新标准大学英语视听说3第四单元原文和翻译
国庆见闻-户外活动方案
Unit4
Inside view
Conversation 1
Joe: So, you’re all
set for the interview with Janet’s Chinese
friend?
Andy: Sure, we’re meeting him
tomorrow at midday.
Joe: And Janet,
you’re OK to give Andy a hand?
Janet:
Yes. Thank you very much for giving me another
chance after last week.
Joe: Just remind
me...why are we interviewing this guy? Andy: It’s
part of our background series
to ethnic
restaurants in London.
We did
Indian last month.
Joe: OK, well,
just remember that there’s no such thing as a free
lunch!
Now, anything else we need to do
for next week’s guide?
Andy: We’ve got
the upcoming London Video Games Festival in
Trafalgar Square.
Joe: Video games? In
Trafalgar Square?
Andy: Yes, about
100,000 people attended last year. Janet: But how
did they do that outdoors?
Andy: Well,
they put up a huge tent ,and there were demos of
the latest game software to try
out.
Janet: Is that the kind of event that we
usually cover on London Time off?
Andy:
Sure, why not? It’s very popular! Remember our
slogan: the
essential guide to going out
and staying in.
Joe: Let’s plan something
for that...Can we try to think about something
which will go with it? You
know， something
along the lines of
how ways of
getting music and TV into our homes have changed.
Andy: You mean people
download music instead
of buying CDs?
Joe: Yes, or on how many
people check out the music on You Tube first. That
all sounds very
promising. Maybe we can run a
feature on traditional
entertainment and
new technology. Look, I’ll let you get on with the
rest of the planning and we’ll
speak after
lunch.
Joe: 那么，你们都要前往采访Janet的中国朋友,
Andy: 当然，我们约好明天中午见面。
Joe:
Janet,你能做好Andy的助手吧?
Janet:
嗯，经历上周那件事后，很感谢你还能再给我一次机会. Joe:
这正好提醒了我，为什
么我们要采访这个家伙?
Andy:
这是伦敦源民俗餐馆系列的一部分，我们上个月完成了印度那部分。 Joe:
好的，不
过记住“天下没有免费的午餐”～现在，对于下周的导航节目我们还有什么事要做吗,
Andy: 我们打算做关于即将在特拉法尔加广场举行的伦敦节的内容。 Joe:
电子游戏? 在特
拉法尔加广场?
Andy:
是的，去年将近100，000人参加了呢。
Janet:
但是他们是怎么在户外举办这次这场活动的呢,
Andy:
他们搭建大的帐篷，那里有许多最新的游戏软件的示范产品可供试玩。 Janet:
它就
是那种我们经常在伦敦假日上报道的事吗,
Andy:
当然，可不就是嘛。它非常流行，记住我们的口号:出门或居家，我们都不可或缺。
Joe: 让我们计划一下。尝试想一下什么东西可以与之相匹配。你知道的，现在获取音乐和
电视节目的方式已经改变了。
Andy:
你的意思是说人们通过下载音乐而不是购买CD来获取音乐, Joe:
是的，或者说关于
现在有多少人在You Tube试听音乐。这些听起来都很不错。或许我们可以做一
个关于传统
娱乐方式和现代科技的特别报道。我会让你们跟进剩余的计划。我们吃完饭再谈
Conversation 2
Janet: Going back to technology and
tradition...why not we do something
on
the rise of e-book readers? Andy: That’s a good
idea. They’re not like books. They’re more like
hand-held computers.
Janet: But
the trouble is, every time I read a book on-
screen, it hurts
my eyes.
Andy:
Yes, but the great thing about them is you’ll
never run out of
things to read!
Janet: But there is nothing quite like a good
old-fashioned book.
Andy: Maybe, but
don’t you read more words online than on paper?
I’m
sure I do.
Janet: Excuse me.
I’d better check this.
Andy: And you read
more text messages than anyone else! Joe: Is
someone using mobile in here?
Can’t you
understand the sign?
I’m doing a
recording in the other studio, and I’m picking up
the electronic signal.
Janet: Oh, it’s my
fault. I should have realized...
Andy:
That serves you right!
Janet: Oh no, I
keep making such a mess of things! Andy: Just
ignore him! It’s no big deal!
Janet: But
what you’re saying about e-readers, that’s a good
lead-in
to a report on how new technology
is changing so fast. Andy: It’s good, smart
thinking, Janet!
Janet: And I also messed
up the recording with Toby Jenkins. Andy: Forget
about it, Janet!
Everyone could have done
that. Joe started
the recording before I
had time to adjust the level. It wasn’t your
fault.
Anyway, somebody once said,
technology doesn’t run an enterprise,
relationships do. Don’t beat yourself up about
it.
Janet: I suppose that’s true. Well,
I’ll make sure I get it right next time.
Janet: 回到科技与传统这个话题，我们何不在电子阅读器的增长这方面做些研
究。
Andy: 好主意，它们看起来并不像书，而更像是掌上电脑。
Janet: 但是缺点是，每当我在电子屏幕前看书，眼睛就会觉得刺痛。
Andy: 是的。但是他们也有个突出的优点，你永远不用为没有阅读材料而发愁。
Janet: 但是他们始终比不上传统的好书。
Andy:
或许吧。但难道你不觉得你在网络上的阅读量远大于在纸上的吗,我觉
得是这样的。
Janet: 不好意思，我最好还是看一下。
Andy:
而且你能比其他人阅读更多的文本信息。
Joe:
有人在使用移动电话吗,拿到你看不懂这个标志,我正在工作室录音，
需要接收电子信号呢。
Janet: 噢，都是我的错。我本应该意识到的。。。
Andy: 这是你应得的待遇～
Janet:
唉，我为什么总是把事情弄的一团糟。
Andy: 忽略他吧，这没什么大不了的。
Janet: 你刚说电子阅读器什么的。那是一个关于现代科技快速改变的报告的很
好的引入。
Andy: 非常好，你的思维很敏捷，Janet.
