投档分-成人高考考试大纲

（一）度假游培养地域感
Summer vacations
serve many purposes
, offering time for everything from simple
relaxation to sightseeing, adventure, and education.
暑假满足了人们多种需求，让人们有时间去尝 试各种活动，从简单的休闲放松到观光游
览，探索冒险，乃至教育学习。
For some vacationers, there's another rich possibility: a chance to
trace family roots
by
visiting – or revisiting – ancestral homes. Wandering through rooms that sheltered earlier
generations of relatives, descendants can feel new connections and
a
heightened
sense of
appreciation
for those who have gone before.
对于有些度假者来说，或许有另外一个有意义的选择：利用这个机会寻根——探访或重
游祖祖辈辈生活过的家乡。踟躇于为早先几代亲人遮风挡雨的祖宅中，后辈得以和早已逝去
的祖 先产生共鸣，进而萌发出对祖先更为强烈的感激之情。
In our family, this kind of
sentimental journey involves heading to
Pine River, Wis.,
a tiny dot on the map 45 minutes northwest of Oshkosh. There, on a hill overlooking the main
street, stands an imposing white Colonial where my maternal great- grandparents, early settlers
here, raised four children and
carved out
fulfilling lives.
对于我们家族而言，这种―深情之旅‖的目的地则是威斯康辛州的派恩里弗——地图上位
于奥什 科什市西北部，距其45分钟车程的一个小地方。在一座俯瞰着主街的山上，矗立着
一座显眼的殖民地时 期风格的白色建筑。我的外曾祖父母曾是早期移民，就是在这里养育了
四个儿女，并且用辛勤的劳动创造 出美满的生活。
On a brilliant summer Saturday, as the current owners graciously lead us through the
seven-bedroom house, we try hard to memorize details.
This is the dining room where
the
extended family gathered for Thanksgiving and Christmas.
This is the library where
my
great-grandfather, an enthusiastic reader, kept his books.
This is the back room where
the
hired men slept after long days of planting or threshing on the family farm. And
this area off
the kitchen
is where my great-grandfather wrote in his diary and issued stern reminders to his
grandchildren – – as they ran in and out.
夏日的周六，阳光灿烂。当祖屋的现任主人彬彬有礼地带 领我们参观这座有七间卧室的
建筑时，我们力图记住每一个细节。这是餐厅，是全家团圆庆祝感恩节和圣 诞节的地方。这
是藏书室，是我那痴迷于读书的外曾祖父藏书的地方。这是佣人房，是雇工在家庭农场整 天
的种地或者打谷之后睡觉的地方。还有这里——紧挨着厨房的这片地儿——是外曾祖父在日
记 里曾经提到的地方。当孙子孙女们在这儿跑进跑出的时候，他厉声喝道：―不许摔门！‖
The décor has changed, of course, but these spaces still convey a sense of the past.
almost feel the people and their presence,
装潢变了，这是理所当然的，但祖屋 依旧散发着过去的味道。我们谢过主人，准备离开
的时候，表弟说道：―在这儿几乎可以感觉到祖祖辈辈 那些人，他们是真是存在的。‖
Up the road, past the Congregational church where our relatives worshiped, a small cemetery
tells other stories. Pausing to read gravestones
dating back to
the 1800s, their names and
inscriptions dulled by the elements, visitors can
feel awed
by this silent community of former
residents who played varying roles in shaping this town.
沿小路而上，穿过我们亲人做礼拜的公理会教堂，映入眼帘的 是一处小小的公墓，似乎
在述说着另外一些故事。我们驻足去看那些可以追溯到19世纪的墓碑，墓碑上 的名字和碑
文，久经风吹雨淋，已经模糊不清了。但拜访者们还是会对先人们的安息之所肃然起敬，这< /p>

些先人们曾经在小镇的发展中，扮演着不同的角色。
Sometimes such pilgrimages are
bittersweet.
One woman in New York describes her
sadness in discovering that a favorite cherry tree in her grandparents' former yard is gone, and that
her grandfather's carpentry shop in the basement has been turned into a studio apartment. A man
in New Jersey
laments the loss of
his grandfather's garden, now paved in concrete.
有时，这样的朝圣之旅是苦乐参半的。一位来自纽约的女士说，在看到外祖父之前 的院
子里自己最爱的那颗樱桃树不见了，而地下室里祖父的木匠店被人改成公寓房后，她不免黯
然神伤。一位新泽西的先生感叹，当祖父的花园变成混凝土地面时，他不禁怅然若失。
Neglect can also
take its toll
. My father and I once visited the beautifully maintained house
where he was born. But our
elation over
its pristine condition turned to sadness at our next stop,
the dairy farm that once belonged to his grandparents. The house and barns looked derelict, badly
in need of paint and repairs. Never again, we vowed, would we go back. Some
beloved
memories
are best left unchanged.
但是，看着老宅年久失修，破败不堪一样让人心痛难当。我和父亲曾经造访过自 家一所
保养极好的老宅，父亲就出生在那里。我们看着与记忆中别无二致的老宅欣喜不已，但是我
们最初的欣喜很快变成了失落。我们造访的下一站是一座曾经属于祖父的牧场。宅子和畜棚
看着已荒废 多日，亟需喷涂和维修。我们发誓再也不会回去了。因为对于有些珍贵的回忆，
最好的状态使永远被珍藏 ，不再去触碰。
Tracing family roots on paper, through documents, letters, and diaries, brings many rewards.
But actually walking in the footsteps of earlier generations adds a powerful new dimension – a
sense of place.
用文献、信件和日记等文字 资料追本溯源好处颇多。但是真正踏上先人们走过的小路，
会让你产生一种新的强烈的感觉---- 地域归属感。

L.P. Hartley. Those differences make a case for visiting the past.
英国小说家哈特利（y） 曾说：“往事犹若异乡；他们在那里做的事情都不一样。
这种种的不同就是造访过去的一个理由。
Several years ago Christine Louise Hohlbaum, an American living in Paunzhausen, Germany,
went with her father to Long Island, N.Y., to see a house once owned by her great-aunt. As they
walked the grounds, she says, she felt an
sense of history
.
convening with the essence of our family. This was a real live place where important events
happened.
数年前，克里斯蒂·路 易斯·霍尔鲍姆，一个生活在德国波因茨豪森的美国人，和她的
父亲回到纽约州长岛，想去看一看伯祖母 的老宅。当她走在那片土地上的时候，她说，她几
乎被那种强烈的历史沧桑感所淹没。“这就好像我慢慢 地领悟到了家族传承的精神一样。我
们家的祖先曾经在这里真真切切的生活过，这里发生过很多重要的故 事。”
As other vacationers
make pilgrimages to
their own long-ago live placesthis
summer, some might agree with Thomas Wolfe that you can't go home again, at least not
permanently. But you can go back for an hour, or even 15 minutes. And chances are good that
you'll feel the richer for it.
今年夏天，当另外一些度 假者选择前往他们的祖先在很久以前曾经真真切切生活过的地
方进行朝拜的时候，他们说不定会认同托马 斯·伍尔夫的观点：你不可能在回到过去那个家
了，至少你不能永远呆在那里。但是你可以回去一个小时 ，或者哪怕15分钟。而且，很可
能因为这次旅程，你对家族的情感会变得更为丰富。

（二）谢谢你，罗西
It wasn’t much — a few words and a tiny bouquet of lily of the valley. Yet it brought me
strange comfort in a trying time.
虽然那样微不足道
——
几句话和一小束铃兰，却在那段难熬的日子里带给 我莫名的安
慰。

It had been a long, long year —the last year of my son Adrian‘s brief life.
那一年，时间是那样漫长——那是我的儿子安德里安短暂人生的最后一年。
The journey up by train to London‘s Waterloo Station had become almost routine. Then the
25-minute walk across Waterloo Bridge and on to The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond
Street. The walk to the hospital was not without enjoyment, for I was eager to see my son again
and
buoyed up
by the somehow indestructible hope that today, by some miracle, he would be
recovering.
乘火车到伦敦的滑铁卢车站几乎已经成了家常便饭。（下车后）步行 二十五分钟，穿过
滑铁卢大桥，就来到了位于大欧蒙德街的儿童医院。去医院的路上并非那么沉重，因为 我渴
望再见到我儿子，而且冥冥之中我怀着一线希望，也许在今天，他的病情会奇迹般地好转。
But the return to the railway station in the evening was devastating. Once again, no miracle.
Some evenings it became, as the French say, insupportable.
但每当夜幕降临我返回车站的时候, 我绝望至极：奇迹还是没有出 现。正如法国人说的
那样，这样的夜晚已经变得让我难以忍受了。（这样的夜晚，我已经撑不下去了。）
After putting my little son to bed in the ward, hearing his prayers and holding him in my
arms while he fell asleep, I usually had plenty of time to make my way to the station. I frequently
paused on the bridge spanning the River Thames to watch the broad river flowing along on its
never-ending journey to the sea.
病房里，我把我的小儿子抱上床，聆听他的祷告，直到他在我怀里睡着。之后，我往
往都有充足 的时间返回车站。我常常会在横跨泰晤士河的大桥上驻足，凝视着那宽阔的河流
―奔流到海不复回‖。
One evening I
gazed,
hypnotized almost,
into
the black, oily water and was not
immediately aware that a woman had joined me. I looked up and saw her; she was standing quite
close. I had seen her before in the shadows on the opposite side of the street and had recognized,
without giving the matter much thought
, that she was, almost certainly, of the sisterhood
euphemistically referred to as ―ladies of the evening ‖.
一天晚上，我神情恍惚地盯着黑油油的河水， 并没有注意到身边多了一位女士。我抬
头看着她，她贴身站在我旁边。我曾在街对面的黑暗处见过她。没 怎么多想，我就认出了她：
说好听点，她应该就是所谓―夜女郎‖的那类女人。
―Evenin ‘, Guv‘or,‖she said.
―Good evening, ‖I replied, a little discomfited by her presence and unsure of her intentions.
She looked away from me and gazed into the Thames.―You been to the Children‘s, ‖she said.
It was a statement rather than a question.
―晚上好，先生。‖她说话了。
―晚上好。‖我答道。她出现在这儿让我有点局促不安，而且我不知道她来干什么。
她转眼不 看我，而是盯着泰晤士河。―你去儿童医院了。‖她说。她是在告诉我一件事儿，
而不是问我一个问题。
―Yes, I have, ‖I told her, a bit
bewildered by
her interest. ―My little son is a patient here. ‖
―Bad, ain‘t he? ‖she said.

―Yes, I‘m afraid he is, ‖ I replied. And again, as much to myself as to her, ―I‘m very much
afraid he is. ‖
―是啊，我去了。‖我告 诉了她，但是不知道她什么这么问。―我的小儿子是那儿的病人。
（在那儿住院）‖
―病得很重，对吧？‖她问。
―嗯，我觉得是。‖我答道。然后我更向对自己说道，―是真的很严重。‖
She
reached out
and touched my arm. I could see tears in her eyes.―I‘m sorry, Guv,‖she
said softly. Then she withdrew her hand quickly, turned and walked away. I thought about the
encounter all the way home and felt strangely heartened by it.
她把手伸过来摸着我的胳膊，我看到了她眼里的泪水。―我很抱歉，先生。‖她轻声说道。随后她迅速抽回了手，转身离去。回家的路上，我一直想着与她的这次相遇，心里有一种莫
名的感动 。
For the next few months, I regularly
made my way to
and from the hospital, my emotions
alternating
wildly
between
unreasoning hope
and
complete despair. Often she would join me
on the bridge.
接下来的几个月，我照例往返于医院。我的情绪起伏不定，时而信心十足，时 而心灰
意冷。而她常常在大桥上陪着我。
―‘Ow is ‘e, then?‖she would enquire.
―Anything different?‘E‘s in Mr. Punch ward,ain‘t ‘e? ‖
―He is,‖ I agreed, wondering how she knew. ―There‘s no change. ‖
―他怎么样了？‖她经常问我。―好点儿了么？他是在庞奇先生的病房吧？‖
―是啊，‖我回答道，奇怪她怎么会知道。―还是老样子。‖
She never asked my name but invited me to call her Rosie.―That ‘s what me friends call me.‖
―My son‘s name is Adrian, Rosie, ‖I told her. ―He‘s quite blond with grey eyes, and he ‘s
almost four years old. ‖
She nodded and said nothing.
她从来不问我的名字，但让我叫她罗西。―我朋友都这么叫我。‖
―我儿子叫安德里安，罗西。‖我告诉他，―他一头金发，眼睛是灰色的，快四岁了。‖
她点了点头，什么也没说。
I came to rely on these encounters to
a remarkable degree
and one evening gave her a
small picture of Adrian, a duplicate of one I carried in my wallet. I wrote on the back of it: ―Thank
you, Rosie. ‖She looked at it for a long moment before wrapping it in her handkerchief and
putting it carefully in her handbag.
我渐渐很盼望与她相见。一天晚上，我给了她一小张安德里安的照片 ，和我钱包里的那
张是一样的。我在照片背面写道：―谢谢你，罗西。‖她看了好一会儿，然后用手绢包 起来，
小心地放到手提包里。
Then, finally, the telephone call came from the hospital: ―I think you had better come at
once.‖
最终，医院还是打来了电话：―我觉得您最好马上过来。‖
He looked so small lying there, his grey eyes
fixed earnestly on
mine. I
le
ane
d over
and
wiped the perspiration from his forehead.
儿子躺在病床上，看上去小得可怜，灰色的大眼睛热切地望着我。我俯下身，擦去 他额
头上的汗珠。
―Daddy, why are you crying? Daddy, I ‘m frightened. Oh, Daddy, is it going to be all right?‖

―Yes, darling, Daddy ‘s here. It ‘s going to be all right. ‖
―爸爸，你为什么哭呀？爸爸，我害怕。爸爸，我会没事的，对吧？‖
―是的亲爱的，爸爸在这儿，你会没事儿的。‖
The tiny hand clasped in mine relaxed its grip.
握在我手里的那只小手慢慢地松开了。
When it was over, the two compassionate nurses put their arms round my shoulders and led
me away. I went out into the London streets —and it was night.
事情料理完了，两名好心的 护士小姐扶着我的肩膀把我领了出来。我出了医院，走在伦
敦的大街上——夜已深了。
The following evening, after taking care of necessary business at the hospital, I stopped on
the bridge and
leaned over
the railings, gazing,unseeing, into the water, trying to
get a grip
on myself.
When I turned, Rosie was standing beside me. She touched me gently on the arm,
just as she had the first time we met. 第二天晚上，办完医院的有关手续之后，我又来到了滑铁卢大桥。我倚着栏杆，茫然地
看着河面，试 图将自己的思绪集中起来。当我转过身的时候，发现罗西就站在我的身边。她
轻轻地碰了碰我的胳膊，就 像我们初次相见时那样。
―‘Ere, ‖she said, proffering me something wrapped in tissue paper. ―They‘re for ‘im. You‘ll
put ‘em on ‘is grave for me, won ‘t you? ‖Thrusting a tiny bouquet of lily of the valley into my
hand, she made a sort of choking sound, turned and ran.
―给你，‖ 说着，她递给我一个 薄纸包着的东西。―这是给他的。替我把这个放到他墓上，
好吗？‖她把一小束铃兰猛地塞到我手里，抽 泣着转身跑开。
A mass of wreaths covered the grave. In the center of the profusion of floral tributes the tiny
bunch of lily of the valley
contrasted sharply with
the vivid roses, daffodils, tulips and
anemones that surrounded it.
儿子的墓地放满了花环。在人们送的那些鲜艳的玫瑰花、水仙花、郁金香和银莲花之中，
那一小束铃兰格外醒目。
I timed my return from my final visits to the hospital vicinity so that I would pass by
Waterloo Bridge rather late in the evening. I wanted to tell Rosie that I had delivered her
I saw nothing of her. I could not imagine what had happened to her.
最后几次去医院 的时候，我计算好了返回的时间，以便晚上晚些时候正好路过滑铁卢大
桥。我想告诉罗西，我已经把她的 花放在了我儿子的墓地上。但我始终没见到她，实在想不
出她出了什么事。
Summoning up my courage
, I made my way to the nearest police station, not many
blocks distant. With the unfailing courtesy and genuine helpfulness of the British policeman, an
officer listened to my story of looking for a friend. He eyed me a bit quizzically.
我鼓足勇气向离得 最近的警察局走去，好在路程不远，只隔几个街区。英国警察总是彬
彬有礼，乐于助人。那名警官听着我 要找朋友的故事，满脸狐疑地看着我。
―Yes, sir, I am almost sure I know to whom you refer, ‖he assured me,―She was regularly in
the vicinity of Waterloo Bridge. Her regular ‗beat ‘, you might say. Her name was Rosie, wasn‘t
it? ‖
―是的，先生，我几乎可以肯定你说的是谁，‖他 向我保证说，―她总是在大桥一带活动。
可以说这是她经常‗巡逻‘的路线。她叫罗西，是吧？‖
―Yes, yes,‖I said.―That ‘s the person I‘m looking for.‖
―对，对，‖我说，―她就是我要找的人。‖

