大学英语语法知识

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第一章基本句型
1．句子成分
1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动词- ing 形式
（短语）和名词从句等充当。
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field.
He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.
Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be
enough.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. That they failed in their attempt is entirely
understandable.
2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。动词的性质决定其是否
必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。
People’s standards of living are going up steadily. I may be wrong.
He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.
She left the room angry and frustrated. She looked sad and discouraged.
We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.
It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be expanded.
For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.
3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短
语）、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。
He still remained a hero in people’s minds. What nationality is he?
That’s something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four! You don’t look it.
She was the first to learn about it. His hair has gone white.
Her first job had been selling computers. Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up.
The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did.
All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating. She felt at ease and confident in the future.
They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a great weight off my mind.
4) 宾语：表示动作行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或其他东西、动名词（短语），不
定式（短语）、复合结构、从句等充当。
Show your passports, please! They didn’t promise him anything definite.
-- How many do you need? -- We need two. They carried the seriously wounded.
I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you again.
You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. I’ll get it stamped.
See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write down what she said?
◆ 介词宾语：介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，而需和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来
在句中充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词宾语。能充当介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、
动名词（短语）、由连接代（副）词引起的从句或不定式短语。
It’s going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast.
How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.
I’m thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.
5) 宾语补语：用来补充说明宾语，可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语、动词- ing形式以及
动词-ed形式等充当。
6) 定语：用来修饰名词或代词，由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词（短语）、不定式（短
语）、介词短语、副词、从句等充当。
Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave a vivid description of the battle.
Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to the third world.
They are to send a government trade delegation to China. His words moved everyone present.
What’s your government’s policy towards these countries?
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Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?
Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants’ demand ―to change low-yielding land to high-yielding land.‖
Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms.
They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the only reference book there is on the
subject.
7) 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示谓语的时间、地点、方式、目的、程度，通常由副词( 短语)、
介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句等充当。有时，还可用名词充
当。
Theoretically you’re right, but things may not work like that in fact.
They did everything they could to save the worker’s life. She did this out of kindness.
Please fill in the card giving all the information required. They all rushed over, eager to help.
Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate. She jumped ten feet.
When I was ill she nursed me day and night. We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.
That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing. We did it only because we had to.
2．基本句型
1）主—系—表
此句型中动词为联系动词：
A. be动词
B. 表示“变得，成为”的动词：become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall, etc.
C. 表示“保持某一状态”的动词：continue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand, etc.
D. 表示“看起来，好象”的动词：appear, look, seem, etc.
E. 表示“感官”的动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.
I am a student. She is pretty.
Tom’s wish has come true. The river grows wider.
The weather turned cold. The milk remained fresh for a week.
The weather continued warm. John stood loyal to his friend.
The house appears large. Your sister seemed unwell.
Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour.
2) 主—谓
该句型中动词为不及物动词，不带宾语。
The girl smiles. The birds are flying in the sky.
3) 主—谓—宾
该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
They speak English. The boy plays football very well.
4) 主—谓—间宾(人)—直宾(物) (双宾语)
① 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The mother will buy the girl a dress.
② 间接宾语后移时，必须在它的前面加to, for等介词。强调间接宾语是动作的接受者用to（给）; 强调间
接宾语是动作的受益者用for（为）。
③ 直接宾语为代词时，必须紧跟在动词后面。
She posted it for Jack. Mary gave it to me.
5) 主—谓—宾—宾补（复合宾语）
① 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
② 常用的这类动词有：believe, hold, call, consider, find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc.
The presents made the children happy.
The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday.
6) There—谓—主
There is a book on the table. In the valley there lies a river.
There is a book and two pens on the table.
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① 该句型中动词为两类
A. be动词的相应形式
There had been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded.
There must be peaceful answers to the world’s problems. There is a garage across the street.
There was half a tankful of petrol in the car yesterday.
There have always been wars in the world. There will be no problem about it.
B. 不及物动词，如：exist, lie, live, remain, stand, etc.
There stands a house on the top of the hill.
② 此句型中，若主语不止一个，根据“就近一致”原则处理主谓一致关系。
There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk.
③ 此句型中，主语为非限定性主语，即主语前不可用the, this, that, these, those, all, every等词修饰。
④ 此句型中不能使用表示“有”、“拥有”含义的have。
There are thirty students in the classroom. 不能说：There have thirty students in the classroom.
注：
主谓一致
：谓语动词在人称、数上必须与主语保持一致。
第二章动词的时态和语态
第一节时态
1．英语一共有十六个时态