Janet: 但是我同时也搞砸了Toby Jenkins的节目录制.
Andy:
别把它放心上，Janet.每个人曾经都犯过这样的错误。在我还没来得及
调整音量的时候Joe就已经开始录制节目了。这不是你的错。无论如何，曾有人
说过，科技不能创造成功，而关系可以。所以不要过分自责。
Janet:
我希望如此。我下次会小心，不再犯这样的错误。
Outside
view
To fly like a bird. It’s a desire
that captures the human imagination. The Greeks
told stories of
Daedalus, an inventor who
created wings made of wax and feathers and flew.
The first person
who seriously tried to fly
like a bird was an Italian artist and inventor,
Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci
designed
complex and wondrous flying machines, but his
designs never got off the ground. Early
inventors, like da vinci, tried to fly by
flapping, just like birds. Here is what happens
when a bird
flaps:
When a bird flaps,
thrust and lift and control are created at the
same time. Lift is the force that
keeps the
bird elevated. Lift is generated
by the
air under the bird’s wings. Thrust is the force
that keeps the
bird moving forward. Thrust is
generated by powerful muscles in the bird’s chest
and wings. The
bird maintains control by
constantly adjusting its flapping. Much of a
bird’s control is generated
by its tail.
A successful flying machine needed to provide
the same forces that a bird used, A successful
flying machine needed to provide lift to
overcome gravity, control to let the driver change
direction. And thrust to make it move forward.
And it needed to be light enough to stay in the
air.
Once
inventors understood these
three challenges separately, and stopped trying to
flap,they made
progress. One inventor was the
Brazilian pilot
and aviator Alberto
Santos-Dumont. Santos-Dumont experimented with
balloons. He flew his
lighter-than-air flying
machines in France. In 1901, Santos-Dumont was the
first to fly from Sant
Cloud to the Eiffel
Tower and back in a given time. Meanwhile other
inventors were working on
heavier-than-air
flying machines. With these aircraft, lift was a
big problem. German flyer, Otto
Lilienthal,
tackled the problem of lift. He built many large
gliders, constantly refining their design.
Lilienthal made thousands of flights from the
top of a hill. Some that lasted as long as five
hours.
But he eventually died in a tragic
crash. Lilienthal successfully mastered the
challenge of lift, but
he did not master the
challenge of control. The Wright Brothers were
inspired by Lilienthal’s
inventions. The Wright Brothers started to
develop and test their own flying machines. In
their
Ohio workshop, they built a wind tunnel
and study aerodynamics. Through trial and error,
they
discovered how the shapes of different
wings affected lift. They added a tail that moved,
a
stabilizer that made the front steady, and
wings that were more flexible. Their 1902 glider
was
the first aircraft that was completely
controllable. The next year they added a customed-
built
engine that provided thrust. The engine
ththem forward and increased distance and
duration. On December 17, powered
1903,
after about 1000 text flights, the Wright Brothers
flew the first powered airplane over the
sand
dunes of North Carolina. Santos-Dumont invented
heavier-than-air planes, too. In 1909, he
developed a monoplane called Demoiselle, or
the Grass Hopper. It was the first modern
aircraft.
After that, advances in aircraft
design came quickly. More powerful engines were
invented. New
lightweight materials were
developed so aircraft could go higher and faster.
By World War Two,
strong metal replaced the
canvas and wood of earlier planes. In 1947, text
pilot Chuck Yeager
went faster than the speed
of sound in a rocket-powered plane that
like a bullet with wings. The invention of the
jet engine made even looked
higher speeds
possible and pushed aircraft design in new
directions. But technology doesn’t
always push
to go faster. With new ultra-light
materials, the human-powered gossamer makes it
almost possible for people to fulfill the age-old
desire and fly like a bird.