―I‘m sorry, sir, ‖he told me quietly. ―The person
in question
is dead. We found her in the
street several nights ago. Apparently
a heart attack.
‖
―很抱歉，先生，‖ 他轻声说(平静地告诉我说)。―你要找的这个人已经死了。几天前的一
个晚上，我们在街上发现了她。 显然是心脏病突发。‖
―Did she have any relatives, any family? ‖I asked.
―她有亲戚么，或者家人？‖我问道。
―No, sir, I‘m sorry,‖the policeman said. ―We
went through
her handbag, but there was no
identification of any kind. Cosmetics, matches, cigarettes, handkerchief, a couple of pictures. That
was all.‖
―没有，先生，很抱歉。‖警察说。― 我们检查了她的手提包，没有任何证件。只有一些
化妆品，火柴，香烟，手绢和几张照片。‖
―Do you still have her handbag?‖I asked.―Would it be possible for me to see it —to look into
it? ‖
―她的包还在这儿吗？‖我问。―可否让我看上一眼——看看里边的东西？‖
The officer hesitated.―Well, sir,
that’s rather an unusual request
. ‖
警官有些犹豫。―先生，你的要求太过分了。‖
―Look, constable, ‖I continued, taking out my wallet and withdrawing the picture of my son
from it. ―This is my son. If the person you found is really the one I am looking for, there will be an
identical picture in her handbag.‖
―您看，警官，‖我一边说，一边拿出钱包，从 里面取出我儿子的照片。―这是我的儿子。
如果你们发现的人的确是我要找的人的话，那么她的包里一定 有一张和这一模一样的照片。‖
―Just a moment, sir, ‖the officer said and retreated to an inner office. Within minutes here
turned, carrying a brown handbag with a large card attached, evidently a listing of the contents. He
looked a little excited.
―稍等，先生，‖说着，警官走进了里间的办公室。几分钟之后，他出来了，手里拿 着一
个褐色手提包，上面还附着一张大卡片，显然是包里的遗物清单。他看上去有点儿激动。
―Yes, sir,‖he assured me, running his finger down the list on the card. ―There are two
snapshots here.‖
随着手指在清单上迅速划过，他肯定地对我说：―对，先生，包里的确有两张照片。‖
He opened the handbag and passed me two photographs. One was a replica of the picture I
held in my hand. I
turned it over
and read in my own handwriting:―Thank you, Rosie.‖The
other picture was of a small, dark-haired girl.
他打开手提包，递给我两张照片，一张和我手里拿着的照片一模一样。翻到背面，上面有我的笔迹：―谢谢你，罗西。‖另一张是一个黑头发的小女孩。
I had one more place to go. The following day I took the train to London and made my way
to the children ‘s hospital. I recalled Rosie mentioning that she had a friend ―Ben‖, who was a
porter at the hospital. I enquired at the porters‘lodge. A middle —aged man with a kindly face
came forward.
我还要去一个地方。第二天，我又乘火车来到伦敦儿童医院。记得罗西以前曾提起过 ，
她有一个叫―本‖的朋友，是儿童医院的看门人。我到门房去打听，一位和蔼的中年人走了过
来。
―Yes, indeed, ‖he assured me.―I knew Rosie. She used to call by regularly, you know, and
enquire about your boy. I used to get a report for her from the ward about him.‖
―对，确实是。‖他肯定得 说。―我认识罗西。她过去常来医院，来打听你儿子的病情。

我经常帮她向病房了解你儿 子的病情呢。‖
―她并不是一直干你碰到她时干的那事儿，‖他接着说道，―她以前是一名女招待。失 去
女儿之后，她才开始干这一行。她的女儿就是在这家医院死的，当时才6岁。大概一年前，
那 是我第一次见到罗西，她经常来医院看望吉达，那女孩的名字叫吉达。吉达死了以后，她
再也没去做过女 招待。
―She wasn ‘t always in the line of business she was in when you met her, you know, ‖Ben
continued.―She used to be a waitress. It was after she lost her girl she went on the street. The little
girl died in here, you know, six years old. It was about a year ago. That ‘s when I first met
Rosie—she used to come here and visit Berda. That was the child ‘s name. after the little one died,
Rosie never went back to the waitress job.‖
―本，你能告诉我罗西葬在哪儿吗？‖
―Ben, can you tell me where Rosie is buried?‖
―不，先生，我不知道。但是我可以告诉你她女儿葬在哪儿。罗西以前每周日下午都会
去那儿， 带一束鲜花，再拔拔坟墓四周的杂草。我和她去过一两次。‖
―No, Guv, I can‘t. But I can tell you where the child lies. Rosie used to go there every Sunday
afternoon and cut the grass and take flowers. I went with her a time of two.‖
我跪在那座小小的墓堆边。坟墓四周已经杂草丛生，又高又细。因为没带 剪刀，我只好
用手拔掉杂草。随后，我来到墓地一角的水管边，将蓝色花瓶灌满了水，重新放在墓前。
I knelt beside the tiny mound. Lacking shears, I tried to pull the longest grass, growing lank
and weedy now, with my hands. I filled the blue vase with water from the tap in the corner of the
cemetery and replaced it on the grave.
我打开包装纸，将带来的一束铃兰插进花瓶，然后将包装纸塞进雨衣口袋，站起身来，
匆匆离去。
Unwrapping the tissue paper from the small bouquet I carried, I placed the lily of the valley
in the vase, thrust the paper in the pocket of my raincoat, rose from my knees and walked rapidly
away.
（三）能源意识 利在未来
The world is
running out of
oil, and energy experts believe that there could be serious
shortages in ten years’ time. Not only is each individual using more oil than ever before, as the
standard of living in industrialized countries rises, but the
population explosion
means that
each year many more people will be using oil
in some form or other.
Until recently we
took
oil
for granted
: it seemed it would never stop flowing. It was so cheap and plentiful that the
whole world came to depend on it. Governments neglected other sources of energy: electricity
was generated from oil and power stations were fired by it. It found its way into many of the
products of light industry. Many people are surprised when they learn how many items in their
homes contain oil.
世界上的石油将消 耗殆尽，能源专家认为不出十年就会出现严重的石油匮乏。随着工业
化国家生活水平的提高，不仅每个人 都要比任何时候消费更多的石油，而且人口爆炸意味着
每年都会有更多的人以各种方式消费石油。直到最 近，人们还在认为石油是“天赐良缘”：它
似乎是取之不尽、用之不竭的，它的价格低廉，储量丰富，以 至全世界都在依赖它。各国政
府普遍忽视了其他能源的开发：发电也用石油，因为发电站以它作原料。许 多轻工业产品也
都倚重石油做原料。当许多人发现他们家中有那么多物品与石油有不解之缘时，都不胜惊 讶。
The increase in the price of oil has
brought
the world
to its senses.
Governments are
searching for a suitable alternative, but so far
in vain
. They are considering how they can make

better use of the two other major fuels, coal and natural gas, but they have found that neither
can take the place of oil in their economies. In recent years there has been
a growing concern

for the environment and coal is not a popular fuel with environmentalists. Coal mines are ugly,
and their development has a serious effect on animal and plant life; coal itself is a
heavy
pollutant
. Natural gas, the purest of the three fuels, is also the most limited in supply. < br>石油价格的上涨给世界注入了能源意识。各国政府都在寻找合适的代用品，不过迄今为
止徒劳无获 。他们正在考虑更充分地利用其他两种燃料：煤和天然气。但是，他们发现无论
哪一种能代替石油在经济 发展中的作用。近年来，人们的环境意识日益增强，煤作为燃料不
受环境保护者欢迎。煤矿破坏自然生态 ，煤矿的开采严重危及动植物的生存，煤本身也是严
重的污染物。天然气是这三种燃料中最纯净的，可是 可供应量也是最有限的。
The answer would seem to
lie in
nuclear power stations. They need very little fuel to
produce enormous amount of power and they do not pollute the atmosphere. Their dangers,
however, are so great and the cost of building them is so high that some governments are
unwilling to
invest in
them. Not only could one accident in a single nuclear power station
spread as much radioactivity as a thousand Hiroshima atom bombs, but the radioactive waste
from these stations is extremely dangerous—for one hundred thousand years. So is there no
possible alternative to nuclear power?
想解决这个问题，看来要寄希望于核电站了。核电站只需消耗极少的燃 料就能产生巨大
的能量，并且不会对大气造成污染。然而，核电站的危险性很大，造价甚高，所以一些政 府
不愿为此投资。一座核电站的一次事故，不但造成放射性物质泄漏，危害程度相当于1000
颗投于广岛的原子弹，而且核电站产生的放射性废物也极其危险——其危险性要持续10万年
之久。那么 ，就没有什么东西可能代替核能吗？
Well, there are several, but none of them
seems likely to satisfy
future world energy
demands
. Scientists have recently turned their attention to natural sources of energy: the sun,
the sea, the wind and hot springs. Of these the sun seems the most promising source for the
future. Houses have already been built which are heated entirely by solar energy. However, solar
energy can only be collected during daylight hours, and in countries where the weather is
unreliable, an alternative heating system has to be included.
倒是有几种能源可供选择，但看起来都不可能满足未来世界对能量的需求。科学家们近
年来已将注意力 转向自然能源：太阳、海洋、风和温泉，其中太阳能似乎是未来最有发展前
途的能源。人们已建成了完全 由太阳能供热的房屋。可是，太阳能只能在白天采集，而且天
气变幻无常的国家，这种房子还必须配置一 套备用供热系统。
Experiments are being carried out at the University of Arizona on ways of storing energy on
a large scale. To satisfy a large part of the energy needs of a country like America, huge power
stations covering 5,000 square miles would have to be built and one wonders whether this would
be acceptable to environmentalists. While experiments in generating energy from the sea and
the wind are interesting, neither can be considered an obvious solution to a future energy crisis;
the first because a lot of energy is needed to generate from the sea, and the second because the
amount of energy generated from wind would satisfy only a small percentage of a nation’s
needs.
亚利桑那 大学正在进行试验，探求大规模储存太阳能的方法。研究表明，必须建造占地
面积达5000平方英里的 巨型太阳能发电站，方能满足像美国这样一个国家的大部分能量需
求，而且人们对环境保护主义者能否接 受这样的计划尚存疑虑。虽然开发海洋能量和风能的
实验令人感兴趣，但是可以认为，两者在解决未来能 源危机方面均不会取得显著的效果。前

者是因为海洋能源开发本身就需要消耗大量的能量 ，后者是因为风能开发量只能满足全国需
求的很小部分。
Another source of energy which could be more widely used is that generated by water or
steam from under the earth (geothermal energy as it is called). This form of energy is already
being used in New Zealand, Iceland, and very successfully in Italy, where it in fact generates a
quarter of the nation’s electricity.
还有一种可能会获得更广泛应用的能源，是由开采地下 热水或水蒸气得到的（称之为地
热能）。这种形式的能量已经在新西兰、冰岛、（前）苏联和意大利开发 利用。在意大利尤
为成功，地热发电量已占意大利总发电量的四分之一。
Many scientists are optimistic that new ways of generating large amounts of energy will be
successfully developed, but at the same time they fear the consequences. If the world population
goes on increasing at its present rate, and each individual continues to use more energy every
year, we may, in fifty years’ time, be
burning up
so much energy that we would damage the
earth’s atmosphere. By raising the temperature of the atmosphere, we could melt the Arctic and
Antarctic ice-caps and change the pattern of vegetable and animal life throughout the world—a
frightening possibility.
许多科学家对未来一定会成功地研究出开发大量能源的新方法持乐观态度， 但同时也对
其后果忧心忡忡。如果世界人口以目前的速度持续增长，而且人均能源消耗逐年增加的话，< br>50年之内，我们烧掉的燃料排放的气体就足以破坏地球大气层。人为造成的大气温度升高，
可能 会引起南北极的冰盖融化，致使全球动植物的生存模式改变——后果不堪设想。
These dangers will have to be
kept in mind
as scientists continue with their experiments.
In the meantime, we can all help to protect the environment by not wasting energy. This means
driving more carefully (if you have to use a car—it’s healthier and cheaper to ride a bike) and
turning off unnecessary lighting and heating in the home. In these small ways we can all help to
make the world a cleaner, healthier place for future generations.
科学家们今后继续他们的实验时，必须将这些危险 牢记在心。与此同时，我们也都能通
过节约能源，为保护环境做贡献。这就意味着少开汽车（如果你不得 不用汽车的话——骑自
行车更有利健康，也更省钱），关掉家中不必要的照明和供热装置。从这些点滴小 事做起，
我们就能尽自己的一份力，为子孙后代创造一个更加清洁，更加健康的生存环境。
（四）女人想让男人知道的事情

Men often ask the question, ―What do women want?‖ A wise person once answered, ―If you
want to know what women want, ask them ... one
at a time
.‖
男人们 总是问这个问题：―女人到底想要什么？‖一位智者曾经回答过，―如果你想要知
道女人想要什么，去问 她们，一次一个的问。‖
Since that‘s an impossible task for any man, I asked several single ladies to share what men
really don‘t know about them and what they look for in a date. Guys, you might find their answers
surprisingly myth-busting
in some instances
, while others might validate what you already
believe. Either way, hopefully these insights track on understanding women better and improving
your dating skills:
鉴于这个任务对所有男人都难以完成，我请几位单身女士同我分享了她们的看法——即
男人真正 不懂的地方以及女人在约会中想要什么。男士们，你们可能会发现她们的一些答案
会出人意料地犹如解密 ；然而有些答案也会验证你之前的一些看法。不管怎样，希望这些见
解能助你更好地了解女人并提高你的 约会技能。

1. You risk it all if you wait forever to reach out to a woman who interests you.
―Supposedly, men and women are on different timelines
when it comes to making
contact,‖says Mary L.,38, a resident of Washington state. ―Guys take their own sweet time to call
us for a date and follow up afterward. But the older we get, the less tolerant we are of the waiting
game. Guys, wait too long to get in touch —or be inconsistent in how often you‘re in contact with
us —and we will lose interest. Patience has less of a shelf life than you realize.‖
1. 你太失算了，如果你等太久再去追求对你感兴趣的女人。
一位华 府的38岁女士玛丽说―据说，在相互沟通上，男人和女人处在不同的时间线上。
男人在适合自己的时间 来电话跟我们约会，之后继续如此。但是我们年纪越大，我们就越不
能忍受这种等待游戏。男人们，如果 等待太久才跟我们联系，或是对我们忽冷忽热，我们便
会失去兴趣。我们的耐心的有效期远比你们想象的 还要少。

2. Not all women who date are looking for a serious relationship.
―Guys think we‘re all on the same ‗dating for a relationship‘ track. But sometimes, we just
want to date casually,‖ says Los Angeles native Marcie R., 29. ―We‘re just happier being upfront
about it. Guys seem to have a harder time admitting that‘s what they want right now. That leads to
hot and cold behavior, which women hate.‖ Not looking to get serious? Send those signals out
from day one.
Don‘t start seeing a woman and then back-pedal like crazy when things get heavy. It‘s much
better to find a girl who‘s OK with casual dating, too.
2. 不是所有约会中的女人都是寻求长久稳定恋情。
男人们总是觉得女人在都是一路的， 即―为长期稳定恋情而约会‖，一位洛杉矶的29岁
本地居民玛希说，―但是有时候我们只是想单纯的（ 简单的）约一下会。‖―我们只是更开心
能够坦白对待这一点，但是男人们却更不愿去承认他们现在只想 这种随便的恋情。于是就导
致了各种忽冷忽热的行为遭到女人厌恶。‖
你不想寻求长期稳定 的恋情？请你第一天就给出这个信号。不要开始同一个女人出来，
然后在大家开始有点认真时又疯狂的背 弃自己之前的所作所为。你最好就去找一个对谈一场
随随便便的恋爱也没有意见的女人。

3. You’d be surprised about what women find to be genuinely sexy in a man.
Guys, do you think you‘re dazzling women with your bravado, squeaky-clean look and
manly stubbornness? Well, maybe. But guess what? Women think that a man dressed in a plain
t-shirt and a pair of hot jeans is truly sexy, so avoid anything too trendy, loose or ill-fitting —the
classics are fine. Women love it when you ask for their advice. (OK, except when it comes to
directions... that‘s why you have a GPS in the car. At least one of you needs to know where you‘re
going on dates, right? And according to a recent Daily Mail survey, 93 percent of respondents said
that if you are fixing, building, making, or cooking something specifically for a woman, the
chance that you‘ll get lucky just went up exponentially.
3. 你会惊讶于女人怎样看待男人身上真正的性感。
男同胞们，你们觉得你在用 什么表现魅力？你虚张声势的勇气？你毫无瑕疵的外表？还
是你们的大男子主义？也许吧，但是知道么， 女人觉得男人穿着一件普通T恤以及一条紧
身裤就是真正的性感。所以请避免穿着得过于时尚，宽松或是 不搭——经典的就刚刚好。女
人会喜欢你问她意见（好吧，除了有关方向这个问题……这就是为什么你车 上有导航仪。你