一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
一般过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
将来进行时
过去将来进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
过去将来完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时
2．
谓语动词的形式 (以do为例)
1）一般时态：
do
① 一般现在时用动词原形，但第三人称单数后要加词尾 –s;
A．在词尾加 –s的规则
情况加法例词
reads, writes, says
一般情况加-s
以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es
teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes
以“辅音字母+y‖ 结尾的词变y为i再加 es
try—tries, carry—carries
B．be和have有特殊的三人称形式： be—is, have—has.
② 一般过去时用动词的过去式；
③ 一般将来时用shall 或will加动词原形；
④ 一般过去将来时用should 或would加动词原形。
2) 进行时态：
be doing
① 现在分词的构成
情况加法
一般情况
以字母e 结尾的词
加 –ing
去e 加 –ing
例词
go—going, study—studying
live—living, move—moving (但being)
plan—planning,get—getting, sit—sitting,
begin—beginning (但opening, backing)
prefer—preferring, refer—referring
(但appear--appearing)
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又将末尾的辅音字
只有一个辅音字母母双写，再加-ing
以字母r结尾，前面只有一个双写r, 再加-ing
元音字母，且末音节重读
② 少数动词的现在分词为不规则变化
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die—dying, lie—lying, tie—tying; hoe—hoeing, toe—toeing, dye—dyeing; panic—panicking, picnic--picnicking;
age—ag(e)ing; etc.
3) 完成时态：
have done

① 规则动词的过去式与过去分词变化规则如下表：
情况加法例词
want—wanted, expect—expected
一般情况加-ed
以字母e 结尾的词
以“辅音字母+y‖ 结尾的词
加-d
变y为i再加 –ed
live—lived,
try—tried, study—studied (但: stayed)
plan—planned, permit—permitted;
(但opened, backed)
prefer—preferred, refer—referred
(但appear--appeared)
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只将末尾的辅音字
有一个辅音字母母双写，再加-ed
以字母r结尾，前面只有一个双写r, 再加-ed
元音字母，且末音节重读
② 不规则动词：此类变化须特别记忆。（不规则动词的过去式与过去分词见本章附录）
arise, arose, arisen; awake, awokeawaked, awokenawaked; be, waswere, been; beat, beat, beaten;
bear(生)，bore, borneborn(用于被动语态)； bear(负，带), bore, borne; become, became, become; begin,
began, begun; bet, betbetted, betbetted; etc.
4) 完成进行时态：have been doing
◆ 以write为例，具体的时态形式为：

现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般时态
write writes
wrote
shall will write
进行时态
am are is writing
waswere writing
shallwill be writing
完成时态
has have written
had written
完成进行时态
hashave been writing
had been writing
shallwill have been
writing
shouldwould have
been writing
shallwill have
written
shouldwould write shouldwould be writing shouldwould have written
3. 具体时态