像鸟一样飞。这种渴望激发了人类的想象力。希腊人讲述了有关代达拉斯的
故事，他发明了用蜡和皮毛制作的翅膀并且飞了起来。第一个认真地尝试像鸟一
样飞起来的人是意大利的艺术家、发明家李奥纳多达芬奇。达芬奇设计了一种复
杂奇妙的飞行机器，但是他的设计从未实现。像达芬奇一样早期的发明家，试着
通过鼓翼而飞，就像鸟一样。以下是当鸟拍打翅膀时发生的事:
当一只鸟拍打翅膀时，推力和升力以及对飞行的控制都在同时间产生。升力
是保持鸟上升的力。它通过鸟翅膀下的空气流动产生。推力是保持鸟向前运动的
力，它由在鸟胸部和翅膀上强有力的肌肉产生。鸟通过持续不断地调整摆翅从而
维持对飞行的控制。一只鸟的飞行控制大部分是由它的尾巴实现的。
一个成功的飞行机器需要上述要素。一个成功的飞行机器需要提供升力来克
服重力，还能够操控好让驾驶员改变方向，并且要有推力使其前进。同时它还需
要足够轻才能待在空中。一旦发明家们了解了这三个难题，并且停止继续尝试鼓
翼的方法，他们就能够取得进步。有位发明家叫作Alberto Santos-Dumont，他
是巴西的飞行员。他用气球做实验，在法国起飞他的轻飞行器。1901年，
Santos-Dumont是第一个在规定时间内往返飞行于圣克劳德和埃菲尔铁塔的人。
其间，其他的发明家也在努力研发着重飞行器。对于这些飞行器，升力是个巨大的问题。德
国飞
行家Otto Lilienthal克服了这个问题。他建造了许多大型的滑
翔机，并且不断地改良着设计方案，在一山丘的顶上进行了成千上万次飞行实验，
有些持续飞行了5小时之久。但是他最终在一次悲惨的撞击中去世了。
Lilienthal 成功解决了升力的难题，可惜却没能掌握机身的控制。莱特兄弟被
Lilienthal的发明所鼓舞，开始改进并测试他们自己的飞行器。在他们俄亥俄
州的车间，他们建造了一个风洞和机翼模型，帮助他们了解学习空气动力学。通
过无数的试验和错误，他们终于探索出不同形状的机翼是如何影响升力的。莱特
兄弟们在飞机上增加了机尾，以及使前端更加稳定的稳定装置，并且使用了更加
灵活柔韧的机翼。他们1902年发明的滑翔机是第一个能够完全可控的飞行器。
次年他们添加了一个定制的引擎来提供推力。这个引擎为他们前进、增加飞行距
离和飞行持续时间提供了动力。1903年12月17日，在将近1000次的试飞后，
莱特兄弟在北卡罗纳州的沙丘上飞起了第一假机动飞机。Santos-Dumont也发明
了重飞行器。1909年，他改进了单翼机，命名为Demoiselle或者叫Grass
Hopper。
它是第一架现代飞行器。在那以后，飞机的设计飞快地进步着。更多强劲的引擎
被发明出来。新型轻型材料也改进了，以至于飞机能飞得更高更快。二战前，坚
固的金属取代了早期飞机的帆布和木头。1947年，试飞员Chuck Yeager在一假
长得像带翅膀的子弹的火箭推进动力飞机里飞得比声音还快。喷气式引擎的发明
使得更快的速度成为可能，同时促使飞机向新的方向设计。但是技术并不总是向
更快迈进，借着超轻型材料的出现，如薄纱做的人力驱动飞机使得满足人们像鸟
一样飞翔的夙愿成为可能。
Listening in
Passage1
Traditional jobs like
the chimney sweeps and coal miners from our
history lessons don't really
exist anymore.
During the 20th century the number of people
working in agriculture and
manufacturing
decreased significantly. In contrast, the number
of people doing office-based jobs
has more
than doubled from 18 percent of the working
population in 1901, to over 40 percent by
the
end of the 20th century. Modern society has.
changed the way we work but these changes
are
not always positive. They can also create problems
we may not be aware of.
What does the
modern office mean for the nation's health, for
example? Well，firstly, office jobs
are
sedentary. We're sitting at our desks all day
working on computers. And this means we're not
exercising our bodies in the way people used
to when they did more traditional jobs. It's not
surprising then that we're all putting on
weight .In fact, a fifth of adults over 16 were
classified as
over weight in 2001.
But there are other less obvious dangers
connected with office work. Repetitive strain
injury, or
RSI, another disorders like muscle
strain, neck and backache are a growing problem.
It's
estimated that in 2002, over a million
people suffered from these kinds of health
problems. As a
result, 123 million working
days were lost. The cause is simple: long periods
spent sitting at the
computer typing and using
a mouse.
Many companies now employ
ergonomic experts to ensure staff are sitting
correctly at their
computers and take frequent
breaks from typing to try and prevent injury.
Another problem of
the modern office is the
building itself. People tend to feel tired and
irritable after a day stuck
inside a modern
office and often get colds and flu. This
phenomenon is known as “sick building
syndrome
air and light. Secondly, within
the enclosed space of an office environment, there
is a high
concentration of electronic devices.
And as well as this, air-conditioning systems in
large buildings
recirculate the air around the
office, carrying germs from workstation to
workstation. Research
suggests sick buildings
syndrome can be found in roughly 30 percent of new
or refurbished
buildings.
But
there is some good news for office workers. A lot
of companies are making efforts to improve
office workplaces. They're installing better
lighting and ventilation. They're increasing the
number
of plants.
And they're
encouraging employees to take regular breaks from
their
computers. So if anyone listening
is in an office, take this simple advice:
get up, have a stretch, open a window-if you
can-and think of ways you
can stay
healthy in this most unnatural environment.
类似打扫烟囱和挖掘煤矿这类出现在我们历史课本上的传统工作将不会继
续存在下去。20世纪，从事农业和工业劳动的人数急剧减少。与之相反的是，
在办公室里办公的人员人数从1901年仅占劳动力总数的18%增长到20世纪末的
40%，翻了一倍。现代化的社会改变了我们的工作方式，但这些改变并不总是积
极的。它们也可能产生一些我们意料之外的问题。
例如，现代化的办公对于国民的健康意味着什么呢,首先，办公室的工作往
往缺少身体活动。我们常常坐在电脑前工作一整天。这就意味着我们没能像过去
从事传统劳动人们那样在工作中锻炼我们的身体。这样一来我们体重增加就没什
么值得吃惊的了。事实上，在2001年16岁以上的成年人中有五分之一属于超重
人群。
另外，还有一些由办公室工作带来的并不太明显的危险。例如重复性的肌肉
拉伤和紧张劳损，还有一些其他的身体混乱症状例如肌肉拉伤，颈部以及背部的
疼痛问题越来越多。据预计，在2002年，超过100万人将会遭受上述的健康问
题，这将导致1230万个工作日的损失。造成这种现象的原因很简单:长期坐在
电脑前打字和使用鼠标。
现在许多公司雇佣人类工程学专家来确保员工在电脑前坐姿正确并且在操
作电脑中足够频繁地得到休息，以此避免长时间工作带来的伤痛。
在现代办公室中存在的另一个问题是办公室这个建筑物本身。人们常常在现
代办公室里呆上一整天后感觉到疲劳和急躁，并且常常患感冒和流感。这个现象
被称为“室内空气综合症”，它是由多种因素引发的。首先，在许多办公室中缺
少
自然的空气和阳光。其次，在办公室的封闭环境中聚集着大量电子设备。另外，在大型建
筑中的空调系统
使办公室中的空气不断循环，将病菌从一个工作区带到
另一个工作区。研究指出，在大概30%的新建或翻新的办公室中存在室内空气综
合症患者。但这里也有一些关于办公室共工作人员的好消息。许多公司都在努力提升室
内工作环境。他们正在提供更好的的照明和通风系统，增加室内植物的数量，并
且鼓励员工在使用电脑的过程中有规律地休息。如果有人正在办公室里收听该文
的话，请听从下述简单建议:站起来，伸展一下四肢，打开窗户(如果你做得到
的话)，然后想想你该怎么样在一个很不自然的环境下保持健康。
Passage 2
Karen: Jim, you’ve been a
farmer for a long time. Can you explain how
farming methods have changed?