们之中至少有一个需要知道你们约会时要去哪对吧？）而且根据每日邮报 的调查，93％的回
复者称如果你为女人修东西，做东西，或是特意为她做一点吃的，你约会中走运的机 会将会
呈几何级数增长。

a cheapskate is a deal -breaker for women.
There‘s plenty of debate about who should pay for a date. Some people think that men should
always
pick up the tab,
while others opt for a more practical ―let‘s take turns‖ approach.
Regardless of who pays, a man who comes off as being cheap is persona non grata in a woman‘s
world.―Cheapness is the kiss of death for me,‖says Linda W.,37, from Virginia. Focusing on how
much the date costs, handing coupons to a waiter or refusing to tip service people adequately can
make a bad impression on anyone and will usually nix your chances for a second date.
4. 太小气，被抛弃。
关于约会中谁应该付钱这个问题一直就有很 多争议。一些人认为买单的应该永远是男
士。但是一部分人也奉行比较实用些的―轮流结帐‖的方法。不 管谁付款，在女人的世界里，
表现的很小气的男人是非常讨厌的。―抠门对我来说就是‗死亡之吻‘‖， 来自弗吉尼亚的37
岁的琳达如是说，太过关注约会的花销，向服务生递优惠券或是拒绝给小费足以给任 何人留
下坏印象并使得你第二次约会机会渺茫。

struggle to make a connection while remaining independent,too.
First dates can be like visiting
an amusement park
; at first, you‘re thrilled with the flashy,
colored lights and the sense of anticipation. As things progress, you find yourself alternating
emotionally between rip- roaring excitement and the onset of dating burnout. You might feel
a
pressing need
to just
chill out
at home and get
a sense of normalcy
by going through your
regular, single-life routine. So, men, relax and realize that you‘re not alone —women ride the
same emotional rollercoaster that goes along with dating someone new. Like you, they
vacillate
between
wanting to be in a relationship
and
craving independence, especially as they age.
Finding the right balance is the key to satisfying these needs, regardless of who you are. Nobody
healthy and sane wants to be defined by his or her relationship, and these days, women are more
independent than ever before.
5. 女人在努力建立关系的同时，也需要保持独立。
第一次约会就像去游乐场，首先，你会对华丽多彩的灯 光以及自己热切的期望激动不已。
慢慢地，你会发现自己的情绪不断切换，一会儿是喧闹兴奋，一会儿又 开始出现约会疲劳。
你可能会觉得迫切需要回家冷静一下，通过常规单身生活获得情绪常态化。所以， 男同胞们，
不要紧张，你们并不孤单，女人们在刚开始和某人约会时，也会坐上这座―情绪过山车‖。和
你一样，她们也在徘徊不定，尤其是随着年龄的增长，既想开始一段恋情，又想寻求独立。
不 管你是谁，找到正确的平衡点是能保证你满足这些需求的关键。没有任何一个健康理智的
男人或是女人想 被自己的感情关系束缚住，而且当下，女性比以往任何时候都更加独立自主。

call it “women’s intuition” because they are adept at reading nonverbal cues if
something feels “off” with a date.
Women have great instincts. Yes, this is a stereotype, but stereotypes often
contain a grain
of truth
. So, men, it‘s better not to lie or become emotionally distant when she questions you
about things like dating each other exclusively or what you did last weekend. Chances are she‘ll
know something is amiss, even if you think you‘re
sparing her feelings
by lying. Even if you

fool her once, you‘ll have to keep your story straight, which isn‘t always easy to do. And once a
woman thinks she can‘t trust you, it‘s the kiss of dating death.
6, 人们称之为―女人的直觉‖，因为如果在约会中感觉―不对劲‖，她们擅长读取一些非口
头的线索。 < br>女人有很强的直觉。当然，这是陈词滥调，但是陈词滥调通常包含着些许真理。所以，
男人们，当 她在问及关于是否和其他什么人约会了或是在上周末做了什么时，你最好不要撒
谎或是在情感上变的疏远 。（因为）很可能她就会发现事情不对劲，即使是你为了照顾她的
感受而撒谎。如果你骗了她一次，你就 不得不一直编故事，这通常是很难做到的。而且一旦
女人觉得不能再相信你了，这也就是―死亡之吻‖了 。

woman wants to be your mother(or a carbon copy of her own).
Women and men alike have grown up hearing that, in the words of the famous Al Jolson song,
a guy wants a―gal just like the gal that married dear old Dad.‖ But smart single women, as much
as they may adore their own mothers (and will grow to love yours, too!) are not looking to be
anyone ‘s mommy when it comes to dates. They know the difference between a man who lovingly
respects his own mother and one who requires around-the-clock babysitting, emotionally or
otherwise. Parenting another adult implies major control issues, no matter who is doing it —plus
it ‘s just plain creepy.
7. 没有女士想成你的母亲（或者她的复制品）。
女人和男人一样，都是听着艾尔•乔逊的 歌长大的，这位著名歌手在歌中唱道，一个男
人想要一个―很像他妈妈的姑娘‖。尽管这些聪明的单身女 性爱自己的母亲（当然也会越来越
爱你的母亲），但是她们在约会时不想扮演任何人的母亲。 她们能区 分的出男人是尊敬爱戴
自己的母亲还是需要全天24小时的保姆式服务，不管是情感上还是其它方面。像 父母般的
去照顾另一个成年人意味着很严重的控制力的问题，不管是谁在照顾谁—— 而且这样做本
身就很诡异。

’s the little things that matter when it comes to impressing a woman.
If you want a woman to feel like she‘s special, really pay attention to her; notice the small
things, however unremarkable. Women will grow more attracted to you if they realize you are
genuinely interested in who they are as individuals and the things that matter to them, no matter
how trivial. Remembering something minor about her appearance, interests, lifestyle or behavior
— whether it‘s her favorite flower, preferred drink or what color dress she was wearing on your
first date —all add up to win you big points in the game of love.
8．当你想打动女人时，细节很重要。
如果你想让她是特别的，真正花心思在她身上；注意那些尽管不起眼的小东西或小事情。
如果 女人发现你是真正的对她这个人以及对与她相关的不论多么琐碎的事情感兴趣，她会越
来越离不开你。 记得有关她的小事，比方说有关于她的穿衣打扮、兴趣爱好、生活方式或
是行为举止——即便是她最喜欢 的花，爱喝的饮料，或是第一次约会时穿的裙子的颜色——
这些都会帮你在爱情这场游戏中加分。

9. Women are slower to end relationships than men, even short-term ones.
―If a new relationship isn‘t working out, we‘re less likely to dump you without
warning, ‖says 28-year-old Trish C. from Virginia.―When men do that and run off, we
think less
of them
. Even from a short-term relationship, we extricate ourselves slowly to make sure we‘re

respectful, ready and not making a mistake. But the signs that we ‘re planning to leave are usually
there if you pay attention. ‖So, guys, if your gut tells you that things aren‘t working out, you‘re
probably right. If you decide to end things first, though, give her the same courtesy she‘d give you
by
telling her in person
and avoid the vanishing act. You might think you ‘re being kind by
sparing her the dreaded breakup discussion, but in reality, she ‘d rather hear the truth.
9. 女人比男人结束关系更慢，即使是短期关系。
―如果一段新的恋情没 有建立成功，我们很少会在毫无信号的情况下跟你分手，‖来自弗
吉尼亚的29岁的翠西说。―当男人们 那样做并跑开时，我们会看不起他们。 即使是结束一
段短期的恋情，我们也会慢慢的抽身而退以确保我 们是表示尊重，做好准备并不会犯错误。
但是如果你注意的话，就会发现我们想离开的一些迹象。‖所以 ，男人们，如果你的直觉告
诉你事情没有结果，你十有八九是对的。然后如果你决定先来了结这些，请对 她礼貌一些，
就像她会对待你一样礼貌，去当面告诉她而不是直接消失。你可能觉得你是出于好意为了避
免一场可怕的分手之争，但事实是，她宁愿亲耳听到真话。
（五）―叛逆女儿‖引领哈佛
Recalling her coming of age as the only girl in a privileged, tradition-bound family in
Virginia horse country, Drew Gilpin Faust, 59, has often spoken of her ―continued
confrontations” with her mother ―about the requirements of what she usually called femininity‖.
Her mother, Catharine, she has said, told her repeatedly, ―It ‘s a man‘s world, sweetie, and the
sooner you learn that the better off you ’ll be. ‖
现年59岁的德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特 生于以经营马场闻名的弗吉尼亚乡间，她的家庭负有权
势，恪守传统。作为家里唯一的女儿，每当回想起 成长经历，她总会提及因被母亲要求具有
女性特质而不断发生的冲突。她母亲凯瑟琳总是告诉她，―亲爱 的，这是个男人的世界，你
越早认识到这一点，就会生活的越好。‖
Instead, Dr. Faust left home at an early age, to be educated at Concord Academy, then a girl‘s
prep school in Massachusetts, and at Bryn Mawr College, a women ‘s college known for creating
future leaders, and to become a leading Civil War scholar. And on Feb. 11 , through the
convergence of grand changes in higher education, her own achievements and the resignation of
Harvard‘s previous president under pressure, she became the first woman appointed to lead the
Ivy League university founded in 1636.
然而，福斯特很小的时候就离开了家，到康科德中学上学 ，接着在马萨诸塞州一所女子
预备学校学习，后来又到以培养未来领袖著称的女子学院——布林莫尔学院 就读，并成为了
研究美国内战史的杰出学者。由于高等教育发生的巨大变化，而且她自身所取得的很大成 就，
再加上哈佛前任校长被迫辞职，二月十一日，她被任命为这所创建于1636年的常青藤名校的首位女校长。
―One of the things that I think characterizes my generation —that characterizes me, anyway,
and others of my generation —is that I ‘ve always been surprised by how my life turned out, ‖Dr.
Faust said in an interview just after the university announced that she would become its 28th
president, effectively July 1.―I‘ve always done more than I ever thought I would. Becoming a
professor—I never would have imagined that. Writing books —I never would have imagined that.
Getting a Ph. D. —I‘m not sure I would even have imagined that. I‘ve lived my life a step at a
time. Things sort of happened. ‖
―我经常会为发生在我生活中的变化感到吃惊，我想这是我，也是 我们这一代人共有的
特质。‖福斯特在一次采访中说道，当时她将出任哈佛第28任校长的消息刚刚公布 ，而这一
任命将于七月一日生效。―我总是做出一些连我自己也没有想到的事情，我从没想过我会当

上教授，我从没想过我会写书，我也从没想过我会成为博士。我只是一步一步走过来而已，< br>但这些事情就这么发生了。‖
Catherine Drew Gilpin was born on Sept.18, 1947, and grew up in Clarke County, Va., in the
Shenandoah Valley. She was always known as Drew. Her father, McGhee Tyson Gilpin, bred
thoroughbred horses.
1947 年9月18日，凯瑟琳·德鲁·吉尔平出生于谢南多厄河谷的弗吉尼亚州的克拉克郡，
并在此长大。人们 习惯叫她德鲁。她的父亲麦吉·泰森·吉尔平是饲养纯种马的。
Dr. Faust has written frankly of the ―community of rigid
racial segregation
‖that she and
her three brothers grew up in and how it formed her as―a rebellious daughter‖who would go on to
march in the civil rights protests in the 1960s and to become a historian of the region.―She was
raised to be a rich man‘s wife, ‖said a friend, Elizabeth Warren, a law professor at
Harward.―Instead she becomes the president of the most powerful university in the world. ‖
福斯特博士如实写道，她和三个兄弟都在―奉行严格的种族隔离制度的社区‖中长大的，
也正是这个地方 使她成为一个―叛逆的女儿‖，参加60年代的民权运动，并成为这一领域的历
史学家。福斯特的朋友、 哈佛大学法学教授伊丽莎白·沃伦这样评价她：―福斯特从小是按照
富家媳妇的标准培养的，结果却成为 了世界上最有影响力的大学的校长。‖
Race was ―not much discussed‖in her family, Dr. Faust wrote in an article reprinted in
Harvard Magazine. ―I lived in a world where social arrangements were taken for granted and
assumed to be timeless. A child ‘s obligation was to learn these usages, not to question them. The
complexities of racial deportment were of a piece with learning manners and etiquette more
generally. ‖
在她的家里，―几乎没有人讨论‖种族这个话题，福斯特在一篇重新刊登于《哈佛杂志》
上的文章中写道 。―我生活的那个世界里，人们认为那些社会规范是理所应当的，而且将会
一直如此。一个小孩应该学习 社会规则而不是提出质疑。总的来说，种族礼仪的复杂性仅仅
在于学习一些礼貌和礼仪。‖
―There were formalized ways of organized almost every aspect of human relationships and
interactions —how you placed your fork and knife on the plate when you had finished eating,
what you did with a fingerbowl; who walked through a door first, whose name was spoken first in
an introduction, how others were addressed —black adults with just a first name, whites as ‗Mr.‘or
‗Mrs.‘—whose hand you shook and whose you didn ‘t, who ate in the dining room and who in the
kitchen.‖
―几乎所有涉及人际关系和交往的方式都有定式——吃 完饭后刀叉怎么摆放到盘子上；
洗手碗如何使用；进大门的时候应该让谁先进；介绍别人的时候应该先说 谁的名字；称呼白
人要叫―某某先生‖或者―某某太太‖，而称呼黑人则可以直呼其名；可以和谁握手而 不能和谁
握手；谁在餐厅吃饭而谁在厨房吃饭。‖
In that world, said one of Dr. Faust ‘s brothers, M. Tyson Gilpin Jr., 63, his sister did some of
what was expected of her: She raised a beef cow, joined the Brownies and took dancing lessons.
But she resisted other things —becoming a debutante, for example.―My sister took off on her
track in prep school on, ‖Tyson Gilpin said.―I think she read the scene pretty well. She was
ambitious. She wanted to accomplish stuff.‖ 她的一个哥哥，63岁的M· 泰森·小吉尔平说，
他妹妹还是做了一些符合预期的事情：她养了一头小牛，参加了女童子军社团，上了 舞蹈课。
但她抗拒其他的事情，例如拒绝参加社交活动。―我妹妹从上预备学校时开始就选择了自己的道路，‖泰森·小吉尔平说，―她十分了解形势，雄心勃勃，想要成就一番事业。‖
Her father, her two uncles, her great-uncle, two of her three brothers (including Tyson) and

numerous male cousins all went to Princeton, but since Princeton did not admit women in the
mid-1960s, she went to Bryn Mawr. Majoring in history, she took classes with Mary Maples Dunn,
a professor who would become the president of Smith College, the acting dean of the Radcliffe
Institute for Advanced Study and a close friend and advocate.
她的父亲、两个叔叔、叔祖父、三 个兄弟中的两个(包括泰森)，以及众多表兄弟都曾就
读于普林斯顿大学，但在上个世纪60年代中期， 普林斯顿不接收女生，她选择了布林莫尔学
院。在那里，她专修历史，师从玛丽·梅普尔斯·邓恩教授。 邓恩教授后来成为史密斯学院的
院长，拉德克利夫高等研究协会的代理主任，并且成为了她的亲密朋友和 支持者。
It was significant, Dr. Dunn said, that Dr. Faust had been educated at Concord Academy and
Bryn Mawr. ―I think these women ‘s institutions in those days tended to give these young women
a very good sense of themselves and encouraged them to develop their own ideas and
to express themselves confidently,‖she said. ―It was an invaluable experience in a world in which
women were second-class citizens. ‖
邓恩博士说，曾在康科德中学和布林莫尔学院接受教育，这一点对福斯特博士意义非凡。
她说：―我认为 ，当时这些女子学院，使这些年轻女性树立起良好的自我意识，鼓励她们形
成自己的想法，并自信地表达 自我。在一个视女性为二等公民的世界中，这是一种十分宝贵
的经历。‖
Dr. Faust graduated from Bryn Mawr in 1968, magna cum laude with honors in history. She
went on to the University of Pennsylvania, where she received a master‘s in 1971and a doctorate
in 1975 in American civilization. She was a professor at Penn for 25years, including five years as
the chairwoman of the Department of American Civilization. She was director of the Women‘s
Studies Program for four years.
福斯特博士于1968 年以优等成绩从布林莫尔学院毕业，获得历史学荣荣誉学位。随后她
进入宾西法尼亚大学深造，于197 1年和1975年分别获得美国文化专业的硕士和博士学位。 她
在宾夕法尼亚大学做了25年教授，其 中5年担任美国文化系主任。她还在女性研究项目组担
任了4年主任。
At Penn, Dr. Faust, who was divorced from her first husband, Stephen Faust, in 1976, met
Charles Rosenberg, a professor who is regarded as a leading historian of American medicine, and
who became her second husband. She and Professor Rosenberg have a daughter, Jessica, a
Harvard graduate who works at The New Yorker. She also has a stepdaughter, Leah.
在宾夕法尼亚大学，福 斯特与第一任丈夫离异后，1976年认识了被誉为研究美国医学的
杰出历史学家的罗森博格教授，并与 之结婚。她与罗森博格教授育有一女杰西卡，她毕业于
哈佛大学，现在《纽约客》杂志社供职。福斯特还 有一个继女利亚。
In 2001, as Dr. Dunn was stepping down as acting dean of the Radcliffe Institute, the remnant
of Radcliffe College, which had been absorbed into Harvard in 1999, Dr. Faust became the dean.
She made major organizational changes, cut costs and laid off a quarter of the staff, transforming
Radcliffe into an internationally known home for scholars from multiple disciplines.―We used to
call her Chainsaw Drew,‖Professor Warren said. When Lawrence H. Summers, the Harward
president, stepped in trouble two years ago over his comments about women in science, he asked
Dr. Faust to lead an effort to recruit, retain and promote women at Harvard.
2001年，当邓恩博士从拉德克利夫研究院代理主 任的职位上退下来后（拉德克利夫研究
院为拉德克利夫学院的前身，1999年并入哈佛大学），福斯特 博士成为了该研究院的主任。
她对研究院进行了重大的机构改革，削减开支，裁掉了四分之一的员工，将 拉德克利夫学院
转变成了一个国际知名的各学科学者的摇篮。 ―我们都把她称作‗链锯德鲁‘。‖沃伦教授说。

前哈佛校长劳伦斯·H·萨默斯由于 两年前对于从事科学的女性发表不当言论而身陷批评，他
曾要求福斯特教授要致力于在哈佛大学招聘女性 ，支持和鼓励女性知识分子。
Asked whether her appointment signified the end of sex inequities at the university, Dr. Faust
said:―Of course not. There is a lot of work still to be done, especially in the sciences.‖
当被问及对她的任命是否意味着性别不 平等在哈佛大学的终结时，福斯特博士说：―当
然不是。还有很多工作要做，特别是在科学界。‖
What would her mother, who never went to college and died in 1966, have to say about her
appointment?―I‘ve had dialogues with my dead mother over the 40years since she died.‖Then she
added with a rueful smile, ―I think in many ways that comment —‗It ‘s a man‘s world,
sweetie ‘—was a bitter comment from a woman of a generation who didn ‘t have the kind of
choices my generation of women had.‖
1966年 去世的从未上过大学的母亲可能对她的任命说些什么呢？她说：―我经常想到这一
点。自母亲去世后的4 0年中，我一直在与她进行对话。‖ 接着，她愧然一笑说：―我想，在
很多方面，这种评论——‗宝贝 ，这是一个男人的世界‘——是一种苦涩的评论，它出自于我
母亲那一代的一个女性之口，她们未曾有过 我们这一代女性所拥有的这种机会。‖
（六）
Time magazine selected him as one of the 25most influential people in America in1997. His
books—Health and Healing and Spontaneous Healing —have spent more than 22weeks on the
New York Times bestseller list. His Internet web site, from which he dispenses even more advice,
attracts 3000 questions a week.
他是 《时代》杂志评选的1997年全美25位最具影响力人物之一，他的书《健康与治疗》
以及《不治而愈 》连续22周荣登纽约时报畅销书排行榜。在自己的网站上他提供更多的健
康建议，这个网站每周收到3 000个提问。
But the message that health guru Andrew Weil has is simple:
但是健康权威安德鲁·威尔回答得很简单：
“Breathe,”he says. Take long, slow, full breaths with exhales at least as long as the inhales.
“呼吸”，他说。深长、缓慢、充分的呼吸，呼气尽可能与吸气一样长。
“Walk,”he says. Walk briskly, that is, for 10minutes a day, five days a week. Oh, and eat
more fresh vegetables and fruit, and less eat meat.
“散步”，他说。快走，每周五天，每天10分钟。哦，还有，多吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果，< br>少吃红肉。
In Health and Healing Weil expands on the importance of breathing, which he calls “the
most vital and mysterious function”.
在《健康和 治疗》书中，威尔用大量篇幅论述了呼吸的重要性，他把呼吸成为“最重要、
最神秘的功能”。
Breathing, he points out, is a unique human function in that it can be fully voluntary or
involuntary. As such it is a bridge between the conscious and unconscious minds as well as
between mind and body.
他指出，呼吸是人类独特的身体机能，因为 它既可以是无意识的，也可以是有意识的。
这样一来，呼吸就成为联系意识和无意识，心灵和身体的桥梁 。
“Proper breathing nourishes the central nervous system, establishes a harmonious pattern
for other bodily rhythms and regulates moods and emotions, ”he says.“Learning how to breathe
and working consciously with breath is a simple, safe, effective and inexpensive way to promote
good health of mind and body.”

