、冷漠无情、残酷刻薄。

6 That's where you've fooled yourselves. You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and
four-legged cousins; you have done it concurrently to yourselves. You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic
make-up and countless drugs. You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office
workers, into time-clock punchers. Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one
great entity, television.
在这点上，你们愚弄了自己。你们对自己带翅膀的和长四条腿的近亲兄弟姐妹 进行了改造，剪掉了它们的爪子，
甚至让它们变得畸形。同时，你们也在对自己做这些事情。你们注射肉 毒杆菌毒素，接受整容手术，使用人造化妆品
和数不清的药物。你们把人类进行筛选和改造：有的人是坐 董事会议室的高级管理人员，有的人是坐办公室的白领，
有的人是每日要按考勤钟打卡的工人。在家里， 每个家庭成员之间也没有联系，却都沉溺于一个大实体，那就是电视。

7
the wallpaper; your hair may be greasy. Don't spill liquor on that table: You'll peel off its delicate finish. You should
have wiped your boots; the floor was just cleaned. Don't, don't, don't … is absurd! We weren't made to endure
this type of repression. You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them
“小心烟灰，不要抽烟， 否则你会熏脏窗帘。小心金鱼缸。不要把头靠在墙纸上，你的头发也许很油。不要把饮料
洒在桌子上，你 会把它精美的涂层弄掉。你应该先擦擦靴子，地板刚刚才打扫过。不要做这个，不要做那个，不要……”
这太荒谬了！人类生下来不是忍受这种压抑的。你们住在自己亲手打造的监狱里，只不过你们把它们称之为“家” 、办
公室或工厂而已。

8 Sometimes I think that even our pitiful small houses are better than your luxury mansions. Strolling a hundred
feet to the outhouse on a clear wintry night, through mud or snow, that's one small link with nature. Or in the summer,
in the back country, taking your time, listening to the humming of the insects or the flapping of birds' wings, the sun
warming your bones through the nodding branches of trees; you don't even have that pleasure of coexistence with
nature anymore.
有时，我认为我们的寒酸小屋也比你们的奢华大 厦要好。在一个晴朗的冬夜，踏着泥土或积雪，漫步一百英尺去
上厕所，这是我们与自然之间的一个小小 的接触。抑或是在夏天，在一个偏僻的乡村，悠闲地听着昆虫的嗡鸣或鸟儿
拍打翅膀的声音，感受太阳透 过随风摇摆的树枝暖暖地照在身上的感觉。可是你们却连体会那种与自然共处的快乐的
机会都不再有。

9 You subscribe to the belief that everything must be germ free. No smells! Not even the good, natural man and
woman odors. Eradicate the smell from under your armpits, from your skin. Rub it out, and then spray some botanical
odor on yourself, stuff you can spend a lot of money on, ten dollars an ounce, so you know this has to smell good. Why
do you keep such a distance from your bodies' functions, cavities and smells that you've alienated yourselves from the
natural world, of which you are an integral part?
你们坚信任何东西都必须是无菌的。任何气味 都不能有！包括男人、女人身上所散发的那些好闻的自然的体香。
你们就是要除去腋窝下散发的气味，除 去皮肤里散发的气味。味道去掉后，你们还要在身上洒上某种植物香水。这东
西造价昂贵，一盎司十美元 ，所以你们相信它的气味肯定好。你们为什么要刻意远离自己身体的功能、体腔和气味，
把自己从原本所 属的自然世界疏离出去呢？

10 I think you are so afraid and intolerant of the world around you. You deplore the natural world; you don't want
to see, feel, smell, or hear it. The feelings of rain and snow on your face, being numbed by an icy wind and warmed back
up by a smoking fire, coming out of a hot sweat bath and plunging into a cold stream, these things are the spice of life,
but you don't want them anymore.
我认为你们既十分害 怕又不能容忍自己周围的世界。你们痛斥自然界，不愿看到、触到、闻到或听到关于它的任
何点滴。雨或 雪落在脸上的感觉，被刺骨的寒风冻僵后又在冒烟的火堆旁烤火暖和过来，洗一个热水澡后又跳入一条
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寒冷的小溪，所有这些都能给生活增添乐趣，但是你们却不再想要这些了。

11 You're cage dwellers, living in boxes which shut out the hot humidity of the summer and the chill of winter, living
inside a body that no longer has a scent. You're hearing the noise from the hi-fi instead of listening to the sounds of
nature. You're watching actors on TV having a make-believe experience when you no longer experience anything for
yourself. That's your way. It's no good.
你们把自己困在牢笼中，生活在封闭的盒子里，隔绝了夏天的 酷热与潮湿、冬天的寒冷与战栗，只活在一个不再
有任何自然气息的躯壳里；你们听着音响中播放的噪音 而不是自然的声音；你们看着电视上演员上演编造的经历，而
自己却不去做任何亲身体验。这就是你们的 方式。实在太糟糕了。








































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Unit 5
Text A Speaking Chinese in America
在美国说中文

1 Once, at a dinner on the Monterey Peninsula, California, my mother whispered to me confidentially:
(brother's wife) pretends too hard to be a polite recipient! Why bother with such nominal courtesy? In the end, she
always takes everything.
有一次，在加州蒙特雷半岛上用餐时，我母亲私下悄悄地对我说： “嫂嫂想做个彬彬有礼的客人，但是装得太厉害
了！何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？到最后她还是什么都 要。”

2 My mother acted like a waixiao, an emigrant, no longer patient with old taboos and courtesies. To prove her point,
she reached across the table to offer my elderly aunt from Beijing the last scallop from the garlic seafood dish, along
with the flank steak and the cucumber salad.
我母亲行事像个“外侨”，即一个移民国外的侨民，因为她已经不耐 烦老一套的禁忌和礼数了。为了证明她刚才的
观点，她手伸过桌子，把蒜香海鲜拼盘里的最后一个扇贝， 连同牛腩排及黄瓜沙拉一起，递给我从北京来的年长舅妈。

3 Sau-sau frowned.
嫂嫂皱起了眉头，“不要，真不要！”她一边大声说一边拍着自己已经吃得很饱的肚 子。我不要了，真的不要了。

4
“拿去吧！拿去吧！”我母亲用中文责备道。预料到她就会这样，就像月亮盈亏周期似的。

5
“饱了，我已经饱了，”嫂嫂低声嘀咕着，眼睛却瞟着扇贝。

6
“哎！”我母亲感叹着说，“没人愿意吃，只能让它坏掉了！”

7 Sau- sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the tray and sparing us the
trouble of wrapping the leftovers in foil.
嫂嫂叹了口气，从碟子上拿去了那个扇贝，就好像是帮了我母 亲一个大忙，并省去了我们用箔纸将剩菜打包的麻
烦似的。

8 My mother turned to her brother, an experienced Chinese magistrate, visiting us for the first time.
Chinese person could starve to death. If you don't breach the old rules of etiquette and say you want it, they won't ask
you again.
我母亲转头看着她兄长——一位经验丰富的中国地方法官，这是他初次来看我们。她说：“在美国，一个中国人可
能会饿死。要是你不打破老一套的礼数说你要吃，他们就不会再问你了。”

9 My uncle nodded and said he understood fully: Americans take things quickly because they have no time to be
polite.
我舅舅点点头，说他完全理解：美国人待人接物快速迅捷，因为他们没有时间客气来客气去。

10 I read an article in The New York Times Magazine on changes in New York's little cultural colony of Chinatown,
where the author mentioned that the interwoven configuration of Chinese language and culture renders its speech
indirect and polite. Chinese people are so

我在《纽约时报杂志》上读到过一篇文章，描述的是纽约市内的中国城这一小块文化聚居地的变迁。作 者在文章
中提到，中国语言与文化错综交织，使中文十分委婉和客套。中国人是如此“谨慎和谦虚”，文 章开头写道，以至于他
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们都没有词语来表达“是”和“不是”。

11 Why do people keep fabricating these rumors? I thought. They describe us as though we were a tribe of those
little dolls sold in Chinatown tourist shops, heads moving up and down in contented agreement!
我思索着，为什么人们会不断地编造这样的谣言呢？他们把我们描述得就像是唐 人街旅游品商店里出售的一批小
布娃娃。那些布娃娃的头不停地上下晃动，似乎对一切都心满意足，完全 赞同。

12 As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two
languages. My parents, for example, spoke to me in both Chinese and English; I spoke back to them in English.
生于移民 家庭的孩子都清楚，有一种特殊的两难境地与说两种语言的生活联系在一起。比如我父母，他们和我说
话 时中文和英文都用，但我和他们说话时只用英文。

13
“艾米啊！”他们会这样责备我。

14
“怎么啦？”我会回问道。

15
“我们叫你时，不要对我们反问，”他们会用中文训斥道“这是不礼貌的！”

16
“你们什么意思？”

17
“哎！我们不是刚刚说过，叫你不要反问吗？”

18 If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up
with, no censorship for the sake of politeness. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their consecutive
demands:
side.< br>仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的中文并不是什么特别谨慎的语言，也不存在出于 客气
而对所说的话进行仔细检查的现象。我父母向我提一连串的要求时，总是把一切都表述得清清楚楚： “你当然会成为著
名的航空工程师，”他们会鼓励我说，“对了，你业余时间还要做音乐会的钢琴师。”

19 It seems that the more forceful proceedings always spilled over into Chinese:
so not a single grain is lost.
似乎更加强硬的事情总是通 过中文倾泻出来：“不能那样！你淘米的时候，必须一粒都不漏。”

20 Having listened to both Chinese and English, I'm suspicious of comparisons between the two languages, as I
notice the reciprocal challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different
words can be denoted by very subtle variations in tone. English is often bracketed with the label of inconsistency, a
language of too many broken rules.
由于一直同时听着中英文两种语言，故而我对它们之间的任何对比总是心 存怀疑，因为我注意到它们各自都有对
方所没有的难点。说英文的人会认为中文极其难，因为中文用非常 微妙的声调变化就可以表示不同的词语。而英文则
常常被认为缺乏一致性，因为英文具有太多不合规则的 用法。

21 Even more dangerous, in my view, is the temptation to view the gulf between different languages and behavior in
translation. To listen to my mother speak English, an outside spectator might make the deduction that she has no
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concept of the temporal differences of past and future or that she is gender blind because she refers to my husband as

It is, rather, my mother's individual tendency to ornament her language and wander around a bit.
在我看来，更危险的做法是，人们往往倾向于通过翻译来理解不同语言和行为之间的差异。如果一个旁观的外人
听我母亲说英语，可能会得出结论，说她对过去和将来这样的时间区别没有概念，或者认为她对人的性别 不加区分，
因为她提到我丈夫时总是说“她”。如果一个人对此类现象不假思虑，他也许还会概括说，所 有中国人都是通过委婉迂
回的方式才能说到话题重点的。而实际上喜欢修饰和绕弯子只是我母亲个人的说 话风格。

22 I worry that the dominant society may see Chinese people from a limited perspective, hedging us in with the
stereotype. I worry that the seemingly innocent stereotype may lead to actual intolerance and be part of the reason why
there are few Chinese in top management positions, or in the main judiciary or political sectors. I worry about the
power of language: If one says anything enough times, it might become true, with or without malicious intent.
我担心主流社 会可能会从一个狭隘的角度、以一种成见看待中国人。我担心这种看似无害的成见实际会导致人们
对中国 人难以容忍，并成为中国人在高层管理职位或主要的司法及政府部门寥寥无几的部分原因。我担心语言的力量，< br>即如果一个人将一件事说了很多遍，无论其是否有恶意，这件事都会变成事实。

23 Could this be why the Chinese friends of my parents' generation are willing to accept the generalization?
这会不会就是我父母辈的中国朋友愿意接受那些对中国人的简单概括的原因呢？

24
that. Wouldn't Americans appreciate such an honorary description?
“你为什么要抱怨呢？”他们中有人问 我。“如果人们认为我们谦虚礼让，就让他们那样想好了。难道美国人不喜欢
这种赞誉性的话吗？”

25 And I do believe that anyone would take the description as a compliment — at first. But after a while, it annoys,
as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so
pleased to meet you. I've heard many wonderful things about you.
我当然相信每个 人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。但过了一段时间，这种话就会让人恼怒，就好像所听
到的只是 些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞，诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。

26 These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought. Like a piece of bread,
they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells,
convenient excuses, and the like. This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a
stereotype of our exterior behavior.
这些话不能 表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往
中最 表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中< br>国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种成见而已。

27
“那么中文究竟怎么表达‘是’和‘不是’呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。

28 At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article. There is no one word for
or

在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报 杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”
或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持 谨慎。若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常
是针对所问的具体内 容而定的。

29 Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle (eaten already) or meiyou (have not).
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如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“ 没有”（没有吃过）。

30 Ask,
denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.
你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从 来不打，
没有老婆。

31 What could be clearer?
还有什么能比这更明了的呢？








































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Unit 5
Text B Culture makes the business world go round
文化推动商业世界的运转

1 Edward Hall, a leader in the field of intercultural studies, famously said:
success is the one erected by culture.
as financial planning and visionary leadership? The surprising answer is: Yes!
爱德华·霍尔是跨文化研究领域的著名学者。他曾说过一句名言：“ 商业成功的最大障碍是由文化竖立的障碍。”对
国际企业来说，文化差异难道真的和财务规划及前瞻性领 导有着同样大的影响吗？答案是出人意料的：的确如此！

2 A good example is the role of relationships in business dealings. While relationships play only a minor role in US
business culture, they play a major role in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries. In these cultures, in varying
degrees, relationship building is like a torch that lights and guides the way for business to occur.
一个很好的例子，人际关系在生意往来中所起的作用。尽管人际关系在美国商业文化中作 用不大，但在亚洲、非
洲及中东国家却十分重要。在这些文化中，人际关系的经营在不同程度上就好像是 照亮和引导生意征程的火炬。

3 Let's take the example of Kevin Johnston, a senior vice-president of a US company specializing in hospitality
management. Kevin was put in charge of finalizing a merger with a company in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Virtually all of the complicated negotiations had been completed. What remained was a 3-day trip to the UAE for
face- to-face meetings between the partners to sign the paperwork and close the deal.
让我们以美国一家酒店管理公司高级 副总裁凯文·约翰斯顿的故事为例说明。凯文被指派负责敲定与阿拉伯联合酋
长国（阿联酋）一家公司的 合并事宜。几乎所有复杂的谈判均已完成，剩下的就是花三天时间前往阿联酋与对方面谈，
以签署协议文 件并完成整个交易。

4 Kevin was determined that nothing would detain him from succeeding. He sent out a memorandum across his
company, enthusiastically describing the planned merger with the UAE partners. Having compiled all the necessary
documents and graphs, with every figure and decimal in place, and having prepared a thorough exposition certifying the
quality of his company, he packed his briefcase and headed for the UAE.
凯文坚信，任何事情都不会阻碍他此行成功完成任务。他给公司上下发了一 份备忘录，热情洋溢地描述了与阿联
酋方面的这一合并计划。在他整理好了所有必备的文件和乃至数据及 小数点都精确到位的各种图表，并准备了一份证
明公司资质的详尽说明后，他就装好了公文包，奔赴阿联 酋。

5 Kevin arrived in the UAE excited to seal the deal. He was treated with extraordinary hospitality: an elaborate
hotel, blue ribbon foods, elegant convertibles with drivers to tour the city, a parade of entertainment, and beautiful gifts
to commemorate the visit. He tried repeatedly to bring out his files, open the conversation and get down to business. But,
surprisingly, for the three days he spent in the UAE, none of his Emirate colleagues seemed ready to hear his financial
briefing. Each time Kevin tried to speak about the deal, his prospective partners seemed to
diverting it to other topics. They would inquire about his health, his family or his views on education and other
important issues.
凯文到了阿联酋，对于此行来完成这项交易感到兴奋无 比。他受到了超规格的殷勤接待：奢华的宾馆、一流的佳
肴、配有专职司机的优雅的敞篷车带他游览全城 、接连不断的娱乐活动、精美的纪念品。他多次试图取出带来的文件
资料，想打开话题谈生意，但奇怪的 是，在他停留的三天里，阿联酋的同仁们却好像没有一个人愿意听他准备的财务
情况简介。每当凯文试图 谈及交易时，有望成为合作伙伴的对方似乎总是“绑架”谈话内容，岔开话题。他们会转而询
问他的健康 、他的家人，或他对教育和其他重要问题的看法。

6 Upon leaving the UAE, Kevin felt exasperated and defeated. He hadn't been able to receive the thorough
interrogation of the materials for which he had so carefully prepared. His progress toward closing the deal was exactly
where it was when he left the US: nil.
离开阿联酋时，凯文感到既恼火又丧气。对于自己精心准 备的材料，他根本就无法获得对方的详细询问。至于完
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成这项交易的计划，则与他离开美国时毫无二致：零进展。

7 The above case is a classic example of how a friction between different cultural expectations causes delay that, if
not handled appropriately, will bring the deal to an abrupt end and leave both sides reeling. The substantial loss of
revenue can never be refunded and can leave a struggling company falling without a parachute.
上述例子很经典，它说明了不同文化期望值之间的冲突会如何导致延误。这种延 误若未能恰当处理的话，就会使
一笔生意戛然中断，让双方都不知所措。所造成的巨大的收入损失永远无 法弥补，甚至还会让一家在困境中挣扎的公
司突然倒闭，就像没用降落伞从高空坠落一样，毫无缓冲。

8 Kevin made the mistake of assuming that the
charged into the meetings like a bull. For many cultures, a person's certifications are established not only by their
accomplishments, their education and abilities, but also by more personal connections. In this case, the UAE partners
wanted to know if Kevin was a good man, a family man, a trustworthy man. This type of rating establishes a trusting
relationship for them. Had Kevin patiently taken the time to establish relationships, he would likely have been asked to
share his carefully prepared documents and have closed the deal.
凯文错误地以为，生意 成交只要靠自己公文包中的各种证明文件就行。他风风火火地去参加会谈，就像一头误打
误撞的公牛。但 对于很多文化来说，一个人确立自己的资质不仅要靠业绩、教育背景或个人能力，而且要靠更多的人
际交 往。在这一例子中，阿联酋合作伙伴很想知道的是，凯文是不是个好人，是不是个顾家和值得信赖的人。对他们< br>而言，这种评判能够确立双方之间的信任关系。如果凯文当初能够花些时间耐心地去经营一下双方关系的话 ，他们也
许就会让他介绍一下精心准备的材料并完成交易了。

9 Sociologists agree that another key aspect influencing global business is the concept of face. Cross-cultural
differences in the way we save face impact our perceptions of trust and respect, which in turn impact our relationships
and group cohesion.
社会学家一致认为，影响国际商务的另一关键因素 是“面子”。在“顾面子”的方式上，跨文化差异会影响我们对信
任和尊重的看法，而这种看法反过来又 会影响人们之间的关系和团队凝聚力。

10 Take the example of Ann, a US manager who took a reactionary approach to cultural differences. Ann thought
being a nominee for the leadership position with a sales team based in Singapore was a climax of her career. Ann tried to
establish a working relationship with each team member. After a few weeks of working on team unification and
solidarity, presenting guidelines, and offering sales advice, she carefully compartmentalized goals for each member of
the sales team.
以一位叫安的美国经理为例。安对文化差异采取了一种保守策略。她被提名为 一个设于新加坡的销售团队的领导，
她将此看作自己事业的一个顶峰。安努力和每一位团队成员都建立良 好的工作关系。她花了数周时间致力于建立团队
的统一性与凝聚力、介绍工作原则、提出销售建议，之后 她为销售团队的每位成员精心设定了分块目标。

11 Later, when the team convened face-to-face for their first quarterly review meeting, Ann, after praising a
Chinese team member, boldly criticized and questioned a Korean, trying to extract the exact reason why he was lagging
so far behind on his goals. The meeting immediately lost its groove. The entire group became solemn and, for the rest of
the meeting, remained polite but largely mute.
过了一段时间，在团队举行的面对面的首次季度工作总结例会上，安称赞了一位中国成员， 而后毫不留情地批评
并质询了一位韩国成员，试图找出他比别人落后许多的确切原因。会议立刻偏离了常 规程序。整个团队变得严肃沉闷，
而且在会议剩下的时间里，虽然大家都谦恭有礼，但大多数时候却沉默 不言。

12 Clearly, Ann was not familiar with the concept of saving face in other cultures. In US culture, saving face exists
— but only minimally, and tactful but straightforward speech is highly valued. US managers routinely speak freely
about someone else's accomplishments or failures in open, public settings, such as during meetings. This is different in
Asian cultures. Singling out an individual due to praise or criticism, a daily habit amongst American managers, may
cause Asians to become uncomfortable or deeply embarrassed.
31 50

显然，安对其他文化中“顾面子”这一概念并不熟悉。在美国文化中，的确也 存在着“顾面子”一说，但其影响微乎
其微。更受推崇的是机智老练而又直截了当的谈话。美国经理人惯 常于在公共场合，如在会议上，自由谈论其他人的
成就或败绩。这和亚洲文化有所不同。对美国经理人来 说，把某人单独挑出来予以夸奖或批评是日常性的做法，但对
亚洲人来说，这样做会使他们觉得不自在或 甚为尴尬。

13 Ann needs to consider more culturally appropriate ways to support and motivate her team. Providing feedback,
especially negative feedback, in more private settings will be helpful. Most of all, she should work on giving more
courteous and supportive praise and encouragement, which will help move toward the unification and cohesion that
high functioning teams need in order to be successful.
安需要考虑的是，要采取在文化上更加恰当的方式来支持和激发她的团队。如果要给成员提反馈意见，尤 其是负
面意见的话，那么在私人场合进行会更有帮助。最为重要的是，她应该努力给出一些更加客气、更 具支持性的赞扬和
鼓励，这样才能使团队更加团结，更加具有凝聚力，而这也是一个高效运作的团队取得 成功所必需的。

14 Around the world, deeper structures such as relationship building and face saving are embedded in the values,
beliefs and behavior of a culture. They are much harder to understand than the glossary of terms in any culture's
language phrase book. The advice is: Always ask for clarification and seek new insights. For business success, it is
essential to learn to mediate these deeper cultural differences. Though it may be a little complicated to incorporate them
into your way of thinking and communicating, it is well worth the effort!
在世界各地，人际关系经营及颜面顾及这类更深层次的文化结构都是根植于该 文化所具有的价值观、信仰和行为
之中的。它们比任何一种文化的词语汇编里所列出的术语都更难理解。 我的建议是：随时向对方询问，以得到一个明
晰的解释和新的理解。为了取得商业成功，学会协调这些更 深层次的文化差异是极其重要的。尽管将它们融入自己的
思维方式和人际交往有点复杂，但这样的努力是 非常值得的！



























32 50

Unit 6
Text A The weight men carry
男人背负的重担

1 When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their
bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown. They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by,
or welders, steelworkers, carpenters; they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick
with muscle. They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators
or lubricating car engines. In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small
tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows. In their little free time, they
drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse.
当我还是个小男孩时，我住在弗吉尼亚州一个偏远的地区，那时我所认识的男 人们从清晨的第一声公鸡啼鸣一直
劳作到日落。他们都是些不起眼的农民、牧羊人，勉强度日，或是焊接 工、钢铁工或木匠；他们制作橱柜、挖掘沟渠、
开采煤炭，或驾驶卡车，这使他们拥有肌肉结实的上臂。 他们训练马匹、填塞炉膛、制造轮胎，站在装配线上将零件
焊接到冰箱，或是给汽车发动机上润滑剂。到 了傍晚或周末，他们也要同样辛苦地劳作，在自己的一小片土地上耕作，
修理出了问题的汽车，修复坏掉 的百叶窗和漏风的窗户。在仅剩的闲暇时间里，他们会在当地的啤酒作坊或赛马场附
近的酒馆里用盛在廉 价铜杯中的啤酒将自己灌得烂醉。

2 The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible. Heavy lifting had given
many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries. Some had broken ribs and lost fingers. Racing against conveyor
belts had given some ulcers. Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete. Some had partial vision
loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors. There were times, studying them, when I dreaded
growing up. All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers. Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of
constant work. Only women lived into old age.
我所认识的那些男人的身躯遭受着种种看得见 或看不见的扭曲和伤痛。搬运沉重的物品给他们很多人造成了脊柱
病和可怕的伤痛。有些人断了肋骨，掉 了手指。在传输带上不停地工作使他们有些人患了溃疡。他们的脚踝和膝盖由
于经年累月站立在水泥地上 疼痛不已。有些人由于焊接火光损伤视觉感官而遭受部分视觉缺失的折磨。有些时候，打
量着他们，我会 害怕长大。在我们周围的人中，父亲们看上去总是比母亲们要老。男人衰老得更早，长期遭受着因持
续劳 作带来的病痛。只有女人才活到年老。

3 There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all. But when the shooting started,
many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts. This was what soldiers were for —
they were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw.
还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都 会出于爱国热情而战死
在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作用——他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤 子或螺丝一样。

4 These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and
from watching television. But the men on television — the news commentators, the lawyers, the doctors, the politicians
who levied the taxes and the bosses who gave orders — seemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old
paintings. I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine
becoming a sovereign prince.
这些并非男人们唯一的归宿， 我从曾经有过的几位男教师、从看书及看电视中认识到了这一点。但是，那些上电
视的男人们——新闻评 论员、律师、医生、课征税款的政治家及发号施令的老板们——在我看来就像古老绘画上的人
像，遥远而 不真实。我不能想象自己长大会变成这些精明世故的人中的一员，就像我无法想象自己能变成一个权力至
高无上的国君一样。