Jim:
Well, in the past, most agriculture was small-
scale and
labour-intensive, and on the
whole worked in harmony with nature.
But
in the last 50 years, things have changed
dramatically,
particularly in the
industrialized world. Now 41 percent of the
world’s farmland is managed intensively.
Karen: And what does this mean in practice?
Jim: You see, nowadays, most farms
have high productivity which，in one
sense, is a good thing. However, it can mean
that vast areas are
the farmed with the
same crop. Hedgerows are removed and chemical
pesticides and fertilizers used. This has a
negative effect on the
ecosystem and
destroys other forms of natural vegetation and
local
wildlife.
Karen: So do you
think we are interfering too much with nature?
Jim: Obviously farmers these
days need to
produce enough food at a
reasonable
price. But I think the problem is that modern
agriculture
encourages the use of a
unlimited numbers of species of each crop.
Some traditional varieties of apples or
grains, for example, are
becoming
extinct. The new varieties of seed they sell need
pesticides and fertilizers and aren’t as
resilient to pests as many
tradition
varieties. And they don’t always produce higher
yields for farmers.
Karen: And how about
wild life?
Jim: Well, modern agriculture
sometimes kills off wildlife which it also
needs for its own survival. In order to bear
fruit, 75 percent of
flowering plants
need to be pollinated. This is traditionally done
by bees, butterflies and birds whose
populations are actually
declining Honey
bees are essential for more than 90 commercially
grown crops. Farmers in California, for
example, now have to release
millions of
bees to pollinate their almond trees.
Karen: So what in your opinion is the answer?
Jim: Going back to more
traditional ways of farming. Small-scales farms
are producing a variety of crops and
working with nature. Farmers
can leave
some land uncultivated to create “wildlife
corridors”.
This will provide a habitat
for a variety of traditional plants as
well as for the bees and insects needed to
pollinate them. Another
solution is
planting indigenous， or local species. For
example,
in Africa researchers are
encouraging farmers to plant a local wild
species of mango that actually produces fruit
in four years. Most
cultivated varieties
take 12 years. People are also starting seed
banks to conserve local varieties of plants
for the future.
Karen: And is there
anything ordinary people can do to help? Jim:
Well, there are several practical
things we
can all do that will help, for example„
凯伦:吉姆，你当农民已经很久了。你能解释一下耕作方式是如何改变的吗,
吉姆:嗯，在过去，大多数农业是小规模的和劳动集约化的，且从世界范围看是
于自然和谐共处的。但在过去的五十年间，事情已经发生了巨大变化，特
别是在工业世界中。现在世界上的百分之四十一的耕地是集中管理的。
凯伦:那么这在实际耕作中代表着什么呢,
吉姆:你看，现在大部分农场有较高的
生产力，在某种意义上是一件好事。然而，这也意味
着在大片土地上种植着同种作物。不使用篱笆却使用
化学杀虫剂
和化肥。这对生态系统造成了负面的影响，破坏了自然植被和当地的野生
动物。
凯伦:那你觉得我们是不是对自然的干扰过多了,
吉姆:显然，目前农民需要生产足够的食物并在合理的价格内出售。但我认为问
题是，现代农业鼓励对各种作物品种的无限量使用。一些传统的粮食品种，
例如苹果或谷物，正处于灭绝的过程中。他们出售的新品种的种子需要杀
虫剂和化肥，抗虫性不如传统品种强，并且它们通常不是高产作物。
凯伦:那么野生动物的
情况又是怎样的,
吉姆:嗯，现代农业有时杀死那些和自身发展有关的野生动物。为了结果，百分
之七十五的开花植物需要授粉。这通常都是通过蜜蜂，蝴蝶和鸟类来完成
的，但是实际上它们的数量正在减少中。蜜蜂对超过九十种经济作物都是
至关重要的。例如在加利福尼亚州的农民，现在不得不放养上万只的蜜蜂
来保证他们杏树的收成。
凯伦:那么您认为答案是什么,
吉姆:回到更传统的农耕方式。小规模的农场能生产出多种作物并促成与自然的
和谐共处。农民可以少开垦一些土地，为野生生物提供住所。这将为传统
植物以及需要用来授粉的蜜蜂和昆虫提供栖息地。另一种解决方法是种植
具有代表性的或是本地的物种。例如，在非洲，研究人员鼓励农民种植当
地的一种野生芒果，这种芒果实际需要四年来结果。而现在大多数种的芒
果需要经过十二年结果。人们也开始使用种子银行来为未来保存自己本地
的植物。
凯伦:那么普通人可以做些什么呢,
吉姆:嗯，有许多我们可以帮得上的，例如„„
Unit4
Inside view
Conversation 1
Joe: So, you’re all set for the interview with
Janet’s Chinese
friend?