1) 一般现在时
① 构成及句式变化：借助be动词的适当形式或助动词do, does构成各种句式。
◆ 特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词 + 助动词 + 句子其他成分。但对主语提问时例外，直接把主语换为
疑问词即可。
She decided to retire that winter. When did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that
winter?
② 用法
A. 表示现在经常性和习惯性的动作；
We always care for each other and help each other. They raise ducks as a sideline. It seldom snows here.
B. 表示现在的特征或状态；
She is always ready to help others. He loves sports.
I major in English. Peru shares a border with Chile.
C. 表示普遍真理、格言等；
The moon moves around the earth. Actions speak louder than words.
D. 在引用书面材料时，用say，teach, stress等词，且常用一般现在时。
Shakespeare says, ― All the world is a stage.‖ Chaucer writes that love is blind.
The book teaches us to honour our parents.
E. 用于解说、舞台说明、戏剧性描绘等；
Henry takes the ball forward quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.
F. 表将来意义: 表示一个按规定、时刻表、计划或安排要发生的情况，常用于表 ―出发‖、―开始‖、―来往‖
等的动词，如：go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, etc. 并常与表将来时间的副词连用。
I leave for Shanghai on Sunday. They start on their trip tomorrow.
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◆ 时间或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示一般将来时的意义。
Tell her about that when she comes. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
2) 一般过去时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助be动词的适当形式或助动词did构成各种句式。
② 用法
A. 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，或表示过去的习惯性动作。
Who put forward the suggestion? She often came to help us.
B. 有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态。
I was glad to get your letter. I didn’t know you were so busy.
I thought you were out. What did you say?
C. 在谈到已死人的情况时多用过去时。
Lao She was a great writer. My grandmother was kind to us.
3) 一般将来时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词will, shall构成各种句式。
② 用法
A. 表示将要发生的动作或情况。
When will you be able to give us an answer? Will you be busy tonight?
They will have to be careful in doing the work. I willshall arrive tomorrow.
B. 在以I或we作主语的问句中，一般用shall，表示征求对方的意见或询问情况。
Which book shall I read first? Where shall we meet?
Shall we have any classes tomorrow? Shall I be able to find them there?
C. 一般将来时有时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。
A drowning man will catch at a straw. Crops will die without water.
Whenever he has time, he will come and see us. Boys will be boys.
D. 将来时的否定形式可以表示“不能…”，“没法…”。
This machine won’t work. What’s the matter with the pen? The ink won’t come out.
E. 在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替。
They will fight till they win complete victory. I’ll let you have the book when I’m through.
I’ll be round to see you if I have time tomorrow. I’ll come unless it rains.
Next time I go there, I’ll ask them about it.
③ 可以表示将要发生的动作或情况的其他结构和时态
A. be going to + 动词原形
a. 表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或表示有迹象预示一定要发生的事。
We are going to put up a building here. She is going to have a baby.
Look! It’s going to rain.
b. 与一般将来时的区别：一般将来时具有临时性、客观性的特征；be going to结构具有计划性、主观性的
特征。
It’s raining. We will stop here. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.
We are going to visit my aunt this Sunday. I am going to study hard this semester.
B. be to + 动词原形: 表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方意见，也可以表示说话者的意志（如指示、
命令、禁止等）。
When is the factory to go into production? There’s to be an investigation.
You are to do your homework before you watch TV. Am I to go on with the work?
You are not to tell him anything about our plans.
C. be about to + 动词原形：表示即将做某事。
We’re about to leave. He is about to retire.
D. be on at the point of 将近就要…的时候；接近，靠近（一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用）
be around round the corner 即将来临，将临；在转弯处
She was onat the point of leaving when I arrived.
Christmas is just around the corner. The post office is just around the corner.
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E. 一般现在时(见一般现在时的用法)
F. 现在进行时(见现在进行时的用法)
4）现在进行时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助be动词的适当形式构成各种句式。
② 用法
A. 表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。
They’re making preparations for it. How are you getting on with the work?
B. 可用来表示将来意义，表示按计划安排要发生的事。仅限于少量动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive,
return, stay, have, etc. 且常带有一个表示未来时间的状语。
We are leaving on Friday. Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
③ 与一般现在时的区别
现在进行时强调暂时性，而一般现在时强调经常性、长期性。
They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home.
④ 需要注意的问题
A. 表状态和感觉的动词一般不能用于进行时态，如：believe, belong, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, need,
prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, suppose, understand, think（“认为”）, have（“有”）, etc.
Do you see anyone over there? I hear someone singing.
He looks well today. What do you think of it?
◆ 如果这些词词义转变后，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态。
Are you seeing someone off? They are hearing an English talk.
We are having breakfast. They were having a walk.
What are you thinking about? He is looking after his little sister.
B. 表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等。
He is jumping up and down. The train is arriving. The old man is dying.
5) 过去进行时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助be动词的适当形式构成各种句式。
② 用法：表示过去某个时刻（候）正在进行的动作。（而一般过去时常表示一个完成的动作。）
I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.
6) 将来进行时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词will, shall构成各种句式。
② 用法：主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作；在口语中，常用此时态表示预计即将发生或势必要发生
的动作。
Come on. We’ll be having supper in a minute. I won’t be free Friday morning. I’ll be seeing a friend off.
7) 现在完成时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词have, has构成各种句式。
② 用法
A. 表示到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（在时间上与现在有密切联系）。
How many pages have you covered today?
The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.
B. 表示对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作（在后果上与现在有密切联系）。
I have seen the film many times. The delegation has already left.
She has had a good education. I have been to the library.
He has gone to the library.
③ 与一般过去时比较
A. 单纯谈一个过去的动作或一件过去的事情，不涉及它对现在的影响时，常用一般过去时；若谈一件已
发生的事时不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑它对现在造成的结果或影响（此结果或影响有时是直
接可见的，有时是间接的，不明显的），则多用现在完成时。
He bought a house ten years ago. He has bought a house.
What did she say about it? What have I said to make you so angry?
B. 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（如：a minute ago, just now, yesterday, last year, etc.）时，多用一般过去
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时；当有一个表示到现在为止的这段时间的状语（如：so far, up till now, recently, these days, this week, this
morning, etc.）时，多用现在完成时。
I saw her a minute ago. So far we’ve only discussed the first five paragraphs.
Up till now we have planted over 19,000 fruit trees. Just now Tom came to see you.
We haven’t had much rain this summer. We’ve had two classes this morning.
◆ just now不用于现在完成时；若用于过去时，表示“方才，刚才”；若用于现在时，表示“现在，目前”；
若用于将来时，表示“立刻”。
He left just now. I’m free just now. I’ll join you just now.
8) 过去完成时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词had构成各种句式。
② 用法
A. 表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况。
B. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示“过去的过去”，只有在与过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。
They fulfilled the plan earlier than they had expected.
By the end of that year he had already collected more than 1,000 foreign stamps.
When we got there the football match had already started.
C. 在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语与从句谓语表示
的过去动作是在不同时间发生，那么，先发生的动作通常需用过去完成时。但如果两个动作紧接着发生，
特别是在包含before, after的复合句中，常常不用过去完成时，而用过去时。
When I woke up it had already stopped raining. The machine went better after it had been oiled.
Just before I left Guangzhou, I sent them a telegram.
When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.
D. intend, hope, plan, mean, think, want 等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本打算做而没有做的动作。
We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.
9) 将来完成时
① 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词will, shall构成各种句式。
② 用法：表示将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间造成影响或产生后果。它常与by
引导的状语连用，如：by this time next year, by that time, by tomorrow noon, by the end of October; before long,
before lunch, etc.
I shall have finished the book before lunch.
You needn’t hurry me. I will have finished it by the time you are ready.
4. 时态的呼应
1) 一般情况
① 某些从句（如宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及作表语用的sorry, afraid, glad, worried,
certain, uncertain, sure 等形容词后的从句）中的动词时态，常要受主句中谓语动词时态的影响。
A. 当主要谓语用的是现在或将来时态时，这类从句中的动词时态不受影响。
It’s reported that a new railway is going to be built there next year.
Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?
B. 当主要谓语用的是过去时态时，这类从句中的动词时态就要作相应的调整，以求两部分中的时态一致。
I didn’t know you were already ahead of us. c.f. You are ahead of us.
She said her father had been a taxi driver. c.f. She said: ―My father was a taxi driver.‖
We hadn’t expected that you would come so early.
She said she was in Grade Four when the war broke out. We were informed that Smith had left two hours
before.
C. 当宾语从句的谓语表示一个人或东西的经常性的特点或永恒真理时，可保持原来的时态。
This proved once again that the earth is round. Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?
The teacher said that the Yellow River is the second largest river in China.
② 其他类型的状语从句和定语从句中的谓语一般都不受主句谓语动词的影响，而根据本身意思的需要选
择时态。
7