5 A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the
halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich. Here for the first time I met women who told me that
men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves. I was puzzled, and demanded
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clarification. What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home. What
had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30
or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal
from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The
right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the
mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed?
一份奖学金使我得以上大学，这可是我社交圈子里极其难得的荣耀。不仅 如此，它还让我能够穿行于为富人家的
孩子打造的史上著名的大学殿堂里。就在这里，我生平头一次碰到 女人告诉我说男人是有罪的，因为他们把地球上所
有的欢乐和特权都据为己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她们 予以解释。什么特权？什么欢乐？我想到家乡大多数男人那种
艰难严酷、伤痛累累的生活。人们所说的他 们从妻子和女儿那里偷走的东西又能是些什么呢？难道是每周五天、每年
十二个月，如此三四十年里挤缩 在纺织厂狭小的空间里，或是在煤矿下挣扎着从岩石般坚硬的泥土中挖出最后一点煤
的劳作的权力？战死 疆场的权利？修缮屋顶上每条裂缝和围栏上每个断栏的权利？为一个遥远的城市某个富裕财团垒
积钱钞的 权利？在遭遇解雇或煤矿倒闭时感到既害怕又羞耻的权利？

6 In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy,
I had envied them. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature,
the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters. What's more, they did not have
to go to war. By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of
mothers seemed expansive. They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church. I saw
their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days.
No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less. I didn't see, then, what a
prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory. As such things were
never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying. Even then I could see how exhausting
it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children. But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a
baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby.
在这样一个满是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人们深深的怨怒方面很是迟钝。这是因为，当我还是一个小男孩
时，我就嫉妒过她们。在上大学之前，我所认识的唯一对艺术、音乐或文学有兴趣的人，唯一看上去能够 享受一丝自
在的一群人就是那些做母亲和女儿的人。而且，她们也不必去参加战争。与父亲们所遭受的狭 隘的、封闭的日子相比，
母亲们所承担的相对较轻的工作显得更加宽泛一些。她们剪用购物券，探访邻居 ，在学校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透
过望远镜看到她们的生活，满是闪烁的星星和一缕缕光线，而漏掉了 她们生活岁月的真实细节。毋庸置疑，如果我用
更具理性的方式审视她们的生活，我就不会那么嫉妒她们 了。可在那时，我实在看不出一幢房子能成为什么样的牢狱，
因为房子在我看来比任何厂房都更亮堂、更 体面。我也没有意识到女人是多么频繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因为这样的事
情从未被提及过。即使在那时， 我也能够看出一个母亲整日忙碌着应付年幼孩子们的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作为
男孩，如果我那时必 须在照顾婴儿和照看机器之间作选择，我想我会选择照顾婴儿。

7 So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's
pleasures. They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism. I think my bafflement has been felt by other
boys (and by girls as well) who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factories — any place
where the fates of men and women are symmetrically bleak and grim.
所以，当学校里的女性大吵 大囔，谴责我和我所属的性别，说我们霸占着世间的欢乐时，我很困惑。她们要求从
性别歧视的束缚中解 放出来。我认为别的男孩（女孩也一样）也会有我这样的迷惑，只要他们成长于一贫如洗的农村，
成长于 码头边或工厂附近——成长于任何让男人和女人的命运同样苍白和严酷的地方。

8 When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they didn't see the sort of men I
had known. These daughters of privileged, Republican men wanted to inherit their fathers' power and lordship over the
world. They longed for a say over their future. But so did I. The difference between me and these daughters was that
they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their
desires. But I knew better. I wasn't an enemy to their desires, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally in their rebellion. If I had
known, then, how to tell them so, or how to be a mediator, would they have believed me? Would they have known?
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当我在大学里遇到的那些女子们想 到男人的享乐和特权时，她们并没有见过我以前认识的那些男人。这些特权阶
层的、共和党男人的女儿们 渴望继承她们父亲的权力和凌驾世界的贵族身份。她们渴望能对自己的未来拥有发言权。
而我也渴望这样 。我和这些女儿们之间的区别在于，她们看我时想到的是，我因为自己的性别而自出生起就注定可以
成为 像她们父亲那样的人，从而也是她们实现自己欲望的敌人。但我比她们更清楚，无论是事实上还是情感上，我都< br>不是她们欲望的敌人。我是她们反抗行动的同盟者。如果那时我就知道如何把这些告诉她们，或如何在中间 做一个调
停人，她们会相信我吗？她们能够理解吗？











































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Unit 6
Text B What does feminism really mean?
女权主义究竟是什么？

1 Imagine a world where skirts, makeup, and high heels are prohibited, where men are forbidden from giving gifts
to women, where mothers ignore their children, and where marriage and dating are obscene. It sounds nightmarish, but
this is the dogma many people have in mind when they hear the word
want them dead. Or feminists want to switch places with men, so women can work all day and men can all stay home
and keep house. Or maybe feminists want to be like men: dress identically, use the same toilets, compete in the same
sports leagues. If this definition is true, it seems feminists would be the provocation for insurgencies across the whole of
society, breaking routines, eradicating traditions and ruining everyone's lives in the process!
设想这样一个世界：在这里，短裙、化妆品和高跟鞋通通遭禁，男人们被禁止给女人 送礼物，母亲们对她们的孩
子全然不顾，而婚姻与约会更被视为下流。这听起来像是梦魇，却是很多人在 听到“女权主义”这个词时而想到的教条。
有人告诉我们说，女权主义者仇恨男人，希望他们都死掉。或 者是女权主义者想要与男人互换位置，这样女人就可以
成天工作，而男人则都呆在家里管理家务。又或者 是女权主义者想要像男人一样：穿同样的衣服，用同样的马桶，在
同样的运动联盟中比赛。如果这种定义 是真的，那似乎女权主义者将会挑起全社会的暴乱，进而破除惯例，消灭传统，
甚至在此过程中毁掉每个 人的生命！

2 Fortunately, that's not feminism! Feminists don't believe that women are better than men or that women need to
become or displace men. True, some feminists enjoy masculine pursuits like boxing, but they don't want to eject men
from society. Feminists have fathers, brothers, husbands, and sons. Their lives are just as coiled up with those they love
as anyone else's.
幸运的是，那并不是女权主义！女权主义者不相信女人比男人更优秀，抑或女人要成为 男人或取代男人。诚然，
一些女权主义者喜欢像拳击那样的男性所热衷的爱好，但她们并不想将男人从社 会中驱逐出去。女权主义者也有父亲、
兄弟、丈夫和儿子。她们的生活就像其他任何人一样，与她们所爱 的人密不可分。

3 So, what do feminists believe? Distilled to its essence, feminism is the idea that men and women should have equal
opportunities. A woman should be able to be a man's boss if she is as capable as any other manager, or a man should be
allowed to look after children if he has the interest and ability. Nobody should find the situation strange or call it

fill.
那么，女权主义者究竟信仰什么？归根结底，女权主义指的是男人 和女人应该拥有平等的机会。如果一个女人与
其他任何经理一样能干，那她就可以做男人的老板；如果一 个男人有照料孩子的兴趣和能力，那就应该允许他去照看
孩子，没有人会觉得这种情况奇怪或称之为“怪 异”。换句话说，女权主义者相信有这样一个世界，在那里，没有人会
因其承担的角色而感到被奴役或受 压制。

4 In some countries, gender equality remains far away. There are places where women aren't allowed to participate
in government or public life, where women are denied education and remain illiterate, and places where women have to
keep their hair and faces hidden, or they will risk terrible lashes, detention, or even execution. There are places where
young, virgin girls, with no judicial process to protect them, are forced to marry old men and bear children against their
will. There are places where women are not allowed to drive a car or sit in the same section as men when using public
transit.
在有些国家，性别平等还远未实现。有些地方不允许女性参与政府工作或公 共生活，不让女性接受教育以致她们
仍是文盲；有些地方女人必须遮盖住头发和面容，否则就要面临可怕 的鞭笞、拘役甚至被处死。也有些地方，年幼的
少女没有司法程序的保护，被迫嫁给年老的男子并违背她 们的意愿生育孩子。还有些地方不允许女人开车或在乘坐公
共交通工具时与男人坐在同一区域。

5 In comparison, in some other parts of the world, the rights of women have grown tremendously. In the United
States, modern women live downright luxurious lives compared to the Pilgrims in colonial times. And in the British Isles,
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modern women are essentially equal to men compared to the time when the early kings sat upon their mighty thrones.
Feminists, men as well as women, have fought hard to overthrow outdated discriminatory practices and win rights we
now take for granted, such as girls attending school, women gaining the voting ballot and running in electoral races for
the Senate, women owning property, women in sales earning equal commissions as men, and women choosing whether
or not to marry or have children. These rights have given women control over their own lives while increasing vastly the
number of people in the workforce who discover new ideas and patent new inventions. Can you imagine life without
female scientists, inventors, doctors, teachers, and writers?
相比之下，在世界其他一些地方，女性的权利已大大提升。在美国，与殖民时期的朝 圣者相比，现代女性过着极
其奢侈的生活。在英伦诸岛，现代女性与早先国王的统治时期相比，基本上已 与男性一切平等。女权主义者，不论是
男性还是女性，都曾奋力消除陈旧的歧视性做法，以赢得我们现在 认为是理所当然的权利，比如女孩有机会上学、女
性获得投票权并参与参议院议员席位的竞选、女性拥有 财产、女性销售员挣得同男性一样的提成、女性有权选择是否
结婚或生子。这些权利使得女性能够左右自 己的生活，并极大增加了能够找到新点子、申请新发明专利的劳动者的数
量。你能想象没有女科学家、女 发明家、女医生、女教师或者女作家的生活吗？

6 With all the progress of the last decades, it can be hard to see that there is still work to be done, or to remember
what was so difficult before. Modern women may raise a chorus of complaints that there are no confident men left, and
blame feminism. A modern man may long for the days when a wife would stay home with a spatula and a sponge,
cooking kidney beans and steak for dinner, fascinated by his work stories. However, he would be forgetting the need to
make enough money to support his household alone.
有了过去几十年的进步，人们会很难看 出在女权主义方面还有什么工作要做，也很难记得以前有多么艰难。现代
女性可能会齐声抱怨，说现今再 也没有真正自信的男人了，并因此谴责女权主义。现代男性会渴望以前那样的日子，
那时妻子呆在家里拿 着锅铲和海绵围着锅台转，做芸豆和牛排晚餐，还会入迷地听他讲工作中的故事，而此时，他却
忘记了自 己需要单独赚足够的钱养家。

7 Truthfully, most of us are feminists to some degree. A man who believes that women should stick to working as
transcribing secretaries or midwives and leave the
believes in strict segregation of the genders or who insists that a woman shouldn't leave the house or speak to strangers.
A
shouldn't be hostage to her husband, unable to go to the police if he attacks her for telling him
feminist indeed; we work in blended groups of men and women, dividing tasks according to ability and interest, read
books without caring about the gender of the author, and listen to female teachers as well as male ones with equal
attention and respect.
说实话，我们中的大多数人在某种程度上都 是女权主义者。如果一位男士认为女人都应该坚持做记录员或助产士，
而把“好”工作留给需要养家的男 人，那么，他与一名信奉严格的性别隔离制度或一名坚持认为女人不应该到外面或和
陌生人说话的男性比 起来，要更加具有女权意识。即使是一个只知道画眼线、涂唇膏和参加聚会而其他什么也不做的“花
瓶太 太”，她也具有足够的女权意识，认为自己不应该是丈夫的人质，不应该因对丈夫说“不”而遭到殴打也不敢报警 。
我们中很多人实际上都是女权主义者；我们在男女共事的团队中工作，依据各人的能力和兴趣分配任务 ，读书时不会
在意作者的性别，听课时不论老师是女是男，我们都心怀敬意，认真听讲。

8 Yet even the most feminist environments have barriers we need to tunnel through. For example, we might criticize
successful female solicitors for not devoting enough time to their families, or look down on those women who stay home
with children for not being ambitious enough to take up a career. We might look down on men who disobey female
bosses for not being team players, or look down on other men who obey the same bosses for acting insufficiently
masculine.
然而，哪怕是最具女权主义的环境也有我们尚需逾越的障碍。比如，我 们可能会批评成功的女律师没有花足够的
时间照顾家庭，或者歧视那些呆在家里照看孩子的女性，认为她 们缺乏远大的志向去从事一份职业。我们可能会看不
起那些不顺从女上司的男人，认为他们不具备团队意 识；也可能会歧视另一些听从于这些女上司的男人，认为他们行
为举止缺乏男子气。

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9 These seem like small problems, the lingering ghosts of greater issues, but they're significant when they're
happening to you. Culture isn't easy to change; even if you think a woman has every right to speak loudly and swear like
pirates, you might have trouble imagining that any man would date her. Or you might have trouble relaxing around a
man who is comfortable making less money than his female friends. Clearly, our thirst for equality must never be fully
quenched. But feminism cannot become an appendix at the end of a history book, or an artifact of a bygone epoch. We
must remain vigilant if we hope for a continuance of the rights of women.
这些看上去似乎只是小 问题，是大问题的一些残留末节而已，但当它们真正发生在你本人身上时就是大问题了。
文化是不容易改 变的。即使你认为一个女人有足够的权利大声说话，可以像海盗那样咒骂，你可能仍然无法想象哪个
男人 会愿意与她约会；或者，当你面对一位即使赚钱比女性朋友要少却依然感觉舒坦的男人时，你可能仍然会不自在。
显然，我们对平等的渴望永远也不可能完全得到满足。但是，女权主义不能只作为一本历史书最后的附录 ，或一件远
古时代的手工艺品。如果我们希望女性的权利持续，我们就必须保持警觉。






































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Unit 7
Text A The coming energy crisis
日益逼近的能源危机

1 Two hundred years ago, the world experienced an energy revolution that launched the Industrial Age. Ever since
then, with the rapid increase of population density, the industrialized world's thirst for energy has more than tripled.
Petroleum and natural gas are exploited as versatile and high quality energy products. Uranium is also tapped to fuel
nuclear reactors and provide atomic energy.
两百年前，全球经历了 一场能源革命，由此引发了工业时代的到来。从那时起，随着人口密度的迅速增加，工业
国家对于能源的 需求成倍成倍增加。石油和天然气被看作是用途多、质量好的能源产品而得到开发，而铀也得以开发，
为 核反应堆提供燃料并供应原子能源。

2 Cheap energy is the lifeblood of human society. But there is a dark side to the near monopoly of non-renewable
fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, along with controversial uranium, to supply our growing energy demands. The
supply of these fuels is physically limited, and their use threatens our health and environment. Multiple international
treaties have been proposed to limit the use of fossil fuels for this very reason. Fears of global warming aside, burning
fossil fuels releases chemicals and particulates that can cause breathing problems, cancer as well as brain and nerve
damage. Nuclear energy, once hailed as
factored in. Furthermore, public opinion polls show nuclear energy is too closely associated with disasters like the
Chernobyl reactor meltdown and the Fukushima explosion, and with the danger that rebel insurgents could do damage
with the toxic waste. Inexpensive and seemingly abundant non-renewable energy from dead plants and extinct animals
fueled the 20th century economy, but geologists, climatologists, environmentalists, and many others are warning that the
honeymoon may soon be over.
廉价能源是人类社会的命脉。但是，对煤炭、石油、天然气这些不可再生 的矿物燃料及有争议的铀进行近乎垄断
地使用以满足我们日益增长的对能源的需求的做法有其危险的一面 。这些燃料的供应实际上是有限的，并且，使用这
些燃料对我们的健康和环境都造成威胁。正因如此，人 们制定了众多的国际条约，以限制对矿物燃料的使用。除了造
成全球变暖之外，矿物燃料在燃烧过程中还 会释放出某些化学物质和微粒，引发呼吸系统疾病、癌症，并造成对大脑
和神经的损伤。如果把所有代价 都考虑进来的话，曾经被称颂为“便宜到无法计量”的核能从经济效益上来说则从未获
得过成功。而且， 民意调查显示，核能总被认为与灾难密切相关，例如切尔诺贝利核反应堆熔毁事件及福岛核电站爆
炸事件 。同时，核能还具有一种危险，就是叛乱分子可能利用其有毒废物制造伤害。死去的植物和动物所产生的价格低廉且看似充足的非再生能源推动了20世纪的经济发展，但地理学家、气候学家、环境学家以及其他许多人 都在警告
我们：这样美好的时光很快就要结束了。

3 At some indefinite time in the near future, the last drop of oil, lump of coal or wisp of natural gas will be collected
from the earth. The eventual depletion of fossil fuels that hitherto proved so reliable has left us with no choice but to
prepare for a new age of energy synthesis. Most certainly, human demand for energy will not decrease or plateau but
surge as world population grows to nine billion over the next 50 years. By the year 2020, world energy consumption is
projected to show a linear increase of 50 percent.
在不久的将来的某个时候，地球上最后一滴石油、最后一块煤或最后一缕天然气将被 开采。迄今为止一直被证明
是稳定可靠的矿物燃料终将消失，这让我们别无选择，只能作好准备，迎接新 的能源综合利用时代的到来。可以肯定，
人类对能源的需求不会趋于减少或保持稳定，而是会随着世界人 口在未来50年增长到90亿而迅速增加。据预测，到
2020年，全球的能源消耗将直线增长50%。

4 How will we meet the sky-rocketing energy demands of the future? Until we perfect the technology of cold fusion,
we'll have to focus on the development and increased production of energy from renewable energy source — sun, wind,
water, and so on. While renewable energy sources are promising, an international confederation of scientists and
engineers is working feverishly to overcome the various obstacles associated with these
major challenge is to develop efficient and economically workable versions of these technologies.
我们怎样才 能满足未来急剧增长的能源需求呢？在我们完善冷聚变技术之前，我们只能专注于开发太阳能、风能、
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水电能之类的可再生能源，并提高其产量。虽然可再生能源前 景乐观，一个由科学家和工程师组成的国际联盟却正在
积极工作，努力克服与这些“新兴能源”技术相关 的各种障碍，其中最大的挑战就是如何使这些技术变得既高效又经济。

5 Take solar energy for example. It is a good option because there is an unlimited supply of glittering sunlight.
Making it work on a large scale, however, is much easier said than done. It would be cost prohibitive to take the intricate
gadgets of solar energy from the fringe of
apparatus itself is ready for many new business and consumer applications, but it is way too expensive to replace the old
combustion machinery of gears and motors with new electronic technology of semiconductors and transistors on a
global or even a national scale.
以太阳能为例。由于 耀眼的太阳光能够提供源源不断的能源，所以它是个不错的选择。但是，大规模地使用太阳
能却是说起来 容易做起来难。把制造太阳能所需要的复杂零件从“环保”社会的边缘推广到主流社会，使之成为世界主
要的消费性能源，其代价之高让人望而却步。太阳能设备本身已是技术成熟，可以使商业和消费者进行许多新型应 用，
但是，在全球或者即便是在全国范围内，用新型的半导体和晶体管电子技术取代老式的用齿轮和发动 机驱动的燃烧设
备，其成本实在太高。

6 Wind power, which has been used effectively in some places for generations, is also rapidly growing in the energy
market. The principle behind it is that wind converts rotary force into electricity by turning the blades of the turbine
clockwise or counterclockwise around an axis. Unfortunately, wind power is very unreliable and its strength depends on
local weather patterns, temperature, time of year, and location. In addition to this unreliability, wind power equipment
is very expensive compared with other energy sources and won't become a viable alternative until we can slash the costs
significantly. Also, a
风能在一些地方已经被几代人有效利用，目 前在能源市场中也发展迅速。风能的原理是：风通过驱动涡轮机叶片
按顺时针或逆时针方向绕着一个轴旋 转，从而把转动时所产生的力转换成电能。不幸的是，风能非常不稳定，其强度
取决于当地的天气模式、 温度、季节以及地域。除了不稳定的因素之外，和其他能源相比，风能设备造价昂贵。除非
我们能将其成 本大大降低，否则风能就不会成为一个可行的替代能源。而且，一个“风能农场”需要大片空旷的土地才
能生产大量能源。

7 Hydroelectric power is another source of clean and renewable energy. It can be harnessed by controlling the
natural outflow of water with different methods. The most popular is through dams, which, unfortunately, are no longer
considered environmentally friendly. Most of the hydroelectric dams in the world are historically recent, but all
reservoirs eventually will fill up with mud and require very expensive excavation to clear them up to become useful
again.
水力电能是另外一种既干净又能再生的能源。人们可以通过不同 方法来控制自然水流以进行发电。最普遍的方法
是通过水坝，但不幸的是，建水坝已被认为是对环境不利 的方法了。世界上大多数用于水力发电的大坝建造历史都不
长，但是所有的水库最终都会被淤泥填塞，需 要耗资巨大进行清淤才能使它们重新得到利用。

8 Biomass energy derived from plant and animal matter is still another renewable source being considered as a
standby replacement for fossil fuels. Organic waste in the form of dead trees, leaves, animal corpses and food processing
waste exists in abundance and can be used to produce energy. However, there is no way to ventilate the direct burning of
biomass as fuel without diffusing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases can pose
a risk to the ozone layer, increasing overall exposure of human beings to harmful UV rays from the sun. Besides, it takes
time and money to collect and transport biomass in its raw form to a central point for processing into fuel, and the
automation of such a process is too difficult. So, for the time being, biomass has too many costly drawbacks to be a
workable alternative to fossil fuels.
动植物物质所产生的生物能源也是一种可再生能源，且被认为是矿 物燃料的备用替代品。以死树、枯叶、动物尸
体以及食品加工废料的形式存在的有机废物十分充足，可以 被用来制造能源。然而，将生物质作为燃料直接燃烧，通
风时必然会将二氧化碳及其他温室气体排放到大 气中。这些气体会对臭氧层造成威胁，增加人们受到来自太阳的有害
紫外线照射的危险。除此以外，将生 物质以原始形态进行收集，并将它们运送到某个中心站加工处理成燃料，这一过
程既耗时又耗财，而且对 这一过程实现自动化非常困难。所以，在目前，生物质能源有太多高成本方面的缺点，不能
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成为矿物燃料可行的替代品。

9 Although renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels, their price becomes more
attractive when compared with the health and environmental costs associated with burning coal and oil. Perhaps the
best solution to our growing energy challenges comes in a bulletin from the Union of Concerned Scientists:
society's future success cannot hinge on one single solution. The answer instead must come from a family of diverse
energy technologies that share a unified purpose — they do not deplete our natural resources or destroy our
environment.
speeds and will soon be upon us. In order to inaugurate a new era in energy, we must act quickly and work toward
international collaboration to find the most effective solutions to our energy problems.
虽然从经济实惠方面来说，可再生能源没有矿物能 源有竞争力，但是，与燃烧煤和石油所带来的健康及环境代价
相比，它们的价格又变得较有吸引力了。也 许，对于日益紧迫的能源挑战，最好的解决办法正如“忧思科学家联盟”所
出的一份简报上所说的那样: “未来我们社会的成功不能依赖于某一单一的解决方案。相反，答案须来自一系列各种不
同的能源技术。 这些技术有一个共同目的：它们不会耗尽我们的自然资源，也不会破环我们的环境。”尽管困难重重，
我 们需要牢记的是，能源危机正以超音速逼近，即将来到我们面前。为了在能源领域开创一个新时代，我们必须赶快
行动，努力寻求国际合作，以找到能源问题最有效的解决办法。

































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Unit 7
Text B A worldwide food crisis?
会有全球粮食危机吗?