“适当的呼吸能够滋养中枢神经系统，为其他身体节律建立和谐的模式，调节情 绪和心
情。”他表示：“了解如何呼吸，有意识地进行呼吸训练是促进心灵和身体健康的有效方式，这一方式简单、安全而且价格低廉。”
The man with a medical degree from Harvard, a magnificent trademark beard and the sort of
eyes that twinkle into crescent slivers when he smiles (which is often), does not hesitate to
suggest you head for the nearest hospital if you have been in an accident, need a hip replacement
or have a severe infection.
威尔是哈佛大学的医学博士，留着标志的络腮胡，他经常笑，笑得时候眼睛会弯 成月牙。
如果你出了事故，需要进行髋关节置换，或是严重感染的话，他会毫不犹豫地建议你去最近的医院看病。
But he has long championed alternative views on health. He emphasizes the need for what he
calls “integrative” medicine, which takes the best from any number of healing methods —if they
have been shown to work.
但是他长期以来一直提倡有关健康的其他观点。他强调了我们需要所谓的“综合性”医
疗，也就是在多种 有治疗效果的医疗手段中，选取最佳的那种医疗手段。
Weil began his travels around the world at the age of 17, examining the medicines of other
cultures. The experience enforced his passionate interest in botanical drugs and fostered in him a
great respect for the inherent power of the mind-body connection and its potential importance in
medicine.
威尔17岁时开始环游世界，考察其他文化的医疗手段。这一经历让他对 植物性药物更
感兴趣，同时也让他极为尊重心灵- 身体联系的固有自愈能力，以及其在医疗界可能发挥的
巨大作用。
He entered Harvard with no intention of practicing in the traditional allopathic way, but with
“a strong intuition that a medical degree would be useful”.
他虽然进入哈佛学医，但是却不想采用传统的对抗疗法行医，只是“强烈的感觉到医学
博士学位 会很有用”。
For 26 years he has spoken about his basic philosophy —that the body has its own elaborate
healing system that repairs wounds, renews bones and corrects mistakes in the blueprint that
could otherwise result in cancer or other diseases. He has criticized those doctors who ignore this
approach and focus entirely on “the disease model” instead.
26年来， 他一直宣扬自己的基本哲学观点——身体有着自己的复杂自愈系统，能够愈
合伤口，促进骨骼生成，修正 身体机能的错误，这些错误会导致癌症或其他疾病。对于那种
忽略这种方式，只关注“疾病模式”的医生 ，他一直持批判态度。
Today, he says, the medical system in America is in desperate straits. “The technology is
simply too expensive and the medical economy is not working. Hospitals are going bankrupt.
Medical colleges are having to merge.” Meanwhile the consumer market for alternative
medicines is booming and becoming a significant economic force. Weil has noticed more and
more physicians lending him an enthusiastic ear.
他说，现在，美国的医疗系统已经有山穷水尽之象了。“技术太 昂贵了，而且医疗经济
这条路是行不通的。医院快要破产了。医学院将不得不进行合并。”与此同时，替 代医学的
消费市场欣欣向荣，成为重要的经济推动力。威尔注意到，有越来越多的医生愿意倾听他的意见了。
“I have a long history in this field so I have some credibility, ”he says.
“我经营此行业已久，有一些权威。”他说。

Among the millions who now attend carefully to what he has to say is the faculty of the
University of Arizona College of Medicine, where a radical and innovative programme of his
design, to “train a new type of physician for the next century ”, began in mid-1997.
想要认真了解他的观点的人中，就包括亚利桑那大学医学院的 教职员工，在这所大学，
他创办了自己设计的创新型项目，来“为下一个世纪培养新型医生”，这一项目 始于1997
年。
The first trainees, already qualified doctors with some years’ experience in family practice
and internal medicine, embarked in July 1997 upon a two-year post- graduate course to prepare
them to be leaders.
第一批学员是有多年从业经验的全科医生和内科医生。他们从1997年7月开始接受为
期两年 的研究生学习，将成为医疗界的领军人物。
The curriculum includes, for example, modules on Zen Meditation, medicine and culture,
legal issues, “energy medicine” ( everything from x-rays to the highest technical aspects of the
field ) and ancient “energy ”treatments like homeopathy, therapeutic touch and chi gong.
比如，课程包括，禅宗冥想，医学与文化，法律问题，“能量医学”（从X光到该 领域的
最新技术都包含在内）以及古代“能量”治疗，例如顺势疗法、按摩以及气功。
Students study in detail medical acupuncture, homoeopathy, osteopathy and guided imagery.
The centre runs a clinic and conducts research and, in line with Weil’s principle that doctors
should model health, a candidate’s healthy lifestyle is a criterion for admission. A Chicago doctor
who is also a professional chief has been employed to provide “decent food” to the students.
Interest in alternative medicine is a major phenomenon, says Weil. It’s more than just a trend. In
fact, he says, it is part of a worldwide reaction against technology and an urge to find a better
balance with nature.
学生们会 详细学习针灸、顺势疗法、整骨以及意象引导。该中心开办一家门诊诊所，进
行科研。威尔认为医生应该 成为健康榜样，因此，根据他的理论，健康的生活方式也是该中
心录取学员的一个标准。一位来自芝加哥 的医生会为学生提供“富有营养的食物”，这位医
生本身也是一位职业主任医师。威尔表示，对于替代医 学的兴趣已是社会的主流现象。这不
仅仅是一种潮流。他说，实际上，这也是全球抵制技术思潮的一种反 应，还是人们寻求与自
然达到更好平衡的一种努力。


（七）
刺杀希特勒

1944年7月20日的早上，天气非常晴暖。黎明刚 过，国内驻防军参谋长史
陶芬伯格开车经过炸弹摧毁的柏林市区，来到朗斯多夫机场。
他那鼓 鼓的文件包里装的是有关希特勒崩溃军队的重新分配方案。他受命于
下午1点在东普鲁士大本营向希特勒 汇报有关事宜。
一颗用衬衣包裹的定时炸弹就放在这些文件当中。史陶芬伯格相信这颗炸弹
会 把阿道夫•希特勒炸成碎片。
在柏林，有一小部分军官正在准备战斗。纳粹军阀一死，他们就打算夺取 首
都，宣布纳粹统治瓦解，从而请求和平。
在这些军官当中，有两个是他们的首领：一个是希 特勒最高野战军司令、陆

军元帅埃尔文•维茨勒本，另一个是总参某部前部长路德维希• 贝克将军。这些将
军和他们的共谋事者知道战争失败了。他们希望用一次大胆的行动来消灭希特
勒，换来和平，从而获得让德国民族还能继续存在下去的机会。
史陶芬伯格出身于德国一个最卓越的军 人世家，现在他正准备用他鼓鼓的文
件包里装着的炸弹去暗杀希特勒。他不仅是极具天赋的参谋，还是诗 人和音乐家。
现年37岁的他曾经非常帅气，直到去年他开着指挥车在突尼斯压到了美军的地
雷 。在这次爆炸中，史蒂芬伯格的左眼、右手和左手的两个手指都被炸掉了。
尽管这些伤残让他很难操控 这颗炸弹，但是他很有信心。他训练自己用左手
的三个手指操控方糖夹钳引爆炸弹。
这是一枚 英国制造的炸弹，和去年冯•泰斯库将军放在希特勒飞机上的那枚
一样。这种武器的独创性设计在于没有 嘀嗒的时钟声，在它爆炸之前，完全没有
一点声音。
它是这样爆炸的：首先，一个玻璃囊破碎 。然后，玻璃囊里面的腐蚀性酸液
流出，腐化一根细线。紧接着释放出的撞针会顶开雷管将其引爆。 < br>这根细线的粗度决定着引爆需要的时间。在1944年7月20日早上，史陶芬
伯格给他的炸弹安 装的是最可能细的线。当他用夹钳打碎玻璃囊后，这根细线会
在10分钟后溶化。然后炸弹就爆炸了。他 确定这将会是希特勒的末日。
1944年7月20日，接近中午，史陶芬伯格乘飞机抵达东普鲁士拉斯 登堡大
本营。与最高司令部陆军元帅凯特尔见面后，他借机离开了一会儿。在一个小屋
内，他快 速打开包儿，用夹钳打碎了炸弹的玻璃囊。
时间是中午12点32分。如果一切进展顺利，十分钟后，炸弹就会爆炸了。
地图室是一小间 实木装修的会议厅，当凯特尔带着史陶芬伯格进来时，希特
勒和将军们的中午军事会议已经开始了。军阀 希特勒就坐在长桌一侧的中心位
置，大概二十几个军官站在长桌的周围。史陶芬伯格来到希特勒坐得那一 侧距离
他几英尺的地方。他把包儿放在紧挨着桌子下一根结实的橡木柱子的里侧（朝向
希特勒） ，距希特勒的腿大概六英尺。他悄悄的溜出房间。
勃兰特不经意间做了一个决定命运的动作。他为了看 清地图靠近桌子时，史
陶芬伯格的包儿绊了他一下，于是他弯下腰把它移到了橡木柱子的外侧。这根厚< br>实的橡木柱子位于希特勒和公务包中间，挡住了爆炸的冲击。勃兰特无知的举动
救了希特勒一命。
时间一分一秒地过去了，但是公务包里没发出任何声音。
就在中午12点42分，炸弹爆炸了。
站在200码远的安全距离处，史陶芬伯格看着希特勒 的会议大厅上炸起的轰
轰火焰和烟雾。他后来说，这个大厅就好像被一枚155毫米炮弹直接击中。尸体
横飞出窗户。碎片残骸炸飞到空中。
史陶芬伯格毫不怀疑地认为，会议室的每个人要么死了， 要么快死了。他急
忙朝附近的营地出口跑去，假装有公务穿过士兵，急忙开车到了附近的机场，登
上飞机，迅速的赶往柏林。他认为，杀死了希特勒，他现在必须领导柏林军事起
义。
但是 史陶芬伯格并没有杀死希特勒。这个军阀受到严重的惊吓但是并没有
严重的受伤。这根橡木柱子救了他的 命。他的头发烧焦了，他的腿烧伤了，他的
右胳膊被击伤了，短期内瘫痪，爆炸的冲力刺破了耳膜，一块 塌下来的横梁砸伤
了他的后背。但是他还很有活力。
柏林和巴黎的起义都失败了，这使得希特 勒的报复变得更加容易。尽管由军

队里最优秀的军人经过长期严密的策划，但是这次起义 还是失败了，让人难以置
信。史陶芬伯格引爆炸弹，3个小时后回到柏林，做出了英雄的壮举占领首都，
宣称纳粹统治解体了。午夜时分，起义逐渐失败了。那天晚上深夜，史陶芬伯格
自己也被绑缚在 作战部的墙上，射击方队对他们进行了射杀。
成千上万的嫌疑犯，包括军人和市民，都被杀害了。制造 阴谋的幸存下来的
领导者在监狱受到了折磨，让他们坦白罪行。然后，所谓的人民法庭对他们进行
审判，宣判死刑。在许多情况下，受害人被从肉铺借来的挂肉钩做成的钢琴绳吊
起来慢慢地勒死。 < br>陆军元帅冯•维茨莱本就是这样被勒死了。同样，陆军元帅冯•克鲁格、隆美
尔和贝克将军设法通 过自杀躲过了希特勒的残忍报复。因为隆美尔过去对希特勒
的贡献，实际上他得到希特勒的特许，因背叛 而审判或自杀。他选择的是自杀。


（八）天赋、智力和种族
—— 特赖布硕士及其他人

尽管在见过或听过天赋时，我们大多数人都能辨识出，但是因为它是一个独
特的素质，所以很难量化 。相比之下，智力可能较容易量化，并且像天赋一样，
它具备受环境塑造的多基因的特征。但是，在这种 具体的情况下，我们想知道，
遗传和环境对智力的塑造之影响分别有多大，因为这一点具有重要的社会和 教育
的意义。
人类基因学家尝试分解由遗传或环境对相关特征影响的成分，他们开始研究< br>双胞胎。双胞胎有两种：（i）双受精卵双胞胎，他们除了年龄一样以外，与普通
的兄弟姐妹没什 么两样；（ii）单受精卵双胞胎，他们总是同性别，通常长得很像，
以至于很难分辨。双受精卵双胞胎 起源于有两个精子授精的分开的受精卵，这两
个授精时间极其接近。单受精卵双胞胎起源于同一个受精卵 ，在早期分裂时，形
成两个部分，所以每个部分分别形成一个独立的胚胎，他们在基因方面是完全相同的。
考虑到与人类实验相联系的种族的或其他方面的限制，科学家如何用单卵和
双卵 双胞胎去决定遗传和环境对人类表现型的作用呢？下面简要给出一些观点，
预测这种实验最可能的一些结 论。
单卵和双卵双胞胎的许多结构上的、生化或行为方式上的和表现类型等上的
特征都可以 量化。人们预期在单卵双胞胎的测量上，许多特征将会有较高的相似
度，因为只要他们在相似的环境中长 大，他们有着相同的基因类型。而双卵双胞
胎应该不会显出如此强的相似度，因为即使他们在相同的环境 中长成，他们有不
同的基因型。
为了衡量环境方面不同的影响，科学家们研究的是单卵双胞 胎中相同的特
征，他们在一出生便分开，然后在不同的社会环境，不同的家庭里面成长。
智 力具有数量特征，确有基因成分，但是我们不应该认为它只有一个表现维
度。因为个体基因类型差异很大 ，所以有从愚钝到聪明的线性标准衡量智力是极
为局限的。任何数量的基因组和都会使个体具有一些倾向 性，诸如音乐天赋、绘
画天赋、电脑程序设计天赋或者北极生存狩猎天赋等。这些能力的表达相互之间< br>也许有联系，也许没有。而且，相同的基因型在极不相同的环境下有极不相同的

表 现形式。
例如，智商测试分数会因为营养状况、疾病或感染、学历、社会地位、经济
状况等 方面而极具差异性——甚至监管考试的考官的肤色也会对得分产生很大
的影响！同样困难的是应用哪种智 力测试。是学习能力的吗？是学习效率的吗？
是测试最终可以习得的知识量吗？是与质疑的头脑和动机相 关吗？
结果，在给予一位英国大学生与一位澳大利亚土著居民的智力测试的比较得
出的是毫 无意义的结果，因为这个测试肯定不可能测量同样的行为。不仅仅是因
为这两位个体的基因属性和环境完 全不同，在某些具体的活动中，他们的获得成
就的动机也是非常不同的。
实际上，正如一些 讨论上述问题的文章所讲的，那些认为他们可以评估关于
种族之间基因和环境对智力影响的文章，从统计 学的角度讲，是幼稚的。
如果人类中，一些种族或社会群体被证明在智力上相对低级，那么这就开启
了一些隔离论者或是政治家制定法律或政策来压制甚至消灭人类中的这些种族
或群体的可能。
历史明确证明，当恶势力当权时，这个猜测是非常可能出现的。
你能明白为什么错误的科学结论会在政治上或社会上带来危险吗？