2) 有时两种时态都可以用
She regretted that she (had) abandoned the plan. I was sorry I (had) missed the lecture.
第二节语态
1．定义
：语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
2．分类

1）主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者。 2）被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者。
3．被动语态

1）构成
①“be的适当形式 + 及物动词的过去分词” (
be done )
You won’t be allowed to take so much luggage with you.
Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.
What’s done cannot be undone. The conference was held in August.
② 口语中常用“get 的适当形式 + 及物动词的过去分词”
Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads.
The boy got hurt on his way to school.
③ 相当于及物动词的一些短语动词也有被动语态
Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.
2) 主动语态变被动语态
把主动语态句子中的宾语用作被动语态句子中的主语，然后跟上be的适当形式和及物动词的过去分词，
之后再跟上句子的其他成分。主动语态句子中的主语可由介词by引出，放在被动语态句子的后部。
3) 被动语态的用法
① 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时；
Such books are written for children. We haven’t been told about it.
② 动作的承受者是谈话的中心时；
The store is run by the trade union. The song was composed by a student.
③ 出于礼貌等考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁时；
You are requested to give a performance.
It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
④ 行文的需要。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
4) 含被动意义的主动语态
① 某些联系动词，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等。
The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice.
The story proved quite false. That sounds very reasonable.
② 某些与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等。
It can’t move. The door won’t shut.
③ 某些可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, wash, clean, burn, cook等。
The kitchen doesn’t clean easily. The poem reads smoothly.
This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. The cloth washes well.
④ 某些可用于“主 + 谓 +主补”结构中的不及物动词，如wear, blow等。
This material has worn thin. The door blew open.
⑤ want need require + v-ing
The house needs cleaning. The bike wants repairing.
The wall requires repairing.
⑥ be worth doing
The bike is worth repairing. This book is worth reading.
5) 与系表结构的区别: 被动结构表示一个动作，系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
8

附
不规则动词变化表
动词原形过去式过去分词

动词原形过去式过去分词
arise arose arisen
awake awokeawaked awokenawaked
be waswere been
bear
(生)
bore borne, born
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began began
bet bet, betted bet, betted
bend bent bent
bid badebid biddenbid
bind bound bound
bite bit
bleed bled
bitten(偶作bit)
blow blew
bled
break broke
blown
breed bred
broken
bring brought
bred
broadcast broadcast
brought
build built
broadcast
burn burntburned
built
burst burst
burntburned
buy bought
burst
cast cast
bought
catch caught
cast
choose chose
caught
cling clung
chosen
come came
clung
cost cost
come
creep crept
cost
cut cut
crept,
deal dealt
cut
dig dug
dealt
do did
dug
draw drew
done
dream dreamtdreamed
drawn
drink drank
dreamtdreamed
drive drove
drunk
dwell dwelt
driven
eat ate
dwelt
fall fell
eaten
feed fed
fallen
feel felt
fed
fight fought
felt
find found
fought
flee fled
found
fled