1 Historically, only local governments worried about a widespread food crisis, but today, a sharp spike in food
prices and the resulting food crisis can quickly become a worldwide phenomenon. Recent droughts along the equator,
and in Russia and Ukraine — two countries which account for one- fourth of world wheat exports — caused wheat
prices to surge. Many worry the tight supply will cause inflationary prices. They fear the skyrocketing grain costs in
2007, which harshly struck the world's poor and led to food riots, will recur.
在历史上，只有地方政府才会担心大范围的粮食危机，而如今 ，粮食价格的急剧上涨及由此导致的粮食危机会很
快成为一种全球现象。最近发生在赤道沿线、俄罗斯及 乌克兰的干旱使小麦价格不断飙升——俄罗斯和乌克兰两国小
麦出口总量占世界出口总量的四分之一。许 多人担心小麦供应短缺会引发其价格膨胀，他们害怕2007年使世界穷人遭
受重创并引发食品骚乱的飞 涨的粮食价格会再次出现。

2 Is their fear grounded? Consultancy firms measuring the status of commodities like wheat don't think so. Stocks
of wheat are at sufficiently high levels, and harvest turnout from other big producers like the US is expected to stay
strong. So unlike in 2007, the supply situation isn't desperate, meaning wheat prices should eventually calm down and
level off.
他们的担心有根据吗？负责对像小麦这样的商品现状进行评估 的咨询公司并不这样认为。目前小麦的储备非常充
足，并且，重要农业生产国如美国等的农作物生产也有 望十分强劲。所以，与2007年不同，现在粮食供应状况并不那
样令人绝望，这也意味着小麦价格最终 会恢复正常并平稳下来。

3 However, this rosy picture provides only temporary security. The bigger picture discloses a reality not so
optimistic. Though current prices aren't as sky-high as in the panicked market of 2007, they're still at higher levels than
before and are likely to stay that way. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development sees the average
prices of products classified as essential such as grains, vegetable oils, and dairy products rising for the next decade.
但是，这一美好的画面只能带来短暂的安心。更大的画面所揭示的现实不容 乐观。虽然目前粮食价格没有达到2007
年引起恐慌的市场上的那种天价，但和以前相比，价格仍然居 高不下，而且很有可能维持这样。经济合作与发展组织
认为，谷物、植物油和奶制品这些基本食品的平均 价格在未来十年都将持续上涨。

4 It doesn't take an oracle to foretell that the fight to feed the world will be a huge challenge facing the global
economy over the next 20 years. Food production is suffering from decades of neglect of agriculture, a period when the
sector was starved of the resources and technology it needed to keep up with rising world demand. Though more and
more people are intrigued by the issue and there is a growing global consensus about the need for reform in farming,
we're really only at the beginning of a long, expensive process of repairing world agricultural practices. That means food
prices will stay high over the next several years, as will the risk of dangerous price fluctuations like the current one with
wheat.
未来20年，让世界上所有人都吃饱饭将是全球经济所面临的巨大挑战，这一点很明确，不需要通过行家 来预言。
由于过去几十年对农业的疏忽，粮食生产受到影响，而这几十年正是农业这一行业急需得到资源 和技术支持以满足日
益增长的世界需求的重要时期。虽然现在越来越多的人对这一问题表示出兴趣，对农 业耕作进行改革的需要也获得全
球越来越广泛的认同，但事实上，在修复全球农业作业这样一项耗时长、 代价高的工作中，我们还只处于起步阶段。
这也意味着，粮食价格在未来几年会居高不下，正如目前小麦 价格波动所带来的风险也会居高不下一样。

5 Food isn't like garments or other products traded on world markets. The issue of food is filled with emotion.
Intermittent uncertainty in food markets will animate people to act when they would otherwise remain calm. No country,
for example, wants to run out of food or watch sky-high prices push people into poverty and malnourishment. That can
lead to riots or even revolutions. When emotions are running high enough, grain exporters and importers may take
extreme measures to prevent a shortage, like hoarding and panic-driven wholesale purchases. In other words, the
overreaction of market players will act like a pistol to the head, creating a crisis when none should exist.
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粮食这一商品和世 界市场上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。粮食问题是充满感情色彩的。粮食市场时断时续的
不确定性会 促使人们采取行动，而这种不确定性如果涉及的是其他商品，人们则会保持冷静。比如，没有哪个国家希
望出现粮食短缺，眼睁睁看着粮价飞涨而使人们陷入贫穷和营养不良的困境，因为这样会引发骚乱甚至革命。当人 们
的情绪积聚到足够高度的时候，粮食出口商和进口商就会采取一些极端的手段，以防止粮食出现短缺。 比如，他们会
囤积粮食及因恐慌而大批量购买等等。换句话说，市场操纵者如果反应过度，其作用就如同 指向头部的手枪，会无中
生有地制造危机。

6 Will current prices stay high and volatile? Probably yes. There are enormous structural problems with the
agriculture industry that have caused the great imbalance between supply and demand. These problems have a dual
nature, one part of it on the production side, and the other on the consumption side.
目前的价格会一直居高不下且变化不定吗？很可能会的。农业产 业结构方面存在的诸多问题已经引发了供求关系
的巨大失衡。这些问题具有两面性，一个是生产方面的， 另一个是消费方面的。

7 On the production side, global funding for rural infrastructure or technological research to keep yields growing
has been very small, well below what is needed to keep crises at bay and to meet our future food demands. But in the
past, whenever economists predicted massive shortages, technological advances like higher-yield strains of wheat would
overcome the difference and rescue civilizations from large-scale starvation.
在生产 方面，全球用于乡村基础设施建设或农业技术研究以保持粮食产量持续增长的资金非常少，大大低于能够
使我们避免危机、满足人类未来食品需求所必需的资金投入量。但是，在过去，一旦经济学家们预测会有大规模的 粮
食短缺，就会有像高产量小麦之类的技术进步来解决这一供需差异，使人类免受大规模挨饿之苦。

8 On the consumption side, citizens of wealthier countries have grown accustomed to consuming more food than
they need and eating more costly types of food like meat. This means more grain gets turned into livestock feed instead
of food for people. Add in the new demand for bio-fuels, and you get a recipe for disaster. As an excerpt from a pamphlet
by activist Peter Singer explains:
food we grow. Nearly 100 million tons of grain per year is turned into bio- fuel that goes into gas tanks. The problem is
that we — the relatively affluent — have created a system of piracy where we consume four or five times as much food
as would be possible if we were to actually eat the crops we grow directly.
在消费方面，富裕国家的人们已经渐渐习惯了消耗比他们实际需求更多的 食品，也习惯了吃肉等更加昂贵的食物。
这就意味着更多的谷物要被变成家畜的饲料而不是成为人们的粮 食。再加上对生物燃料的新需求，灾难的发生就是可
能的了。正如从活动家彼得·辛格的一个手册中所节 选出来的一段话所表述的那样：“……问题不是我们生产的粮食太
少，而是我们没有食用我们生产出来的 粮食。每年几乎有一亿吨的谷物被转变成了油箱中的生物燃料。问题是我们——
相对比较富裕的国家的人 ——已经创建了一种强盗体系，我们所消耗掉的粮食，与我们要是直接食用我们所生产的粮
食比起来，可 能是其四到五倍之多。”

9 How can we neutralize this problem and dodge the future crisis? The solution lies at the intersection of money
and time. Councilors, legislators and bureaucratic agencies of some countries like India and Senegal have had the
foresight to realize this fact and are giving more subsidies to agriculture.
怎样才能化解这一 问题并规避未来的风险呢？其解决办法就是通过金钱和时间的共同作用。印度、塞内加尔等一
些国家的议 员、立法人员及政府机构已经独具慧眼地认识到了这一事实，并且正在给予农业更多的资助。

10 More than ever we need the appropriation of time and money away from the army and the militia and toward
creating a coherent international plan to deal with hunger. We are about to rupture at the seams, with the world
population expected to grow by 2.3 billion between 2009 and 2050. It is estimated that feeding a population of nine
billion would require a 70 percent increase in global food production between 2007 and 2050. Why such a discrepancy?
The rapidly growing population not only needs more basic foods, like grains, but also enjoys foods higher up on the food
chain, like meat. They desire not only the basic essentials of life, but also more sophisticated technologies like
automobiles that use bio-fuels!
我们现在比以往任何时 候都需要把拨款和时间从军队和民兵建设方面转移到致力于创建一个有条理的解决饥饿问
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题的国际计划上来。我们就要在接缝处崩塌，面临食品供应与需求之间的巨大 缺口，因为在2009到2050年之间，世
界人口预计将增加23亿。而要让90亿人有饭吃估计需要 将全球粮食产量在2007至2050年间提高70%。为什么会有
如此巨大的差异呢？因为快速增长的 人口所需要的不仅是像谷物之类的基本食品，他们也要享用食物链上的高端食品，
比如肉类食品。他们不 仅渴望生活的必需品，也渴望享受高端的技术产品，比如使用生物燃料的汽车！

11 All signposts point to the need for food production in developing countries to almost double. To achieve this goal,
an enormous investment in agriculture from various sources is needed. Governmental agencies, non-profit organizations,
agricultural scientists, private investors and charitable donors, all must partner together to build the capacity of the
developing world to answer this tremendous need for food.
所有的迹象都表明，有必要把发展中国家的粮食产量翻一番。要实现这 一目标，需要各方对农业进行大规模投资。
政府机构、非营利机构、农业科学家、私人投资者以及慈善捐 赠者都要合作起来，增强发展中国家的生产能力，以满
足全球对粮食的巨大需求。

12 While we may not be seeing all the symptoms of a food shortage syndrome yet, we must be clear- eyed in our
on-going support of food production. The message is explicit: We are on a collision course. But the problem is soluble.
Like climbing a staircase, we must do it carefully and consistently if we are to reach our goal and prevent a global food
crisis.
也许， 我们现在还看不到粮食短缺综合征的所有症状，但是，在对现行的粮食生产提供支持方面，我们必须目光
准确。有一点很明确：我们即将面临一个大麻烦。但是，这个问题是可以解决的。如果我们要实现目标并预防全球 性
的粮食危机的话，和爬楼梯一样，我们必须谨慎而且坚持如一。





























44 50

Unit 8
Text A A meaningful life
有意义的人生

1 The death of an angel of animal rights activism does not rate with that of a drugged-out rock star. So when Henry
Spira died of cancer in September 1998, his death passed without notice, apart from a brief obituary in The New York
Times. Yet Henry Spira's life tells us something important, not only about the modern animal movement, but about the
possibility of an individual making a difference in the modern world.
一位动物权利保护运动的天使的去世还比不上一个沉溺于毒品的摇滚明星的死亡。所以， 亨利·斯皮拉在1998年9
月因癌症去世的消息根本没有引起公众的注意，只是《纽约时报》上刊登了 一则简短的讣告。但是亨利·斯皮拉的一生
让我们懂得了一些重要的东西，不仅关于现代动物权益保护运 动，而且还有一个人改变现代社会的可能性。

2 I first met Henry when he turned up at an adult education seminar I was giving at New York University. I offered
a course on
regular aesthetic of an
earthy that at times I thought I was listening to an assassin from a violent mob. Yet, I couldn't help feeling intrigued
with his direct way of speaking and his solemn, secular oath to help animals in need.
第一次见到亨利，是我在纽约大学教一个成人教育研修班时他前来 听课。我开设了一门关于“动物解放”的课程，
吸引了大约20名学生。其中一名学生很另类，完全和通 常意义上“动物权利保护者”的形象背道而驰。他的衣着邋遢，
头发也未曾梳理。他说话非常直率并且粗 俗，有时我甚至认为，我好像是在听一个暴力团伙的杀手在讲话。但是，我
情不自禁地被他那种直截了当 的说话方式，还有他那庄重的、不是出于宗教目的要帮助处于困境中的动物的誓言吸引
住了。

3 I left New York soon after that, but one day got a call from Henry. He talked with me about his work. I knew that
for over a century, the animal rights movement had been putting out graphic brochures, leaflets, and audio propaganda,
alerting people to the dreadful experiments on animals. But in all that time, the number of animals used in experiments
had risen from a small batch of a few hundred to more than 30 million. No activist had managed to stop a single
experiment or improve the lives of animals living in tiny, constricted enclosures. Henry changed that. One of his earliest
campaigns permanently closed down a laboratory conducting experiments with toxic vapor on about 60 rabbits.
在那之后，我很快就离开了纽约。但是有一天，我接到了亨利的电话。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道， 一个多
世纪以来，动物权益运动的倡导者一直通过散发带图画的手册、传单以及音频宣传材料，来引起公 众对那些可怕的动
物实验的关注。但与此同时，用于实验的动物数量从原来区区几百骤增到三千多万。没 有哪位活动家曾成功阻止过一
项实验或改善了蜗居在狭小困笼中的动物的生活。亨利却改变了这一切。他 早期的运动之一就是使一间用毒蒸汽在大
约60只兔子身上做实验的实验室被永久关闭。

4 Following that success, Henry rapidly moved on to bigger targets. He laid siege to Revlon over their use of rabbits
to test cosmetics for potential eye damage, and exerted enough pressure to persuade them to put $$750,000 into the
search for alternatives. Having seen the boycott that Revlon had narrowly averted and being afraid of incurring similar
wrath, Avon, Bristol-Myers and other major cosmetics corporations soon followed suit. Though it took 10 years for the
research to achieve results, it was largely Henry's public and judicious watchdog efforts that brought so many cosmetics
corporations to where they now truthfully state their products are not tested on animals. 取得上述成功之后，亨利马上转向更大的目标。他谴责露华浓公司用兔子检测化妆品对眼睛可能造成的伤害。 他
还给露华浓施加了强大的压力，说服其投入75万美元进行研究，以寻找替代方法。雅芳、百时美及其 他大型化妆品公
司看到露华浓险些遭到抵制，担心自己也会招致同样的愤怒，所以很快也都纷纷效仿。虽 然他们的研究历经10年才取
得成果，但是正是亨利所作出的这种公开而又明智的监督，才使得这么多化 妆品公司现在可以如实地说，他们的产品
没有在动物身上进行实验。

5 From decades spent working on the side of the weak and oppressed, Henry became efficient at masterminding
campaigns. His victory over Revlon didn't require wealth, legislators, or the help of big governments. He learned how to
45 50

build public awareness campaigns, how to shape malpractice lawsuits to successfully sue large companies and how to
build committed groups of supporters for the cause.
经过几十年为弱势及受 压迫群体所做的抗争，亨利变得非常善于策划各种活动。他在与露华浓的抗衡中获胜，靠
的不是财富、立 法者或庞大的政府的帮助。他学会了如何发起能够唤醒公众意识的活动，如何开展渎职诉讼以便成功
起诉 大公司，以及如何为这一事业建立忠实的支持者团队。

6 We often assume that society has become too big and too bureaucratic for individuals to make a difference. How
could one individual, however humane and passionate, possibly bring about change in the face of powerful global
corporations, ministerial indifference and complicated parliamentary rules?
我们经常认为社会已经变得太大、太官僚，从而个体不可 能改变它。在面对强大的跨国公司、冷漠的执政部门和
众多复杂的议会规则时，单单一个人，不管他多么 具有人道主义，多么富有激情，又如何能促成改变呢？

7 Henry's life was dedicated to the cause of preventing suffering of innocent, helpless animals, especially those used
in research. He didn't stand on the sidelines or try to get revenge for the suffering he observed. Henry was practical. He
acted. He appealed to the public and created publicity kits to help common people become activists.
亨利的一生都 致力于阻止无辜又无助的动物遭受痛苦，尤其是那些被用于研究的动物。他没有袖手旁观，也没有
试图为 他所看到的苦难复仇。亨利是个很实际的人。他采取了行动。他向公众呼吁，并做了各种成套的宣传材料来帮助普通人成为积极的参与者。

8 On April 21, 1996, I sent Henry a fax telling him I was thinking about writing a book to chronicle his life and
work. I asked whether I could stay with him for a few days in June to talk about it.
1996年4月21日，我给亨利 发了一份传真，告诉他我正在考虑写一本记录其生平和事业的书。我问他我是否可
以6月份过去和他待几 天，以讨论这一事宜。

9 Henry called that evening. He said he'd really like me to write the book, but he wasn't sure he was still going to be
around in late June. He explained that he'd been diagnosed with cancer, and asked whether I could come earlier.
当天晚上亨利就给我打了电话。他说他很愿意由我来写这本书，但是他不 确定自己6月下旬是否还会活在世上。
他解释说他已经被确诊得了癌症，所以问我能不能早点来。

10 I was in New York six days later. Henry had lost a lot of weight, and lacked the energy I was used to seeing in
him. His life expectancy was a matter of months. Death seemed to be stalking him.
6天后我就到了纽约。亨利瘦了很多，而且也没有了我以前在他身 上看到的精力。他的生命只剩几个月了。死亡
似乎正在向他逼近。

11 The most remarkable thing about Henry, though, was the total absence of any sign of depression. Life had been
good, he said, refusing to hear my sympathy and condolences. He said he'd done what he wanted to do and enjoyed it a
lot. Why should he be depressed?
尽管如此，亨利最了不起的一点就是，你根本看不 到他有一丝一毫的沮丧。他说他一直过得很好，因而拒绝听我
说同情和安慰的话。他说，他做了自己想做 的事，而且很享受所做的一切，为什么要感到沮丧呢？

12 Henry's life did not terminate in the time his doctors predicted. For the next two years he kept working, helping
develop the material I needed for the book, through interviews and questionnaires. When I began writing, I never
thought Henry would see a completed draft, but he lived to see the book on sale in a New York bookstore. Then, within a
week, wearing his favorite striped pajamas, he died.
亨利的生命并没有像医生预言的那么快终止。在接下来的两年里，他一直坚持工作， 通过采访和问卷调查的方式，
帮助我准备写书需要的材料。在我开始动笔的时候，我从来没想到亨利能看 到完整的初稿，但是他一直活到亲眼看到
书在纽约的书店出售。然后，不到一个星期，他就去世了，当时 身上穿着他最喜欢的条纹睡衣。

13 One essential mark of living well is to be satisfied with one's accomplishments when taking a retrospective look
46 50

at life, and to be able to accept death and face infinity calmly. Henry's life seemed to lack many of the things that most of
us take for granted as essential to a good life. He never married, or had a long- term, live-in relationship. He had no
children or successors. He never went to concerts, to the theater, or to fine restaurants. He didn't bring antibiotics to the
needy or vaccinate the poor. He was never called a hero like the caped crusaders of our comic books. There is no fancy
stone for him at the cemetery after his death. He just cared for the weakest creatures in his society. What gave Henry
Spira's life depth and purpose? What did he — and others — find meaningful in the way he lived his life?
一个人活得 好的一个根本标志就是，在他回首自己人生的时候，他对自己的成就感到满意，而且能够冷静地接受
死亡 、面对永恒。亨利的人生似乎缺少了我们大多数人想当然地认为美好人生所必须具备的很多东西。他一生未婚，< br>也从未经历过长期的恋爱同居关系；他没有孩子或别的继承人；他从来不去音乐会、剧院或高级饭店；他也 没有给生
活艰难者带去抗生素或是给贫困者接种疫苗。他从来没有像我们的漫画书中那些披着斗篷的社会 改革家那样被称为英
雄。他死后墓地上也没有什么精致的墓碑。他只是关心社会中脆弱的生灵。是什么让 亨利·斯皮拉的生活富有深度、目
标明确呢？在他的这种生活中，他，以及其他人，又发现了什么有意义 的东西呢？





































47 50

Unit 8
Text B A turning point of my life
我人生的转折点

1 I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped
with calls. In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our
office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times. Late one afternoon when I finally read the
Book Review section, my blood began to boil. An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler
Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a
universal poet. I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.
我那时还不到30岁，是纽约市的一名消防员，我工作的消防站总是不断有求助 电话进来。偶尔在我们不忙的时候，
我会打打无绳电话，或是到办公室，看看格雷队长订的《纽约时报》 周日版。一天下午晚些时候，当我最后读到书评
栏时，我开始血液沸腾。一篇文章提出了一个在我看来带 有侮辱性的观点：它说诺贝尔奖获得者威廉·巴特勒·叶芝，
即点亮爱尔兰文学复兴之光的人，已经超越 了其爱尔兰身份，是一名世界性的诗人。我突然感到愤怒，内心深处一种
激情也被激发起来。

2 There were few things I was more proud of than my Irish heritage. My ancestors were Catholic Irish farmers,
fishermen and blue-collar workers, all of whom were patrons of literature. From the time my family came ashore on
Ellis Island and faced the threat of being deported, we have fought discrimination against Irish immigrants. Ever since I
first picked up a book of his poems, Yeats had been my favorite writer. He wrote his poetry in close adherence to his
Irish sensibilities. His life was, in essence, a tribute to his homeland. So, it was offensive to think Irishness, no matter if it
was psychological, social or literary, was something to rise above. I felt like my heritage was a defendant at a tribunal,
and I had no choice but to protect it and denounce such an outdated prejudice.
很少有什么事情比我是爱尔兰后裔更让我感到骄傲的了。我 的祖先是信仰天主教的爱尔兰人，他们做过农夫、渔
民和蓝领工人，但是他们所有人都热爱文学。从我的 家族登上埃利斯岛、面临被驱逐的威胁那一刻起，我们就一直在
反抗对爱尔兰移民的歧视。自从我第一次 拿起叶芝的诗集开始，他就一直是我最喜欢的作家。他创作的诗中有着深深
的爱尔兰情怀。实际上，他的 一生都在赞颂祖国。所以，不管是从心理的、社会的还是文学的角度，认为爱尔兰的身
份是能够超越的， 都是一种侮辱。我感觉自己继承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告，我别无选择，只能保护它并谴责
这样一 种过时的偏见。

3 Vibrating with agitation, I grabbed a piece of clean paper, one that had the logo of the Fire Department of the
City of New York across the top. I began a letter, trumpeting my indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review,
describing Yeats as he was: a writer fundamentally Irish in all he did and wrote.
我 焦躁不安，全身颤动，于是抓起了一张干净的纸，那张纸的顶部印有纽约市消防局的标志。我开始给《周日书评》栏目的编辑写信，表达我的愤怒。我把叶芝描述为他本来的样子，即无论从行为还是从作品来看，他都是 地地道
道的爱尔兰作家。

4 I don't know why I felt I had to defend the world's greatest poet (at least next to Homer and Shakespeare) from
being
a priest has to pray, or a musician has to play an instrument.
我不知道为什么我觉得自己必须捍卫这位世 界上最伟大的诗人（至少是仅次于荷马和莎士比亚的诗人），使其免于
被“起诉”，或者为什么我要撰文 捍卫爱尔兰文学。我只知道我必须写那封信，就像牧师必须祷告，或者音乐家必须演
奏乐器一样。

5 Until that point in my life I hadn't written much of value — a few poems and short stories. But, like a beginning
artist who longs to see his work come to life, becoming an animated Disney film, I understood that the more one draws,
or writes, the better the end result will become. Realistically, I approached writing like waxing a car, thoroughly and
repeatedly. So I wrote often to improve my writing skills. I tentatively sent material to various magazines and reviews,
but no one had ever been willing to publish me.
48 50

在那个时刻之前，我没有写过多少有价值的东西——只有几首诗和几篇短故事而已。但是 就像是一名刚刚起步的
艺术家渴望看到他的作品焕发生命，被拍成迪斯尼动画片一样，我明白一个人画得 越多，或写得越多，最后他的作品
就越好。所以，我采取了一种实际的策略，对待写作就像给汽车打蜡一 样，我既细致认真又反复操练。我经常写，以
提高自己的写作技能。我也试着把文稿寄给多家杂志社和书 评专刊，但是没有人愿意发表我的作品。

6 So it was an unexpected delight when the Times published my commentary. I suppose the editor decided to
publish it because he was first attracted by the official nature of my stationery, and then by the strangeness of an inner
city firefighter's using refined language. I'd like to think, though, that the editor silently agreed with me.
所以，当《 纽约时报》发表了我的评论，我欣喜若狂。我想编辑决定发表它，可能是因为他首先被我所用的信纸
的正 式性吸引了。其次，一名中心城区的消防员竟能使用文雅的语言或许也让他感到新奇。但是，我宁愿认为编辑默< br>默地认同了我的观点。

7 I received about 20 sympathetic and congratulatory letters from professors that I tacked up by the
superintendent's desk. These letters tickled me, making my heart flutter with the thought that I was not only a
published writer but an opinion maker. I was suddenly dubbed as someone whose views mattered.
我收到了大概20封来自大学教授的表达同感或祝贺的 信。我把它们订在了主管的桌子旁边。这些信让我快乐，让
我激动不已，因为我想到，我不仅作品得以发 表，而且我还是个观点制造者。突然间，我被称为拥有重要观点的人。

8 Incidentally, I also received letters from True magazine and from The New Yorker, asking for interviews. It was
the latter that ignited my career — the article titled Smithprovided the impetus for a large publishing
company to request a manuscript about my life.
出乎意料的是，我还收 到了《真实》杂志和《纽约客》的来信，要求采访我。正是后者激发了我的事业——它刊
登的题为《消防 员史密斯》的文章使一家大型出版公司向我约稿，要我写一本关于自己人生的书。

9 I had always subscribed to the belief that the work of firefighters was a worthy subject for a book, but it had
received incomprehensive coverage so far. I was bewildered at first with little confidence in my ability to write a whole
book. So, I began little by little writing one module at a time. I soon had the basic skeleton and framework for my book.
The book went on to sell two million copies and was translated into 12 languages. In the following years, I wrote three
more best-sellers, and last year published an autobiography.
我一直认为消防员的工作是个值得一写的题材，但是到目前为止却很少 被写过。起初我很困惑，对于自己是否有
能力写一本完整的书没有多少信心。所以，我开始一点一点地写 ，一次写一部分。很快，我对整本书有了基本的结构
和框架。这本书最终卖出200万册，并被译成12 种语言。在接下来的几年中，我又写了3本畅销书，去年还出版了一
本自传。

10 Being a writer had been far from my expectations; being crowned a best-selling author was almost unimaginable.
How had it happened? I often found myself thinking about it, marveling at the inconsistency of my success and earlier
failure. My thoughts always came back to the nucleus at the center of it all, that letter to The New York Times.
成为一名作家远远超出了我的预料。被冠以畅销书作者的称 号更是几乎难以想象的。这一切都是如何发生的呢？
我发现自己经常思考这个问题，惊叹于自己的成功和 早期失败之间的反差。我的思绪总是会归结于其中最核心的部分
——那封写给《纽约时报》的信。

11 The clearest explanation is that I had found a subject I felt so strongly about that the writing was a natural
consequence of that passion. I felt the same kind of passion when I began writing about firefighters and, later, a serial
story about my mother. Whatever the subjects, they are always meaningful and timely because they represent the great
values of human life — decency, honesty and fairness — subjects that burn within me as I write.
最清楚的解 释就是，我发现了一个让我有强烈感触的题材，因此，写作就成为这种激情很自然的结果了。在我写
关于 消防员以及后来写关于我母亲的系列故事时，我都怀有同样的激情。不管题材是什么，它们总是有意义并且合时< br>宜的，因为它们代表了人类生活中伟大的价值观——得体、诚实和公正。在我写作时，这些题材在我心中炙 热如火。

49 50

12 Over the years, all five of my children have come to me periodically with one dilemma or another. Should I go
out for soccer or basketball? Should I take a job with this company or that one?
多年来，我的五个孩 子会时不时地来问我一个又一个让他们进退两难的问题：我应该踢足球还是打篮球？我是到
这家公司工作 还是到那家？

13 My answer is always the same: Think about your feelings deep down in your bones. Measure the heat of the fire
there, for that is the passion that will flow through every particle of your being. Always find that passion. And, if you
lose it, retrieve it and start again. Your education and your experience will guide you toward making a right decision,
but your passion will always enable you to make a difference in whatever you do.
我的回答一直是相同的：想想你骨 子深处的情感。估量一下那些情感的热度，因为那就是流淌于你身体每一部分
的激情。任何时候都要找到 那种激情。如果你失去了它，就要重新搜寻到它，然后再重新开始。你接受的教育和你的
经验会引导你作 出正确的决定，但是你的激情总是会使你在做任何事情时都成就非凡。

14 That's what I learned the day I stood up for Ireland's greatest poet.
这就是那天我挺身而出为爱尔兰最伟大的诗人辩护时所学到的东西。

50 50

Unit 1
Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy
爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事

1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had
a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that
he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.
在我和室友罗伯的 交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足
球队员中唯 一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right
background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a
radiant, well- spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.
但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是 化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍
而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的 顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，
我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势 获胜。

3
“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I
had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.
We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.
about?
在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座 小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪
异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人 的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从
刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。

5
“逻辑学。”

6
“好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

7
are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpl iciter.
“逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实， 其中有些还很普遍。我们先
来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。”

8
“好啊，”她表示同意。

9 Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody
should exercise.
“‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动 。”