（九）为成功做好准备
假想一下，一架飞机在3万英尺的高度突然卷入一场大风暴，驾驶舱内的一
些测量仪器及其他 设备出现故障。如果飞行员在没有一些机械知识，仍然有不明
白的技术问题的情况下，愚蠢地摁各种按钮 ，随意地打开一些开关，那么结果注
定是送命。盲目地试错法在危急关头可不是好策略，在一些我们日常 面对的一些
关键的交流情形中（与同事、老板、雇员、朋友及陌生人等的交流），试错法也
是极 其无用的。
就像一个飞行员学习飞行的精细知识那样——从课堂上的理论知识到在飞
行模拟 器里的实际演练再到有师傅指导的许多小时实际飞行——现在，为了掌握
交流表现中的每一部分，你要学 习你需要掌握的一些方法。首要的是要学会去读
懂人，理解他们的想法和行动。
在我们与别 人的交互当中，如果没有对人性和构成人的行为的基础和动机有
最基本的了解，我们就像这位新飞行员一 样，因为没有适当的训练而卷入风暴。
我们注定会失败。
没有能力在至少最基本的水平上读 懂和理解人——预期他们的反应，共鸣他
们的情感，影响他们的行为——我们就一定会在探求构建关系上 挣扎，从而不能
够依赖我们的交际能力在我们职业和社会生活中成功。与他人有效的交流需要我
们首先对我们所交流的对象有所了解。这包括知道他们如何做决定，如何考虑生
活中的重大问题，以及他 们如何优先选择价值观。同等重要的是，如果不是更重
要，学习人们如何感受的，什么在情感上感动他们 ，以至于我们能够抓住与他们
交往的重点，加强与他们之间的关系。
这种理解水平需要我们 超越对他人的强有力的第一印象，它经常决定我们如
何感觉和理解他人的。第一印象是不可避免的，因为 我们禁不住对我们见过的人
即刻形成一连串的判断。这是正常的而且是有用的，因为为了梳理每天通过音 视
频的渠道、许多方面的数万的信息点，我们的大脑必须对他们分门别类，让它们
产生意义。这 些类别是由我们的认知过滤器决定的，像经验、态度、价值观、文

化、环境等等。比如， 我们的认知过滤器经常会保护我们分辨出那些不可信任之
人：那些穿着过多珠宝的说话很快的销售人员； 开着残破本田思域的成功教练或
者，经过深入调查查明的有破产记录的金融顾问。
但是不好 的第一印象也不见得是真实的。许多已经幸福结婚的伴侣说他们在
第一次见面时，不能容忍对方。我们经 常听到人们描述对彼此的第一印象，像这
样，“第一次见面时，他太傲慢了，以自我为中心，我不能容忍 ，”或“首先她的
生活花费高得让人难以置信，我没有办法接受她。”这些及其他的个人看法可以
终止本来可以建立的关系。幸运的是，这些人决定超越自己的第一印象，或者是
因为他们直觉感到对于 他人来说或许有更多的需要了解或者因为他们没有选择；
或许他们在一起工作，因此必须了解彼此。
我们对他人的感知力自从出生就开始了，在我们从肺部发力呼喊时，有人会
照顾我们的需求， 有关以下事情：姿势的不适，饥渴，或是疼痛、无聊。
随着我们长大，我们不断学习人类的行为和反 应，我们自己的行为和思考长
期地收到环境、父母、兄弟、学校、老师、朋友、媒体等等的影响。我们通 过观
察、倾听、反复实验、试验、经历和学术学习等提高自己的水平。能够读懂人，
也就是说能 够精确理解他们的非语言的线索和信息对于有效地交流是至关重要
的。这种能力使你能够改编信息至较好 地理解模式，能够在倾听时给予适合的反
馈，或者观察信息的信号满足它的目标。下面是几点建议：
1、寻找一贯性。一些人的交流与他们的价值观和信仰是一致的，而另一些
人表现出的是空泛 的态度和交流风格。前者比后者更容易被读懂。交流中的言行
不一致可能是在建立信任前需要考虑欺骗或 其他的因素。为了成为一名自信的演
讲者，你必须许在辨认欺骗信号能力方面有所提高。
2 、言行一致吗？我们通常通过遵守承诺来决定人们的可信度。自信的人知
道那些不履行义务的或者“总说 话”的那些人不是我们交流风格的反映，而他们
很可能是涉及我们控制不了的问题。看清或辨认出他们的 交流风格确实帮助我们
调整对他们的回馈和保护自己不被利用。
3、调频到“历史频道”。 人们在过去表现的是什么行为？了解关于他们你能
了解的，通过阅读人物传记，他们写过的文章，他们读 过书的学校，他们拥有的
位置，还有做出的重要决定。过去的行为是未来行为的很好的一个指南，对过去
的了解使得自信的讲话者恰当调整对其他人的交流风格。
4、看大图片。人们可能展现出的 是你感知其特定特征的一个方面。但是如
果你放大他的图片，你的理解或许随着你了解另一种情境而转变 。
5、保持你的认知频道的畅通。我们第一次见到某人，他们会传递特定的信
息给我们，不 管他们是不是有意的。我们很快就会给我们注意到的人贴上标签。
他们是富有、贫穷、严谨、拖沓、好的 听众、很容易走神、粗鲁、细心、高兴、
自负等等。重要的是我们保持让新的而且可能与之前会冲突的信 息进入。为了获
得尽可能完整的图片，我们不能因为我们已经做了决定、感觉我们已经了解他们
而拒绝额外的信息。人是复杂的，我们的认知过滤器通过的信号越多，我们的获
得的图片越大。通过有一 个开放的心胸，我们的认知最终会从第一印象有所转换。

（一）度假游培养地域感
Summer vacations
serve many purposes
, offering time for everything from simple
relaxation to sightseeing, adventure, and education.
暑假满足了人们 多种需求，让人们有时间去尝试各种活动，从简单的休闲放松到观光游
览，探索冒险，乃至教育学习。
For some vacationers, there's another rich possibility: a chance to
trace family roots
by
visiting – or revisiting – ancestral homes. Wandering through rooms that sheltered earlier
generations of relatives, descendants can feel new connections and
a
heightened
sense of
appreciation
for those who have gone before.
对于有些度假者来说，或许有另外一个有 意义的选择：利用这个机会寻根——探访或重
游祖祖辈辈生活过的家乡。踟躇于为早先几代亲人遮风挡雨 的祖宅中，后辈得以和早已逝去
的祖先产生共鸣，进而萌发出对祖先更为强烈的感激之情。
In our family, this kind of
sentimental journey involves heading to
Pine River, Wis.,
a tiny dot on the map 45 minutes northwest of Oshkosh. There, on a hill overlooking the main
street, stands an imposing white Colonial where my maternal great-grandparents, early settlers
here, raised four children and
carved out
fulfilling lives.
对于我们家族而言， 这种―深情之旅‖的目的地则是威斯康辛州的派恩里弗——地图上位
于奥什科什市西北部，距其45分钟 车程的一个小地方。在一座俯瞰着主街的山上，矗立着
一座显眼的殖民地时期风格的白色建筑。我的外曾 祖父母曾是早期移民，就是在这里养育了
四个儿女，并且用辛勤的劳动创造出美满的生活。
On a brilliant summer Saturday, as the current owners graciously lead us through the
seven- bedroom house, we try hard to memorize details.
This is the dining room where
the
extended family gathered for Thanksgiving and Christmas.
This is the library where
my
great-grandfather, an enthusiastic reader, kept his books.
This is the back room where
the
hired men slept after long days of planting or threshing on the family farm. And
this area off
the kitchen
is where my great-grandfather wrote in his diary and issued stern reminders to his
grandchildren – – as they ran in and out.
夏日的周六，阳光灿烂。当祖屋的现任主人彬彬有礼地带 领我们参观这座有七间卧室的
建筑时，我们力图记住每一个细节。这是餐厅，是全家团圆庆祝感恩节和圣 诞节的地方。这
是藏书室，是我那痴迷于读书的外曾祖父藏书的地方。这是佣人房，是雇工在家庭农场整 天
的种地或者打谷之后睡觉的地方。还有这里——紧挨着厨房的这片地儿——是外曾祖父在日
记 里曾经提到的地方。当孙子孙女们在这儿跑进跑出的时候，他厉声喝道：―不许摔门！‖
The décor has changed, of course, but these spaces still convey a sense of the past.
almost feel the people and their presence,
装潢变了，这是理所当然的，但祖屋 依旧散发着过去的味道。我们谢过主人，准备离开
的时候，表弟说道：―在这儿几乎可以感觉到祖祖辈辈 那些人，他们是真是存在的。‖
Up the road, past the Congregational church where our relatives worshiped, a small cemetery
tells other stories. Pausing to read gravestones
dating back to
the 1800s, their names and
inscriptions dulled by the elements, visitors can
feel awed
by this silent community of former
residents who played varying roles in shaping this town.
沿小路而上，穿过我们亲人做礼拜的公理会教堂，映入眼帘的 是一处小小的公墓，似乎
在述说着另外一些故事。我们驻足去看那些可以追溯到19世纪的墓碑，墓碑上 的名字和碑
文，久经风吹雨淋，已经模糊不清了。但拜访者们还是会对先人们的安息之所肃然起敬，这< /p>

些先人们曾经在小镇的发展中，扮演着不同的角色。
Sometimes such pilgrimages are
bittersweet.
One woman in New York describes her
sadness in discovering that a favorite cherry tree in her grandparents' former yard is gone, and that
her grandfather's carpentry shop in the basement has been turned into a studio apartment. A man
in New Jersey
laments the loss of
his grandfather's garden, now paved in concrete.
有时，这样的朝圣之旅是苦乐参半的。一位来自纽约的女士说，在看到外祖父之前 的院
子里自己最爱的那颗樱桃树不见了，而地下室里祖父的木匠店被人改成公寓房后，她不免黯
然神伤。一位新泽西的先生感叹，当祖父的花园变成混凝土地面时，他不禁怅然若失。
Neglect can also
take its toll
. My father and I once visited the beautifully maintained house
where he was born. But our
elation over
its pristine condition turned to sadness at our next stop,
the dairy farm that once belonged to his grandparents. The house and barns looked derelict, badly
in need of paint and repairs. Never again, we vowed, would we go back. Some
beloved
memories
are best left unchanged.
但是，看着老宅年久失修，破败不堪一样让人心痛难当。我和父亲曾经造访过自 家一所
保养极好的老宅，父亲就出生在那里。我们看着与记忆中别无二致的老宅欣喜不已，但是我
们最初的欣喜很快变成了失落。我们造访的下一站是一座曾经属于祖父的牧场。宅子和畜棚
看着已荒废 多日，亟需喷涂和维修。我们发誓再也不会回去了。因为对于有些珍贵的回忆，
最好的状态使永远被珍藏 ，不再去触碰。
Tracing family roots on paper, through documents, letters, and diaries, brings many rewards.
But actually walking in the footsteps of earlier generations adds a powerful new dimension – a
sense of place.
用文献、信件和日记等文字 资料追本溯源好处颇多。但是真正踏上先人们走过的小路，
会让你产生一种新的强烈的感觉---- 地域归属感。

L.P. Hartley. Those differences make a case for visiting the past.
英国小说家哈特利（y） 曾说：“往事犹若异乡；他们在那里做的事情都不一样。
这种种的不同就是造访过去的一个理由。
Several years ago Christine Louise Hohlbaum, an American living in Paunzhausen, Germany,
went with her father to Long Island, N.Y., to see a house once owned by her great-aunt. As they
walked the grounds, she says, she felt an
sense of history
.
convening with the essence of our family. This was a real live place where important events
happened.
数年前，克里斯蒂·路 易斯·霍尔鲍姆，一个生活在德国波因茨豪森的美国人，和她的
父亲回到纽约州长岛，想去看一看伯祖母 的老宅。当她走在那片土地上的时候，她说，她几
乎被那种强烈的历史沧桑感所淹没。“这就好像我慢慢 地领悟到了家族传承的精神一样。我
们家的祖先曾经在这里真真切切的生活过，这里发生过很多重要的故 事。”
As other vacationers
make pilgrimages to
their own long-ago live placesthis
summer, some might agree with Thomas Wolfe that you can't go home again, at least not
permanently. But you can go back for an hour, or even 15 minutes. And chances are good that
you'll feel the richer for it.
今年夏天，当另外一些度 假者选择前往他们的祖先在很久以前曾经真真切切生活过的地
方进行朝拜的时候，他们说不定会认同托马 斯·伍尔夫的观点：你不可能在回到过去那个家
了，至少你不能永远呆在那里。但是你可以回去一个小时 ，或者哪怕15分钟。而且，很可
能因为这次旅程，你对家族的情感会变得更为丰富。

（二）谢谢你，罗西
It wasn’t much — a few words and a tiny bouquet of lily of the valley. Yet it brought me
strange comfort in a trying time.
虽然那样微不足道
——
几句话和一小束铃兰，却在那段难熬的日子里带给 我莫名的安
慰。

It had been a long, long year —the last year of my son Adrian‘s brief life.
那一年，时间是那样漫长——那是我的儿子安德里安短暂人生的最后一年。
The journey up by train to London‘s Waterloo Station had become almost routine. Then the
25-minute walk across Waterloo Bridge and on to The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond
Street. The walk to the hospital was not without enjoyment, for I was eager to see my son again
and
buoyed up
by the somehow indestructible hope that today, by some miracle, he would be
recovering.
乘火车到伦敦的滑铁卢车站几乎已经成了家常便饭。（下车后）步行 二十五分钟，穿过
滑铁卢大桥，就来到了位于大欧蒙德街的儿童医院。去医院的路上并非那么沉重，因为 我渴
望再见到我儿子，而且冥冥之中我怀着一线希望，也许在今天，他的病情会奇迹般地好转。
But the return to the railway station in the evening was devastating. Once again, no miracle.
Some evenings it became, as the French say, insupportable.
但每当夜幕降临我返回车站的时候, 我绝望至极：奇迹还是没有出 现。正如法国人说的
那样，这样的夜晚已经变得让我难以忍受了。（这样的夜晚，我已经撑不下去了。）
After putting my little son to bed in the ward, hearing his prayers and holding him in my
arms while he fell asleep, I usually had plenty of time to make my way to the station. I frequently
paused on the bridge spanning the River Thames to watch the broad river flowing along on its
never-ending journey to the sea.
病房里，我把我的小儿子抱上床，聆听他的祷告，直到他在我怀里睡着。之后，我往
往都有充足 的时间返回车站。我常常会在横跨泰晤士河的大桥上驻足，凝视着那宽阔的河流
―奔流到海不复回‖。
One evening I
gazed,
hypnotized almost,
into
the black, oily water and was not
immediately aware that a woman had joined me. I looked up and saw her; she was standing quite
close. I had seen her before in the shadows on the opposite side of the street and had recognized,
without giving the matter much thought
, that she was, almost certainly, of the sisterhood
euphemistically referred to as ―ladies of the evening ‖.
一天晚上，我神情恍惚地盯着黑油油的河水， 并没有注意到身边多了一位女士。我抬
头看着她，她贴身站在我旁边。我曾在街对面的黑暗处见过她。没 怎么多想，我就认出了她：
说好听点，她应该就是所谓―夜女郎‖的那类女人。
―Evenin ‘, Guv‘or,‖she said.
―Good evening, ‖I replied, a little discomfited by her presence and unsure of her intentions.
She looked away from me and gazed into the Thames.―You been to the Children‘s, ‖she said.
It was a statement rather than a question.
―晚上好，先生。‖她说话了。
―晚上好。‖我答道。她出现在这儿让我有点局促不安，而且我不知道她来干什么。
她转眼不 看我，而是盯着泰晤士河。―你去儿童医院了。‖她说。她是在告诉我一件事儿，
而不是问我一个问题。
―Yes, I have, ‖I told her, a bit
bewildered by
her interest. ―My little son is a patient here. ‖
―Bad, ain‘t he? ‖she said.

―Yes, I‘m afraid he is, ‖ I replied. And again, as much to myself as to her, ―I‘m very much
afraid he is. ‖
―是啊，我去了。‖我告 诉了她，但是不知道她什么这么问。―我的小儿子是那儿的病人。
（在那儿住院）‖
―病得很重，对吧？‖她问。
―嗯，我觉得是。‖我答道。然后我更向对自己说道，―是真的很严重。‖
She
reached out
and touched my arm. I could see tears in her eyes.―I‘m sorry, Guv,‖she
said softly. Then she withdrew her hand quickly, turned and walked away. I thought about the
encounter all the way home and felt strangely heartened by it.
她把手伸过来摸着我的胳膊，我看到了她眼里的泪水。―我很抱歉，先生。‖她轻声说道。随后她迅速抽回了手，转身离去。回家的路上，我一直想着与她的这次相遇，心里有一种莫
名的感动 。
For the next few months, I regularly
made my way to
and from the hospital, my emotions
alternating
wildly
between
unreasoning hope
and
complete despair. Often she would join me
on the bridge.
接下来的几个月，我照例往返于医院。我的情绪起伏不定，时而信心十足，时 而心灰
意冷。而她常常在大桥上陪着我。
―‘Ow is ‘e, then?‖she would enquire.
―Anything different?‘E‘s in Mr. Punch ward,ain‘t ‘e? ‖
―He is,‖ I agreed, wondering how she knew. ―There‘s no change. ‖
―他怎么样了？‖她经常问我。―好点儿了么？他是在庞奇先生的病房吧？‖
―是啊，‖我回答道，奇怪她怎么会知道。―还是老样子。‖
She never asked my name but invited me to call her Rosie.―That ‘s what me friends call me.‖
―My son‘s name is Adrian, Rosie, ‖I told her. ―He‘s quite blond with grey eyes, and he ‘s
almost four years old. ‖
She nodded and said nothing.
她从来不问我的名字，但让我叫她罗西。―我朋友都这么叫我。‖
―我儿子叫安德里安，罗西。‖我告诉他，―他一头金发，眼睛是灰色的，快四岁了。‖
她点了点头，什么也没说。
I came to rely on these encounters to
a remarkable degree
and one evening gave her a
small picture of Adrian, a duplicate of one I carried in my wallet. I wrote on the back of it: ―Thank
you, Rosie. ‖She looked at it for a long moment before wrapping it in her handkerchief and
putting it carefully in her handbag.
我渐渐很盼望与她相见。一天晚上，我给了她一小张安德里安的照片 ，和我钱包里的那
张是一样的。我在照片背面写道：―谢谢你，罗西。‖她看了好一会儿，然后用手绢包 起来，
小心地放到手提包里。
Then, finally, the telephone call came from the hospital: ―I think you had better come at
once.‖
最终，医院还是打来了电话：―我觉得您最好马上过来。‖
He looked so small lying there, his grey eyes
fixed earnestly on
mine. I
le
ane
d over
and
wiped the perspiration from his forehead.
儿子躺在病床上，看上去小得可怜，灰色的大眼睛热切地望着我。我俯下身，擦去 他额
头上的汗珠。
―Daddy, why are you crying? Daddy, I ‘m frightened. Oh, Daddy, is it going to be all right?‖