9
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbadeforbad forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hunghanged hunghanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hid, hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel kneltkneeled kneltkneeled
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leantleaned leantleaned
leap leaptleaped leaptleaped
learn learntlearned learntlearned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie laylied lainlied
light litlighted litlighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mistake mistook mistaken
overcome overcame overcome
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn
say said said

续上表

动词
原形
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shave
shed
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
slide
smell
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spoil
spread
过去式
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shaved
shed
shoneshined
shot
showed
shrankshrunk
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
smeltsmelled
sowed
spoke
spedspeeded
speltspelled
spent
spiltspilled
spunspan
spat
split
spoiltspoiled
spread
过去分词
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shavedshaven
shed
shoneshined
shot
shown
shrunkshrunken
shut
sung
sunksunken
sat
slept
slid
smeltsmelled
sownsowed
spoken
spedspeeded
speltspelled
spent
spiltspilled
spun
spat
split
spoiltspoiled
spread
动词原形
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim

swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
tread
understand
upset
wake
wear
weave
weep
win
wind
write
过去式
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
strode
struck
strung
strovestrived
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
trod
understood
upset
wokewaked
wore
wove
wept
won
wound
wrote
过去分词
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stridden
struckstricken
strung
strivenstrived
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
troddentrod
understood
upset
wokenwaked
worn
woven
wept
won
wound
written
注：本表只收入了常用的不规则动词，不常用的没有收入。

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第四章从句

第一节概论
1．复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在；而从句仅
是全句的一个句子成分，故不能独立存在。
I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. We met where the road crossed.
2．
从句虽不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。
3．
从句须由一个关联词引导，该关联词通常位于从句句首，有时该关联词可省略。一般情况下，该关联
词不仅起到连接主从句的作用，还要在从句中充当成分。但whether, if一般不在从句中充当成分，that除
了在定语从句中充当成分之外，也不在其他从句中充当成分。
4.
各类从句的区分：该从句在主句中充当什么成分，即为什么从句。
5．
由于主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句在句中的功用相当于名词，故这三种从句又统称为名词性从句。
名词性从句所用的关联词大抵相同，而且其前一般不用逗号。

第二节主语从句
1．由连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)或连接副词(when, where, why, how)或
whether（or not）引起的主语从句

1) 此类从句可以直接用在句首作主语，也可以放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主语。
When they will come hasn’t been made public.
Who will chair the meeting is not decided.
When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. ( It is still a question when we shall ….)
Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.
◆ if 不能引起主语从句。
2) if和whether
① if和whether在作动词宾语的从句中，可互换使用。一般在文语中用whether, 口语中用if。
I wonder whetherif you’ve got any letters for me. I don’t know if she’s coming.
② 当提出两种选择时，whether更常用，特别在正式文体中。
Let me know whetherif you can come or not.
The directors have not decided whether they will recommend a dividend or hold over the profits.
③ 在句首不用if 而用whether。
Whether we can stay with my mother is another matter. Whether he is single I don't know.
④ 与to不定式连用时，用whether。
She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.
She didn’t know whether to go or to stay.
⑤ 在介词后用whether.
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
2. 由连词 that 引起的主语从句
1）that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。
2) 此类从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去，而用代词it 作形式主语。偶尔也可以不用it，而直接把
从句放在句首作主语，以给主语更多的强调或使句子前后平衡。
It is possible that I may not be able to come.
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It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.
It occurred to him that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
That we need more equipment is quite obvious.
That he will refuse the offer is unlikely.
That theory must go hand in hand with practice is what we should always keep in mind.
3）若用it作形式主语，引起主语从句的连词that 在口语中可以省略。
It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk. It’s good you’re so considerate.
3. 由what, whatever, whoever 引起的主语从句
1）
what, whatever, whoever

在结构上相当于一个名词加一个定语从句，表示“…所…的（东西）”、“所 …的一切”、“一切…的人”。
What they are after is profit. What you need is more practice.
What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret. Whatever she did was right.
Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake. Whoever wants it may have it.
2）whoever, whatever除了可引起主语从句之外，还可引起让步状语从句，表达的意思是“不管是什么人
事情，都没有什么关系，都没有多大区别”。此时，相当于no matter whowhat.
Whatever happens may happen, don’t be surprised. Whatever she does is ridiculous.
Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.
Whoever saysmay say so, it is wrong.
◆ whichever, whenever, wherever, however等都可引起让步状语从句，相当于no matter
whichwhenwherehow.
Whichever road you may take, it will lead you to the station.
Wherever he hides, I will find him out.
The quality will be the same, whichever of them you may choose.
Whenever you may call, you’ll find her sitting by the window.
However hot it is, he will not take off his coat.
You cannot catch up with a car, however fast you run.