10 She nodded in agreement.
她点头表示赞同。
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11 I could see she was stumped.
or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.
我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉 ，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运
动就变得有害而不 是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”

12 is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't
speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.
“接下来是‘草率结论’。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了： 你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校
里好像是没有人会说法语。”

13
“是吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”

14 is also a fallacy,I said. generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a
conc lusion.
“这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太 少了。”

15 She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for
another conversation.
她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约 会交谈
的日子。

16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said,
第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫‘文不对题’。”

17 She nodded with delight.
她高兴地点了点头。

18
has six children to feed.
“听好了， ”我说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”

19
“哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了,”她哽咽着轻声说道。

20 it's awful,I agreed, it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he
appealed to the boss's sympathy — Ad Misericor diam.
“对，是挺可怕的,”我表示赞同地说,“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题， 而只是在博取老板的同情，
这就是‘文不对题’。”

21 She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.
她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。

22
textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.
“接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论‘错 误类比’。举个例子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手
术时可以看X光片。”

2 50

23
“我喜欢这个主意，”她说。

24
much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between
them.
“波莉，”我抱怨道，“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是 在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少，而学生却是。
他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。”

25
“我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。

26 With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last.
The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.
经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，她总算能够 分析思考了。现在应该是时候
让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。

27
“波莉，”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”

28
“哦？”她回答说，有一点失望。

29 Favoring her with a grin, I said,
pretty good couple.我赞许地对她笑了笑，说:“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。”

30
you think?
“草率结论，”波莉伶俐地说，“或者是按一 般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为吗？”

31 I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations.
patting her hand in a tolerant manner,
good.
我被逗得笑了起来，她 功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的预期。“亲爱的，”我开口说，同时宽容地拍了拍她的
手，“五次约 会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”

32
boy .
“错误类比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”

33 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more
false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.
我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕 她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我
决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。

34
“波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”

3 50

35
“文不对题，”她说。

36
so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life.
“你还真是 能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，”我说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我
是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”

37
“绝对判断，”她说道，“而且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”

38 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up.
我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”

39
“我不愿意，”她答道。

40
“为什么？”我追问道。

41 — Rob and I are back together.
“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣——罗伯和我重归于好了。”

42 With great effort, I said calmly,
tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who'll never know where
his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?
我极力地保持着平静，说道：“你怎么会甩了我而选 择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，
一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌 肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，
为什么要选择跟他？”

43
voice dripping with sarcasm. — I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your
jacket!
“喔，这是什么假设啊！为 了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，“事
情的真相是—— 我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”














4 50

Unit 1
Text B Why do smart people do dumb things?
聪明人为何会做蠢事？

1 Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectual rigor highly in the modern realm of universities and tech
industry jobs. One of the underlying assumptions of this value system is that smart people, by virtue of what they've
learned, will formulate better decisions. Often this is true. Yet psychologists who study human decision-making
processes have uncovered cognitive biases common to all people, regardless of intelligence, that can lead to poor
decisions in experts and laymen alike.
传统观 念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。这一价值体系所隐含的前提是，
聪明人借助自己丰富的学识会作出更高明的决定。在大多数情况下，确实如此。但是，研究人类决策过程的心理学 家
们却发现了每个人身上都常见的“认知偏差”。不管智力水平如何，这些认知偏差都会引导人们作出错 误的决定，不论
他们是专家还是门外汉。

2 Thankfully these biases can be avoided. Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an
awareness of your own limitations and allow you to factor them into your decision-making.
好在这些偏差是可以避免的。只要知道这些偏差如何及在何种情况下发生，你就能意识到自身的缺陷，并在决策< br>过程中考虑到这些因素的影响。

3 One of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error. Through this people
attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere circumstance, subconsciously considering their
own characters to be stainless.
It also leads us to attribute our own success to our qualifications, discounting luck, while seeing others' success as the
product of mere luck. < br>最常见的偏差之一就是通常所说的“基本归因错误”。犯这种错误的人会将别人的失败归因于性格缺陷，而 将自己
的失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，潜意识中认为自己的性格是完美无瑕的。“詹金斯丢掉了工作是因为 他能力太差，我丢掉
了工作则是因为经济衰退。”同样，这种偏差也会让我们将自己的成功归功于自身素 质而不是运气，而将别人的成功仅
仅看作是运气使然。

4 In other words, we typically demand more accountability from others than we do from ourselves. Not only does
this lead to petty judgments about other people, it also leads to faulty risk assessment when you assume that certain bad
things only happen to others. For example, you might assume, without evidence, that the price of your house will go up
even though 90 percent of them have dropped in price, because you yourself are more competent.
换句话说，我们通常要求别人承担更多的责任，而不是自己。这不仅导致我们心 胸狭窄地对别人进行评价也会由
于假定某种坏事只会发生在别人身上而致使我们做出错误的风险评判。举 一个例子，你可能会毫无根据地假定自己的
房子会升值，哪怕周围百分之九十的房子都已经贬值了，因为 你总认为自己的能力更强。

5 Confirmation bias is sometimes found together with fundamental attribution error. This one has two parts. First,
we tend to gather and rely upon information that only confirms our existing views. Second, we avoid or veto things that
refute our preexisting hypotheses.
“确定性偏差”有时会和“基本归因错误”一并出 现。这种偏差包含两部分：第一，我们往往只收集且只依赖对我们
的已有观点起支持作用的信息；第二， 我们回避或否认那些与自己之前所持的假设相左的信息。

6 For example, imagine that you suspect your computer has been hacked. Every time it stalls or has a little error,
you assume that it was triggered by a hacker and that your suspicions are valid. This bias plays an especially big role in
rivalries between two opposing views. Each side partitions their own beliefs in a logic-proof loop, and claims their
opponent is failing to recognize valid points. Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requires exploring both sides of an
argument with equal diligence.
比如说，假设你怀疑自己 的电脑受到了黑客攻击，那么它每次死机或出个小错，你都会认定是由黑客引起的，而
5 50

且你认定自己的怀疑正确无误。这种偏差在两种敌对观点的对抗中会起到尤其 重要的作用。每一方都会把自己的观点
隔离出来，认为其在逻辑上无懈可击，并声称他们的对手忽略了某 些要点。所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样
的努力认真探究论点的正反两面。

7 Similar to confirmation bias is the overconfidence bias. In an ideal world, we could be correct 100 percent of the
time we were 100 percent sure about something, correct 80 percent of the time we were 80 percent sure about something,
and so on. In reality, people's confidence vastly exceeds the accuracy of those judgments. This bias most frequently
comes into play in areas where someone has no direct evidence and must make a guess — estimating how many people
are in a crowded plaza, for example, or how likely it will rain. To make matters worse, even when people are aware of
overconfidence bias, they will still tend to overstate the chances that they are correct. Confidence is no prophet and is
best used together with available evidence. When witnesses are called to testify in a court trial, the confidence in their
testimony is measured along with and against the evidence at hand.
与 “确定性偏差”相类似的是“过度自信偏差”。在一个理想的世界，当我们百分之百地确信某件事时，我们就百分
之百地正确；当我们百分之八十地确信某件事时，我们就百分之八十地正确，以此类推。但在现实中，人 们的信心却
大大超过了其判断的准确度。在一个人缺乏直接证据而必须要作出某种猜测的情况下，这一偏 差就最有可能起作用，
比如，估计一个拥挤的购物广场有多少人，或下雨的可能性有多大。更糟糕的是， 即使人们意识到自己有过度自信的
偏差，他们还是会高估自己的正确率。光靠自信是无法进行准确预测的 ，只有在切实证据的基础上，自信才能发挥最
大的作用。当法庭传唤目击者出庭作证时，对他们证词的信 任度是通过已经获取的相符或相反的证据来度量的。

8 The availability bias is also related to errors in estimation, in that we tend to estimate what outcome is more likely
by how easily we can recount an example from memory. Since the retention and retrieval of memories is biased toward
vivid, sensational, or emotionally charged examples, decisions based on them can often lead to strange, inaccurate
conclusions.
与估计失误相关的还有“可得性偏差”，因为我们常常会凭借回忆某一例证的难易程度来推测哪种结果更 可能出现。
由于记忆的留存和重拾会因为事件的生动与否、震撼程度和情感触动程度的不同而产生偏差， 那么，基于这些记忆所
作出的决定也往往会是奇怪或不准确的结论。

9 In action this bias might lead someone to cancel a trip to, for example, the Canary Islands because of a report that
the biggest plane crash in history happened there. Likewise some people might stop going out at night for fear of assault
or rape.
在具体行为中，这种偏差可能会使某人取消比如前往加那利群岛的行程，因为有报道说，史 上最惨重的空难就发
生在那里。同样，人们也可能因惧怕遭到人身侵犯或者强暴而不敢再在晚上出门。

10 Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision, one not based on the
obscured reality of vivid memory. If there is a low incidence of disaster, like only one out of 100,000 plane landings
results in a crash, it is safe to fly to the Canary Islands. If one out of one million people who go out is assaulted, it is safe
to go out at night.
要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须 在作某一具体决定时，以实证方法所取得的证据为依据，而不是以与现实不太相符
的某个鲜明的记忆为依 据。如果灾难的发生率很低，比如飞机着陆过程中坠毁的可能性只有十万分之一，那么飞往加
那利群岛就 仍是安全的。如果人们外出只有百万分之一的几率遭到人身侵犯，那么夜晚出行也就仍是安全的。

11 The sunk cost fallacy has a periodic application and was first identified by economists. A good example of how it
works is the casino slot machine. Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big
return, but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds. If they have been pulling the lever many
times in a row without success, they might decide that they had better keep spending money at the machine, or they will
have wasted everything they already put in.
“沉没成本谬误”也时有发生，它最初是由经济学家发现 的。其作用机理最好的例证就是赌场老虎机。赌徒们冒着
高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得到很大的 回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一次次把钱赌输了。如果他们
多次连续拉动拉杆而没有一次成功， 他们可能会决定最好还是继续把钱投入老虎机，否则他们之前投入的成本就悉数
6 50

浪费了。

12 The truth is that every pull of the lever has the same winning probability of nearly one in a trillion, regardless of
how much money has been put in before — the previous plays were sunk costs.
而 事实是，不论他们之前投入了多少钱，每一次拉动拉杆的成功几率都同样是极小的——之前投入的那些即为沉没成本。

13 In everyday life this can lead people to stay in damaging situations because of how much they have already put
in, stuck on the erroneous belief that the value of that time or energy they have invested will decay or disappear if they
leave. The wisest course is to recognize the effects of the sunk cost fallacy and to leave a bad situation regardless of how
much you have already invested.
在日常生活中，这种谬 误会导致人们由于顾及之前所投入的成本，而持续停留在损失的状态中，同时困顿于一种
错误的观念，即 他们害怕自己一旦离开，之前所投入的时间和精力就会贬值或付诸东流。而最明智的办法则是，要充
分认 识沉没成本谬误导致的结果，离开糟糕的境况，不论之前已投入了多少。

14 While there are still more biases, the key to avoiding them remains the same: When a decision matters, it is best
to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good
intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.
尽管还有其他更多 的偏差，避免这些偏差的关键其实都一样：当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细
审查证据； 同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。





























7 50

Unit 2
Text A The confusing pursuit of beauty
令人困惑的对美的追求

1 If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.
如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。

2 You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response,
then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal
will help you come up with the right answer.
对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答， 然后借口有急事马上脱身。
相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都 不会找到正确答案。

3 The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of
themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and
they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.
其原因是，男性和女性对外表的看法截 然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不
变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗 拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改
变这种看法。

4 Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all,
they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix
much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave
themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four minute allotment of time
for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too
badly, he feels he's done all he can.
我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌 感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样
貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任 何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学
的角度去审视自己。他 们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于一位男性来说，如果能花四分
钟刮刮胡子 ，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。

5 Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it
would be:
beauty industry. She has trouble thinking ies the smallest imperfections in her body and
imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.
女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价 的话，那肯定是：“还不够好。”
一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对自己的看法总是由于受美容 业的影响而蒙着一层阴影。要她认为“我很漂亮”
是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大 ，并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到
并且嘲笑她。

6 Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the
interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls
grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds,
with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of
the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd
standard with that presented to little boys with their
were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but
he was still extremely self- confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others,
violet for this outfit?
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为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生俱来的，而是 由许多复杂的心理和社
会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长 过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身
材比例还原为真人大小的话，就会是7英尺高，61英磅重，大腿纤细 ，上身丰满。要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤
其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，就知道其相对尺 寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种
荒唐标准相比，小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶” 却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“蜜蜂
侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半 像会飞的昆虫。这个玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人
说：“这个配饰 的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？”

7 But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most
women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion- dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery
store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest
moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to
Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these
middle-aged women apply clay masks and other products to their faces; she stressed how
important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All
the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they
applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.
然而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那 样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能
的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业，在超市化妆品销售专区的 配合下，总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，使
其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，以及各种 美容器具，才能“激发和恢复”肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期
《奥普拉脱口秀》，在节目中，超级名模辛迪 ·克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这些中年妇
女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去 皱产品；她还强调一定要遵守这些方法，例如：往脸上涂抹这些产品时，要用指尖，
这样可以保护皮肤的 弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，无论
她们如何 认真地使用这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。

8 I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to
plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the
same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote
their self-esteem. They might say to Brad:
我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德·皮特的指 导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，
期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社会所关注 的唯一焦点。人们会鼓励男性借助其他特
征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：“是吗？那么帅哥，你 对草坪维护又知道多少？”

9 Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The
truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I
have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, had gorgeous
fingernails!To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink
polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails. < br>当然，女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。而事实是，大多数男性认 为美
丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来，我在听男性谈论 女性时，从来没
有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：“她的指甲真漂亮啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样 小的东西看起来都一样，无论
一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性 都一概视而不见。

10 By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny
of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease
men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?
女性参与这种极端的从众行为，实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下，因为只有那些 女性才有资格评价她们
所付出的努力。但是，如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意，同时又只是 招致其他女性的指责，这样做究竟
有什么好处呢？
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11 Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say
she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty
compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless
hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not
qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your
hair and inside the folds of your ears.
不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她 看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕，那
样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，这也是你咎由自取。但 是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词，赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么
相配，因为她知道你是在说谎。她已经花 费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪·克劳馥的一样。而且，也许因为
你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须 膏，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。







































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Unit 2
Text B Making the choice to be truly beautiful
选择拥有真正的美丽

1 Extreme makeovers are all the rage these days, with too many people addicted to Botox injection parties and
reality shows. Plastic surgery is on the rise. Many people are trying to match the extraordinary measures actors and
actresses go through to look perfect on the screen. Yet, the shortcuts to create biomedical happiness by having surgery,
taking supplements or dieting don't usually fulfill their promise. Besides, beautiful people are not automatically happy
people.
当今，过度追求相貌修整的风气无比盛行，太多的人沉迷于肉毒杆菌注射的宣讲会和真人秀，整容手术也日趋流
行。许多人的做法堪比男女演员为了使自己在屏幕上看起来完美无瑕而采取的手段。为了获得生物医学标 准下的幸福
感，人们会走做整容手术、吃营养品、节食这样的捷径，但这些捷径并不总能实现它们所承诺 的效果。而且，外表漂
亮的人并不一定就幸福。

2 Attaining the highest degree of your beauty is not about looking good during social interaction, or physiological
perfection, and you can't get there via technology. It's a growth process, a transformation of self through awareness and
learning. It's about meaning, and being real. It's an emotional and spiritual walk, and it requires faith fueled with
liberal doses of loving kindness.
最大限度地实现你自己的美并不是指要让自己在社交时漂亮或在生 理上完美，况且这些也不是通过技术就能实现
的。美是一个成长的过程，是一种通过意识和学习而达到的 自我改造。美在于生活的意义，在于真实。它是一个情感
和精神的旅程，需要人有信念才能获得，而且这 种信念的动力来自慷慨和充满爱心的善良。

3 Every day, I have the delight and privilege of loving Richard, my husband, a real, human, emotionally accessible
man. We're about the same age, and our looks have corroded a bit over time. After almost 20 years, though, we have
grown together in ways that go far deeper than the surface of our skin. Our life is lovely even if it doesn't match the
criterion of love in movie fantasies. We laugh together, we share the struggles of daily life together, and the thought that
he might die before I do fills me with dread. All the muscle- bound male models in the world couldn't replace my very
own, sensual, outgoing friend. It took me 37 years to find him, and I'm not about to replace him with the so-called

能有幸每天爱着理查德，我感到很高兴。他 是我丈夫，一个真实的、有人情味的、情感上可以靠近的人。我们年
龄相仿，相貌已在岁月中有所消退。 但近二十年来，我们共同成长，远超肌肤之表。尽管我们的生活不如虚幻的电影
故事中描述的爱情生活那 样，它却很美好。我们一起欢笑，一起分担日常生活的磕磕绊绊。如果想到他有可能先于我
离世，我会充 满恐惧。世界上任何一位肌肉发达的男模都不能取代我自己的这位性感、外向的伴侣。我花了37年时间
才找到他，我决不会因为所谓的“审美标准上的完美”而另寻他人。

4 I work as a psychotherapist, and clients come to my office every day scarred with emotional pain because their
lives aren't
as they see it on the big screen. It helps when I preface our sessions with the mention that tens of thousands of dollars go
into every second of media they see, that stars have dozens of people devoted exclusively to making them look good
(even when they're naked), that the effort of maintaining their images is an exhausting, full- time job. The
people in the media are under enormous pressure to maintain their looks, and for some reason, my clients don't realize
that they're exempt from that predominant pressure.
我是一名心理理疗师。每天我都要接待许多客户，他们都是因为生活不够“完美”而倍受情感痛苦。由于无法获 得
大屏幕上所看到的那种生活，他们感到力不从心、绝望无助，并因嫉妒而陷于沮丧。给他们提供治疗时 ，如果在治疗
开始前，我告诉他们，他们在媒体上所看到的每秒钟的图像都耗资数万，每个明星都有几十 个人专门为其打理形象，
使其外表悦目（甚至是裸体时也是如此），而且明星们保持形象是一件既费力又 费时的事，这会对他们的治疗有所帮助。
媒体上的俊男俏女们承受着保持形象的巨大压力，而我的客户却 因某种原因，没有意识到他们有幸免受了这种强大的
压力。

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5 I underscore that all the face creams, physical workouts, dietary fads, Prozac capsules and meditation regiments
in the world aren't going to make their lives, their bodies, or their mental state much better. In fact, they often hamper
happiness by distracting from the things that lead to real inner beauty. Life is not about maintaining some young and
stylish outward costume to hide behind. It's about growing and deepening your soul.
我要强调的是，世界上所有的面霜、健身锻炼、 饮食风尚、抗抑郁症的百忧解胶囊，乃至许多人在一起打坐冥思
等等，都不能改善一个人的生活、身体或 精神状况。事实上，这些方法还常常阻碍人们获得幸福，因为它们会使人分
心，不去关注那些能带来真正 内在美的事物。生活的意义不在于通过维持某种年轻时髦的外表来掩盖自己，而在于精
神的成长和升华。

6 The only way I know to develop my soul is through feelings. Witnessing natural phenomena — the star-lit galaxy,
a centuries-old redwood, the symphony of birds' songs in spring — stretches it, making me feel humble and majestic, all
at the same time. Human relationships bruise, collide and comfort, teaching me maturity and passion. Love urges my
soul to blossom and glow, affection elicits feelings of eternity, and so I learn to accept others as they are.
我所知道的 唯一的精神升华的途径就是通过情感。亲眼目睹各种自然现象——星光闪烁的银河，几百年树龄的红
杉木 ，春天里鸟儿的叫声汇成的交响乐——这些都使我的精神得以延伸，让我觉得自己既卑微又伟大。人际关系中的< br>摩擦、冲突和安慰使我变得成熟并充满激情。爱情促使我的精神成长并焕发光彩，亲情激发了我对永恒的感 受，因此
我学会了接受他人的真实本色。

7 The humans in my life are not the barren, self-absorbed
imperfect people. Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families
and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.
我生活中 的人都不是屏幕上那种思想平庸、迷恋自我的“美貌人士”。我们只是平凡的、实实在在的、有缺点的人。
我们一起勤奋努力，患难与共，尽力完善自我，和家人及朋友紧密相处，努力用我们的个人道德和志向去照亮世 界。

8 We come from numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve of each other's decisions, but we care for
each other the best we can. We struggle to be less self-indulgent, more compassionate and understanding. We try to
resist the lure of novelty fads, the manipulations of advertising. We survive through social phenomena that we don't
agree with, through interwoven natural and unnatural disasters that take our loved ones and possessions, through fads
and fancies that are often unhealthy. From each event, we learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture, we process the
emotional outcome, and we move on. These life events are the soul's workout, and though we may groan and complain,
we can feel the growth eventually. < br>我们来自各种不同的背景，而且有时意见相左，但是我们尽力互相关心。我们努力消除自己的任性，努力使 自己
更具同情心、更宽容。我们努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的诱惑及广告的操纵。我们会经历自己并不赞同 的社会现象，经
历那些夺走我们所挚爱的人和财物的错综交织的自然及人为灾难， 经历不良的时尚和幻 想。但从每一例这样的事件中，
我们都不断地学习、成长。我们有时也会发生分歧，也要处理分歧对感情 所带来的影响，然后继续前行。这些人生经
历是对我们心灵的历练。虽然我们会抱怨、发牢骚，我们终会 感受到自己的成长。

9 The secret is that this growth is visible to others, and the effort registers on one's entire being. It becomes an
authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint. Have you ever seen an elderly person like that,
one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief
sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can't be bought in
a jar.
这 其中的秘密就在于这种成长是他人可见的，而且这种努力在一个人的全身上下都能得到展现。它成了一种真实的存在，使一个人的精神像圣人那样光彩四溢。你是否见过这样一位老者，他眼睛里透射着智慧，当他温柔地 询问你
的健康，或以简短的抚慰让你感到平静和放心时，他对你的关爱是那样显露无遗？这样的老者内心 所散发出的精神才
是真正的美，这种美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妆品所能买得到的。

10 The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to achieve this perspective, this fullest embodiment of the
highest expression of soul, even as our mortal bodies wear out and degenerate.
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神奇的是，尽管我们的肉体会老去并且衰退，我们 每个人都完全有能力达到这个境界，即最大程度地展现最崇高
的精神内涵。

11 In other words, true beauty is not about looks. It's about choices. As we move through life and grow through
each of its checkpoints, we should seek out and build the kinds of experiences that reveal and purify our divine inner
beauty. We must look at our own lives and decisions from a more valuable perspective than the media's shallow eye.
换句话说，真正的美丽无关外貌，而在于选择。 在人生的旅途中，每当我们经过一个节点，都应该寻找那些能够
展示和净化我们神圣的内在美的人生体验 ，并且将它们积累下来。我们必须从一个更有价值的角度而非以媒体肤浅的
眼光来看待自己的人生和决定 。

12 The decisions we make today affect the rest of our lives. We ourselves are ultimately the only people to whom we
are accountable and for whom we are responsible. Each new decision we make can be a new resolution to build the
beautiful future we long to have.
我们今天所作的决 定会影响我们的余生。归根到底，我们自己才是唯一要对自己负责的人。我们所做的每一个新
决定都可能 表明了一个新决心，一个创造我们所渴望拥有的美好未来的决心。


































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Unit 3
Text A Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world
弗雷德•史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想

1 Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport,
in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pick-ups from locations all over the United States earlier in the
day. Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and
envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their
destinations to be dispersed by hand — many within 24 hours of leaving their senders. This is the culmination of a
dream of Frederick W. Smith, the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx
Corp. — known originally as Federal Express — the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world.
Conceived when he was in college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has become the
standard for door-to-door package delivery. 每天夜晚，在田纳西州的孟菲斯机场，都有几百架带着白、紫、桔色图案的飞机降落。而在每天此前的早些时 候，
这些飞机都在美国各地收集包裹。工作人员从飞机上卸下的包裹及信件数量超过五十万之巨。长方形 的包裹和信封又
在这里依据收件地址被迅速整理分拣，然后装载上其他飞机，飞往各自的目的地，在那儿 再由人工投递——到这时很
多邮件离开寄件人之手还不到24小时。这是弗雷德里克·W.史密斯的终极 梦想，他就是联邦快递集团（最初为联邦快
递）这一全球最大、最成功的隔夜送达服务企业的创始人、总 裁、首席执行官及董事会主席。如今，史密斯这一源于
大学时代的妙想已在现实中经营到了第28个年头 ，并已成为包裹快递入户行业的标杆。

2 Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high
regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stockholders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx.
Now, so many years later, he's still the of the shipHe attributes the success of the company simply to
leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.
史密斯被公认为是一位和蔼可亲、 性格迷人的杰出企业家。无论是他的竞争者、员工，还是他公司股票的持有人，
都对他十分敬重。弗雷德 ·史密斯创建“联邦快递”时只有27岁。现在多年过去了，他仍然坐在“掌门人”的位置上。他
将公司 的成功简单地归因于领导力，而这一推论则来自于他的军旅生涯及其家庭的影响。

3 Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11, 1944 in Mississippi. His father died
when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith was an invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to
walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloy walking
stick. Cured of the disease by the age of l0, he became a star athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and
baseball.
弗雷德里克·华莱士·史密斯1944年8月11日出生于密西西比州一 个富裕的家族。他四岁时父亲就离世了。史密
斯年少时被视为病残者，因为他得了一种病，使他无法正常 行走。为此他常遭受坏孩子的侮辱捉弄，他学会了挥舞合
金拐杖来保护自己。十岁时他的病治好了，到了 高中他则成了学校里的体育明星，足球、篮球、棒球样样能行。