Andy:
Sure, we’re meeting him tomorrow at midday.
Joe: And Janet, you’re OK to give Andy a hand?
Janet: Yes. Thank you very much for
giving me another chance after last week.
Joe: Just remind me...why are we interviewing
this guy? Andy: It’s part of our background series
to ethnic restaurants in London.
We
did
Indian last month.
Joe: OK,
well, just remember that there’s no such thing as
a free lunch!
Now, anything else we need
to do for next week’s guide?
Andy: We’ve
got the upcoming London Video Games Festival in
Trafalgar Square.
Joe: Video games? In
Trafalgar Square?
Andy: Yes, about
100,000 people attended last year. Janet: But how
did they do that outdoors?
Andy: Well,
they put up a huge tent ,and there were demos of
the latest game software to try
out.
Janet: Is that the kind of event that we
usually cover on London Time off?
Andy:
Sure, why not? It’s very popular! Remember our
slogan: the
essential guide to going out
and staying in.
Joe: Let’s plan something
for that...Can we try to think about something
which will go with it? You
know， something
along the lines of
how ways of
getting music and TV into our homes have changed.
Andy: You mean people
download music instead
of buying CDs?
Joe: Yes, or on how many
people check out the music on You Tube first. That
all sounds very
promising. Maybe we can run a
feature on traditional
entertainment and
new technology. Look, I’ll let you get on with the
rest of the planning and we’ll
speak after
lunch.
Joe: 那么，你们都要前往采访Janet的中国朋友,
Andy: 当然，我们约好明天中午见面。
Joe:
Janet,你能做好Andy的助手吧?
Janet:
嗯，经历上周那件事后，很感谢你还能再给我一次机会. Joe:
这正好提醒了我，为什
么我们要采访这个家伙?
Andy:
这是伦敦源民俗餐馆系列的一部分，我们上个月完成了印度那部分。 Joe:
好的，不
过记住“天下没有免费的午餐”～现在，对于下周的导航节目我们还有什么事要做吗,
Andy: 我们打算做关于即将在特拉法尔加广场举行的伦敦节的内容。 Joe:
电子游戏? 在特
拉法尔加广场?
Andy:
是的，去年将近100，000人参加了呢。
Janet:
但是他们是怎么在户外举办这次这场活动的呢,
Andy:
他们搭建大的帐篷，那里有许多最新的游戏软件的示范产品可供试玩。 Janet:
它就
是那种我们经常在伦敦假日上报道的事吗,
Andy:
当然，可不就是嘛。它非常流行，记住我们的口号:出门或居家，我们都不可或缺。
Joe: 让我们计划一下。尝试想一下什么东西可以与之相匹配。你知道的，现在获取音乐和
电视节目的方式已经改变了。
Andy:
你的意思是说人们通过下载音乐而不是购买CD来获取音乐, Joe:
是的，或者说关于
现在有多少人在You Tube试听音乐。这些听起来都很不错。或许我们可以做一
个关于传统
娱乐方式和现代科技的特别报道。我会让你们跟进剩余的计划。我们吃完饭再谈
Conversation 2
Janet: Going back to technology and
tradition...why not we do something
on
the rise of e-book readers? Andy: That’s a good
idea. They’re not like books. They’re more like
hand-held computers.
Janet: But
the trouble is, every time I read a book on-
screen, it hurts
my eyes.
Andy:
Yes, but the great thing about them is you’ll
never run out of
things to read!
Janet: But there is nothing quite like a good
old-fashioned book.
Andy: Maybe, but
don’t you read more words online than on paper?
I’m
sure I do.
Janet: Excuse me.
I’d better check this.
Andy: And you read
more text messages than anyone else! Joe: Is
someone using mobile in here?
Can’t you
understand the sign?
I’m doing a
recording in the other studio, and I’m picking up
the electronic signal.
Janet: Oh, it’s my
fault. I should have realized...
Andy:
That serves you right!
Janet: Oh no, I
keep making such a mess of things! Andy: Just
ignore him! It’s no big deal!
Janet: But
what you’re saying about e-readers, that’s a good
lead-in
to a report on how new technology
is changing so fast. Andy: It’s good, smart
thinking, Janet!
Janet: And I also messed
up the recording with Toby Jenkins. Andy: Forget
about it, Janet!
Everyone could have done
that. Joe started
the recording before I
had time to adjust the level. It wasn’t your
fault.
Anyway, somebody once said,
technology doesn’t run an enterprise,
relationships do. Don’t beat yourself up about
it.
Janet: I suppose that’s true. Well,
I’ll make sure I get it right next time.
Janet: 回到科技与传统这个话题，我们何不在电子阅读器的增长这方面做些研
究。
Andy: 好主意，它们看起来并不像书，而更像是掌上电脑。
Janet: 但是缺点是，每当我在电子屏幕前看书，眼睛就会觉得刺痛。
Andy: 是的。但是他们也有个突出的优点，你永远不用为没有阅读材料而发愁。
Janet: 但是他们始终比不上传统的好书。
Andy:
或许吧。但难道你不觉得你在网络上的阅读量远大于在纸上的吗,我觉
得是这样的。
Janet: 不好意思，我最好还是看一下。
Andy:
而且你能比其他人阅读更多的文本信息。
Joe:
有人在使用移动电话吗,拿到你看不懂这个标志,我正在工作室录音，
需要接收电子信号呢。
Janet: 噢，都是我的错。我本应该意识到的。。。
Andy: 这是你应得的待遇～
Janet:
唉，我为什么总是把事情弄的一团糟。
Andy: 忽略他吧，这没什么大不了的。
Janet: 你刚说电子阅读器什么的。那是一个关于现代科技快速改变的报告的很
好的引入。
Andy: 非常好，你的思维很敏捷，Janet.