第三节宾语从句
1．由连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)或连接副词(when, where, why, how)或
whether, if引起的宾语从句
1）连接代词或连接副词只是在某些动词后能用作宾语。常见的这类动词有：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know,
decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise 等。
I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing. I don’t know who wants what.
Let’s see how we can raise our efficiency. We must find out who did all this.
I don’t know whether these figures are accurate.
I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.
2）有时，这种从句前面可以有另一个宾语。
Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting?
Please advise me which book I should read first.
3）有时，这种从句也可以作介词的宾语。
Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.
He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.
4）偶尔我们可以用it代替这种从句，而把从句移到句子后部去。
I put it to you whether that’s the best solution to the problem.
I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.
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2．由连词 that 引起的宾语从句
（that有时可省略）
1）这类从句作宾语的情形最普遍，在很多动词后都可以用它。
2）这类从句通常都跟在动词后面。
The letter says that they are leaving on the 13th.
I don’t doubt that they will be able to overcome the difficulties.
We didn’t intend that things should be arranged like that.
3）这类从句前的连词that在有些情况下可以不用。如在believe, think, suppose等动词后常不用，在say, see,
know, hear, propose, understand, be told等动词后有时用有时不用。在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是
在笔语中。
◆ 在believe, think, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，
却将believe, think, suppose, expect等动词变为否定形式，称为“否定前置”。但在宾语从句中用否定结构也
是可以的。
I don’t believe they’ve finished their work yet.
我相信他们还没有干完。

I don’t think so. (= I think not.)
我看情况并不如此。

I don’t think you are right.
我想你是不对的。

I don’t suppose he cares, does he?
我看他不在乎，对吧？

He doesn’t expect we need worry.
我认为我们不必着急。

4）有时这种宾语和谓语之间可以插入一个间接宾语或状语。
She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.
She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.
5）在某些句型中，特别是带复合宾语的句子中，that引起的从句常常移到后部去，前面用一个it 作形式上
的宾语；有时it可以省略。
We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.
I took it for granted that they were not coming.
I heard it said that he has great concern for us.
We must bear (it) in mind that we are servants of the people.
6）用that引起的从句作介词的宾语是很少的，只有在except, in, but等介词后偶尔可能用到。
Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit loose.
He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work.
7）在“be + 形容词”这类结构后，用that引起的从句在概念上接近宾语，在结构上却接近状语。这类结
构也可以用whether引起。
I am afraid I have made a serious mistake.
We are sure that we shall succeed.
We are fully confident that we can overcome these difficulties.
I am not sure whether she would like the idea.
3. 由what, whatever, whoever等代词引起的宾语从句
此类从句既可作动词宾语，也可作介词宾语。
I’ll try to make up what I have missed.
We always mean what we say.
We’ll give you whatever help you need.
They gave whoever came to the meeting a pamphlet.
This reminded me of what he had once told us.
She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.
You can write about whatever topic you can think of.
We can assign the work to whoever is reliable.

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第四节表语从句
1．由连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)或连接副词(when, where, why, how)或
whether, if引起的表语从句

Your coat is where you left it. That’s where we differ.
That was how they were defeated. That was when I was thirteen.
That is why we decided to put the discussion off.
2．由连词 that 引起的表语从句

What’s troubling me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.
But the fact remains that we are behind the other groups.
John’s suggestion is that we (should) turn the land into rice fields.
◆ 在口语中，连词that偶尔可以省略。
My idea is we can get more people to help in the work.
3. 由what引起的表语从句

That’s what we should do. Asia is no longer what it used to be.
This is what we are firmly against. Raw material is what we are badly in need of.