4 Smith's passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline of the Mississippi Delta, a
terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation. As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale
flying club; its alumni had populated naval aviation history, including the famous
Smith administrated the club's business end and ran a small charter operation in New Haven.
史密斯对飞行充满 了激情。15岁时，他就曾驾驶一架作物喷粉飞机在密西西比三角洲的天际翱翔，三角洲的地形
平坦开阔 ，甚至都不需要雷达导航。在耶鲁大学上学时，他参与重建了耶鲁飞行俱乐部，在美国海军航空史的每个时
期都有这一俱乐部出来的校友的身影，包括一战时期著名的“百万富翁飞行队”。史密斯负责管理俱乐部的事务 ，同时
还在纽黑文经营一项小规模的租赁业务。

5 With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, but Smith never stopped looking for
his own ideaHe thought he had found it when he wrote a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a
prototype for a transportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small, time-sensitive goods, such as
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replacement parts and medical supplies, to major US regions. The professor wasn't impressed and told Smith he
couldn't quantify the idea and clearly it wasn't feasible.
由于飞行打乱了学习时间，他的学业受到了影响，但史密斯从未停 止寻找自己的“伟大想法”。在撰写一门经济学
课程的学期论文时，他认为自己已经找到了它。他设计了 一份运输企业的经营草案，该运输企业可以确保连夜递送小
型或时间紧迫的货品到达美国的主要地区，如 替换零件、医药用品等等。教授对这篇论文未予重视，他告诉史密斯说，
他无法量化他的想法，并说这一 想法明显不切合实际。

6 However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more years elapsed before he could turn
his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in 1966, just as America's involvement in the Vietnam War
was deepening. Since he was a patriot and had attended officers' training classes, he joined the Marines.
然而，史密斯确信自己已经发现 了些什么，尽管又过了好几年他才得以把自己的想法付诸实施。在此期间，他于
1966年从耶鲁大学毕 业，那时正值美国在越战中越陷越深，而他是个充满爱国热情的人，又参加过士官训练课程，所
以他加入 了美国海军陆战队。

7 Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. the military, leadership
means getting a group of people to subordinate their individual desires and ambitions for the achievement of
organizational goals,
measurable effects on a company's bottom line.
史密斯在越南战场上服役两期，完成了两百多次飞 行任务。“在军队中，领导力意味着能使团队中所有成员将个人
的期望与抱负置于从属地位，而以实现集 体目标为重，”史密斯说道，这其中融合了他军旅生涯和经营管理的经验。“而
优秀的领导力对控制一个 公司的盈亏底线来说具有相当重要的作用。”

8 Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected all the points of a network
through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficiency could be enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized
businesses, whether the system involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to take a stab at
starting his own business. With an investment from his father's company, as well as a chunk of his own inheritance,
Smith bought his first delivery planes and in 1971 formed the Federal Express.
从越南战场回国后，史密斯开始执着于这样一个理念，即如果能将某个运输网络的各个节点通过一个中介枢纽相
互连接，其效率较之其他各环节相互之间无联系的分散经营的模式来说要高出许多，不论这一系统所涉及 的是运送包
裹和信件还是人员和飞机。他决定放手一搏，创建自己的企业。史密斯用父亲公司的投资和他 自己继承财产的一部分
购买了第一架快递飞机，并于1971年创建了联邦快递。

9 The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not uncommon for FedEx
drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their own pockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for
the welfare of his employees. Just as he recalled, even when they didn't have the money, even when there weren't
couches in the office and electric typewriters, they still set the precedent to ensure a good medical and dental plan for
their people.
最初的日子伴随着极度的拮据乃至财务损失。联邦快递 公司的司机自己掏腰包为货车付汽油费的情况屡见不鲜。
但是，尽管面对这样的问题，史密斯仍然为公司 雇员的福利着想。正如他所回忆的那样，即使在他们公司没有钱、办
公室没有沙发和打字机的情况下，他 们仍然开辟先例，保证员工享受很好的医疗和牙齿保健福利。

10 Along the way, FedEx pioneered centralization and the
by almost all major airlines. The phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our language as much as Xerox or Google.
一路走来，联邦快递率先践行了集中调控和轴辐式空中交通系统。自它以后，该 系统被几乎所有大航空公司所
采纳。而“联邦快递一下”也成为了像“复印一下”或“谷歌一下”这样的 固定说法，成为了我们的词汇。

11 Smith says success in business boils down to three things. First, you need to have appealing product or service
and a compelling strategy. Then you need to have an efficient management system. Assuming you have those things,
leading a team is the single most important issue in running an organization today.
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史密斯说生意上的成功归根结底就 是三点：首先你需要一项吸引人的产品或服务以及一套制胜的战略；其次你需
要一套高效的管理系统；在 拥有这些之后，如何领导好一个团队就是当今经营一家公司最为重要的事了。

12 Although Smith avoids the media and the trappings of public life, he is said to be a friendly and accessible
employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx's Memphis site at night
from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service
to come to Memphis for an
(P-S-P). Smith says,
entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and is, in turn, supported by them.
personally involving himself in its implementation, Frederick Smith is the forerunner of the new sphere of leadership
that success in the future will demand.
尽管史密斯回避媒体采访和公众生活的荣耀 ，但他却被称为是一位友善而平易近人的雇主。他重视自己的雇员，
从不认为他们理所应当该为自己工作 。有报道称，他会时不时在晚上造访联邦快递位于孟菲斯的基地，并且称名道姓
地与包裹分拣人员打招呼 。他会主动发邀请给任何一位已在公司服务十年的快递员，请他们到孟菲斯出席“周年庆典早
餐”，这已 经持续了很多年。而这其中包含了弗雷德·史密斯自己的哲学：人员，服务，利润（P-S-P）。史密斯说，“ P-S-P
的哲学理念就好像一个不可分割的循环，没有清晰可辨的入口或出口，每一个环节都支持着其 他环节，同时也反过来
受其他环节支撑。”通过明确表达并亲身践行这一理念，弗雷德里克·史密斯已成 为未来成功所必需的新领导领域的开
拓者。































16 50

Unit 3
Text B Building the dream of Starbucks
霍华德·舒尔茨创造“星巴克”之梦

1 Howard Schultz is not a household name to most North Americans, but those living in urban or suburban
communities know his company: the specialty coffee retailer Starbucks. With impressive velocity, Starbucks has grown
into the largest coffee roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in North America in a span of only a decade. By 2000, its
coffee houses could be found in more than 3,000 locations worldwide; even President Bill Clinton was seen in a snapshot
with a Starbucks brew in his hand. According to the US weekly magazine, Newsweek, Schultz's merging of the three Cs
— coffee, commerce and community — surely ranks as one of the '90s greatest retail successes.
霍华德·舒尔茨这个名 字在北美并非家喻户晓，不过居住在城市或市郊社区的人都知道他的公司：特色咖啡零售商
星巴克。区区 十年间，星巴克已凭借惊人的速度成长为北美最大的咖啡豆烤制商和特色咖啡零售商。截至2000年，它
旗下的咖啡店已经遍布世界三千多个角落。就连美国前总统比尔·克林顿也被人拍到手捧星巴克咖啡。根据美国 杂志《新
闻周刊》的报道，舒尔茨将“3C”概念——咖啡、商业和社区——融为一体，这已然使星巴克 名列20世纪90年代最成
功的零售商之列。

2 Schultz was born in 1953 and grew up in an extremely poor section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City.
His mother worked as a receptionist, and his father held a variety of jobs, none of which offered decent pay or medical
insurance. When Schultz was seven, his father lost his job as a delivery driver when he broke his ankle in an accident. In
the ensuing months, the family was literally too poor to put food on the table. < br>舒尔茨出生于1953年，在纽约市布鲁克林区一个极其贫困的街区长大。他母亲是一位前台接待员，父亲 则从事过
很多不同的工作，但其中没有哪一份工作给他支付过体面的酬劳或购买过医疗保险。舒尔茨七岁 时，他父亲在一次事
故中扭断了脚踝，失去了他当时做送货司机的工作。在接下来的几个月中，他们家真 的是穷到了揭不开锅的地步。

3 During his youth, Schultz was hounded by the shame of his family's
Brooklyn summer one year to attend camp, but would not return when he learned it was for low- income families. He
was teased by boys in high school and ashamed to tell his girlfriend where he lived. The harsh memories of those early
times stayed with him for the rest of his life.
青年时代 的舒尔茨一直由于其家庭“穷困工人阶层”地位所蒙受的耻辱而备受精神折磨。有一年他逃离布鲁克林炎
热的夏天去参加夏令营，但当他得知这个夏令营是专门为低收入家庭的学生开办的时候，就再也不愿意去参加了。 中
学时他遭受到了男孩子们的奚落，也羞于告诉女朋友自己住在哪里。这些早年痛苦的记忆一直伴随着他 一生。

4 Sports became an escape from the shame of poverty. Schultz earned an athletic scholarship to Northern Michigan
University in 1975. He was the first person in his family to graduate from college as none of his predecessors had
training beyond vocational school.
体育运 动成了他逃避穷困这一耻辱的方式。1975年，舒尔茨获得了北密歇根大学体育奖学金。他也是他家族中第一个从大学毕业的人,因为他的前辈中没有一个人接受过比职业学校培训更高的教育。

5 The bud of inspiration for his phenomenal coffee business began growing in a 1983 visit to Milan, Italy. Schultz
conceived of a new American way of life in the coffee bars of Milan. He sought to recreate such forums for people in the
US to start their days or visit with friends. In 1987, at the age of 34, Schultz organized a group of investors and
purchased the company that had formerly employed him, the Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle, which he
restructured as the Starbucks Corporation.
舒尔茨令人瞩目的咖啡生意的最初灵感源于1983年他对意大利米兰的造访。在米兰的咖啡馆里，舒尔茨设想 了一
种新型的美国式生活方式。他寻求在美国重现那种米兰式的交往平台，使人们能以那种方式开始新的 一天或与朋友小
聚。1987年，当舒尔茨34岁时，他组织了投资团队并购买下了他原先工作的公司， 即西雅图的“星巴克咖啡公司”，
将其重组为“星巴克集团”。

6 The public verdict was overwhelmingly positive. Schultz's premium coffee bars were an instant success, acting as
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a stimulus of rapid growth and expansion not only for Starbucks but also for the coffee industry around the world. In
1992, Starbucks became the first specialty coffee company to go public, affirming its magnitude and prospects.
公众的反映出奇 地好。舒尔茨创建的高端咖啡厅立即获得了成功，这刺激了星巴克乃至全球整个咖啡产业的迅速
成长和发 展。1992年，星巴克成为第一家公开上市的特色咖啡经营公司，确证了公司的发展规模和前景。

7 Starbucks' first major venture outside of the northwestern part of the nation was Chicago, where the company's
specialty sales division developed new business with department stores and established Starbucks coffee bars adjacent to
the business sections in national bookstores. Starbucks also formed a partnership with PepsiCo to create and distribute
a new ready-to-drink coffee-based beverage, and entered into a licensing agreement with Kraft Foods. As a company
seeking to develop with a multilateral approach, Starbucks even developed a relationship with the music industry to sell
Starbucks- tailored CDs of classical brass and orchestral music in the coffee bars.
星巴克迈出美国西北部进行投资的第一站是在 芝加哥。在那里，公司分管特色销售的部门开创了与百货商店联手
以及在国家书店毗邻营业区的地方开设 星巴克咖啡吧的经营新渠道。同时，星巴克还和百事可乐公司建立了伙伴关系，
研发并销售一款即开即饮 的新型咖啡饮品，他们与卡夫食品公司也签订了一份许可协议。作为一家寻求与多方进行合
作而发展的企 业，星巴克甚至与音乐产业合作，在咖啡吧里销售为星巴克量身定做的古典铜管乐及管弦乐激光唱片。

8 When Starbucks opened its first store in New York City, it was a homecoming for Schultz, but he did not act like
the head of the reigning royalty of coffee he had become. The New York Times commented, soft-spoken Mr.
Schultz has barely a trace of a New York accent and a timid, almost apologetic manner.
星巴克在纽约开第一家分店对于舒尔茨来说是回 归故里，但他并没有摆出一副咖啡行业王者的姿态。《纽约时报》
评论说：“舒尔茨先生说话温和，几乎 没有一丝纽约口音的痕迹，而且他举止腼腆，甚至谦卑。”

9 Schultz has also attracted considerable attention with his unconventional employment policies. He wanted to give
Starbucks' employees both a philosophical and a financial stake in the business. He decreed that employees who worked
the quota of 20 hours a week or more were eligible for medical, dental, and optical coverage as well as for stock options.
At a time when other companies were trimming benefits as a cost-cutting measure, Schultz, who grew up in a family
without any medical coverage, was vocal in his belief that genuinely caring about your employees is critical to building a
sturdy workforce. ork Times.
but if they are treated poorly they get beaten down. We want to provide our people with dignity and self-esteem, and we
can't do that with lip cks stipulates that every employee with at least half-time hours can receive
health-care benefits. Schultz credits the utilization of such a benefits policy as the key to the company's growth because
it has given Starbucks a more dedicated workforce and an extremely high level of customer service. The chain also
achieved a dramatically low turnover rate, half that of the average fast food business. This creates a significant
numerical payoff for Starbucks, since each new employee represents an expenditure of $$3,000 in recruiting and training
costs and productivity losses.
舒尔茨与众不同的员工政策也引起了人们的广泛关注。他 希望给星巴克的员工提供不仅是经营理念上的而且也是
经济上的参与公司成败的机会。他规定，员工完成 每周20小时的工作定额或超过这一定额，就有资格享受医疗、牙齿
及眼部保健方面的福利，也能享受股 票优先认购权。就在其他企业通过削减福利来节省成本之时，舒尔茨，虽然生长
在一个没有任何医疗福利 保障的家庭，却仍然坦言自己的信仰，即真诚地关心员工对建立一个坚实的员工队伍是至关
重要的。“服 务在美国是一门缺失的艺术，”他对《纽约时报》如此说道，“我相信人们愿意把工作做好，但如果遭受的
待遇很差，他们就会受到打击。我们希望给予员工尊严与自尊，而这一点光靠动动嘴皮子是做不到的。”星巴克 规定，
每一位工时超过半工制的员工都能享受医疗保障福利。舒尔茨相信这一福利政策的切实施行是企业 成长的关键，因为
此举已使星巴克拥有了更加尽心尽力的工作团队以及至高水准的客户服务。这一连锁反 应也使员工的流动率极低，几
乎只有快餐行业平均流动率的一半。在经营数字上，这一政策则给星巴克带 来了显著回报，因为每招募和培训一位新
员工及其生产率损失所产生的费用就高达三千美元。

10 Schultz has remained firmly committed to employee and community enrichment, a philosophy which is
embedded in the very core of Starbucks' business culture. He has never grown accustomed to success enough to forget
his working-class roots. He dedicated his book to the memory of his father, whom he had once spoken harshly to and
18 50

accused of a lack of ambition. They were words Schultz would regret the rest of his life, a reminiscence he wished he
could scrub from his memory. His father received the diagnosis of lung cancer and died before his son became a
millionaire. Schultz once told his audience that his crowning success was that
my father never got to work f or.
舒尔茨一直坚定地致力于员工及社区发展，这一理念已经根植于星巴克的核心企业文化当中。他从 未因为太过习
惯于成功而忘却自己劳动阶层的根基。他把自己的一本书献给了父亲以表纪念。他曾经对父 亲说过尖刻的话，甚至曾
指责他缺乏上进心，这些话让舒尔茨后悔终生，他期望能够将这些回忆从记忆中 抹去。他的父亲被诊断出了肺癌，在
儿子成为百万富翁之前就离去了。舒尔茨曾经告诉他的听众，他最重 要的成功在于“我创立了一个我父亲从来都不曾有
福气为之工作的那种企业。”








































19 50

Unit 4
Text A Achieving sustainable environmentalism
实现可持续性发展的环保主义

1 Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or
disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for
Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by
congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental
claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound
policy?
在上流社会，对环境的敏感就如同信仰民主、 反对整容一样，是一种不可或缺的态度。然而，既然从泰德·特纳到
乔治·W.H.布什，每个人都声称 自己热爱地球母亲，那么，在由议员、选民之类的人以环境名义而提出的众多的相互矛
盾的提案、规章和 法规中，我们又该如何做出选择呢？显而易见，并不是每一项冠以环境保护名义的事情都值得去做。
我们 怎样才能分离出最佳选择，并且把我们各自不同的兴趣统一在同一个合理的政策当中呢？

2 There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities.
Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless.
Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that
directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.
有一种简便的方法。首先要区分什 么是环境奢侈品，什么是环境必需品。奢侈品是指那些无需人类付出代价就能
拥有的给人美好感受的东西 。必需品则是指那些无论付出什么代价，都一定要去拥有的东西。这一区分原则可以被称
为理性环保主义 的至高原则。它规定，对那些直接威胁人类健康与安全的生态变化采取应对措施是环境保护的必需品，
而 其他则都属于奢侈品。

3 For example, preserving the atmosphere — stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect — is an
environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone
depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the
beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.
例如，保护 大气层——阻止臭氧损耗及控制温室效应——是环境保护的必需品。近来，科学家报告说臭氧层遭受
破坏 的程度远比我们先前认为的要严重得多。臭氧损耗不仅与皮肤癌及眼疾有关，而且它还会破坏海洋生态。而海洋< br>生态是食物链的起点，人类则位于该食物链的顶端。

4 The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines,
disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of
the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or
Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?
温室效应所可能引发的热效应是非常具有毁灭性的：冰川融化、海岸线被淹没、气候 遭受破坏、平原干涸，最终
食物消失殆尽。美国中西部地区的粮食供养着全世界。随着全球气候的变化， 我们难道准备看到衣阿华州变成新墨西
哥州的沙漠气候，而西伯利亚变成衣阿华州的温和气候吗？

5 Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly
threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will
strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane
environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the
parameters of self- survival.
臭氧损耗和温室效应是人类的灾难，而且是需要紧急处理的灾难，因为它们直接威 胁到人类，且后果很难扭转。
理性环保主义——唯一能够引起公众共鸣的环保主张——首先公开声明，自 然是服务于人类的。理性环保主义是一种
完全以人类为中心的思想。它号召人类保护自然，但是是在人类 自我生存得到保证的前提之下。

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6 Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt
earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to
consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness
of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that
came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.
当然，这种以人类为 中心的主张与当下盛行的环保主义是格格不入的，后者已经沉溺于对地球的公然崇拜。有的
人甚至声称地 球是一个活的生物体。这种环保主义喜欢把自己看作是神圣的，其实它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自
然 是否友善的问题上，当下的环保主义采取了高度选择性的片面的观点，而这种观点与自然造成的灾难这一现实是不
相协调的。当龙卷风肆虐堪萨斯州，当瓢泼大雨袭击孟加拉国，毁灭了整座整座的村庄，使几百万人失去 家园的时候，
我对自然的崇拜便停止了。

7 A non- sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that
In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments.
Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the
legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of
drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it
needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of
the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in
the ANWR.
非感情用事的环保主义是建 立在普罗泰哥拉的格言“人是万物的尺度”的基础上的。在建立人类权威的过程中，这
条原则会帮助我们 梳理各种错综复杂的关于环境保护的争议。就以当前关于是否在北极国家野生动物保护区的某一角
落开采 石油的激烈争论为例吧。环保主义者联盟动员人们反对目前正在试图通过美国国会审议、使这一开采行为变得合法化的一项立法行动。他们散布说美国应该保护并且节约能源而不是开采能源。这其实是一个错误的非此即 彼的主
张。美国确实需要征收高额的能源税以减少能源消耗，但同时也需要生产更多的能源。政府的估测 表明，在北极国家
野生动物保护区的地下蕴藏着美国五大油田之一的可能性几乎到达50％。我们没有寻 找安全的方法开采北极国家野生
动物保护区地下的石油，这看上去是不符合情理的。

8 The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars
but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the
birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.
美国 刚刚经历了一场战争，其部分原因就是为了获取石油。对能源的依赖使美国不但付出了金钱的代价，而且也
付出了生命的代价。就因为可能破坏北美驯鹿的繁衍地而放弃能够以和平手段获得的石油，这是一种十分怪异的 感情
用事。

9 I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed.
But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance
that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.
我像别人一样喜欢驯鹿。如果他们的交配模式受到干扰，我会感到非常遗憾。但是，鱼和熊掌不能兼得。是要保
护驯鹿，还是要为了避免人们在战争中丧生而减少对石油的依赖，面对这一僵局，我每次都会选择人类而 不是驯鹿。

10 I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible
cost, I would agree that it should be — biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that
not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more
fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose
the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.
我对俄勒冈州的斑点猫头鹰的态度也是一样。我绝不是仇视猫头鹰。如果花很少的代价就可以保护猫头鹰 ，我会
赞同它应受保护——毕竟，生物多样性对生态系统是非常必要的。但是，我们必须记住，保持生物 多样性并不意味着
要留住每一种物种。有时候，为了更加根本的利益，我们不得不牺牲一部分生活中美的 东西。如果为了保护斑点猫头
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鹰而让三万伐木工家 庭失去生计，我会选择伐木工家庭（包括他们的锯子和砍伐的木材），而不是猫头鹰。

11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not.
Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between
their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.
重要的是，我们要区分哪些东西对环境保护是根本性的， 哪些是非根本性的。自然受我们的监护，而不是我们的
主人。我们应该尊重自然，也可以开发利用自然。 但是，如果人类必须在自身的福利和自然的福利之间作出选择，自
然则必须作出让步。

12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent
maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential
geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of
necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case
the principle is the same: protect the environment — because it is humanity's environment.
只有当人类的命运与自然的命运密不可分时,人类才应该作出让步。当人类 栖息地的完整性（比如大气层或维持地
球核心的基本地质状况）受到威胁时，人类就必须立即调整自己的 行为。而当人类受到的威胁不大，不太需要对自己
的行为进行调整时，恰当的做法是平衡考虑经济方面和 与之相对的健康方面的因素，以便作出适度的调整。但是，无
论是哪种情况，其遵循的原则是一致的：保 护环境，因为这是我们人类的环境。

13 The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A
sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.
感情用事的环保 主义者会说这种拯救自然的思路是完全错误的。的确是这样。理性、明确的环保主义保护环境是
为了人类 自身，而不是为了自然。


























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Unit 4
Text B What nature is telling you?
倾听自然诉说

1 Let's sit down here, all of us, on the open prairie, where we can't see a highway or a fence, free from the debris of
the city. Let's have no blankets to sit on, but let our bodies converge with the earth, the surrounding trees and shrubs.
Let's have the vegetation for a mattress, experiencing its texture, its sharpness and its softness. Let us become like stones,
plants, and trees. Let us be animals, think and feel like animals.
让我 们在这儿坐下来吧，我们所有的人，就在这片广阔的草原上。在这里，我们看不见高速公路，看不见围栏，
远离城市垃圾。我们不要铺毯子，就让我们的身体和大地、周围的树木及灌木来个亲密接触吧。让我们把草当垫 子，
感受它或许坚硬或许柔软的质地。让我们想象自己变成了石头、植物和树木，想象自己变成了动物， 并像动物那样思
考和感觉。

2 This is my plea: Listen to the air. You can hear it, feel it, smell it, taste it. We feel it between us, as a presence
presiding over the day. It is a good way to start thinking about nature and talking about it. To go further, we must rather
talk to it, talk to the rivers, to the lakes, to the winds as to our relatives.
这就是我的请求：倾听空气。你们可以听见它，感觉它，闻到它，品尝 它。我们可以感到它就在我们中间，作为
一种实实在在的存在，主宰着每一天。这是一个好方式，我们可 以就这样开始思考自然，谈论自然。如果再想好点的
话，我们就不如和自然说话，也就是和江河说话，和 湖泊说话，和风说话，就像我们和亲人说话一样。

3 You have impaired our ability to experience nature in the good way, as part of it. Even here we are conscious that
somewhere beyond the marsh and its cranes, somewhere out in those hills there are radar towers and highway
overpasses. This land is so beautiful and strange that now some of you want to make it into a national park. You have
not only contaminated the earth, the rocks, the minerals, all of which you call
you have even changed the animals, which are part of us, changed them into vulgar zoological mutations, so no one can
recognize them.
你们已经损坏了我们人类作为大自 然的一部分以一种美好的方式体验大自然的能力。即使在这里，我们也知道，
在沼泽地和栖息于此的鹤之 外的某个地方，在远处山里的某个地方，就建有雷达塔和高速公路立交桥。这片土地如此
美丽与奇特，以 至于你们中的某些人想把它变成一座国家公园。你们已经污染了土地、岩石、矿物——这些都是被你
们称 为已经“死去”但其实是非常有生命活力的东西。不仅如此，就连属于我们一部分的动物，也被你们改造了。你们
把它们变成了低级的基因变异动物，以至于没有人能再认识它们。

4 There is power in an antelope, so you let it graze within your fences. But what power do you see in a goat or sheep,
prey animals with no defenses, creatures that hold still while you slaughter them? There was great power in a wolf, even
in a fox. You have inverted nature and turned these noble animals into miniature lap dogs. Nature is bound by your
ropes and whips and is obedient to your commands. You can't do much with a cat, so you fix it, alter it, declaw it, and
even cut its vocal cords so that you can experiment on it in a laboratory without being disturbed by its cries.
羚羊是一种有力量的动物，因而你们把它圈养在栅栏里。但是，山羊或绵羊，这些没有自 卫能力的猎物、这些悄
无声息任凭你们宰杀的动物，你们在它们身上看到了什么力量？狼身上有巨大的力 量，狐狸身上也同样有巨大的力量。
你们违背自然，把这些高贵的动物变成了小型的可以放在腿上把玩的 哈巴狗。自然被你们的绳索和鞭子所束缚，屈服
于你们的命令。对猫，你们无能为力，所以你们就设法修 理它们、改造它们，剪掉它们锋利的爪子，甚至切断它们的
声带，这样你们就可以用猫在实验室做实验， 而不会再受它们叫声的干扰。