―Yes, darling, Daddy ‘s here. It ‘s going to be all right. ‖
―爸爸，你为什么哭呀？爸爸，我害怕。爸爸，我会没事的，对吧？‖
―是的亲爱的，爸爸在这儿，你会没事儿的。‖
The tiny hand clasped in mine relaxed its grip.
握在我手里的那只小手慢慢地松开了。
When it was over, the two compassionate nurses put their arms round my shoulders and led
me away. I went out into the London streets —and it was night.
事情料理完了，两名好心的 护士小姐扶着我的肩膀把我领了出来。我出了医院，走在伦
敦的大街上——夜已深了。
The following evening, after taking care of necessary business at the hospital, I stopped on
the bridge and
leaned over
the railings, gazing,unseeing, into the water, trying to
get a grip
on myself.
When I turned, Rosie was standing beside me. She touched me gently on the arm,
just as she had the first time we met. 第二天晚上，办完医院的有关手续之后，我又来到了滑铁卢大桥。我倚着栏杆，茫然地
看着河面，试 图将自己的思绪集中起来。当我转过身的时候，发现罗西就站在我的身边。她
轻轻地碰了碰我的胳膊，就 像我们初次相见时那样。
―‘Ere, ‖she said, proffering me something wrapped in tissue paper. ―They‘re for ‘im. You‘ll
put ‘em on ‘is grave for me, won ‘t you? ‖Thrusting a tiny bouquet of lily of the valley into my
hand, she made a sort of choking sound, turned and ran.
―给你，‖ 说着，她递给我一个 薄纸包着的东西。―这是给他的。替我把这个放到他墓上，
好吗？‖她把一小束铃兰猛地塞到我手里，抽 泣着转身跑开。
A mass of wreaths covered the grave. In the center of the profusion of floral tributes the tiny
bunch of lily of the valley
contrasted sharply with
the vivid roses, daffodils, tulips and
anemones that surrounded it.
儿子的墓地放满了花环。在人们送的那些鲜艳的玫瑰花、水仙花、郁金香和银莲花之中，
那一小束铃兰格外醒目。
I timed my return from my final visits to the hospital vicinity so that I would pass by
Waterloo Bridge rather late in the evening. I wanted to tell Rosie that I had delivered her
I saw nothing of her. I could not imagine what had happened to her.
最后几次去医院 的时候，我计算好了返回的时间，以便晚上晚些时候正好路过滑铁卢大
桥。我想告诉罗西，我已经把她的 花放在了我儿子的墓地上。但我始终没见到她，实在想不
出她出了什么事。
Summoning up my courage
, I made my way to the nearest police station, not many
blocks distant. With the unfailing courtesy and genuine helpfulness of the British policeman, an
officer listened to my story of looking for a friend. He eyed me a bit quizzically.
我鼓足勇气向离得 最近的警察局走去，好在路程不远，只隔几个街区。英国警察总是彬
彬有礼，乐于助人。那名警官听着我 要找朋友的故事，满脸狐疑地看着我。
―Yes, sir, I am almost sure I know to whom you refer, ‖he assured me,―She was regularly in
the vicinity of Waterloo Bridge. Her regular ‗beat ‘, you might say. Her name was Rosie, wasn‘t
it? ‖
―是的，先生，我几乎可以肯定你说的是谁，‖他 向我保证说，―她总是在大桥一带活动。
可以说这是她经常‗巡逻‘的路线。她叫罗西，是吧？‖
―Yes, yes,‖I said.―That ‘s the person I‘m looking for.‖
―对，对，‖我说，―她就是我要找的人。‖

―I‘m sorry, sir, ‖he told me quietly. ―The person
in question
is dead. We found her in the
street several nights ago. Apparently
a heart attack.
‖
―很抱歉，先生，‖ 他轻声说(平静地告诉我说)。―你要找的这个人已经死了。几天前的一
个晚上，我们在街上发现了她。 显然是心脏病突发。‖
―Did she have any relatives, any family? ‖I asked.
―她有亲戚么，或者家人？‖我问道。
―No, sir, I‘m sorry,‖the policeman said. ―We
went through
her handbag, but there was no
identification of any kind. Cosmetics, matches, cigarettes, handkerchief, a couple of pictures. That
was all.‖
―没有，先生，很抱歉。‖警察说。― 我们检查了她的手提包，没有任何证件。只有一些
化妆品，火柴，香烟，手绢和几张照片。‖
―Do you still have her handbag?‖I asked.―Would it be possible for me to see it —to look into
it? ‖
―她的包还在这儿吗？‖我问。―可否让我看上一眼——看看里边的东西？‖
The officer hesitated.―Well, sir,
that’s rather an unusual request
. ‖
警官有些犹豫。―先生，你的要求太过分了。‖
―Look, constable, ‖I continued, taking out my wallet and withdrawing the picture of my son
from it. ―This is my son. If the person you found is really the one I am looking for, there will be an
identical picture in her handbag.‖
―您看，警官，‖我一边说，一边拿出钱包，从 里面取出我儿子的照片。―这是我的儿子。
如果你们发现的人的确是我要找的人的话，那么她的包里一定 有一张和这一模一样的照片。‖
―Just a moment, sir, ‖the officer said and retreated to an inner office. Within minutes here
turned, carrying a brown handbag with a large card attached, evidently a listing of the contents. He
looked a little excited.
―稍等，先生，‖说着，警官走进了里间的办公室。几分钟之后，他出来了，手里拿 着一
个褐色手提包，上面还附着一张大卡片，显然是包里的遗物清单。他看上去有点儿激动。
―Yes, sir,‖he assured me, running his finger down the list on the card. ―There are two
snapshots here.‖
随着手指在清单上迅速划过，他肯定地对我说：―对，先生，包里的确有两张照片。‖
He opened the handbag and passed me two photographs. One was a replica of the picture I
held in my hand. I
turned it over
and read in my own handwriting:―Thank you, Rosie.‖The
other picture was of a small, dark-haired girl.
他打开手提包，递给我两张照片，一张和我手里拿着的照片一模一样。翻到背面，上面有我的笔迹：―谢谢你，罗西。‖另一张是一个黑头发的小女孩。
I had one more place to go. The following day I took the train to London and made my way
to the children ‘s hospital. I recalled Rosie mentioning that she had a friend ―Ben‖, who was a
porter at the hospital. I enquired at the porters‘lodge. A middle —aged man with a kindly face
came forward.
我还要去一个地方。第二天，我又乘火车来到伦敦儿童医院。记得罗西以前曾提起过 ，
她有一个叫―本‖的朋友，是儿童医院的看门人。我到门房去打听，一位和蔼的中年人走了过
来。
―Yes, indeed, ‖he assured me.―I knew Rosie. She used to call by regularly, you know, and
enquire about your boy. I used to get a report for her from the ward about him.‖
―对，确实是。‖他肯定得 说。―我认识罗西。她过去常来医院，来打听你儿子的病情。

我经常帮她向病房了解你儿 子的病情呢。‖
―她并不是一直干你碰到她时干的那事儿，‖他接着说道，―她以前是一名女招待。失 去
女儿之后，她才开始干这一行。她的女儿就是在这家医院死的，当时才6岁。大概一年前，
那 是我第一次见到罗西，她经常来医院看望吉达，那女孩的名字叫吉达。吉达死了以后，她
再也没去做过女 招待。
―She wasn ‘t always in the line of business she was in when you met her, you know, ‖Ben
continued.―She used to be a waitress. It was after she lost her girl she went on the street. The little
girl died in here, you know, six years old. It was about a year ago. That ‘s when I first met
Rosie—she used to come here and visit Berda. That was the child ‘s name. after the little one died,
Rosie never went back to the waitress job.‖
―本，你能告诉我罗西葬在哪儿吗？‖
―Ben, can you tell me where Rosie is buried?‖
―不，先生，我不知道。但是我可以告诉你她女儿葬在哪儿。罗西以前每周日下午都会
去那儿， 带一束鲜花，再拔拔坟墓四周的杂草。我和她去过一两次。‖
―No, Guv, I can‘t. But I can tell you where the child lies. Rosie used to go there every Sunday
afternoon and cut the grass and take flowers. I went with her a time of two.‖
我跪在那座小小的墓堆边。坟墓四周已经杂草丛生，又高又细。因为没带 剪刀，我只好
用手拔掉杂草。随后，我来到墓地一角的水管边，将蓝色花瓶灌满了水，重新放在墓前。
I knelt beside the tiny mound. Lacking shears, I tried to pull the longest grass, growing lank
and weedy now, with my hands. I filled the blue vase with water from the tap in the corner of the
cemetery and replaced it on the grave.
我打开包装纸，将带来的一束铃兰插进花瓶，然后将包装纸塞进雨衣口袋，站起身来，
匆匆离去。
Unwrapping the tissue paper from the small bouquet I carried, I placed the lily of the valley
in the vase, thrust the paper in the pocket of my raincoat, rose from my knees and walked rapidly
away.
（三）能源意识 利在未来
The world is
running out of
oil, and energy experts believe that there could be serious
shortages in ten years’ time. Not only is each individual using more oil than ever before, as the
standard of living in industrialized countries rises, but the
population explosion
means that
each year many more people will be using oil
in some form or other.
Until recently we
took
oil
for granted
: it seemed it would never stop flowing. It was so cheap and plentiful that the
whole world came to depend on it. Governments neglected other sources of energy: electricity
was generated from oil and power stations were fired by it. It found its way into many of the
products of light industry. Many people are surprised when they learn how many items in their
homes contain oil.
世界上的石油将消 耗殆尽，能源专家认为不出十年就会出现严重的石油匮乏。随着工业
化国家生活水平的提高，不仅每个人 都要比任何时候消费更多的石油，而且人口爆炸意味着
每年都会有更多的人以各种方式消费石油。直到最 近，人们还在认为石油是“天赐良缘”：它
似乎是取之不尽、用之不竭的，它的价格低廉，储量丰富，以 至全世界都在依赖它。各国政
府普遍忽视了其他能源的开发：发电也用石油，因为发电站以它作原料。许 多轻工业产品也
都倚重石油做原料。当许多人发现他们家中有那么多物品与石油有不解之缘时，都不胜惊 讶。
The increase in the price of oil has
brought
the world
to its senses.
Governments are
searching for a suitable alternative, but so far
in vain
. They are considering how they can make

better use of the two other major fuels, coal and natural gas, but they have found that neither
can take the place of oil in their economies. In recent years there has been
a growing concern

for the environment and coal is not a popular fuel with environmentalists. Coal mines are ugly,
and their development has a serious effect on animal and plant life; coal itself is a
heavy
pollutant
. Natural gas, the purest of the three fuels, is also the most limited in supply. < br>石油价格的上涨给世界注入了能源意识。各国政府都在寻找合适的代用品，不过迄今为
止徒劳无获 。他们正在考虑更充分地利用其他两种燃料：煤和天然气。但是，他们发现无论
哪一种能代替石油在经济 发展中的作用。近年来，人们的环境意识日益增强，煤作为燃料不
受环境保护者欢迎。煤矿破坏自然生态 ，煤矿的开采严重危及动植物的生存，煤本身也是严
重的污染物。天然气是这三种燃料中最纯净的，可是 可供应量也是最有限的。
The answer would seem to
lie in
nuclear power stations. They need very little fuel to
produce enormous amount of power and they do not pollute the atmosphere. Their dangers,
however, are so great and the cost of building them is so high that some governments are
unwilling to
invest in
them. Not only could one accident in a single nuclear power station
spread as much radioactivity as a thousand Hiroshima atom bombs, but the radioactive waste
from these stations is extremely dangerous—for one hundred thousand years. So is there no
possible alternative to nuclear power?
想解决这个问题，看来要寄希望于核电站了。核电站只需消耗极少的燃 料就能产生巨大
的能量，并且不会对大气造成污染。然而，核电站的危险性很大，造价甚高，所以一些政 府
不愿为此投资。一座核电站的一次事故，不但造成放射性物质泄漏，危害程度相当于1000
颗投于广岛的原子弹，而且核电站产生的放射性废物也极其危险——其危险性要持续10万年
之久。那么 ，就没有什么东西可能代替核能吗？
Well, there are several, but none of them
seems likely to satisfy
future world energy
demands
. Scientists have recently turned their attention to natural sources of energy: the sun,
the sea, the wind and hot springs. Of these the sun seems the most promising source for the
future. Houses have already been built which are heated entirely by solar energy. However, solar
energy can only be collected during daylight hours, and in countries where the weather is
unreliable, an alternative heating system has to be included.
倒是有几种能源可供选择，但看起来都不可能满足未来世界对能量的需求。科学家们近
年来已将注意力 转向自然能源：太阳、海洋、风和温泉，其中太阳能似乎是未来最有发展前
途的能源。人们已建成了完全 由太阳能供热的房屋。可是，太阳能只能在白天采集，而且天
气变幻无常的国家，这种房子还必须配置一 套备用供热系统。
Experiments are being carried out at the University of Arizona on ways of storing energy on
a large scale. To satisfy a large part of the energy needs of a country like America, huge power
stations covering 5,000 square miles would have to be built and one wonders whether this would
be acceptable to environmentalists. While experiments in generating energy from the sea and
the wind are interesting, neither can be considered an obvious solution to a future energy crisis;
the first because a lot of energy is needed to generate from the sea, and the second because the
amount of energy generated from wind would satisfy only a small percentage of a nation’s
needs.
亚利桑那 大学正在进行试验，探求大规模储存太阳能的方法。研究表明，必须建造占地
面积达5000平方英里的 巨型太阳能发电站，方能满足像美国这样一个国家的大部分能量需
求，而且人们对环境保护主义者能否接 受这样的计划尚存疑虑。虽然开发海洋能量和风能的
实验令人感兴趣，但是可以认为，两者在解决未来能 源危机方面均不会取得显著的效果。前

者是因为海洋能源开发本身就需要消耗大量的能量 ，后者是因为风能开发量只能满足全国需
求的很小部分。
Another source of energy which could be more widely used is that generated by water or
steam from under the earth (geothermal energy as it is called). This form of energy is already
being used in New Zealand, Iceland, and very successfully in Italy, where it in fact generates a
quarter of the nation’s electricity.
还有一种可能会获得更广泛应用的能源，是由开采地下 热水或水蒸气得到的（称之为地
热能）。这种形式的能量已经在新西兰、冰岛、（前）苏联和意大利开发 利用。在意大利尤
为成功，地热发电量已占意大利总发电量的四分之一。
Many scientists are optimistic that new ways of generating large amounts of energy will be
successfully developed, but at the same time they fear the consequences. If the world population
goes on increasing at its present rate, and each individual continues to use more energy every
year, we may, in fifty years’ time, be
burning up
so much energy that we would damage the
earth’s atmosphere. By raising the temperature of the atmosphere, we could melt the Arctic and
Antarctic ice-caps and change the pattern of vegetable and animal life throughout the world—a
frightening possibility.
许多科学家对未来一定会成功地研究出开发大量能源的新方法持乐观态度， 但同时也对
其后果忧心忡忡。如果世界人口以目前的速度持续增长，而且人均能源消耗逐年增加的话，< br>50年之内，我们烧掉的燃料排放的气体就足以破坏地球大气层。人为造成的大气温度升高，
可能 会引起南北极的冰盖融化，致使全球动植物的生存模式改变——后果不堪设想。
These dangers will have to be
kept in mind
as scientists continue with their experiments.
In the meantime, we can all help to protect the environment by not wasting energy. This means
driving more carefully (if you have to use a car—it’s healthier and cheaper to ride a bike) and
turning off unnecessary lighting and heating in the home. In these small ways we can all help to
make the world a cleaner, healthier place for future generations.
科学家们今后继续他们的实验时，必须将这些危险 牢记在心。与此同时，我们也都能通
过节约能源，为保护环境做贡献。这就意味着少开汽车（如果你不得 不用汽车的话——骑自
行车更有利健康，也更省钱），关掉家中不必要的照明和供热装置。从这些点滴小 事做起，
我们就能尽自己的一份力，为子孙后代创造一个更加清洁，更加健康的生存环境。
（四）女人想让男人知道的事情

Men often ask the question, ―What do women want?‖ A wise person once answered, ―If you
want to know what women want, ask them ... one
at a time
.‖
男人们 总是问这个问题：―女人到底想要什么？‖一位智者曾经回答过，―如果你想要知
道女人想要什么，去问 她们，一次一个的问。‖
Since that‘s an impossible task for any man, I asked several single ladies to share what men
really don‘t know about them and what they look for in a date. Guys, you might find their answers
surprisingly myth-busting
in some instances
, while others might validate what you already
believe. Either way, hopefully these insights track on understanding women better and improving
your dating skills:
鉴于这个任务对所有男人都难以完成，我请几位单身女士同我分享了她们的看法——即
男人真正 不懂的地方以及女人在约会中想要什么。男士们，你们可能会发现她们的一些答案
会出人意料地犹如解密 ；然而有些答案也会验证你之前的一些看法。不管怎样，希望这些见
解能助你更好地了解女人并提高你的 约会技能。