第五节定语从句
1．定语从句的构成
: 先行词 + 关系代词关系副词 + 从句的其它部分
1）关系代词 who, whom, which, that, whose, as, but（没有…不…）在句中既起连接主句和从句的作用，又
代表先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
who, whom指人，根据在从句中所作成分而确定使用who或whom。
that既可指人，也可指物。
Do you know the man who came to see Tom this morning?
He is a man whom we should all learn from.
The few points which the chairman stressed in his report are very important.
How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?
That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
He is no longer the man that he was. He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. There’s no rule but has some exceptions.
2）关系副词: when, where, why 在从句中作状语。
At the time when I saw him, he was well.
We will start at the point where we left off.
That is the reason why I am not in favour of revising the plan.
3）一个定语从句应由关系代词还是关系副词来引起，主要根据从句中所缺的成分来确定。若从句中缺主
语、宾语、表语或定语，则应由关系代词来引起定语从句；若从句中缺状语，则应由关系副词来引起定语
从句。
2．定语从句的分类：
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1) 限制性定语从句所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或东西，这类从句是不能去掉的，去掉了剩
下的部分就会失去意义不能成立，或意思不清楚，不能说明问题。在译成汉语时，这类从句一般也译成从
句。
There is one point where I’d like your advice.
A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t hope to achieve much.
14

2) 非限制性定语从句则只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后其他部分仍然成立。这类从句通常和句
子的其他部分用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，从句常可译成一个并列的句子。
She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.
I have many friends, some of whom are painters.
3. 定语从句的用法
1）限制性定语从句
① 在从句中作宾语的whom, which, that 常常省略。
All you have to do is to press the button.
He is a man you can safely depend on.
You can take any room you like.
◆ 若介词在关系代词之前则不能省略。
This is the hotel in which we stayed last summer.
Is that the man (whom) you lent the money to?
This is the hotel (which) we stayed in last summer.
Is that the man to whom you lent the money?
② that 不能作介词宾语。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
Do you know to whom he was talking?
③ 在there be 结构中，从句中作主语的关系代词也可省略。
There’s a table stands in the corner.
There’s a man (that) lives in that village.
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking.
④ as 常与such 和 the same 连用。
Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.
I have the same trouble as you (have).
I feel just the same as you do.
⑤ but 也可作关系代词引导定语从句，一般与there be否定结构的主句搭配，其意义相当于 who not 或
that not。
There is no one of us but wishes to go.
Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.
There was not a single person there but thought you were in the right.
⑥ 先行词如果是最高级形容词, 序数词, all, any, every, little, much, the only, the very, the last; anything,
everything, nothing等不定代词，或先行词前有这些词修饰时，一般用 that ，而不用 which 来引导定语从
句。
This book is the best that has ever been written on the subject.
This is the most beautiful painting that I have ever seen.
I’ve told you all that you ought to know.
He had read everything that he happened to come across.
Everything that you knew was all that what I wanted to know.
⑦ 有两个或两个以上的先行词时，只能用 that, 不能用 which来引导定语从句。
My father bought me some good records and some other things that I needed.
⑧ 关系代词若在其引导的定语从句中作主语，其后的动词须与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
I, who am blind, advise you to use your eyes well.
The girl who lives opposite my house is very pretty.
2) 非限制性定语从句
① that 不能引导非限制性定语从句；
② as 可引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个句子，常用逗号将其与主句隔开；as从句可放在主句之前或之
后；表“这…”或“正如…”之意。
He is from America, as I perceived by his accent.
As is often the case, she is late.
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She was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.
As is known in the map of Beijing, there are two bus lines between the Summer Palace and the Zoo.
③ which可引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个句子或是句子的一部分，常用逗号将其与主句隔开；which
从句通常只位于主句之后；表示 “这…”之意。
They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us.
The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted.
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
4．“介词 + whom which whose + 名词” 结构

1）此结构中介词的确定
① 由定语从句中的固定搭配决定；
Is there a candidate in whom we can have confidence?
The photo at which you are looking was taken by my brother.
This is a problem to which we have no good solution yet.
That’s one of the things of which I’m no clear.
I don’t like people with whom I have nothing in common.
② 由定语从句所修饰的先行词决定；或由整个定语从句和先行词的逻辑关系决定。
Words are living things, the very bodies in which ideas and emotions become materialized.
The direction in which a force is acting can be changed.
The temperature at which water boils is 100℃.
Mr. Smith , from whose collection of pictures a valuable Rembrandt was given to the nation, died last night.
This is the goal towards which we are striving.
In the evening he had attended a performance, after which he returned to his hotel.
2）此结构中需注意的问题
①有时，“介词 + which”相当于一个关系副词。
This is the hospital at which he works. (where)
This is the famous college from which he graduated. (where)
This is the reason for which he succeeded in his career. (why)
②of which 有时可用 whose 代替。
We found a house the roof of which had been damaged.
= We found a house whose roof had been damaged.