5 You have also made all types of wild birds into chickens — creatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly.
There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat. Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be
hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big. One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing
themselves by flying against the walls of their cages. Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural,
crazy, no- good bird. It also makes unnatural, detached, no- good human beings.
所有的野生鸟类都被你们改造成了鸡禽——一种翅膀退化、根 本不会飞的生物。你们有许多农场，专门用来饲养
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鸡以提供鸡胸脯肉。这些鸡被关在狭窄压抑的笼子里，不得不一直弓着身体，这使它们的胸脯肌肉变得很大。如果 突
发一声巨响，鸡群会吓得发疯般乱跑，撞死在笼子壁上。一辈子都必须佝偻着背使得这些鸡变成了既不 天然又不正常、
毫无用处的禽类。同时，人类也变得很不自然、冷漠无情、残酷刻薄。

6 That's where you've fooled yourselves. You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and
four-legged cousins; you have done it concurrently to yourselves. You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic
make-up and countless drugs. You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office
workers, into time-clock punchers. Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one
great entity, television.
在这点上，你们愚弄了自己。你们对自己带翅膀的和长四条腿的近亲兄弟姐妹 进行了改造，剪掉了它们的爪子，
甚至让它们变得畸形。同时，你们也在对自己做这些事情。你们注射肉 毒杆菌毒素，接受整容手术，使用人造化妆品
和数不清的药物。你们把人类进行筛选和改造：有的人是坐 董事会议室的高级管理人员，有的人是坐办公室的白领，
有的人是每日要按考勤钟打卡的工人。在家里， 每个家庭成员之间也没有联系，却都沉溺于一个大实体，那就是电视。

7
the wallpaper; your hair may be greasy. Don't spill liquor on that table: You'll peel off its delicate finish. You should
have wiped your boots; the floor was just cleaned. Don't, don't, don't … is absurd! We weren't made to endure
this type of repression. You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them
“小心烟灰，不要抽烟， 否则你会熏脏窗帘。小心金鱼缸。不要把头靠在墙纸上，你的头发也许很油。不要把饮料
洒在桌子上，你 会把它精美的涂层弄掉。你应该先擦擦靴子，地板刚刚才打扫过。不要做这个，不要做那个，不要……”
这太荒谬了！人类生下来不是忍受这种压抑的。你们住在自己亲手打造的监狱里，只不过你们把它们称之为“家” 、办
公室或工厂而已。

8 Sometimes I think that even our pitiful small houses are better than your luxury mansions. Strolling a hundred
feet to the outhouse on a clear wintry night, through mud or snow, that's one small link with nature. Or in the summer,
in the back country, taking your time, listening to the humming of the insects or the flapping of birds' wings, the sun
warming your bones through the nodding branches of trees; you don't even have that pleasure of coexistence with
nature anymore.
有时，我认为我们的寒酸小屋也比你们的奢华大 厦要好。在一个晴朗的冬夜，踏着泥土或积雪，漫步一百英尺去
上厕所，这是我们与自然之间的一个小小 的接触。抑或是在夏天，在一个偏僻的乡村，悠闲地听着昆虫的嗡鸣或鸟儿
拍打翅膀的声音，感受太阳透 过随风摇摆的树枝暖暖地照在身上的感觉。可是你们却连体会那种与自然共处的快乐的
机会都不再有。

9 You subscribe to the belief that everything must be germ free. No smells! Not even the good, natural man and
woman odors. Eradicate the smell from under your armpits, from your skin. Rub it out, and then spray some botanical
odor on yourself, stuff you can spend a lot of money on, ten dollars an ounce, so you know this has to smell good. Why
do you keep such a distance from your bodies' functions, cavities and smells that you've alienated yourselves from the
natural world, of which you are an integral part?
你们坚信任何东西都必须是无菌的。任何气味 都不能有！包括男人、女人身上所散发的那些好闻的自然的体香。
你们就是要除去腋窝下散发的气味，除 去皮肤里散发的气味。味道去掉后，你们还要在身上洒上某种植物香水。这东
西造价昂贵，一盎司十美元 ，所以你们相信它的气味肯定好。你们为什么要刻意远离自己身体的功能、体腔和气味，
把自己从原本所 属的自然世界疏离出去呢？

10 I think you are so afraid and intolerant of the world around you. You deplore the natural world; you don't want
to see, feel, smell, or hear it. The feelings of rain and snow on your face, being numbed by an icy wind and warmed back
up by a smoking fire, coming out of a hot sweat bath and plunging into a cold stream, these things are the spice of life,
but you don't want them anymore.
我认为你们既十分害 怕又不能容忍自己周围的世界。你们痛斥自然界，不愿看到、触到、闻到或听到关于它的任
何点滴。雨或 雪落在脸上的感觉，被刺骨的寒风冻僵后又在冒烟的火堆旁烤火暖和过来，洗一个热水澡后又跳入一条
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寒冷的小溪，所有这些都能给生活增添乐趣，但是你们却不再想要这些了。

11 You're cage dwellers, living in boxes which shut out the hot humidity of the summer and the chill of winter, living
inside a body that no longer has a scent. You're hearing the noise from the hi-fi instead of listening to the sounds of
nature. You're watching actors on TV having a make-believe experience when you no longer experience anything for
yourself. That's your way. It's no good.
你们把自己困在牢笼中，生活在封闭的盒子里，隔绝了夏天的 酷热与潮湿、冬天的寒冷与战栗，只活在一个不再
有任何自然气息的躯壳里；你们听着音响中播放的噪音 而不是自然的声音；你们看着电视上演员上演编造的经历，而
自己却不去做任何亲身体验。这就是你们的 方式。实在太糟糕了。








































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Unit 5
Text A Speaking Chinese in America
在美国说中文

1 Once, at a dinner on the Monterey Peninsula, California, my mother whispered to me confidentially:
(brother's wife) pretends too hard to be a polite recipient! Why bother with such nominal courtesy? In the end, she
always takes everything.
有一次，在加州蒙特雷半岛上用餐时，我母亲私下悄悄地对我说： “嫂嫂想做个彬彬有礼的客人，但是装得太厉害
了！何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？到最后她还是什么都 要。”

2 My mother acted like a waixiao, an emigrant, no longer patient with old taboos and courtesies. To prove her point,
she reached across the table to offer my elderly aunt from Beijing the last scallop from the garlic seafood dish, along
with the flank steak and the cucumber salad.
我母亲行事像个“外侨”，即一个移民国外的侨民，因为她已经不耐 烦老一套的禁忌和礼数了。为了证明她刚才的
观点，她手伸过桌子，把蒜香海鲜拼盘里的最后一个扇贝， 连同牛腩排及黄瓜沙拉一起，递给我从北京来的年长舅妈。

3 Sau-sau frowned.
嫂嫂皱起了眉头，“不要，真不要！”她一边大声说一边拍着自己已经吃得很饱的肚 子。我不要了，真的不要了。

4
“拿去吧！拿去吧！”我母亲用中文责备道。预料到她就会这样，就像月亮盈亏周期似的。

5
“饱了，我已经饱了，”嫂嫂低声嘀咕着，眼睛却瞟着扇贝。

6
“哎！”我母亲感叹着说，“没人愿意吃，只能让它坏掉了！”

7 Sau- sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the tray and sparing us the
trouble of wrapping the leftovers in foil.
嫂嫂叹了口气，从碟子上拿去了那个扇贝，就好像是帮了我母 亲一个大忙，并省去了我们用箔纸将剩菜打包的麻
烦似的。

8 My mother turned to her brother, an experienced Chinese magistrate, visiting us for the first time.
Chinese person could starve to death. If you don't breach the old rules of etiquette and say you want it, they won't ask
you again.
我母亲转头看着她兄长——一位经验丰富的中国地方法官，这是他初次来看我们。她说：“在美国，一个中国人可
能会饿死。要是你不打破老一套的礼数说你要吃，他们就不会再问你了。”

9 My uncle nodded and said he understood fully: Americans take things quickly because they have no time to be
polite.
我舅舅点点头，说他完全理解：美国人待人接物快速迅捷，因为他们没有时间客气来客气去。

10 I read an article in The New York Times Magazine on changes in New York's little cultural colony of Chinatown,
where the author mentioned that the interwoven configuration of Chinese language and culture renders its speech
indirect and polite. Chinese people are so

我在《纽约时报杂志》上读到过一篇文章，描述的是纽约市内的中国城这一小块文化聚居地的变迁。作 者在文章
中提到，中国语言与文化错综交织，使中文十分委婉和客套。中国人是如此“谨慎和谦虚”，文 章开头写道，以至于他
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们都没有词语来表达“是”和“不是”。

11 Why do people keep fabricating these rumors? I thought. They describe us as though we were a tribe of those
little dolls sold in Chinatown tourist shops, heads moving up and down in contented agreement!
我思索着，为什么人们会不断地编造这样的谣言呢？他们把我们描述得就像是唐 人街旅游品商店里出售的一批小
布娃娃。那些布娃娃的头不停地上下晃动，似乎对一切都心满意足，完全 赞同。

12 As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two
languages. My parents, for example, spoke to me in both Chinese and English; I spoke back to them in English.
生于移民 家庭的孩子都清楚，有一种特殊的两难境地与说两种语言的生活联系在一起。比如我父母，他们和我说
话 时中文和英文都用，但我和他们说话时只用英文。

13
“艾米啊！”他们会这样责备我。

14
“怎么啦？”我会回问道。

15
“我们叫你时，不要对我们反问，”他们会用中文训斥道“这是不礼貌的！”

16
“你们什么意思？”

17
“哎！我们不是刚刚说过，叫你不要反问吗？”

18 If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up
with, no censorship for the sake of politeness. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their consecutive
demands:
side.< br>仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的中文并不是什么特别谨慎的语言，也不存在出于 客气
而对所说的话进行仔细检查的现象。我父母向我提一连串的要求时，总是把一切都表述得清清楚楚： “你当然会成为著
名的航空工程师，”他们会鼓励我说，“对了，你业余时间还要做音乐会的钢琴师。”

19 It seems that the more forceful proceedings always spilled over into Chinese:
so not a single grain is lost.
似乎更加强硬的事情总是通 过中文倾泻出来：“不能那样！你淘米的时候，必须一粒都不漏。”

20 Having listened to both Chinese and English, I'm suspicious of comparisons between the two languages, as I
notice the reciprocal challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different
words can be denoted by very subtle variations in tone. English is often bracketed with the label of inconsistency, a
language of too many broken rules.
由于一直同时听着中英文两种语言，故而我对它们之间的任何对比总是心 存怀疑，因为我注意到它们各自都有对
方所没有的难点。说英文的人会认为中文极其难，因为中文用非常 微妙的声调变化就可以表示不同的词语。而英文则
常常被认为缺乏一致性，因为英文具有太多不合规则的 用法。

21 Even more dangerous, in my view, is the temptation to view the gulf between different languages and behavior in
translation. To listen to my mother speak English, an outside spectator might make the deduction that she has no
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concept of the temporal differences of past and future or that she is gender blind because she refers to my husband as

It is, rather, my mother's individual tendency to ornament her language and wander around a bit.
在我看来，更危险的做法是，人们往往倾向于通过翻译来理解不同语言和行为之间的差异。如果一个旁观的外人
听我母亲说英语，可能会得出结论，说她对过去和将来这样的时间区别没有概念，或者认为她对人的性别 不加区分，
因为她提到我丈夫时总是说“她”。如果一个人对此类现象不假思虑，他也许还会概括说，所 有中国人都是通过委婉迂
回的方式才能说到话题重点的。而实际上喜欢修饰和绕弯子只是我母亲个人的说 话风格。

22 I worry that the dominant society may see Chinese people from a limited perspective, hedging us in with the
stereotype. I worry that the seemingly innocent stereotype may lead to actual intolerance and be part of the reason why
there are few Chinese in top management positions, or in the main judiciary or political sectors. I worry about the
power of language: If one says anything enough times, it might become true, with or without malicious intent.
我担心主流社 会可能会从一个狭隘的角度、以一种成见看待中国人。我担心这种看似无害的成见实际会导致人们
对中国 人难以容忍，并成为中国人在高层管理职位或主要的司法及政府部门寥寥无几的部分原因。我担心语言的力量，< br>即如果一个人将一件事说了很多遍，无论其是否有恶意，这件事都会变成事实。

23 Could this be why the Chinese friends of my parents' generation are willing to accept the generalization?
这会不会就是我父母辈的中国朋友愿意接受那些对中国人的简单概括的原因呢？

24
that. Wouldn't Americans appreciate such an honorary description?
“你为什么要抱怨呢？”他们中有人问 我。“如果人们认为我们谦虚礼让，就让他们那样想好了。难道美国人不喜欢
这种赞誉性的话吗？”

25 And I do believe that anyone would take the description as a compliment — at first. But after a while, it annoys,
as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so
pleased to meet you. I've heard many wonderful things about you.
我当然相信每个 人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。但过了一段时间，这种话就会让人恼怒，就好像所听
到的只是 些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞，诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。

26 These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought. Like a piece of bread,
they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells,
convenient excuses, and the like. This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a
stereotype of our exterior behavior.
这些话不能 表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往
中最 表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中< br>国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种成见而已。

27
“那么中文究竟怎么表达‘是’和‘不是’呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。

28 At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article. There is no one word for
or

在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报 杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”
或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持 谨慎。若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常
是针对所问的具体内 容而定的。

29 Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle (eaten already) or meiyou (have not).
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如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“ 没有”（没有吃过）。

30 Ask,
denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.
你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从 来不打，
没有老婆。

31 What could be clearer?
还有什么能比这更明了的呢？








































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Unit 5
Text B Culture makes the business world go round
文化推动商业世界的运转

1 Edward Hall, a leader in the field of intercultural studies, famously said:
success is the one erected by culture.
as financial planning and visionary leadership? The surprising answer is: Yes!
爱德华·霍尔是跨文化研究领域的著名学者。他曾说过一句名言：“ 商业成功的最大障碍是由文化竖立的障碍。”对
国际企业来说，文化差异难道真的和财务规划及前瞻性领 导有着同样大的影响吗？答案是出人意料的：的确如此！

2 A good example is the role of relationships in business dealings. While relationships play only a minor role in US
business culture, they play a major role in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries. In these cultures, in varying
degrees, relationship building is like a torch that lights and guides the way for business to occur.
一个很好的例子，人际关系在生意往来中所起的作用。尽管人际关系在美国商业文化中作 用不大，但在亚洲、非
洲及中东国家却十分重要。在这些文化中，人际关系的经营在不同程度上就好像是 照亮和引导生意征程的火炬。

3 Let's take the example of Kevin Johnston, a senior vice-president of a US company specializing in hospitality
management. Kevin was put in charge of finalizing a merger with a company in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Virtually all of the complicated negotiations had been completed. What remained was a 3-day trip to the UAE for
face- to-face meetings between the partners to sign the paperwork and close the deal.
让我们以美国一家酒店管理公司高级 副总裁凯文·约翰斯顿的故事为例说明。凯文被指派负责敲定与阿拉伯联合酋
长国（阿联酋）一家公司的 合并事宜。几乎所有复杂的谈判均已完成，剩下的就是花三天时间前往阿联酋与对方面谈，
以签署协议文 件并完成整个交易。

4 Kevin was determined that nothing would detain him from succeeding. He sent out a memorandum across his
company, enthusiastically describing the planned merger with the UAE partners. Having compiled all the necessary
documents and graphs, with every figure and decimal in place, and having prepared a thorough exposition certifying the
quality of his company, he packed his briefcase and headed for the UAE.
凯文坚信，任何事情都不会阻碍他此行成功完成任务。他给公司上下发了一 份备忘录，热情洋溢地描述了与阿联
酋方面的这一合并计划。在他整理好了所有必备的文件和乃至数据及 小数点都精确到位的各种图表，并准备了一份证
明公司资质的详尽说明后，他就装好了公文包，奔赴阿联 酋。

5 Kevin arrived in the UAE excited to seal the deal. He was treated with extraordinary hospitality: an elaborate
hotel, blue ribbon foods, elegant convertibles with drivers to tour the city, a parade of entertainment, and beautiful gifts
to commemorate the visit. He tried repeatedly to bring out his files, open the conversation and get down to business. But,
surprisingly, for the three days he spent in the UAE, none of his Emirate colleagues seemed ready to hear his financial
briefing. Each time Kevin tried to speak about the deal, his prospective partners seemed to
diverting it to other topics. They would inquire about his health, his family or his views on education and other
important issues.
凯文到了阿联酋，对于此行来完成这项交易感到兴奋无 比。他受到了超规格的殷勤接待：奢华的宾馆、一流的佳
肴、配有专职司机的优雅的敞篷车带他游览全城 、接连不断的娱乐活动、精美的纪念品。他多次试图取出带来的文件
资料，想打开话题谈生意，但奇怪的 是，在他停留的三天里，阿联酋的同仁们却好像没有一个人愿意听他准备的财务
情况简介。每当凯文试图 谈及交易时，有望成为合作伙伴的对方似乎总是“绑架”谈话内容，岔开话题。他们会转而询
问他的健康 、他的家人，或他对教育和其他重要问题的看法。

6 Upon leaving the UAE, Kevin felt exasperated and defeated. He hadn't been able to receive the thorough
interrogation of the materials for which he had so carefully prepared. His progress toward closing the deal was exactly
where it was when he left the US: nil.
离开阿联酋时，凯文感到既恼火又丧气。对于自己精心准 备的材料，他根本就无法获得对方的详细询问。至于完
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成这项交易的计划，则与他离开美国时毫无二致：零进展。

7 The above case is a classic example of how a friction between different cultural expectations causes delay that, if
not handled appropriately, will bring the deal to an abrupt end and leave both sides reeling. The substantial loss of
revenue can never be refunded and can leave a struggling company falling without a parachute.
上述例子很经典，它说明了不同文化期望值之间的冲突会如何导致延误。这种延 误若未能恰当处理的话，就会使
一笔生意戛然中断，让双方都不知所措。所造成的巨大的收入损失永远无 法弥补，甚至还会让一家在困境中挣扎的公
司突然倒闭，就像没用降落伞从高空坠落一样，毫无缓冲。

8 Kevin made the mistake of assuming that the
charged into the meetings like a bull. For many cultures, a person's certifications are established not only by their
accomplishments, their education and abilities, but also by more personal connections. In this case, the UAE partners
wanted to know if Kevin was a good man, a family man, a trustworthy man. This type of rating establishes a trusting
relationship for them. Had Kevin patiently taken the time to establish relationships, he would likely have been asked to
share his carefully prepared documents and have closed the deal.
凯文错误地以为，生意 成交只要靠自己公文包中的各种证明文件就行。他风风火火地去参加会谈，就像一头误打
误撞的公牛。但 对于很多文化来说，一个人确立自己的资质不仅要靠业绩、教育背景或个人能力，而且要靠更多的人
际交 往。在这一例子中，阿联酋合作伙伴很想知道的是，凯文是不是个好人，是不是个顾家和值得信赖的人。对他们< br>而言，这种评判能够确立双方之间的信任关系。如果凯文当初能够花些时间耐心地去经营一下双方关系的话 ，他们也
许就会让他介绍一下精心准备的材料并完成交易了。

9 Sociologists agree that another key aspect influencing global business is the concept of face. Cross-cultural
differences in the way we save face impact our perceptions of trust and respect, which in turn impact our relationships
and group cohesion.
社会学家一致认为，影响国际商务的另一关键因素 是“面子”。在“顾面子”的方式上，跨文化差异会影响我们对信
任和尊重的看法，而这种看法反过来又 会影响人们之间的关系和团队凝聚力。

10 Take the example of Ann, a US manager who took a reactionary approach to cultural differences. Ann thought
being a nominee for the leadership position with a sales team based in Singapore was a climax of her career. Ann tried to
establish a working relationship with each team member. After a few weeks of working on team unification and
solidarity, presenting guidelines, and offering sales advice, she carefully compartmentalized goals for each member of
the sales team.
以一位叫安的美国经理为例。安对文化差异采取了一种保守策略。她被提名为 一个设于新加坡的销售团队的领导，
她将此看作自己事业的一个顶峰。安努力和每一位团队成员都建立良 好的工作关系。她花了数周时间致力于建立团队
的统一性与凝聚力、介绍工作原则、提出销售建议，之后 她为销售团队的每位成员精心设定了分块目标。

11 Later, when the team convened face-to-face for their first quarterly review meeting, Ann, after praising a
Chinese team member, boldly criticized and questioned a Korean, trying to extract the exact reason why he was lagging
so far behind on his goals. The meeting immediately lost its groove. The entire group became solemn and, for the rest of
the meeting, remained polite but largely mute.
过了一段时间，在团队举行的面对面的首次季度工作总结例会上，安称赞了一位中国成员， 而后毫不留情地批评
并质询了一位韩国成员，试图找出他比别人落后许多的确切原因。会议立刻偏离了常 规程序。整个团队变得严肃沉闷，
而且在会议剩下的时间里，虽然大家都谦恭有礼，但大多数时候却沉默 不言。

12 Clearly, Ann was not familiar with the concept of saving face in other cultures. In US culture, saving face exists
— but only minimally, and tactful but straightforward speech is highly valued. US managers routinely speak freely
about someone else's accomplishments or failures in open, public settings, such as during meetings. This is different in
Asian cultures. Singling out an individual due to praise or criticism, a daily habit amongst American managers, may
cause Asians to become uncomfortable or deeply embarrassed.
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显然，安对其他文化中“顾面子”这一概念并不熟悉。在美国文化中，的确也 存在着“顾面子”一说，但其影响微乎
其微。更受推崇的是机智老练而又直截了当的谈话。美国经理人惯 常于在公共场合，如在会议上，自由谈论其他人的
成就或败绩。这和亚洲文化有所不同。对美国经理人来 说，把某人单独挑出来予以夸奖或批评是日常性的做法，但对
亚洲人来说，这样做会使他们觉得不自在或 甚为尴尬。

13 Ann needs to consider more culturally appropriate ways to support and motivate her team. Providing feedback,
especially negative feedback, in more private settings will be helpful. Most of all, she should work on giving more
courteous and supportive praise and encouragement, which will help move toward the unification and cohesion that
high functioning teams need in order to be successful.
安需要考虑的是，要采取在文化上更加恰当的方式来支持和激发她的团队。如果要给成员提反馈意见，尤 其是负
面意见的话，那么在私人场合进行会更有帮助。最为重要的是，她应该努力给出一些更加客气、更 具支持性的赞扬和
鼓励，这样才能使团队更加团结，更加具有凝聚力，而这也是一个高效运作的团队取得 成功所必需的。

14 Around the world, deeper structures such as relationship building and face saving are embedded in the values,
beliefs and behavior of a culture. They are much harder to understand than the glossary of terms in any culture's
language phrase book. The advice is: Always ask for clarification and seek new insights. For business success, it is
essential to learn to mediate these deeper cultural differences. Though it may be a little complicated to incorporate them
into your way of thinking and communicating, it is well worth the effort!
在世界各地，人际关系经营及颜面顾及这类更深层次的文化结构都是根植于该 文化所具有的价值观、信仰和行为
之中的。它们比任何一种文化的词语汇编里所列出的术语都更难理解。 我的建议是：随时向对方询问，以得到一个明
晰的解释和新的理解。为了取得商业成功，学会协调这些更 深层次的文化差异是极其重要的。尽管将它们融入自己的
思维方式和人际交往有点复杂，但这样的努力是 非常值得的！



























32 50

Unit 6
Text A The weight men carry
男人背负的重担

1 When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their
bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown. They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by,
or welders, steelworkers, carpenters; they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick
with muscle. They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators
or lubricating car engines. In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small
tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows. In their little free time, they
drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse.
当我还是个小男孩时，我住在弗吉尼亚州一个偏远的地区，那时我所认识的男 人们从清晨的第一声公鸡啼鸣一直
劳作到日落。他们都是些不起眼的农民、牧羊人，勉强度日，或是焊接 工、钢铁工或木匠；他们制作橱柜、挖掘沟渠、
开采煤炭，或驾驶卡车，这使他们拥有肌肉结实的上臂。 他们训练马匹、填塞炉膛、制造轮胎，站在装配线上将零件
焊接到冰箱，或是给汽车发动机上润滑剂。到 了傍晚或周末，他们也要同样辛苦地劳作，在自己的一小片土地上耕作，
修理出了问题的汽车，修复坏掉 的百叶窗和漏风的窗户。在仅剩的闲暇时间里，他们会在当地的啤酒作坊或赛马场附
近的酒馆里用盛在廉 价铜杯中的啤酒将自己灌得烂醉。

2 The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible. Heavy lifting had given
many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries. Some had broken ribs and lost fingers. Racing against conveyor
belts had given some ulcers. Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete. Some had partial vision
loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors. There were times, studying them, when I dreaded
growing up. All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers. Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of
constant work. Only women lived into old age.
我所认识的那些男人的身躯遭受着种种看得见 或看不见的扭曲和伤痛。搬运沉重的物品给他们很多人造成了脊柱
病和可怕的伤痛。有些人断了肋骨，掉 了手指。在传输带上不停地工作使他们有些人患了溃疡。他们的脚踝和膝盖由
于经年累月站立在水泥地上 疼痛不已。有些人由于焊接火光损伤视觉感官而遭受部分视觉缺失的折磨。有些时候，打
量着他们，我会 害怕长大。在我们周围的人中，父亲们看上去总是比母亲们要老。男人衰老得更早，长期遭受着因持
续劳 作带来的病痛。只有女人才活到年老。

3 There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all. But when the shooting started,
many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts. This was what soldiers were for —
they were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw.
还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都 会出于爱国热情而战死
在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作用——他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤 子或螺丝一样。

4 These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and
from watching television. But the men on television — the news commentators, the lawyers, the doctors, the politicians
who levied the taxes and the bosses who gave orders — seemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old
paintings. I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine
becoming a sovereign prince.
这些并非男人们唯一的归宿， 我从曾经有过的几位男教师、从看书及看电视中认识到了这一点。但是，那些上电
视的男人们——新闻评 论员、律师、医生、课征税款的政治家及发号施令的老板们——在我看来就像古老绘画上的人
像，遥远而 不真实。我不能想象自己长大会变成这些精明世故的人中的一员，就像我无法想象自己能变成一个权力至
高无上的国君一样。