Janet: 但是我同时也搞砸了Toby Jenkins的节目录制.
Andy:
别把它放心上，Janet.每个人曾经都犯过这样的错误。在我还没来得及
调整音量的时候Joe就已经开始录制节目了。这不是你的错。无论如何，曾有人
说过，科技不能创造成功，而关系可以。所以不要过分自责。
Janet:
我希望如此。我下次会小心，不再犯这样的错误。
Outside
view
To fly like a bird. It’s a desire
that captures the human imagination. The Greeks
told stories of
Daedalus, an inventor who
created wings made of wax and feathers and flew.
The first person
who seriously tried to fly
like a bird was an Italian artist and inventor,
Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci
designed
complex and wondrous flying machines, but his
designs never got off the ground. Early
inventors, like da vinci, tried to fly by
flapping, just like birds. Here is what happens
when a bird
flaps:
When a bird flaps,
thrust and lift and control are created at the
same time. Lift is the force that
keeps the
bird elevated. Lift is generated
by the
air under the bird’s wings. Thrust is the force
that keeps the
bird moving forward. Thrust is
generated by powerful muscles in the bird’s chest
and wings. The
bird maintains control by
constantly adjusting its flapping. Much of a
bird’s control is generated
by its tail.
A successful flying machine needed to provide
the same forces that a bird used, A successful
flying machine needed to provide lift to
overcome gravity, control to let the driver change
direction. And thrust to make it move forward.
And it needed to be light enough to stay in the
air.
Once
inventors understood these
three challenges separately, and stopped trying to
flap,they made
progress. One inventor was the
Brazilian pilot
and aviator Alberto
Santos-Dumont. Santos-Dumont experimented with
balloons. He flew his
lighter-than-air flying
machines in France. In 1901, Santos-Dumont was the
first to fly from Sant
Cloud to the Eiffel
Tower and back in a given time. Meanwhile other
inventors were working on
heavier-than-air
flying machines. With these aircraft, lift was a
big problem. German flyer, Otto
Lilienthal,
tackled the problem of lift. He built many large
gliders, constantly refining their design.
Lilienthal made thousands of flights from the
top of a hill. Some that lasted as long as five
hours.
But he eventually died in a tragic
crash. Lilienthal successfully mastered the
challenge of lift, but
he did not master the
challenge of control. The Wright Brothers were
inspired by Lilienthal’s
inventions. The Wright Brothers started to
develop and test their own flying machines. In
their
Ohio workshop, they built a wind tunnel
and study aerodynamics. Through trial and error,
they
discovered how the shapes of different
wings affected lift. They added a tail that moved,
a
stabilizer that made the front steady, and
wings that were more flexible. Their 1902 glider
was
the first aircraft that was completely
controllable. The next year they added a customed-
built
engine that provided thrust. The engine
ththem forward and increased distance and
duration. On December 17, powered
1903,
after about 1000 text flights, the Wright Brothers
flew the first powered airplane over the
sand
dunes of North Carolina. Santos-Dumont invented
heavier-than-air planes, too. In 1909, he
developed a monoplane called Demoiselle, or
the Grass Hopper. It was the first modern
aircraft.
After that, advances in aircraft
design came quickly. More powerful engines were
invented. New
lightweight materials were
developed so aircraft could go higher and faster.
By World War Two,
strong metal replaced the
canvas and wood of earlier planes. In 1947, text
pilot Chuck Yeager
went faster than the speed
of sound in a rocket-powered plane that
like a bullet with wings. The invention of the
jet engine made even looked
higher speeds
possible and pushed aircraft design in new
directions. But technology doesn’t
always push
to go faster. With new ultra-light
materials, the human-powered gossamer makes it
almost possible for people to fulfill the age-old
desire and fly like a bird.