1. You risk it all if you wait forever to reach out to a woman who interests you.
―Supposedly, men and women are on different timelines
when it comes to making
contact,‖says Mary L.,38, a resident of Washington state. ―Guys take their own sweet time to call
us for a date and follow up afterward. But the older we get, the less tolerant we are of the waiting
game. Guys, wait too long to get in touch —or be inconsistent in how often you‘re in contact with
us —and we will lose interest. Patience has less of a shelf life than you realize.‖
1. 你太失算了，如果你等太久再去追求对你感兴趣的女人。
一位华 府的38岁女士玛丽说―据说，在相互沟通上，男人和女人处在不同的时间线上。
男人在适合自己的时间 来电话跟我们约会，之后继续如此。但是我们年纪越大，我们就越不
能忍受这种等待游戏。男人们，如果 等待太久才跟我们联系，或是对我们忽冷忽热，我们便
会失去兴趣。我们的耐心的有效期远比你们想象的 还要少。

2. Not all women who date are looking for a serious relationship.
―Guys think we‘re all on the same ‗dating for a relationship‘ track. But sometimes, we just
want to date casually,‖ says Los Angeles native Marcie R., 29. ―We‘re just happier being upfront
about it. Guys seem to have a harder time admitting that‘s what they want right now. That leads to
hot and cold behavior, which women hate.‖ Not looking to get serious? Send those signals out
from day one.
Don‘t start seeing a woman and then back-pedal like crazy when things get heavy. It‘s much
better to find a girl who‘s OK with casual dating, too.
2. 不是所有约会中的女人都是寻求长久稳定恋情。
男人们总是觉得女人在都是一路的， 即―为长期稳定恋情而约会‖，一位洛杉矶的29岁
本地居民玛希说，―但是有时候我们只是想单纯的（ 简单的）约一下会。‖―我们只是更开心
能够坦白对待这一点，但是男人们却更不愿去承认他们现在只想 这种随便的恋情。于是就导
致了各种忽冷忽热的行为遭到女人厌恶。‖
你不想寻求长期稳定 的恋情？请你第一天就给出这个信号。不要开始同一个女人出来，
然后在大家开始有点认真时又疯狂的背 弃自己之前的所作所为。你最好就去找一个对谈一场
随随便便的恋爱也没有意见的女人。

3. You’d be surprised about what women find to be genuinely sexy in a man.
Guys, do you think you‘re dazzling women with your bravado, squeaky-clean look and
manly stubbornness? Well, maybe. But guess what? Women think that a man dressed in a plain
t-shirt and a pair of hot jeans is truly sexy, so avoid anything too trendy, loose or ill-fitting —the
classics are fine. Women love it when you ask for their advice. (OK, except when it comes to
directions... that‘s why you have a GPS in the car. At least one of you needs to know where you‘re
going on dates, right? And according to a recent Daily Mail survey, 93 percent of respondents said
that if you are fixing, building, making, or cooking something specifically for a woman, the
chance that you‘ll get lucky just went up exponentially.
3. 你会惊讶于女人怎样看待男人身上真正的性感。
男同胞们，你们觉得你在用 什么表现魅力？你虚张声势的勇气？你毫无瑕疵的外表？还
是你们的大男子主义？也许吧，但是知道么， 女人觉得男人穿着一件普通T恤以及一条紧
身裤就是真正的性感。所以请避免穿着得过于时尚，宽松或是 不搭——经典的就刚刚好。女
人会喜欢你问她意见（好吧，除了有关方向这个问题……这就是为什么你车 上有导航仪。你

们之中至少有一个需要知道你们约会时要去哪对吧？）而且根据每日邮报 的调查，93％的回
复者称如果你为女人修东西，做东西，或是特意为她做一点吃的，你约会中走运的机 会将会
呈几何级数增长。

a cheapskate is a deal -breaker for women.
There‘s plenty of debate about who should pay for a date. Some people think that men should
always
pick up the tab,
while others opt for a more practical ―let‘s take turns‖ approach.
Regardless of who pays, a man who comes off as being cheap is persona non grata in a woman‘s
world.―Cheapness is the kiss of death for me,‖says Linda W.,37, from Virginia. Focusing on how
much the date costs, handing coupons to a waiter or refusing to tip service people adequately can
make a bad impression on anyone and will usually nix your chances for a second date.
4. 太小气，被抛弃。
关于约会中谁应该付钱这个问题一直就有很 多争议。一些人认为买单的应该永远是男
士。但是一部分人也奉行比较实用些的―轮流结帐‖的方法。不 管谁付款，在女人的世界里，
表现的很小气的男人是非常讨厌的。―抠门对我来说就是‗死亡之吻‘‖， 来自弗吉尼亚的37
岁的琳达如是说，太过关注约会的花销，向服务生递优惠券或是拒绝给小费足以给任 何人留
下坏印象并使得你第二次约会机会渺茫。

struggle to make a connection while remaining independent,too.
First dates can be like visiting
an amusement park
; at first, you‘re thrilled with the flashy,
colored lights and the sense of anticipation. As things progress, you find yourself alternating
emotionally between rip- roaring excitement and the onset of dating burnout. You might feel
a
pressing need
to just
chill out
at home and get
a sense of normalcy
by going through your
regular, single-life routine. So, men, relax and realize that you‘re not alone —women ride the
same emotional rollercoaster that goes along with dating someone new. Like you, they
vacillate
between
wanting to be in a relationship
and
craving independence, especially as they age.
Finding the right balance is the key to satisfying these needs, regardless of who you are. Nobody
healthy and sane wants to be defined by his or her relationship, and these days, women are more
independent than ever before.
5. 女人在努力建立关系的同时，也需要保持独立。
第一次约会就像去游乐场，首先，你会对华丽多彩的灯 光以及自己热切的期望激动不已。
慢慢地，你会发现自己的情绪不断切换，一会儿是喧闹兴奋，一会儿又 开始出现约会疲劳。
你可能会觉得迫切需要回家冷静一下，通过常规单身生活获得情绪常态化。所以， 男同胞们，
不要紧张，你们并不孤单，女人们在刚开始和某人约会时，也会坐上这座―情绪过山车‖。和
你一样，她们也在徘徊不定，尤其是随着年龄的增长，既想开始一段恋情，又想寻求独立。
不 管你是谁，找到正确的平衡点是能保证你满足这些需求的关键。没有任何一个健康理智的
男人或是女人想 被自己的感情关系束缚住，而且当下，女性比以往任何时候都更加独立自主。

call it “women’s intuition” because they are adept at reading nonverbal cues if
something feels “off” with a date.
Women have great instincts. Yes, this is a stereotype, but stereotypes often
contain a grain
of truth
. So, men, it‘s better not to lie or become emotionally distant when she questions you
about things like dating each other exclusively or what you did last weekend. Chances are she‘ll
know something is amiss, even if you think you‘re
sparing her feelings
by lying. Even if you

fool her once, you‘ll have to keep your story straight, which isn‘t always easy to do. And once a
woman thinks she can‘t trust you, it‘s the kiss of dating death.
6, 人们称之为―女人的直觉‖，因为如果在约会中感觉―不对劲‖，她们擅长读取一些非口
头的线索。 < br>女人有很强的直觉。当然，这是陈词滥调，但是陈词滥调通常包含着些许真理。所以，
男人们，当 她在问及关于是否和其他什么人约会了或是在上周末做了什么时，你最好不要撒
谎或是在情感上变的疏远 。（因为）很可能她就会发现事情不对劲，即使是你为了照顾她的
感受而撒谎。如果你骗了她一次，你就 不得不一直编故事，这通常是很难做到的。而且一旦
女人觉得不能再相信你了，这也就是―死亡之吻‖了 。

woman wants to be your mother(or a carbon copy of her own).
Women and men alike have grown up hearing that, in the words of the famous Al Jolson song,
a guy wants a―gal just like the gal that married dear old Dad.‖ But smart single women, as much
as they may adore their own mothers (and will grow to love yours, too!) are not looking to be
anyone ‘s mommy when it comes to dates. They know the difference between a man who lovingly
respects his own mother and one who requires around-the-clock babysitting, emotionally or
otherwise. Parenting another adult implies major control issues, no matter who is doing it —plus
it ‘s just plain creepy.
7. 没有女士想成你的母亲（或者她的复制品）。
女人和男人一样，都是听着艾尔•乔逊的 歌长大的，这位著名歌手在歌中唱道，一个男
人想要一个―很像他妈妈的姑娘‖。尽管这些聪明的单身女 性爱自己的母亲（当然也会越来越
爱你的母亲），但是她们在约会时不想扮演任何人的母亲。 她们能区 分的出男人是尊敬爱戴
自己的母亲还是需要全天24小时的保姆式服务，不管是情感上还是其它方面。像 父母般的
去照顾另一个成年人意味着很严重的控制力的问题，不管是谁在照顾谁—— 而且这样做本
身就很诡异。

’s the little things that matter when it comes to impressing a woman.
If you want a woman to feel like she‘s special, really pay attention to her; notice the small
things, however unremarkable. Women will grow more attracted to you if they realize you are
genuinely interested in who they are as individuals and the things that matter to them, no matter
how trivial. Remembering something minor about her appearance, interests, lifestyle or behavior
— whether it‘s her favorite flower, preferred drink or what color dress she was wearing on your
first date —all add up to win you big points in the game of love.
8．当你想打动女人时，细节很重要。
如果你想让她是特别的，真正花心思在她身上；注意那些尽管不起眼的小东西或小事情。
如果 女人发现你是真正的对她这个人以及对与她相关的不论多么琐碎的事情感兴趣，她会越
来越离不开你。 记得有关她的小事，比方说有关于她的穿衣打扮、兴趣爱好、生活方式或
是行为举止——即便是她最喜欢 的花，爱喝的饮料，或是第一次约会时穿的裙子的颜色——
这些都会帮你在爱情这场游戏中加分。

9. Women are slower to end relationships than men, even short-term ones.
―If a new relationship isn‘t working out, we‘re less likely to dump you without
warning, ‖says 28-year-old Trish C. from Virginia.―When men do that and run off, we
think less
of them
. Even from a short-term relationship, we extricate ourselves slowly to make sure we‘re

respectful, ready and not making a mistake. But the signs that we ‘re planning to leave are usually
there if you pay attention. ‖So, guys, if your gut tells you that things aren‘t working out, you‘re
probably right. If you decide to end things first, though, give her the same courtesy she‘d give you
by
telling her in person
and avoid the vanishing act. You might think you ‘re being kind by
sparing her the dreaded breakup discussion, but in reality, she ‘d rather hear the truth.
9. 女人比男人结束关系更慢，即使是短期关系。
―如果一段新的恋情没 有建立成功，我们很少会在毫无信号的情况下跟你分手，‖来自弗
吉尼亚的29岁的翠西说。―当男人们 那样做并跑开时，我们会看不起他们。 即使是结束一
段短期的恋情，我们也会慢慢的抽身而退以确保我 们是表示尊重，做好准备并不会犯错误。
但是如果你注意的话，就会发现我们想离开的一些迹象。‖所以 ，男人们，如果你的直觉告
诉你事情没有结果，你十有八九是对的。然后如果你决定先来了结这些，请对 她礼貌一些，
就像她会对待你一样礼貌，去当面告诉她而不是直接消失。你可能觉得你是出于好意为了避
免一场可怕的分手之争，但事实是，她宁愿亲耳听到真话。
（五）―叛逆女儿‖引领哈佛
Recalling her coming of age as the only girl in a privileged, tradition-bound family in
Virginia horse country, Drew Gilpin Faust, 59, has often spoken of her ―continued
confrontations” with her mother ―about the requirements of what she usually called femininity‖.
Her mother, Catharine, she has said, told her repeatedly, ―It ‘s a man‘s world, sweetie, and the
sooner you learn that the better off you ’ll be. ‖
现年59岁的德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特 生于以经营马场闻名的弗吉尼亚乡间，她的家庭负有权
势，恪守传统。作为家里唯一的女儿，每当回想起 成长经历，她总会提及因被母亲要求具有
女性特质而不断发生的冲突。她母亲凯瑟琳总是告诉她，―亲爱 的，这是个男人的世界，你
越早认识到这一点，就会生活的越好。‖
Instead, Dr. Faust left home at an early age, to be educated at Concord Academy, then a girl‘s
prep school in Massachusetts, and at Bryn Mawr College, a women ‘s college known for creating
future leaders, and to become a leading Civil War scholar. And on Feb. 11 , through the
convergence of grand changes in higher education, her own achievements and the resignation of
Harvard‘s previous president under pressure, she became the first woman appointed to lead the
Ivy League university founded in 1636.
然而，福斯特很小的时候就离开了家，到康科德中学上学 ，接着在马萨诸塞州一所女子
预备学校学习，后来又到以培养未来领袖著称的女子学院——布林莫尔学院 就读，并成为了
研究美国内战史的杰出学者。由于高等教育发生的巨大变化，而且她自身所取得的很大成 就，
再加上哈佛前任校长被迫辞职，二月十一日，她被任命为这所创建于1636年的常青藤名校的首位女校长。
―One of the things that I think characterizes my generation —that characterizes me, anyway,
and others of my generation —is that I ‘ve always been surprised by how my life turned out, ‖Dr.
Faust said in an interview just after the university announced that she would become its 28th
president, effectively July 1.―I‘ve always done more than I ever thought I would. Becoming a
professor—I never would have imagined that. Writing books —I never would have imagined that.
Getting a Ph. D. —I‘m not sure I would even have imagined that. I‘ve lived my life a step at a
time. Things sort of happened. ‖
―我经常会为发生在我生活中的变化感到吃惊，我想这是我，也是 我们这一代人共有的
特质。‖福斯特在一次采访中说道，当时她将出任哈佛第28任校长的消息刚刚公布 ，而这一
任命将于七月一日生效。―我总是做出一些连我自己也没有想到的事情，我从没想过我会当

上教授，我从没想过我会写书，我也从没想过我会成为博士。我只是一步一步走过来而已，< br>但这些事情就这么发生了。‖
Catherine Drew Gilpin was born on Sept.18, 1947, and grew up in Clarke County, Va., in the
Shenandoah Valley. She was always known as Drew. Her father, McGhee Tyson Gilpin, bred
thoroughbred horses.
1947 年9月18日，凯瑟琳·德鲁·吉尔平出生于谢南多厄河谷的弗吉尼亚州的克拉克郡，
并在此长大。人们 习惯叫她德鲁。她的父亲麦吉·泰森·吉尔平是饲养纯种马的。
Dr. Faust has written frankly of the ―community of rigid
racial segregation
‖that she and
her three brothers grew up in and how it formed her as―a rebellious daughter‖who would go on to
march in the civil rights protests in the 1960s and to become a historian of the region.―She was
raised to be a rich man‘s wife, ‖said a friend, Elizabeth Warren, a law professor at
Harward.―Instead she becomes the president of the most powerful university in the world. ‖
福斯特博士如实写道，她和三个兄弟都在―奉行严格的种族隔离制度的社区‖中长大的，
也正是这个地方 使她成为一个―叛逆的女儿‖，参加60年代的民权运动，并成为这一领域的历
史学家。福斯特的朋友、 哈佛大学法学教授伊丽莎白·沃伦这样评价她：―福斯特从小是按照
富家媳妇的标准培养的，结果却成为 了世界上最有影响力的大学的校长。‖
Race was ―not much discussed‖in her family, Dr. Faust wrote in an article reprinted in
Harvard Magazine. ―I lived in a world where social arrangements were taken for granted and
assumed to be timeless. A child ‘s obligation was to learn these usages, not to question them. The
complexities of racial deportment were of a piece with learning manners and etiquette more
generally. ‖
在她的家里，―几乎没有人讨论‖种族这个话题，福斯特在一篇重新刊登于《哈佛杂志》
上的文章中写道 。―我生活的那个世界里，人们认为那些社会规范是理所应当的，而且将会
一直如此。一个小孩应该学习 社会规则而不是提出质疑。总的来说，种族礼仪的复杂性仅仅
在于学习一些礼貌和礼仪。‖
―There were formalized ways of organized almost every aspect of human relationships and
interactions —how you placed your fork and knife on the plate when you had finished eating,
what you did with a fingerbowl; who walked through a door first, whose name was spoken first in
an introduction, how others were addressed —black adults with just a first name, whites as ‗Mr.‘or
‗Mrs.‘—whose hand you shook and whose you didn ‘t, who ate in the dining room and who in the
kitchen.‖
―几乎所有涉及人际关系和交往的方式都有定式——吃 完饭后刀叉怎么摆放到盘子上；
洗手碗如何使用；进大门的时候应该让谁先进；介绍别人的时候应该先说 谁的名字；称呼白
人要叫―某某先生‖或者―某某太太‖，而称呼黑人则可以直呼其名；可以和谁握手而 不能和谁
握手；谁在餐厅吃饭而谁在厨房吃饭。‖
In that world, said one of Dr. Faust ‘s brothers, M. Tyson Gilpin Jr., 63, his sister did some of
what was expected of her: She raised a beef cow, joined the Brownies and took dancing lessons.
But she resisted other things —becoming a debutante, for example.―My sister took off on her
track in prep school on, ‖Tyson Gilpin said.―I think she read the scene pretty well. She was
ambitious. She wanted to accomplish stuff.‖ 她的一个哥哥，63岁的M· 泰森·小吉尔平说，
他妹妹还是做了一些符合预期的事情：她养了一头小牛，参加了女童子军社团，上了 舞蹈课。
但她抗拒其他的事情，例如拒绝参加社交活动。―我妹妹从上预备学校时开始就选择了自己的道路，‖泰森·小吉尔平说，―她十分了解形势，雄心勃勃，想要成就一番事业。‖
Her father, her two uncles, her great-uncle, two of her three brothers (including Tyson) and