5 A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the
halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich. Here for the first time I met women who told me that
men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves. I was puzzled, and demanded
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clarification. What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home. What
had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30
or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal
from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The
right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the
mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed?
一份奖学金使我得以上大学，这可是我社交圈子里极其难得的荣耀。不仅 如此，它还让我能够穿行于为富人家的
孩子打造的史上著名的大学殿堂里。就在这里，我生平头一次碰到 女人告诉我说男人是有罪的，因为他们把地球上所
有的欢乐和特权都据为己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她们 予以解释。什么特权？什么欢乐？我想到家乡大多数男人那种
艰难严酷、伤痛累累的生活。人们所说的他 们从妻子和女儿那里偷走的东西又能是些什么呢？难道是每周五天、每年
十二个月，如此三四十年里挤缩 在纺织厂狭小的空间里，或是在煤矿下挣扎着从岩石般坚硬的泥土中挖出最后一点煤
的劳作的权力？战死 疆场的权利？修缮屋顶上每条裂缝和围栏上每个断栏的权利？为一个遥远的城市某个富裕财团垒
积钱钞的 权利？在遭遇解雇或煤矿倒闭时感到既害怕又羞耻的权利？

6 In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women. This was because, as a boy,
I had envied them. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature,
the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters. What's more, they did not have
to go to war. By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of
mothers seemed expansive. They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church. I saw
their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days.
No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less. I didn't see, then, what a
prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory. As such things were
never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying. Even then I could see how exhausting
it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children. But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a
baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby.
在这样一个满是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人们深深的怨怒方面很是迟钝。这是因为，当我还是一个小男孩
时，我就嫉妒过她们。在上大学之前，我所认识的唯一对艺术、音乐或文学有兴趣的人，唯一看上去能够 享受一丝自
在的一群人就是那些做母亲和女儿的人。而且，她们也不必去参加战争。与父亲们所遭受的狭 隘的、封闭的日子相比，
母亲们所承担的相对较轻的工作显得更加宽泛一些。她们剪用购物券，探访邻居 ，在学校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透
过望远镜看到她们的生活，满是闪烁的星星和一缕缕光线，而漏掉了 她们生活岁月的真实细节。毋庸置疑，如果我用
更具理性的方式审视她们的生活，我就不会那么嫉妒她们 了。可在那时，我实在看不出一幢房子能成为什么样的牢狱，
因为房子在我看来比任何厂房都更亮堂、更 体面。我也没有意识到女人是多么频繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因为这样的事
情从未被提及过。即使在那时， 我也能够看出一个母亲整日忙碌着应付年幼孩子们的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作为
男孩，如果我那时必 须在照顾婴儿和照看机器之间作选择，我想我会选择照顾婴儿。

7 So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's
pleasures. They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism. I think my bafflement has been felt by other
boys (and by girls as well) who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factories — any place
where the fates of men and women are symmetrically bleak and grim.
所以，当学校里的女性大吵 大囔，谴责我和我所属的性别，说我们霸占着世间的欢乐时，我很困惑。她们要求从
性别歧视的束缚中解 放出来。我认为别的男孩（女孩也一样）也会有我这样的迷惑，只要他们成长于一贫如洗的农村，
成长于 码头边或工厂附近——成长于任何让男人和女人的命运同样苍白和严酷的地方。

8 When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they didn't see the sort of men I
had known. These daughters of privileged, Republican men wanted to inherit their fathers' power and lordship over the
world. They longed for a say over their future. But so did I. The difference between me and these daughters was that
they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their
desires. But I knew better. I wasn't an enemy to their desires, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally in their rebellion. If I had
known, then, how to tell them so, or how to be a mediator, would they have believed me? Would they have known?
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当我在大学里遇到的那些女子们想 到男人的享乐和特权时，她们并没有见过我以前认识的那些男人。这些特权阶
层的、共和党男人的女儿们 渴望继承她们父亲的权力和凌驾世界的贵族身份。她们渴望能对自己的未来拥有发言权。
而我也渴望这样 。我和这些女儿们之间的区别在于，她们看我时想到的是，我因为自己的性别而自出生起就注定可以
成为 像她们父亲那样的人，从而也是她们实现自己欲望的敌人。但我比她们更清楚，无论是事实上还是情感上，我都< br>不是她们欲望的敌人。我是她们反抗行动的同盟者。如果那时我就知道如何把这些告诉她们，或如何在中间 做一个调
停人，她们会相信我吗？她们能够理解吗？











































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Unit 6
Text B What does feminism really mean?
女权主义究竟是什么？

1 Imagine a world where skirts, makeup, and high heels are prohibited, where men are forbidden from giving gifts
to women, where mothers ignore their children, and where marriage and dating are obscene. It sounds nightmarish, but
this is the dogma many people have in mind when they hear the word
want them dead. Or feminists want to switch places with men, so women can work all day and men can all stay home
and keep house. Or maybe feminists want to be like men: dress identically, use the same toilets, compete in the same
sports leagues. If this definition is true, it seems feminists would be the provocation for insurgencies across the whole of
society, breaking routines, eradicating traditions and ruining everyone's lives in the process!
设想这样一个世界：在这里，短裙、化妆品和高跟鞋通通遭禁，男人们被禁止给女人 送礼物，母亲们对她们的孩
子全然不顾，而婚姻与约会更被视为下流。这听起来像是梦魇，却是很多人在 听到“女权主义”这个词时而想到的教条。
有人告诉我们说，女权主义者仇恨男人，希望他们都死掉。或 者是女权主义者想要与男人互换位置，这样女人就可以
成天工作，而男人则都呆在家里管理家务。又或者 是女权主义者想要像男人一样：穿同样的衣服，用同样的马桶，在
同样的运动联盟中比赛。如果这种定义 是真的，那似乎女权主义者将会挑起全社会的暴乱，进而破除惯例，消灭传统，
甚至在此过程中毁掉每个 人的生命！

2 Fortunately, that's not feminism! Feminists don't believe that women are better than men or that women need to
become or displace men. True, some feminists enjoy masculine pursuits like boxing, but they don't want to eject men
from society. Feminists have fathers, brothers, husbands, and sons. Their lives are just as coiled up with those they love
as anyone else's.
幸运的是，那并不是女权主义！女权主义者不相信女人比男人更优秀，抑或女人要成为 男人或取代男人。诚然，
一些女权主义者喜欢像拳击那样的男性所热衷的爱好，但她们并不想将男人从社 会中驱逐出去。女权主义者也有父亲、
兄弟、丈夫和儿子。她们的生活就像其他任何人一样，与她们所爱 的人密不可分。

3 So, what do feminists believe? Distilled to its essence, feminism is the idea that men and women should have equal
opportunities. A woman should be able to be a man's boss if she is as capable as any other manager, or a man should be
allowed to look after children if he has the interest and ability. Nobody should find the situation strange or call it

fill.
那么，女权主义者究竟信仰什么？归根结底，女权主义指的是男人 和女人应该拥有平等的机会。如果一个女人与
其他任何经理一样能干，那她就可以做男人的老板；如果一 个男人有照料孩子的兴趣和能力，那就应该允许他去照看
孩子，没有人会觉得这种情况奇怪或称之为“怪 异”。换句话说，女权主义者相信有这样一个世界，在那里，没有人会
因其承担的角色而感到被奴役或受 压制。

4 In some countries, gender equality remains far away. There are places where women aren't allowed to participate
in government or public life, where women are denied education and remain illiterate, and places where women have to
keep their hair and faces hidden, or they will risk terrible lashes, detention, or even execution. There are places where
young, virgin girls, with no judicial process to protect them, are forced to marry old men and bear children against their
will. There are places where women are not allowed to drive a car or sit in the same section as men when using public
transit.
在有些国家，性别平等还远未实现。有些地方不允许女性参与政府工作或公 共生活，不让女性接受教育以致她们
仍是文盲；有些地方女人必须遮盖住头发和面容，否则就要面临可怕 的鞭笞、拘役甚至被处死。也有些地方，年幼的
少女没有司法程序的保护，被迫嫁给年老的男子并违背她 们的意愿生育孩子。还有些地方不允许女人开车或在乘坐公
共交通工具时与男人坐在同一区域。

5 In comparison, in some other parts of the world, the rights of women have grown tremendously. In the United
States, modern women live downright luxurious lives compared to the Pilgrims in colonial times. And in the British Isles,
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modern women are essentially equal to men compared to the time when the early kings sat upon their mighty thrones.
Feminists, men as well as women, have fought hard to overthrow outdated discriminatory practices and win rights we
now take for granted, such as girls attending school, women gaining the voting ballot and running in electoral races for
the Senate, women owning property, women in sales earning equal commissions as men, and women choosing whether
or not to marry or have children. These rights have given women control over their own lives while increasing vastly the
number of people in the workforce who discover new ideas and patent new inventions. Can you imagine life without
female scientists, inventors, doctors, teachers, and writers?
相比之下，在世界其他一些地方，女性的权利已大大提升。在美国，与殖民时期的朝 圣者相比，现代女性过着极
其奢侈的生活。在英伦诸岛，现代女性与早先国王的统治时期相比，基本上已 与男性一切平等。女权主义者，不论是
男性还是女性，都曾奋力消除陈旧的歧视性做法，以赢得我们现在 认为是理所当然的权利，比如女孩有机会上学、女
性获得投票权并参与参议院议员席位的竞选、女性拥有 财产、女性销售员挣得同男性一样的提成、女性有权选择是否
结婚或生子。这些权利使得女性能够左右自 己的生活，并极大增加了能够找到新点子、申请新发明专利的劳动者的数
量。你能想象没有女科学家、女 发明家、女医生、女教师或者女作家的生活吗？

6 With all the progress of the last decades, it can be hard to see that there is still work to be done, or to remember
what was so difficult before. Modern women may raise a chorus of complaints that there are no confident men left, and
blame feminism. A modern man may long for the days when a wife would stay home with a spatula and a sponge,
cooking kidney beans and steak for dinner, fascinated by his work stories. However, he would be forgetting the need to
make enough money to support his household alone.
有了过去几十年的进步，人们会很难看 出在女权主义方面还有什么工作要做，也很难记得以前有多么艰难。现代
女性可能会齐声抱怨，说现今再 也没有真正自信的男人了，并因此谴责女权主义。现代男性会渴望以前那样的日子，
那时妻子呆在家里拿 着锅铲和海绵围着锅台转，做芸豆和牛排晚餐，还会入迷地听他讲工作中的故事，而此时，他却
忘记了自 己需要单独赚足够的钱养家。

7 Truthfully, most of us are feminists to some degree. A man who believes that women should stick to working as
transcribing secretaries or midwives and leave the
believes in strict segregation of the genders or who insists that a woman shouldn't leave the house or speak to strangers.
A
shouldn't be hostage to her husband, unable to go to the police if he attacks her for telling him
feminist indeed; we work in blended groups of men and women, dividing tasks according to ability and interest, read
books without caring about the gender of the author, and listen to female teachers as well as male ones with equal
attention and respect.
说实话，我们中的大多数人在某种程度上都 是女权主义者。如果一位男士认为女人都应该坚持做记录员或助产士，
而把“好”工作留给需要养家的男 人，那么，他与一名信奉严格的性别隔离制度或一名坚持认为女人不应该到外面或和
陌生人说话的男性比 起来，要更加具有女权意识。即使是一个只知道画眼线、涂唇膏和参加聚会而其他什么也不做的“花
瓶太 太”，她也具有足够的女权意识，认为自己不应该是丈夫的人质，不应该因对丈夫说“不”而遭到殴打也不敢报警 。
我们中很多人实际上都是女权主义者；我们在男女共事的团队中工作，依据各人的能力和兴趣分配任务 ，读书时不会
在意作者的性别，听课时不论老师是女是男，我们都心怀敬意，认真听讲。

8 Yet even the most feminist environments have barriers we need to tunnel through. For example, we might criticize
successful female solicitors for not devoting enough time to their families, or look down on those women who stay home
with children for not being ambitious enough to take up a career. We might look down on men who disobey female
bosses for not being team players, or look down on other men who obey the same bosses for acting insufficiently
masculine.
然而，哪怕是最具女权主义的环境也有我们尚需逾越的障碍。比如，我 们可能会批评成功的女律师没有花足够的
时间照顾家庭，或者歧视那些呆在家里照看孩子的女性，认为她 们缺乏远大的志向去从事一份职业。我们可能会看不
起那些不顺从女上司的男人，认为他们不具备团队意 识；也可能会歧视另一些听从于这些女上司的男人，认为他们行
为举止缺乏男子气。

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9 These seem like small problems, the lingering ghosts of greater issues, but they're significant when they're
happening to you. Culture isn't easy to change; even if you think a woman has every right to speak loudly and swear like
pirates, you might have trouble imagining that any man would date her. Or you might have trouble relaxing around a
man who is comfortable making less money than his female friends. Clearly, our thirst for equality must never be fully
quenched. But feminism cannot become an appendix at the end of a history book, or an artifact of a bygone epoch. We
must remain vigilant if we hope for a continuance of the rights of women.
这些看上去似乎只是小 问题，是大问题的一些残留末节而已，但当它们真正发生在你本人身上时就是大问题了。
文化是不容易改 变的。即使你认为一个女人有足够的权利大声说话，可以像海盗那样咒骂，你可能仍然无法想象哪个
男人 会愿意与她约会；或者，当你面对一位即使赚钱比女性朋友要少却依然感觉舒坦的男人时，你可能仍然会不自在。
显然，我们对平等的渴望永远也不可能完全得到满足。但是，女权主义不能只作为一本历史书最后的附录 ，或一件远
古时代的手工艺品。如果我们希望女性的权利持续，我们就必须保持警觉。






































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Unit 7
Text A The coming energy crisis
日益逼近的能源危机

1 Two hundred years ago, the world experienced an energy revolution that launched the Industrial Age. Ever since
then, with the rapid increase of population density, the industrialized world's thirst for energy has more than tripled.
Petroleum and natural gas are exploited as versatile and high quality energy products. Uranium is also tapped to fuel
nuclear reactors and provide atomic energy.
两百年前，全球经历了 一场能源革命，由此引发了工业时代的到来。从那时起，随着人口密度的迅速增加，工业
国家对于能源的 需求成倍成倍增加。石油和天然气被看作是用途多、质量好的能源产品而得到开发，而铀也得以开发，
为 核反应堆提供燃料并供应原子能源。

2 Cheap energy is the lifeblood of human society. But there is a dark side to the near monopoly of non-renewable
fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, along with controversial uranium, to supply our growing energy demands. The
supply of these fuels is physically limited, and their use threatens our health and environment. Multiple international
treaties have been proposed to limit the use of fossil fuels for this very reason. Fears of global warming aside, burning
fossil fuels releases chemicals and particulates that can cause breathing problems, cancer as well as brain and nerve
damage. Nuclear energy, once hailed as
factored in. Furthermore, public opinion polls show nuclear energy is too closely associated with disasters like the
Chernobyl reactor meltdown and the Fukushima explosion, and with the danger that rebel insurgents could do damage
with the toxic waste. Inexpensive and seemingly abundant non-renewable energy from dead plants and extinct animals
fueled the 20th century economy, but geologists, climatologists, environmentalists, and many others are warning that the
honeymoon may soon be over.
廉价能源是人类社会的命脉。但是，对煤炭、石油、天然气这些不可再生 的矿物燃料及有争议的铀进行近乎垄断
地使用以满足我们日益增长的对能源的需求的做法有其危险的一面 。这些燃料的供应实际上是有限的，并且，使用这
些燃料对我们的健康和环境都造成威胁。正因如此，人 们制定了众多的国际条约，以限制对矿物燃料的使用。除了造
成全球变暖之外，矿物燃料在燃烧过程中还 会释放出某些化学物质和微粒，引发呼吸系统疾病、癌症，并造成对大脑
和神经的损伤。如果把所有代价 都考虑进来的话，曾经被称颂为“便宜到无法计量”的核能从经济效益上来说则从未获
得过成功。而且， 民意调查显示，核能总被认为与灾难密切相关，例如切尔诺贝利核反应堆熔毁事件及福岛核电站爆
炸事件 。同时，核能还具有一种危险，就是叛乱分子可能利用其有毒废物制造伤害。死去的植物和动物所产生的价格低廉且看似充足的非再生能源推动了20世纪的经济发展，但地理学家、气候学家、环境学家以及其他许多人 都在警告
我们：这样美好的时光很快就要结束了。

3 At some indefinite time in the near future, the last drop of oil, lump of coal or wisp of natural gas will be collected
from the earth. The eventual depletion of fossil fuels that hitherto proved so reliable has left us with no choice but to
prepare for a new age of energy synthesis. Most certainly, human demand for energy will not decrease or plateau but
surge as world population grows to nine billion over the next 50 years. By the year 2020, world energy consumption is
projected to show a linear increase of 50 percent.
在不久的将来的某个时候，地球上最后一滴石油、最后一块煤或最后一缕天然气将被 开采。迄今为止一直被证明
是稳定可靠的矿物燃料终将消失，这让我们别无选择，只能作好准备，迎接新 的能源综合利用时代的到来。可以肯定，
人类对能源的需求不会趋于减少或保持稳定，而是会随着世界人 口在未来50年增长到90亿而迅速增加。据预测，到
2020年，全球的能源消耗将直线增长50%。

4 How will we meet the sky-rocketing energy demands of the future? Until we perfect the technology of cold fusion,
we'll have to focus on the development and increased production of energy from renewable energy source — sun, wind,
water, and so on. While renewable energy sources are promising, an international confederation of scientists and
engineers is working feverishly to overcome the various obstacles associated with these
major challenge is to develop efficient and economically workable versions of these technologies.
我们怎样才 能满足未来急剧增长的能源需求呢？在我们完善冷聚变技术之前，我们只能专注于开发太阳能、风能、
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水电能之类的可再生能源，并提高其产量。虽然可再生能源前 景乐观，一个由科学家和工程师组成的国际联盟却正在
积极工作，努力克服与这些“新兴能源”技术相关 的各种障碍，其中最大的挑战就是如何使这些技术变得既高效又经济。

5 Take solar energy for example. It is a good option because there is an unlimited supply of glittering sunlight.
Making it work on a large scale, however, is much easier said than done. It would be cost prohibitive to take the intricate
gadgets of solar energy from the fringe of
apparatus itself is ready for many new business and consumer applications, but it is way too expensive to replace the old
combustion machinery of gears and motors with new electronic technology of semiconductors and transistors on a
global or even a national scale.
以太阳能为例。由于 耀眼的太阳光能够提供源源不断的能源，所以它是个不错的选择。但是，大规模地使用太阳
能却是说起来 容易做起来难。把制造太阳能所需要的复杂零件从“环保”社会的边缘推广到主流社会，使之成为世界主
要的消费性能源，其代价之高让人望而却步。太阳能设备本身已是技术成熟，可以使商业和消费者进行许多新型应 用，
但是，在全球或者即便是在全国范围内，用新型的半导体和晶体管电子技术取代老式的用齿轮和发动 机驱动的燃烧设
备，其成本实在太高。

6 Wind power, which has been used effectively in some places for generations, is also rapidly growing in the energy
market. The principle behind it is that wind converts rotary force into electricity by turning the blades of the turbine
clockwise or counterclockwise around an axis. Unfortunately, wind power is very unreliable and its strength depends on
local weather patterns, temperature, time of year, and location. In addition to this unreliability, wind power equipment
is very expensive compared with other energy sources and won't become a viable alternative until we can slash the costs
significantly. Also, a
风能在一些地方已经被几代人有效利用，目 前在能源市场中也发展迅速。风能的原理是：风通过驱动涡轮机叶片
按顺时针或逆时针方向绕着一个轴旋 转，从而把转动时所产生的力转换成电能。不幸的是，风能非常不稳定，其强度
取决于当地的天气模式、 温度、季节以及地域。除了不稳定的因素之外，和其他能源相比，风能设备造价昂贵。除非
我们能将其成 本大大降低，否则风能就不会成为一个可行的替代能源。而且，一个“风能农场”需要大片空旷的土地才
能生产大量能源。

7 Hydroelectric power is another source of clean and renewable energy. It can be harnessed by controlling the
natural outflow of water with different methods. The most popular is through dams, which, unfortunately, are no longer
considered environmentally friendly. Most of the hydroelectric dams in the world are historically recent, but all
reservoirs eventually will fill up with mud and require very expensive excavation to clear them up to become useful
again.
水力电能是另外一种既干净又能再生的能源。人们可以通过不同 方法来控制自然水流以进行发电。最普遍的方法
是通过水坝，但不幸的是，建水坝已被认为是对环境不利 的方法了。世界上大多数用于水力发电的大坝建造历史都不
长，但是所有的水库最终都会被淤泥填塞，需 要耗资巨大进行清淤才能使它们重新得到利用。

8 Biomass energy derived from plant and animal matter is still another renewable source being considered as a
standby replacement for fossil fuels. Organic waste in the form of dead trees, leaves, animal corpses and food processing
waste exists in abundance and can be used to produce energy. However, there is no way to ventilate the direct burning of
biomass as fuel without diffusing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases can pose
a risk to the ozone layer, increasing overall exposure of human beings to harmful UV rays from the sun. Besides, it takes
time and money to collect and transport biomass in its raw form to a central point for processing into fuel, and the
automation of such a process is too difficult. So, for the time being, biomass has too many costly drawbacks to be a
workable alternative to fossil fuels.
动植物物质所产生的生物能源也是一种可再生能源，且被认为是矿 物燃料的备用替代品。以死树、枯叶、动物尸
体以及食品加工废料的形式存在的有机废物十分充足，可以 被用来制造能源。然而，将生物质作为燃料直接燃烧，通
风时必然会将二氧化碳及其他温室气体排放到大 气中。这些气体会对臭氧层造成威胁，增加人们受到来自太阳的有害
紫外线照射的危险。除此以外，将生 物质以原始形态进行收集，并将它们运送到某个中心站加工处理成燃料，这一过
程既耗时又耗财，而且对 这一过程实现自动化非常困难。所以，在目前，生物质能源有太多高成本方面的缺点，不能
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成为矿物燃料可行的替代品。

9 Although renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels, their price becomes more
attractive when compared with the health and environmental costs associated with burning coal and oil. Perhaps the
best solution to our growing energy challenges comes in a bulletin from the Union of Concerned Scientists:
society's future success cannot hinge on one single solution. The answer instead must come from a family of diverse
energy technologies that share a unified purpose — they do not deplete our natural resources or destroy our
environment.
speeds and will soon be upon us. In order to inaugurate a new era in energy, we must act quickly and work toward
international collaboration to find the most effective solutions to our energy problems.
虽然从经济实惠方面来说，可再生能源没有矿物能 源有竞争力，但是，与燃烧煤和石油所带来的健康及环境代价
相比，它们的价格又变得较有吸引力了。也 许，对于日益紧迫的能源挑战，最好的解决办法正如“忧思科学家联盟”所
出的一份简报上所说的那样: “未来我们社会的成功不能依赖于某一单一的解决方案。相反，答案须来自一系列各种不
同的能源技术。 这些技术有一个共同目的：它们不会耗尽我们的自然资源，也不会破环我们的环境。”尽管困难重重，
我 们需要牢记的是，能源危机正以超音速逼近，即将来到我们面前。为了在能源领域开创一个新时代，我们必须赶快
行动，努力寻求国际合作，以找到能源问题最有效的解决办法。

































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Unit 7
Text B A worldwide food crisis?
会有全球粮食危机吗?