像鸟一样飞。这种渴望激发了人类的想象力。希腊人讲述了有关代达拉斯的
故事，他发明了用蜡和皮毛制作的翅膀并且飞了起来。第一个认真地尝试像鸟一
样飞起来的人是意大利的艺术家、发明家李奥纳多达芬奇。达芬奇设计了一种复
杂奇妙的飞行机器，但是他的设计从未实现。像达芬奇一样早期的发明家，试着
通过鼓翼而飞，就像鸟一样。以下是当鸟拍打翅膀时发生的事:
当一只鸟拍打翅膀时，推力和升力以及对飞行的控制都在同时间产生。升力
是保持鸟上升的力。它通过鸟翅膀下的空气流动产生。推力是保持鸟向前运动的
力，它由在鸟胸部和翅膀上强有力的肌肉产生。鸟通过持续不断地调整摆翅从而
维持对飞行的控制。一只鸟的飞行控制大部分是由它的尾巴实现的。
一个成功的飞行机器需要上述要素。一个成功的飞行机器需要提供升力来克
服重力，还能够操控好让驾驶员改变方向，并且要有推力使其前进。同时它还需
要足够轻才能待在空中。一旦发明家们了解了这三个难题，并且停止继续尝试鼓
翼的方法，他们就能够取得进步。有位发明家叫作Alberto Santos-Dumont，他
是巴西的飞行员。他用气球做实验，在法国起飞他的轻飞行器。1901年，
Santos-Dumont是第一个在规定时间内往返飞行于圣克劳德和埃菲尔铁塔的人。
其间，其他的发明家也在努力研发着重飞行器。对于这些飞行器，升力是个巨大的问题。德
国飞
行家Otto Lilienthal克服了这个问题。他建造了许多大型的滑
翔机，并且不断地改良着设计方案，在一山丘的顶上进行了成千上万次飞行实验，
有些持续飞行了5小时之久。但是他最终在一次悲惨的撞击中去世了。
Lilienthal 成功解决了升力的难题，可惜却没能掌握机身的控制。莱特兄弟被
Lilienthal的发明所鼓舞，开始改进并测试他们自己的飞行器。在他们俄亥俄
州的车间，他们建造了一个风洞和机翼模型，帮助他们了解学习空气动力学。通
过无数的试验和错误，他们终于探索出不同形状的机翼是如何影响升力的。莱特
兄弟们在飞机上增加了机尾，以及使前端更加稳定的稳定装置，并且使用了更加
灵活柔韧的机翼。他们1902年发明的滑翔机是第一个能够完全可控的飞行器。
次年他们添加了一个定制的引擎来提供推力。这个引擎为他们前进、增加飞行距
离和飞行持续时间提供了动力。1903年12月17日，在将近1000次的试飞后，
莱特兄弟在北卡罗纳州的沙丘上飞起了第一假机动飞机。Santos-Dumont也发明
了重飞行器。1909年，他改进了单翼机，命名为Demoiselle或者叫Grass
Hopper。
它是第一架现代飞行器。在那以后，飞机的设计飞快地进步着。更多强劲的引擎
被发明出来。新型轻型材料也改进了，以至于飞机能飞得更高更快。二战前，坚
固的金属取代了早期飞机的帆布和木头。1947年，试飞员Chuck Yeager在一假
长得像带翅膀的子弹的火箭推进动力飞机里飞得比声音还快。喷气式引擎的发明
使得更快的速度成为可能，同时促使飞机向新的方向设计。但是技术并不总是向
更快迈进，借着超轻型材料的出现，如薄纱做的人力驱动飞机使得满足人们像鸟
一样飞翔的夙愿成为可能。
Listening in
Passage1
Traditional jobs like
the chimney sweeps and coal miners from our
history lessons don't really
exist anymore.
During the 20th century the number of people
working in agriculture and
manufacturing
decreased significantly. In contrast, the number
of people doing office-based jobs
has more
than doubled from 18 percent of the working
population in 1901, to over 40 percent by
the
end of the 20th century. Modern society has.
changed the way we work but these changes
are
not always positive. They can also create problems
we may not be aware of.
What does the
modern office mean for the nation's health, for
example? Well，firstly, office jobs
are
sedentary. We're sitting at our desks all day
working on computers. And this means we're not
exercising our bodies in the way people used
to when they did more traditional jobs. It's not
surprising then that we're all putting on
weight .In fact, a fifth of adults over 16 were
classified as
over weight in 2001.
But there are other less obvious dangers
connected with office work. Repetitive strain
injury, or
RSI, another disorders like muscle
strain, neck and backache are a growing problem.
It's
estimated that in 2002, over a million
people suffered from these kinds of health
problems. As a
result, 123 million working
days were lost. The cause is simple: long periods
spent sitting at the
computer typing and using
a mouse.
Many companies now employ
ergonomic experts to ensure staff are sitting
correctly at their
computers and take frequent
breaks from typing to try and prevent injury.
Another problem of
the modern office is the
building itself. People tend to feel tired and
irritable after a day stuck
inside a modern
office and often get colds and flu. This
phenomenon is known as “sick building
syndrome
air and light. Secondly, within
the enclosed space of an office environment, there
is a high
concentration of electronic devices.
And as well as this, air-conditioning systems in
large buildings
recirculate the air around the
office, carrying germs from workstation to
workstation. Research
suggests sick buildings
syndrome can be found in roughly 30 percent of new
or refurbished
buildings.
But
there is some good news for office workers. A lot
of companies are making efforts to improve
office workplaces. They're installing better
lighting and ventilation. They're increasing the
number
of plants.
And they're
encouraging employees to take regular breaks from
their
computers. So if anyone listening
is in an office, take this simple advice:
get up, have a stretch, open a window-if you
can-and think of ways you
can stay
healthy in this most unnatural environment.
类似打扫烟囱和挖掘煤矿这类出现在我们历史课本上的传统工作将不会继
续存在下去。20世纪，从事农业和工业劳动的人数急剧减少。与之相反的是，
在办公室里办公的人员人数从1901年仅占劳动力总数的18%增长到20世纪末的
40%，翻了一倍。现代化的社会改变了我们的工作方式，但这些改变并不总是积
极的。它们也可能产生一些我们意料之外的问题。
例如，现代化的办公对于国民的健康意味着什么呢,首先，办公室的工作往
往缺少身体活动。我们常常坐在电脑前工作一整天。这就意味着我们没能像过去
从事传统劳动人们那样在工作中锻炼我们的身体。这样一来我们体重增加就没什
么值得吃惊的了。事实上，在2001年16岁以上的成年人中有五分之一属于超重
人群。
另外，还有一些由办公室工作带来的并不太明显的危险。例如重复性的肌肉
拉伤和紧张劳损，还有一些其他的身体混乱症状例如肌肉拉伤，颈部以及背部的
疼痛问题越来越多。据预计，在2002年，超过100万人将会遭受上述的健康问
题，这将导致1230万个工作日的损失。造成这种现象的原因很简单:长期坐在
电脑前打字和使用鼠标。
现在许多公司雇佣人类工程学专家来确保员工在电脑前坐姿正确并且在操
作电脑中足够频繁地得到休息，以此避免长时间工作带来的伤痛。
在现代办公室中存在的另一个问题是办公室这个建筑物本身。人们常常在现
代办公室里呆上一整天后感觉到疲劳和急躁，并且常常患感冒和流感。这个现象
被称为“室内空气综合症”，它是由多种因素引发的。首先，在许多办公室中缺
少
自然的空气和阳光。其次，在办公室的封闭环境中聚集着大量电子设备。另外，在大型建
筑中的空调系统
使办公室中的空气不断循环，将病菌从一个工作区带到
另一个工作区。研究指出，在大概30%的新建或翻新的办公室中存在室内空气综
合症患者。但这里也有一些关于办公室共工作人员的好消息。许多公司都在努力提升室
内工作环境。他们正在提供更好的的照明和通风系统，增加室内植物的数量，并
且鼓励员工在使用电脑的过程中有规律地休息。如果有人正在办公室里收听该文
的话，请听从下述简单建议:站起来，伸展一下四肢，打开窗户(如果你做得到
的话)，然后想想你该怎么样在一个很不自然的环境下保持健康。
Passage 2
Karen: Jim, you’ve been a
farmer for a long time. Can you explain how
farming methods have changed?