Exercise
1. I’ve never been in Beijing. It is the place ________ I want to visit most.
a. where b. at which c. in which d. that
2. Some teachers are combining the basics with activities ________ the students must use their imagination.
a. where b. which c. that d. from which
3. Is this school ________ we visited three years ago?
a. the one b. which c. that d. where
Keys: 1—3 d a a

第六节同位语从句
1．同位语
: 一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词（或起类似作用的其他结构），对前者作进一步的解
释，说明他是谁或它指的是什么等。这个名词（或起类似作用的其他结构）就称为同位语。同位语可由名
词、代词、形容词、数词、分句等充当。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital. You girls may take those seats over there.
You two come and sit here. She seemed different from them all.
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2．同位语从句
1）同位语从句通常由that 或连接副词why, where, when, how, whether等引导，先行词多为表示事实、看法、
思想、消息等的名词，如：idea, fact, rumour, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, message, explanation, etc.
We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.
I had no idea that you were here.
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
The order soon came that all civilians should evacuate the village.
◆ that 在从句中不充当成分；一般不省略，但在非正式文体中可以省略。
2）在probability, certainty, likelihood, evidence 等词后和在on condition, on the supposition, on the ground(s),
on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact 等短语后，也可用同位语从句。
I’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night?
She went to the meeting on the supposition that people would not ask her questions.
Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed, but they didn’t mind.
He was dismissed on the grounds of negligence.

第七节状语从句
1．
状语从句通常由连词或起连词作用的词组引起，可用来修饰谓语（或其他动词）、定语、状语或是整个
句子，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较关系、让步等。
Come whenever you like.
He asked me to stay where I was.
She has made greater progress than we expected.
Things didn’t go so smoothly as we had hoped.
We’ll set up more paper mills if we can get enough raw material.
2．状语从句的类型
1）时间状语从句
① 时间状语从句中，通常用一般时态代替将来时态。即用一般现在时表示一般将来时的意义，用一般过
去时表示过去将来时的意义，用现在完成时表示将来完成时的意义，用过去完成时表示过去将来完成时的
意义。(详见70页一般现在时的用法)
② 时间状语从句的引导词：
A. 连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, ever since, now (that), once, as soon as, etc.
Let’s wait until the rain stops. Make hay while the sun shines.
She comes to talk to me whenever she feels lonely. As the sun rose the fog dispersed.
◆ 与完成时态连用常用when, 表示主句和从句的动作有先后关系; when还可表示“就在那时候（and
then）”，此时，其前通常有逗号。
When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
I was about to go out, when the telephone rang.
B. 名词词组every time, each time, the first time, next time, the time, the instant, the moment, the day, etc.
Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.
He had impressed me that way the first time I met him.
C. 副词instantly, immediately, directly, etc
The machine will start instantly you press the button.
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
I’ll give you an answer immediately I’ve finished reading your report.
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2) 地点状语从句: 由where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等引起。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.
He would live with his grandmother anywhere she lived.
3) 原因状语从句: 由as, because, since, seeing (that), considering that, now that, not that…but that等引起。
Seeing that he refused to help us, there is no reason why we should now help him.
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
Now that you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.
Since no one is against it, we’ll adopt the proposal.
4) 目的状语从句: 由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that 等引起。
We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time.
Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly.
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
I bought the car at once in case he changed his mind.
5) 结果状语从句: 由that, so that, so…that, such…that等引起。
Bring it nearer so that I may see it better.
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
6) 条件状语从句
① 由if, unless, suppose supposing, on condition (that), provided (that), so as long as, in case等引起。
We’ll let you use the room provided that you keep it clean and tidy.
Suppose (Supposing) we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
② 条件状语从句中，通常用一般时态代替将来时态。即用一般现在时表示一般将来时的意义，用一般过
去时表示过去将来时的意义，用现在完成时表示将来完成时的意义，用过去完成时表示过去将来完成时的
意义。(详见70页一般现在时的用法)
③ suppose, supposing, provided后可以跟真实条件句，也可以跟虚拟条件句。（详见86页虚拟语气在条件
句中的运用）
7) 让步状语从句: 由though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever, as 等引起。
◆ as 用于让步状语从句，从句须倒装，即把形容词、副词或动词提到句首。though用于让步状语从句，
从句可以不倒装，也可以倒装，即把形容词、副词或动词提到句首。
We’ll try to finish the work in time though we are short of manpower.
You mustn’t be conceited even if you’ve achieved great successes.
Poor as he was, he was honest.
Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.
Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.
Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
= Though she was exhausted, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
8) 比较状语从句: 由than, as等引起。.
He worked as fast as a skilled worker.
The project was completed earlier than we had expected.
9) 方式状语从句: 由as, how, the way, the way in which, in the same way, in the same way as, according as, as if,
as though等引起。
I have changed it as you suggest. I’ll go or stay according as the situation requires.
It looks as if it’s going to rain. She was trembling as ifthough she had seen a ghost.
◆ as if though后可以跟真实条件句，也可以跟虚拟条件句。

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