1 Historically, only local governments worried about a widespread food crisis, but today, a sharp spike in food
prices and the resulting food crisis can quickly become a worldwide phenomenon. Recent droughts along the equator,
and in Russia and Ukraine — two countries which account for one- fourth of world wheat exports — caused wheat
prices to surge. Many worry the tight supply will cause inflationary prices. They fear the skyrocketing grain costs in
2007, which harshly struck the world's poor and led to food riots, will recur.
在历史上，只有地方政府才会担心大范围的粮食危机，而如今 ，粮食价格的急剧上涨及由此导致的粮食危机会很
快成为一种全球现象。最近发生在赤道沿线、俄罗斯及 乌克兰的干旱使小麦价格不断飙升——俄罗斯和乌克兰两国小
麦出口总量占世界出口总量的四分之一。许 多人担心小麦供应短缺会引发其价格膨胀，他们害怕2007年使世界穷人遭
受重创并引发食品骚乱的飞 涨的粮食价格会再次出现。

2 Is their fear grounded? Consultancy firms measuring the status of commodities like wheat don't think so. Stocks
of wheat are at sufficiently high levels, and harvest turnout from other big producers like the US is expected to stay
strong. So unlike in 2007, the supply situation isn't desperate, meaning wheat prices should eventually calm down and
level off.
他们的担心有根据吗？负责对像小麦这样的商品现状进行评估 的咨询公司并不这样认为。目前小麦的储备非常充
足，并且，重要农业生产国如美国等的农作物生产也有 望十分强劲。所以，与2007年不同，现在粮食供应状况并不那
样令人绝望，这也意味着小麦价格最终 会恢复正常并平稳下来。

3 However, this rosy picture provides only temporary security. The bigger picture discloses a reality not so
optimistic. Though current prices aren't as sky-high as in the panicked market of 2007, they're still at higher levels than
before and are likely to stay that way. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development sees the average
prices of products classified as essential such as grains, vegetable oils, and dairy products rising for the next decade.
但是，这一美好的画面只能带来短暂的安心。更大的画面所揭示的现实不容 乐观。虽然目前粮食价格没有达到2007
年引起恐慌的市场上的那种天价，但和以前相比，价格仍然居 高不下，而且很有可能维持这样。经济合作与发展组织
认为，谷物、植物油和奶制品这些基本食品的平均 价格在未来十年都将持续上涨。

4 It doesn't take an oracle to foretell that the fight to feed the world will be a huge challenge facing the global
economy over the next 20 years. Food production is suffering from decades of neglect of agriculture, a period when the
sector was starved of the resources and technology it needed to keep up with rising world demand. Though more and
more people are intrigued by the issue and there is a growing global consensus about the need for reform in farming,
we're really only at the beginning of a long, expensive process of repairing world agricultural practices. That means food
prices will stay high over the next several years, as will the risk of dangerous price fluctuations like the current one with
wheat.
未来20年，让世界上所有人都吃饱饭将是全球经济所面临的巨大挑战，这一点很明确，不需要通过行家 来预言。
由于过去几十年对农业的疏忽，粮食生产受到影响，而这几十年正是农业这一行业急需得到资源 和技术支持以满足日
益增长的世界需求的重要时期。虽然现在越来越多的人对这一问题表示出兴趣，对农 业耕作进行改革的需要也获得全
球越来越广泛的认同，但事实上，在修复全球农业作业这样一项耗时长、 代价高的工作中，我们还只处于起步阶段。
这也意味着，粮食价格在未来几年会居高不下，正如目前小麦 价格波动所带来的风险也会居高不下一样。

5 Food isn't like garments or other products traded on world markets. The issue of food is filled with emotion.
Intermittent uncertainty in food markets will animate people to act when they would otherwise remain calm. No country,
for example, wants to run out of food or watch sky-high prices push people into poverty and malnourishment. That can
lead to riots or even revolutions. When emotions are running high enough, grain exporters and importers may take
extreme measures to prevent a shortage, like hoarding and panic-driven wholesale purchases. In other words, the
overreaction of market players will act like a pistol to the head, creating a crisis when none should exist.
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粮食这一商品和世 界市场上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。粮食问题是充满感情色彩的。粮食市场时断时续的
不确定性会 促使人们采取行动，而这种不确定性如果涉及的是其他商品，人们则会保持冷静。比如，没有哪个国家希
望出现粮食短缺，眼睁睁看着粮价飞涨而使人们陷入贫穷和营养不良的困境，因为这样会引发骚乱甚至革命。当人 们
的情绪积聚到足够高度的时候，粮食出口商和进口商就会采取一些极端的手段，以防止粮食出现短缺。 比如，他们会
囤积粮食及因恐慌而大批量购买等等。换句话说，市场操纵者如果反应过度，其作用就如同 指向头部的手枪，会无中
生有地制造危机。

6 Will current prices stay high and volatile? Probably yes. There are enormous structural problems with the
agriculture industry that have caused the great imbalance between supply and demand. These problems have a dual
nature, one part of it on the production side, and the other on the consumption side.
目前的价格会一直居高不下且变化不定吗？很可能会的。农业产 业结构方面存在的诸多问题已经引发了供求关系
的巨大失衡。这些问题具有两面性，一个是生产方面的， 另一个是消费方面的。

7 On the production side, global funding for rural infrastructure or technological research to keep yields growing
has been very small, well below what is needed to keep crises at bay and to meet our future food demands. But in the
past, whenever economists predicted massive shortages, technological advances like higher-yield strains of wheat would
overcome the difference and rescue civilizations from large-scale starvation.
在生产 方面，全球用于乡村基础设施建设或农业技术研究以保持粮食产量持续增长的资金非常少，大大低于能够
使我们避免危机、满足人类未来食品需求所必需的资金投入量。但是，在过去，一旦经济学家们预测会有大规模的 粮
食短缺，就会有像高产量小麦之类的技术进步来解决这一供需差异，使人类免受大规模挨饿之苦。

8 On the consumption side, citizens of wealthier countries have grown accustomed to consuming more food than
they need and eating more costly types of food like meat. This means more grain gets turned into livestock feed instead
of food for people. Add in the new demand for bio-fuels, and you get a recipe for disaster. As an excerpt from a pamphlet
by activist Peter Singer explains:
food we grow. Nearly 100 million tons of grain per year is turned into bio- fuel that goes into gas tanks. The problem is
that we — the relatively affluent — have created a system of piracy where we consume four or five times as much food
as would be possible if we were to actually eat the crops we grow directly.
在消费方面，富裕国家的人们已经渐渐习惯了消耗比他们实际需求更多的 食品，也习惯了吃肉等更加昂贵的食物。
这就意味着更多的谷物要被变成家畜的饲料而不是成为人们的粮 食。再加上对生物燃料的新需求，灾难的发生就是可
能的了。正如从活动家彼得·辛格的一个手册中所节 选出来的一段话所表述的那样：“……问题不是我们生产的粮食太
少，而是我们没有食用我们生产出来的 粮食。每年几乎有一亿吨的谷物被转变成了油箱中的生物燃料。问题是我们——
相对比较富裕的国家的人 ——已经创建了一种强盗体系，我们所消耗掉的粮食，与我们要是直接食用我们所生产的粮
食比起来，可 能是其四到五倍之多。”

9 How can we neutralize this problem and dodge the future crisis? The solution lies at the intersection of money
and time. Councilors, legislators and bureaucratic agencies of some countries like India and Senegal have had the
foresight to realize this fact and are giving more subsidies to agriculture.
怎样才能化解这一 问题并规避未来的风险呢？其解决办法就是通过金钱和时间的共同作用。印度、塞内加尔等一
些国家的议 员、立法人员及政府机构已经独具慧眼地认识到了这一事实，并且正在给予农业更多的资助。

10 More than ever we need the appropriation of time and money away from the army and the militia and toward
creating a coherent international plan to deal with hunger. We are about to rupture at the seams, with the world
population expected to grow by 2.3 billion between 2009 and 2050. It is estimated that feeding a population of nine
billion would require a 70 percent increase in global food production between 2007 and 2050. Why such a discrepancy?
The rapidly growing population not only needs more basic foods, like grains, but also enjoys foods higher up on the food
chain, like meat. They desire not only the basic essentials of life, but also more sophisticated technologies like
automobiles that use bio-fuels!
我们现在比以往任何时 候都需要把拨款和时间从军队和民兵建设方面转移到致力于创建一个有条理的解决饥饿问
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题的国际计划上来。我们就要在接缝处崩塌，面临食品供应与需求之间的巨大 缺口，因为在2009到2050年之间，世
界人口预计将增加23亿。而要让90亿人有饭吃估计需要 将全球粮食产量在2007至2050年间提高70%。为什么会有
如此巨大的差异呢？因为快速增长的 人口所需要的不仅是像谷物之类的基本食品，他们也要享用食物链上的高端食品，
比如肉类食品。他们不 仅渴望生活的必需品，也渴望享受高端的技术产品，比如使用生物燃料的汽车！

11 All signposts point to the need for food production in developing countries to almost double. To achieve this goal,
an enormous investment in agriculture from various sources is needed. Governmental agencies, non-profit organizations,
agricultural scientists, private investors and charitable donors, all must partner together to build the capacity of the
developing world to answer this tremendous need for food.
所有的迹象都表明，有必要把发展中国家的粮食产量翻一番。要实现这 一目标，需要各方对农业进行大规模投资。
政府机构、非营利机构、农业科学家、私人投资者以及慈善捐 赠者都要合作起来，增强发展中国家的生产能力，以满
足全球对粮食的巨大需求。

12 While we may not be seeing all the symptoms of a food shortage syndrome yet, we must be clear- eyed in our
on-going support of food production. The message is explicit: We are on a collision course. But the problem is soluble.
Like climbing a staircase, we must do it carefully and consistently if we are to reach our goal and prevent a global food
crisis.
也许， 我们现在还看不到粮食短缺综合征的所有症状，但是，在对现行的粮食生产提供支持方面，我们必须目光
准确。有一点很明确：我们即将面临一个大麻烦。但是，这个问题是可以解决的。如果我们要实现目标并预防全球 性
的粮食危机的话，和爬楼梯一样，我们必须谨慎而且坚持如一。





























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Unit 8
Text A A meaningful life
有意义的人生

1 The death of an angel of animal rights activism does not rate with that of a drugged-out rock star. So when Henry
Spira died of cancer in September 1998, his death passed without notice, apart from a brief obituary in The New York
Times. Yet Henry Spira's life tells us something important, not only about the modern animal movement, but about the
possibility of an individual making a difference in the modern world.
一位动物权利保护运动的天使的去世还比不上一个沉溺于毒品的摇滚明星的死亡。所以， 亨利·斯皮拉在1998年9
月因癌症去世的消息根本没有引起公众的注意，只是《纽约时报》上刊登了 一则简短的讣告。但是亨利·斯皮拉的一生
让我们懂得了一些重要的东西，不仅关于现代动物权益保护运 动，而且还有一个人改变现代社会的可能性。

2 I first met Henry when he turned up at an adult education seminar I was giving at New York University. I offered
a course on
regular aesthetic of an
earthy that at times I thought I was listening to an assassin from a violent mob. Yet, I couldn't help feeling intrigued
with his direct way of speaking and his solemn, secular oath to help animals in need.
第一次见到亨利，是我在纽约大学教一个成人教育研修班时他前来 听课。我开设了一门关于“动物解放”的课程，
吸引了大约20名学生。其中一名学生很另类，完全和通 常意义上“动物权利保护者”的形象背道而驰。他的衣着邋遢，
头发也未曾梳理。他说话非常直率并且粗 俗，有时我甚至认为，我好像是在听一个暴力团伙的杀手在讲话。但是，我
情不自禁地被他那种直截了当 的说话方式，还有他那庄重的、不是出于宗教目的要帮助处于困境中的动物的誓言吸引
住了。

3 I left New York soon after that, but one day got a call from Henry. He talked with me about his work. I knew that
for over a century, the animal rights movement had been putting out graphic brochures, leaflets, and audio propaganda,
alerting people to the dreadful experiments on animals. But in all that time, the number of animals used in experiments
had risen from a small batch of a few hundred to more than 30 million. No activist had managed to stop a single
experiment or improve the lives of animals living in tiny, constricted enclosures. Henry changed that. One of his earliest
campaigns permanently closed down a laboratory conducting experiments with toxic vapor on about 60 rabbits.
在那之后，我很快就离开了纽约。但是有一天，我接到了亨利的电话。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道， 一个多
世纪以来，动物权益运动的倡导者一直通过散发带图画的手册、传单以及音频宣传材料，来引起公 众对那些可怕的动
物实验的关注。但与此同时，用于实验的动物数量从原来区区几百骤增到三千多万。没 有哪位活动家曾成功阻止过一
项实验或改善了蜗居在狭小困笼中的动物的生活。亨利却改变了这一切。他 早期的运动之一就是使一间用毒蒸汽在大
约60只兔子身上做实验的实验室被永久关闭。

4 Following that success, Henry rapidly moved on to bigger targets. He laid siege to Revlon over their use of rabbits
to test cosmetics for potential eye damage, and exerted enough pressure to persuade them to put $$750,000 into the
search for alternatives. Having seen the boycott that Revlon had narrowly averted and being afraid of incurring similar
wrath, Avon, Bristol-Myers and other major cosmetics corporations soon followed suit. Though it took 10 years for the
research to achieve results, it was largely Henry's public and judicious watchdog efforts that brought so many cosmetics
corporations to where they now truthfully state their products are not tested on animals. 取得上述成功之后，亨利马上转向更大的目标。他谴责露华浓公司用兔子检测化妆品对眼睛可能造成的伤害。 他
还给露华浓施加了强大的压力，说服其投入75万美元进行研究，以寻找替代方法。雅芳、百时美及其 他大型化妆品公
司看到露华浓险些遭到抵制，担心自己也会招致同样的愤怒，所以很快也都纷纷效仿。虽 然他们的研究历经10年才取
得成果，但是正是亨利所作出的这种公开而又明智的监督，才使得这么多化 妆品公司现在可以如实地说，他们的产品
没有在动物身上进行实验。

5 From decades spent working on the side of the weak and oppressed, Henry became efficient at masterminding
campaigns. His victory over Revlon didn't require wealth, legislators, or the help of big governments. He learned how to
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build public awareness campaigns, how to shape malpractice lawsuits to successfully sue large companies and how to
build committed groups of supporters for the cause.
经过几十年为弱势及受 压迫群体所做的抗争，亨利变得非常善于策划各种活动。他在与露华浓的抗衡中获胜，靠
的不是财富、立 法者或庞大的政府的帮助。他学会了如何发起能够唤醒公众意识的活动，如何开展渎职诉讼以便成功
起诉 大公司，以及如何为这一事业建立忠实的支持者团队。

6 We often assume that society has become too big and too bureaucratic for individuals to make a difference. How
could one individual, however humane and passionate, possibly bring about change in the face of powerful global
corporations, ministerial indifference and complicated parliamentary rules?
我们经常认为社会已经变得太大、太官僚，从而个体不可 能改变它。在面对强大的跨国公司、冷漠的执政部门和
众多复杂的议会规则时，单单一个人，不管他多么 具有人道主义，多么富有激情，又如何能促成改变呢？

7 Henry's life was dedicated to the cause of preventing suffering of innocent, helpless animals, especially those used
in research. He didn't stand on the sidelines or try to get revenge for the suffering he observed. Henry was practical. He
acted. He appealed to the public and created publicity kits to help common people become activists.
亨利的一生都 致力于阻止无辜又无助的动物遭受痛苦，尤其是那些被用于研究的动物。他没有袖手旁观，也没有
试图为 他所看到的苦难复仇。亨利是个很实际的人。他采取了行动。他向公众呼吁，并做了各种成套的宣传材料来帮助普通人成为积极的参与者。

8 On April 21, 1996, I sent Henry a fax telling him I was thinking about writing a book to chronicle his life and
work. I asked whether I could stay with him for a few days in June to talk about it.
1996年4月21日，我给亨利 发了一份传真，告诉他我正在考虑写一本记录其生平和事业的书。我问他我是否可
以6月份过去和他待几 天，以讨论这一事宜。

9 Henry called that evening. He said he'd really like me to write the book, but he wasn't sure he was still going to be
around in late June. He explained that he'd been diagnosed with cancer, and asked whether I could come earlier.
当天晚上亨利就给我打了电话。他说他很愿意由我来写这本书，但是他不 确定自己6月下旬是否还会活在世上。
他解释说他已经被确诊得了癌症，所以问我能不能早点来。

10 I was in New York six days later. Henry had lost a lot of weight, and lacked the energy I was used to seeing in
him. His life expectancy was a matter of months. Death seemed to be stalking him.
6天后我就到了纽约。亨利瘦了很多，而且也没有了我以前在他身 上看到的精力。他的生命只剩几个月了。死亡
似乎正在向他逼近。

11 The most remarkable thing about Henry, though, was the total absence of any sign of depression. Life had been
good, he said, refusing to hear my sympathy and condolences. He said he'd done what he wanted to do and enjoyed it a
lot. Why should he be depressed?
尽管如此，亨利最了不起的一点就是，你根本看不 到他有一丝一毫的沮丧。他说他一直过得很好，因而拒绝听我
说同情和安慰的话。他说，他做了自己想做 的事，而且很享受所做的一切，为什么要感到沮丧呢？

12 Henry's life did not terminate in the time his doctors predicted. For the next two years he kept working, helping
develop the material I needed for the book, through interviews and questionnaires. When I began writing, I never
thought Henry would see a completed draft, but he lived to see the book on sale in a New York bookstore. Then, within a
week, wearing his favorite striped pajamas, he died.
亨利的生命并没有像医生预言的那么快终止。在接下来的两年里，他一直坚持工作， 通过采访和问卷调查的方式，
帮助我准备写书需要的材料。在我开始动笔的时候，我从来没想到亨利能看 到完整的初稿，但是他一直活到亲眼看到
书在纽约的书店出售。然后，不到一个星期，他就去世了，当时 身上穿着他最喜欢的条纹睡衣。

13 One essential mark of living well is to be satisfied with one's accomplishments when taking a retrospective look
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at life, and to be able to accept death and face infinity calmly. Henry's life seemed to lack many of the things that most of
us take for granted as essential to a good life. He never married, or had a long- term, live-in relationship. He had no
children or successors. He never went to concerts, to the theater, or to fine restaurants. He didn't bring antibiotics to the
needy or vaccinate the poor. He was never called a hero like the caped crusaders of our comic books. There is no fancy
stone for him at the cemetery after his death. He just cared for the weakest creatures in his society. What gave Henry
Spira's life depth and purpose? What did he — and others — find meaningful in the way he lived his life?
一个人活得 好的一个根本标志就是，在他回首自己人生的时候，他对自己的成就感到满意，而且能够冷静地接受
死亡 、面对永恒。亨利的人生似乎缺少了我们大多数人想当然地认为美好人生所必须具备的很多东西。他一生未婚，< br>也从未经历过长期的恋爱同居关系；他没有孩子或别的继承人；他从来不去音乐会、剧院或高级饭店；他也 没有给生
活艰难者带去抗生素或是给贫困者接种疫苗。他从来没有像我们的漫画书中那些披着斗篷的社会 改革家那样被称为英
雄。他死后墓地上也没有什么精致的墓碑。他只是关心社会中脆弱的生灵。是什么让 亨利·斯皮拉的生活富有深度、目
标明确呢？在他的这种生活中，他，以及其他人，又发现了什么有意义 的东西呢？





































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Unit 8
Text B A turning point of my life
我人生的转折点

1 I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped
with calls. In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our
office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times. Late one afternoon when I finally read the
Book Review section, my blood began to boil. An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler
Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a
universal poet. I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.
我那时还不到30岁，是纽约市的一名消防员，我工作的消防站总是不断有求助 电话进来。偶尔在我们不忙的时候，
我会打打无绳电话，或是到办公室，看看格雷队长订的《纽约时报》 周日版。一天下午晚些时候，当我最后读到书评
栏时，我开始血液沸腾。一篇文章提出了一个在我看来带 有侮辱性的观点：它说诺贝尔奖获得者威廉·巴特勒·叶芝，
即点亮爱尔兰文学复兴之光的人，已经超越 了其爱尔兰身份，是一名世界性的诗人。我突然感到愤怒，内心深处一种
激情也被激发起来。

2 There were few things I was more proud of than my Irish heritage. My ancestors were Catholic Irish farmers,
fishermen and blue-collar workers, all of whom were patrons of literature. From the time my family came ashore on
Ellis Island and faced the threat of being deported, we have fought discrimination against Irish immigrants. Ever since I
first picked up a book of his poems, Yeats had been my favorite writer. He wrote his poetry in close adherence to his
Irish sensibilities. His life was, in essence, a tribute to his homeland. So, it was offensive to think Irishness, no matter if it
was psychological, social or literary, was something to rise above. I felt like my heritage was a defendant at a tribunal,
and I had no choice but to protect it and denounce such an outdated prejudice.
很少有什么事情比我是爱尔兰后裔更让我感到骄傲的了。我 的祖先是信仰天主教的爱尔兰人，他们做过农夫、渔
民和蓝领工人，但是他们所有人都热爱文学。从我的 家族登上埃利斯岛、面临被驱逐的威胁那一刻起，我们就一直在
反抗对爱尔兰移民的歧视。自从我第一次 拿起叶芝的诗集开始，他就一直是我最喜欢的作家。他创作的诗中有着深深
的爱尔兰情怀。实际上，他的 一生都在赞颂祖国。所以，不管是从心理的、社会的还是文学的角度，认为爱尔兰的身
份是能够超越的， 都是一种侮辱。我感觉自己继承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告，我别无选择，只能保护它并谴责
这样一 种过时的偏见。

3 Vibrating with agitation, I grabbed a piece of clean paper, one that had the logo of the Fire Department of the
City of New York across the top. I began a letter, trumpeting my indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review,
describing Yeats as he was: a writer fundamentally Irish in all he did and wrote.
我 焦躁不安，全身颤动，于是抓起了一张干净的纸，那张纸的顶部印有纽约市消防局的标志。我开始给《周日书评》栏目的编辑写信，表达我的愤怒。我把叶芝描述为他本来的样子，即无论从行为还是从作品来看，他都是 地地道
道的爱尔兰作家。

4 I don't know why I felt I had to defend the world's greatest poet (at least next to Homer and Shakespeare) from
being
a priest has to pray, or a musician has to play an instrument.
我不知道为什么我觉得自己必须捍卫这位世 界上最伟大的诗人（至少是仅次于荷马和莎士比亚的诗人），使其免于
被“起诉”，或者为什么我要撰文 捍卫爱尔兰文学。我只知道我必须写那封信，就像牧师必须祷告，或者音乐家必须演
奏乐器一样。

5 Until that point in my life I hadn't written much of value — a few poems and short stories. But, like a beginning
artist who longs to see his work come to life, becoming an animated Disney film, I understood that the more one draws,
or writes, the better the end result will become. Realistically, I approached writing like waxing a car, thoroughly and
repeatedly. So I wrote often to improve my writing skills. I tentatively sent material to various magazines and reviews,
but no one had ever been willing to publish me.
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在那个时刻之前，我没有写过多少有价值的东西——只有几首诗和几篇短故事而已。但是 就像是一名刚刚起步的
艺术家渴望看到他的作品焕发生命，被拍成迪斯尼动画片一样，我明白一个人画得 越多，或写得越多，最后他的作品
就越好。所以，我采取了一种实际的策略，对待写作就像给汽车打蜡一 样，我既细致认真又反复操练。我经常写，以
提高自己的写作技能。我也试着把文稿寄给多家杂志社和书 评专刊，但是没有人愿意发表我的作品。

6 So it was an unexpected delight when the Times published my commentary. I suppose the editor decided to
publish it because he was first attracted by the official nature of my stationery, and then by the strangeness of an inner
city firefighter's using refined language. I'd like to think, though, that the editor silently agreed with me.
所以，当《 纽约时报》发表了我的评论，我欣喜若狂。我想编辑决定发表它，可能是因为他首先被我所用的信纸
的正 式性吸引了。其次，一名中心城区的消防员竟能使用文雅的语言或许也让他感到新奇。但是，我宁愿认为编辑默< br>默地认同了我的观点。

7 I received about 20 sympathetic and congratulatory letters from professors that I tacked up by the
superintendent's desk. These letters tickled me, making my heart flutter with the thought that I was not only a
published writer but an opinion maker. I was suddenly dubbed as someone whose views mattered.
我收到了大概20封来自大学教授的表达同感或祝贺的 信。我把它们订在了主管的桌子旁边。这些信让我快乐，让
我激动不已，因为我想到，我不仅作品得以发 表，而且我还是个观点制造者。突然间，我被称为拥有重要观点的人。

8 Incidentally, I also received letters from True magazine and from The New Yorker, asking for interviews. It was
the latter that ignited my career — the article titled Smithprovided the impetus for a large publishing
company to request a manuscript about my life.
出乎意料的是，我还收 到了《真实》杂志和《纽约客》的来信，要求采访我。正是后者激发了我的事业——它刊
登的题为《消防 员史密斯》的文章使一家大型出版公司向我约稿，要我写一本关于自己人生的书。

9 I had always subscribed to the belief that the work of firefighters was a worthy subject for a book, but it had
received incomprehensive coverage so far. I was bewildered at first with little confidence in my ability to write a whole
book. So, I began little by little writing one module at a time. I soon had the basic skeleton and framework for my book.
The book went on to sell two million copies and was translated into 12 languages. In the following years, I wrote three
more best-sellers, and last year published an autobiography.
我一直认为消防员的工作是个值得一写的题材，但是到目前为止却很少 被写过。起初我很困惑，对于自己是否有
能力写一本完整的书没有多少信心。所以，我开始一点一点地写 ，一次写一部分。很快，我对整本书有了基本的结构
和框架。这本书最终卖出200万册，并被译成12 种语言。在接下来的几年中，我又写了3本畅销书，去年还出版了一
本自传。

10 Being a writer had been far from my expectations; being crowned a best-selling author was almost unimaginable.
How had it happened? I often found myself thinking about it, marveling at the inconsistency of my success and earlier
failure. My thoughts always came back to the nucleus at the center of it all, that letter to The New York Times.
成为一名作家远远超出了我的预料。被冠以畅销书作者的称 号更是几乎难以想象的。这一切都是如何发生的呢？
我发现自己经常思考这个问题，惊叹于自己的成功和 早期失败之间的反差。我的思绪总是会归结于其中最核心的部分
——那封写给《纽约时报》的信。

11 The clearest explanation is that I had found a subject I felt so strongly about that the writing was a natural
consequence of that passion. I felt the same kind of passion when I began writing about firefighters and, later, a serial
story about my mother. Whatever the subjects, they are always meaningful and timely because they represent the great
values of human life — decency, honesty and fairness — subjects that burn within me as I write.
最清楚的解 释就是，我发现了一个让我有强烈感触的题材，因此，写作就成为这种激情很自然的结果了。在我写
关于 消防员以及后来写关于我母亲的系列故事时，我都怀有同样的激情。不管题材是什么，它们总是有意义并且合时< br>宜的，因为它们代表了人类生活中伟大的价值观——得体、诚实和公正。在我写作时，这些题材在我心中炙 热如火。

49 50

12 Over the years, all five of my children have come to me periodically with one dilemma or another. Should I go
out for soccer or basketball? Should I take a job with this company or that one?
多年来，我的五个孩 子会时不时地来问我一个又一个让他们进退两难的问题：我应该踢足球还是打篮球？我是到
这家公司工作 还是到那家？

13 My answer is always the same: Think about your feelings deep down in your bones. Measure the heat of the fire
there, for that is the passion that will flow through every particle of your being. Always find that passion. And, if you
lose it, retrieve it and start again. Your education and your experience will guide you toward making a right decision,
but your passion will always enable you to make a difference in whatever you do.
我的回答一直是相同的：想想你骨 子深处的情感。估量一下那些情感的热度，因为那就是流淌于你身体每一部分
的激情。任何时候都要找到 那种激情。如果你失去了它，就要重新搜寻到它，然后再重新开始。你接受的教育和你的
经验会引导你作 出正确的决定，但是你的激情总是会使你在做任何事情时都成就非凡。

14 That's what I learned the day I stood up for Ireland's greatest poet.
这就是那天我挺身而出为爱尔兰最伟大的诗人辩护时所学到的东西。

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