Jim:
Well, in the past, most agriculture was small-
scale and
labour-intensive, and on the
whole worked in harmony with nature.
But
in the last 50 years, things have changed
dramatically,
particularly in the
industrialized world. Now 41 percent of the
world’s farmland is managed intensively.
Karen: And what does this mean in practice?
Jim: You see, nowadays, most farms
have high productivity which，in one
sense, is a good thing. However, it can mean
that vast areas are
the farmed with the
same crop. Hedgerows are removed and chemical
pesticides and fertilizers used. This has a
negative effect on the
ecosystem and
destroys other forms of natural vegetation and
local
wildlife.
Karen: So do you
think we are interfering too much with nature?
Jim: Obviously farmers these
days need to
produce enough food at a
reasonable
price. But I think the problem is that modern
agriculture
encourages the use of a
unlimited numbers of species of each crop.
Some traditional varieties of apples or
grains, for example, are
becoming
extinct. The new varieties of seed they sell need
pesticides and fertilizers and aren’t as
resilient to pests as many
tradition
varieties. And they don’t always produce higher
yields for farmers.
Karen: And how about
wild life?
Jim: Well, modern agriculture
sometimes kills off wildlife which it also
needs for its own survival. In order to bear
fruit, 75 percent of
flowering plants
need to be pollinated. This is traditionally done
by bees, butterflies and birds whose
populations are actually
declining Honey
bees are essential for more than 90 commercially
grown crops. Farmers in California, for
example, now have to release
millions of
bees to pollinate their almond trees.
Karen: So what in your opinion is the answer?
Jim: Going back to more
traditional ways of farming. Small-scales farms
are producing a variety of crops and
working with nature. Farmers
can leave
some land uncultivated to create “wildlife
corridors”.
This will provide a habitat
for a variety of traditional plants as
well as for the bees and insects needed to
pollinate them. Another
solution is
planting indigenous， or local species. For
example,
in Africa researchers are
encouraging farmers to plant a local wild
species of mango that actually produces fruit
in four years. Most
cultivated varieties
take 12 years. People are also starting seed
banks to conserve local varieties of plants
for the future.
Karen: And is there
anything ordinary people can do to help? Jim:
Well, there are several practical
things we
can all do that will help, for example„
凯伦:吉姆，你当农民已经很久了。你能解释一下耕作方式是如何改变的吗,
吉姆:嗯，在过去，大多数农业是小规模的和劳动集约化的，且从世界范围看是
于自然和谐共处的。但在过去的五十年间，事情已经发生了巨大变化，特
别是在工业世界中。现在世界上的百分之四十一的耕地是集中管理的。
凯伦:那么这在实际耕作中代表着什么呢,
吉姆:你看，现在大部分农场有较高的
生产力，在某种意义上是一件好事。然而，这也意味
着在大片土地上种植着同种作物。不使用篱笆却使用
化学杀虫剂
和化肥。这对生态系统造成了负面的影响，破坏了自然植被和当地的野生
动物。
凯伦:那你觉得我们是不是对自然的干扰过多了,
吉姆:显然，目前农民需要生产足够的食物并在合理的价格内出售。但我认为问
题是，现代农业鼓励对各种作物品种的无限量使用。一些传统的粮食品种，
例如苹果或谷物，正处于灭绝的过程中。他们出售的新品种的种子需要杀
虫剂和化肥，抗虫性不如传统品种强，并且它们通常不是高产作物。
凯伦:那么野生动物的
情况又是怎样的,
吉姆:嗯，现代农业有时杀死那些和自身发展有关的野生动物。为了结果，百分
之七十五的开花植物需要授粉。这通常都是通过蜜蜂，蝴蝶和鸟类来完成
的，但是实际上它们的数量正在减少中。蜜蜂对超过九十种经济作物都是
至关重要的。例如在加利福尼亚州的农民，现在不得不放养上万只的蜜蜂
来保证他们杏树的收成。
凯伦:那么您认为答案是什么,
吉姆:回到更传统的农耕方式。小规模的农场能生产出多种作物并促成与自然的
和谐共处。农民可以少开垦一些土地，为野生生物提供住所。这将为传统
植物以及需要用来授粉的蜜蜂和昆虫提供栖息地。另一种解决方法是种植
具有代表性的或是本地的物种。例如，在非洲，研究人员鼓励农民种植当
地的一种野生芒果，这种芒果实际需要四年来结果。而现在大多数种的芒
果需要经过十二年结果。人们也开始使用种子银行来为未来保存自己本地
的植物。
凯伦:那么普通人可以做些什么呢,
吉姆:嗯，有许多我们可以帮得上的，例如„„