numerous male cousins all went to Princeton, but since Princeton did not admit women in the
mid-1960s, she went to Bryn Mawr. Majoring in history, she took classes with Mary Maples Dunn,
a professor who would become the president of Smith College, the acting dean of the Radcliffe
Institute for Advanced Study and a close friend and advocate.
她的父亲、两个叔叔、叔祖父、三 个兄弟中的两个(包括泰森)，以及众多表兄弟都曾就
读于普林斯顿大学，但在上个世纪60年代中期， 普林斯顿不接收女生，她选择了布林莫尔学
院。在那里，她专修历史，师从玛丽·梅普尔斯·邓恩教授。 邓恩教授后来成为史密斯学院的
院长，拉德克利夫高等研究协会的代理主任，并且成为了她的亲密朋友和 支持者。
It was significant, Dr. Dunn said, that Dr. Faust had been educated at Concord Academy and
Bryn Mawr. ―I think these women ‘s institutions in those days tended to give these young women
a very good sense of themselves and encouraged them to develop their own ideas and
to express themselves confidently,‖she said. ―It was an invaluable experience in a world in which
women were second-class citizens. ‖
邓恩博士说，曾在康科德中学和布林莫尔学院接受教育，这一点对福斯特博士意义非凡。
她说：―我认为 ，当时这些女子学院，使这些年轻女性树立起良好的自我意识，鼓励她们形
成自己的想法，并自信地表达 自我。在一个视女性为二等公民的世界中，这是一种十分宝贵
的经历。‖
Dr. Faust graduated from Bryn Mawr in 1968, magna cum laude with honors in history. She
went on to the University of Pennsylvania, where she received a master‘s in 1971and a doctorate
in 1975 in American civilization. She was a professor at Penn for 25years, including five years as
the chairwoman of the Department of American Civilization. She was director of the Women‘s
Studies Program for four years.
福斯特博士于1968 年以优等成绩从布林莫尔学院毕业，获得历史学荣荣誉学位。随后她
进入宾西法尼亚大学深造，于197 1年和1975年分别获得美国文化专业的硕士和博士学位。 她
在宾夕法尼亚大学做了25年教授，其 中5年担任美国文化系主任。她还在女性研究项目组担
任了4年主任。
At Penn, Dr. Faust, who was divorced from her first husband, Stephen Faust, in 1976, met
Charles Rosenberg, a professor who is regarded as a leading historian of American medicine, and
who became her second husband. She and Professor Rosenberg have a daughter, Jessica, a
Harvard graduate who works at The New Yorker. She also has a stepdaughter, Leah.
在宾夕法尼亚大学，福 斯特与第一任丈夫离异后，1976年认识了被誉为研究美国医学的
杰出历史学家的罗森博格教授，并与 之结婚。她与罗森博格教授育有一女杰西卡，她毕业于
哈佛大学，现在《纽约客》杂志社供职。福斯特还 有一个继女利亚。
In 2001, as Dr. Dunn was stepping down as acting dean of the Radcliffe Institute, the remnant
of Radcliffe College, which had been absorbed into Harvard in 1999, Dr. Faust became the dean.
She made major organizational changes, cut costs and laid off a quarter of the staff, transforming
Radcliffe into an internationally known home for scholars from multiple disciplines.―We used to
call her Chainsaw Drew,‖Professor Warren said. When Lawrence H. Summers, the Harward
president, stepped in trouble two years ago over his comments about women in science, he asked
Dr. Faust to lead an effort to recruit, retain and promote women at Harvard.
2001年，当邓恩博士从拉德克利夫研究院代理主 任的职位上退下来后（拉德克利夫研究
院为拉德克利夫学院的前身，1999年并入哈佛大学），福斯特 博士成为了该研究院的主任。
她对研究院进行了重大的机构改革，削减开支，裁掉了四分之一的员工，将 拉德克利夫学院
转变成了一个国际知名的各学科学者的摇篮。 ―我们都把她称作‗链锯德鲁‘。‖沃伦教授说。

前哈佛校长劳伦斯·H·萨默斯由于 两年前对于从事科学的女性发表不当言论而身陷批评，他
曾要求福斯特教授要致力于在哈佛大学招聘女性 ，支持和鼓励女性知识分子。
Asked whether her appointment signified the end of sex inequities at the university, Dr. Faust
said:―Of course not. There is a lot of work still to be done, especially in the sciences.‖
当被问及对她的任命是否意味着性别不 平等在哈佛大学的终结时，福斯特博士说：―当
然不是。还有很多工作要做，特别是在科学界。‖
What would her mother, who never went to college and died in 1966, have to say about her
appointment?―I‘ve had dialogues with my dead mother over the 40years since she died.‖Then she
added with a rueful smile, ―I think in many ways that comment —‗It ‘s a man‘s world,
sweetie ‘—was a bitter comment from a woman of a generation who didn ‘t have the kind of
choices my generation of women had.‖
1966年 去世的从未上过大学的母亲可能对她的任命说些什么呢？她说：―我经常想到这一
点。自母亲去世后的4 0年中，我一直在与她进行对话。‖ 接着，她愧然一笑说：―我想，在
很多方面，这种评论——‗宝贝 ，这是一个男人的世界‘——是一种苦涩的评论，它出自于我
母亲那一代的一个女性之口，她们未曾有过 我们这一代女性所拥有的这种机会。‖
（六）
Time magazine selected him as one of the 25most influential people in America in1997. His
books—Health and Healing and Spontaneous Healing —have spent more than 22weeks on the
New York Times bestseller list. His Internet web site, from which he dispenses even more advice,
attracts 3000 questions a week.
他是 《时代》杂志评选的1997年全美25位最具影响力人物之一，他的书《健康与治疗》
以及《不治而愈 》连续22周荣登纽约时报畅销书排行榜。在自己的网站上他提供更多的健
康建议，这个网站每周收到3 000个提问。
But the message that health guru Andrew Weil has is simple:
但是健康权威安德鲁·威尔回答得很简单：
“Breathe,”he says. Take long, slow, full breaths with exhales at least as long as the inhales.
“呼吸”，他说。深长、缓慢、充分的呼吸，呼气尽可能与吸气一样长。
“Walk,”he says. Walk briskly, that is, for 10minutes a day, five days a week. Oh, and eat
more fresh vegetables and fruit, and less eat meat.
“散步”，他说。快走，每周五天，每天10分钟。哦，还有，多吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果，< br>少吃红肉。
In Health and Healing Weil expands on the importance of breathing, which he calls “the
most vital and mysterious function”.
在《健康和 治疗》书中，威尔用大量篇幅论述了呼吸的重要性，他把呼吸成为“最重要、
最神秘的功能”。
Breathing, he points out, is a unique human function in that it can be fully voluntary or
involuntary. As such it is a bridge between the conscious and unconscious minds as well as
between mind and body.
他指出，呼吸是人类独特的身体机能，因为 它既可以是无意识的，也可以是有意识的。
这样一来，呼吸就成为联系意识和无意识，心灵和身体的桥梁 。
“Proper breathing nourishes the central nervous system, establishes a harmonious pattern
for other bodily rhythms and regulates moods and emotions, ”he says.“Learning how to breathe
and working consciously with breath is a simple, safe, effective and inexpensive way to promote
good health of mind and body.”

“适当的呼吸能够滋养中枢神经系统，为其他身体节律建立和谐的模式，调节情 绪和心
情。”他表示：“了解如何呼吸，有意识地进行呼吸训练是促进心灵和身体健康的有效方式，这一方式简单、安全而且价格低廉。”
The man with a medical degree from Harvard, a magnificent trademark beard and the sort of
eyes that twinkle into crescent slivers when he smiles (which is often), does not hesitate to
suggest you head for the nearest hospital if you have been in an accident, need a hip replacement
or have a severe infection.
威尔是哈佛大学的医学博士，留着标志的络腮胡，他经常笑，笑得时候眼睛会弯 成月牙。
如果你出了事故，需要进行髋关节置换，或是严重感染的话，他会毫不犹豫地建议你去最近的医院看病。
But he has long championed alternative views on health. He emphasizes the need for what he
calls “integrative” medicine, which takes the best from any number of healing methods —if they
have been shown to work.
但是他长期以来一直提倡有关健康的其他观点。他强调了我们需要所谓的“综合性”医
疗，也就是在多种 有治疗效果的医疗手段中，选取最佳的那种医疗手段。
Weil began his travels around the world at the age of 17, examining the medicines of other
cultures. The experience enforced his passionate interest in botanical drugs and fostered in him a
great respect for the inherent power of the mind-body connection and its potential importance in
medicine.
威尔17岁时开始环游世界，考察其他文化的医疗手段。这一经历让他对 植物性药物更
感兴趣，同时也让他极为尊重心灵- 身体联系的固有自愈能力，以及其在医疗界可能发挥的
巨大作用。
He entered Harvard with no intention of practicing in the traditional allopathic way, but with
“a strong intuition that a medical degree would be useful”.
他虽然进入哈佛学医，但是却不想采用传统的对抗疗法行医，只是“强烈的感觉到医学
博士学位 会很有用”。
For 26 years he has spoken about his basic philosophy —that the body has its own elaborate
healing system that repairs wounds, renews bones and corrects mistakes in the blueprint that
could otherwise result in cancer or other diseases. He has criticized those doctors who ignore this
approach and focus entirely on “the disease model” instead.
26年来， 他一直宣扬自己的基本哲学观点——身体有着自己的复杂自愈系统，能够愈
合伤口，促进骨骼生成，修正 身体机能的错误，这些错误会导致癌症或其他疾病。对于那种
忽略这种方式，只关注“疾病模式”的医生 ，他一直持批判态度。
Today, he says, the medical system in America is in desperate straits. “The technology is
simply too expensive and the medical economy is not working. Hospitals are going bankrupt.
Medical colleges are having to merge.” Meanwhile the consumer market for alternative
medicines is booming and becoming a significant economic force. Weil has noticed more and
more physicians lending him an enthusiastic ear.
他说，现在，美国的医疗系统已经有山穷水尽之象了。“技术太 昂贵了，而且医疗经济
这条路是行不通的。医院快要破产了。医学院将不得不进行合并。”与此同时，替 代医学的
消费市场欣欣向荣，成为重要的经济推动力。威尔注意到，有越来越多的医生愿意倾听他的意见了。
“I have a long history in this field so I have some credibility, ”he says.
“我经营此行业已久，有一些权威。”他说。

Among the millions who now attend carefully to what he has to say is the faculty of the
University of Arizona College of Medicine, where a radical and innovative programme of his
design, to “train a new type of physician for the next century ”, began in mid-1997.
想要认真了解他的观点的人中，就包括亚利桑那大学医学院的 教职员工，在这所大学，
他创办了自己设计的创新型项目，来“为下一个世纪培养新型医生”，这一项目 始于1997
年。
The first trainees, already qualified doctors with some years’ experience in family practice
and internal medicine, embarked in July 1997 upon a two-year post- graduate course to prepare
them to be leaders.
第一批学员是有多年从业经验的全科医生和内科医生。他们从1997年7月开始接受为
期两年 的研究生学习，将成为医疗界的领军人物。
The curriculum includes, for example, modules on Zen Meditation, medicine and culture,
legal issues, “energy medicine” ( everything from x-rays to the highest technical aspects of the
field ) and ancient “energy ”treatments like homeopathy, therapeutic touch and chi gong.
比如，课程包括，禅宗冥想，医学与文化，法律问题，“能量医学”（从X光到该 领域的
最新技术都包含在内）以及古代“能量”治疗，例如顺势疗法、按摩以及气功。
Students study in detail medical acupuncture, homoeopathy, osteopathy and guided imagery.
The centre runs a clinic and conducts research and, in line with Weil’s principle that doctors
should model health, a candidate’s healthy lifestyle is a criterion for admission. A Chicago doctor
who is also a professional chief has been employed to provide “decent food” to the students.
Interest in alternative medicine is a major phenomenon, says Weil. It’s more than just a trend. In
fact, he says, it is part of a worldwide reaction against technology and an urge to find a better
balance with nature.
学生们会 详细学习针灸、顺势疗法、整骨以及意象引导。该中心开办一家门诊诊所，进
行科研。威尔认为医生应该 成为健康榜样，因此，根据他的理论，健康的生活方式也是该中
心录取学员的一个标准。一位来自芝加哥 的医生会为学生提供“富有营养的食物”，这位医
生本身也是一位职业主任医师。威尔表示，对于替代医 学的兴趣已是社会的主流现象。这不
仅仅是一种潮流。他说，实际上，这也是全球抵制技术思潮的一种反 应，还是人们寻求与自
然达到更好平衡的一种努力。


（七）
刺杀希特勒

1944年7月20日的早上，天气非常晴暖。黎明刚 过，国内驻防军参谋长史
陶芬伯格开车经过炸弹摧毁的柏林市区，来到朗斯多夫机场。
他那鼓 鼓的文件包里装的是有关希特勒崩溃军队的重新分配方案。他受命于
下午1点在东普鲁士大本营向希特勒 汇报有关事宜。
一颗用衬衣包裹的定时炸弹就放在这些文件当中。史陶芬伯格相信这颗炸弹
会 把阿道夫•希特勒炸成碎片。
在柏林，有一小部分军官正在准备战斗。纳粹军阀一死，他们就打算夺取 首
都，宣布纳粹统治瓦解，从而请求和平。
在这些军官当中，有两个是他们的首领：一个是希 特勒最高野战军司令、陆

军元帅埃尔文•维茨勒本，另一个是总参某部前部长路德维希• 贝克将军。这些将
军和他们的共谋事者知道战争失败了。他们希望用一次大胆的行动来消灭希特
勒，换来和平，从而获得让德国民族还能继续存在下去的机会。
史陶芬伯格出身于德国一个最卓越的军 人世家，现在他正准备用他鼓鼓的文
件包里装着的炸弹去暗杀希特勒。他不仅是极具天赋的参谋，还是诗 人和音乐家。
现年37岁的他曾经非常帅气，直到去年他开着指挥车在突尼斯压到了美军的地
雷 。在这次爆炸中，史蒂芬伯格的左眼、右手和左手的两个手指都被炸掉了。
尽管这些伤残让他很难操控 这颗炸弹，但是他很有信心。他训练自己用左手
的三个手指操控方糖夹钳引爆炸弹。
这是一枚 英国制造的炸弹，和去年冯•泰斯库将军放在希特勒飞机上的那枚
一样。这种武器的独创性设计在于没有 嘀嗒的时钟声，在它爆炸之前，完全没有
一点声音。
它是这样爆炸的：首先，一个玻璃囊破碎 。然后，玻璃囊里面的腐蚀性酸液
流出，腐化一根细线。紧接着释放出的撞针会顶开雷管将其引爆。 < br>这根细线的粗度决定着引爆需要的时间。在1944年7月20日早上，史陶芬
伯格给他的炸弹安 装的是最可能细的线。当他用夹钳打碎玻璃囊后，这根细线会
在10分钟后溶化。然后炸弹就爆炸了。他 确定这将会是希特勒的末日。
1944年7月20日，接近中午，史陶芬伯格乘飞机抵达东普鲁士拉斯 登堡大
本营。与最高司令部陆军元帅凯特尔见面后，他借机离开了一会儿。在一个小屋
内，他快 速打开包儿，用夹钳打碎了炸弹的玻璃囊。
时间是中午12点32分。如果一切进展顺利，十分钟后，炸弹就会爆炸了。
地图室是一小间 实木装修的会议厅，当凯特尔带着史陶芬伯格进来时，希特
勒和将军们的中午军事会议已经开始了。军阀 希特勒就坐在长桌一侧的中心位
置，大概二十几个军官站在长桌的周围。史陶芬伯格来到希特勒坐得那一 侧距离
他几英尺的地方。他把包儿放在紧挨着桌子下一根结实的橡木柱子的里侧（朝向
希特勒） ，距希特勒的腿大概六英尺。他悄悄的溜出房间。
勃兰特不经意间做了一个决定命运的动作。他为了看 清地图靠近桌子时，史
陶芬伯格的包儿绊了他一下，于是他弯下腰把它移到了橡木柱子的外侧。这根厚< br>实的橡木柱子位于希特勒和公务包中间，挡住了爆炸的冲击。勃兰特无知的举动
救了希特勒一命。
时间一分一秒地过去了，但是公务包里没发出任何声音。
就在中午12点42分，炸弹爆炸了。
站在200码远的安全距离处，史陶芬伯格看着希特勒 的会议大厅上炸起的轰
轰火焰和烟雾。他后来说，这个大厅就好像被一枚155毫米炮弹直接击中。尸体
横飞出窗户。碎片残骸炸飞到空中。
史陶芬伯格毫不怀疑地认为，会议室的每个人要么死了， 要么快死了。他急
忙朝附近的营地出口跑去，假装有公务穿过士兵，急忙开车到了附近的机场，登
上飞机，迅速的赶往柏林。他认为，杀死了希特勒，他现在必须领导柏林军事起
义。
但是 史陶芬伯格并没有杀死希特勒。这个军阀受到严重的惊吓但是并没有
严重的受伤。这根橡木柱子救了他的 命。他的头发烧焦了，他的腿烧伤了，他的
右胳膊被击伤了，短期内瘫痪，爆炸的冲力刺破了耳膜，一块 塌下来的横梁砸伤
了他的后背。但是他还很有活力。
柏林和巴黎的起义都失败了，这使得希特 勒的报复变得更加容易。尽管由军

队里最优秀的军人经过长期严密的策划，但是这次起义 还是失败了，让人难以置
信。史陶芬伯格引爆炸弹，3个小时后回到柏林，做出了英雄的壮举占领首都，
宣称纳粹统治解体了。午夜时分，起义逐渐失败了。那天晚上深夜，史陶芬伯格
自己也被绑缚在 作战部的墙上，射击方队对他们进行了射杀。
成千上万的嫌疑犯，包括军人和市民，都被杀害了。制造 阴谋的幸存下来的
领导者在监狱受到了折磨，让他们坦白罪行。然后，所谓的人民法庭对他们进行
审判，宣判死刑。在许多情况下，受害人被从肉铺借来的挂肉钩做成的钢琴绳吊
起来慢慢地勒死。 < br>陆军元帅冯•维茨莱本就是这样被勒死了。同样，陆军元帅冯•克鲁格、隆美
尔和贝克将军设法通 过自杀躲过了希特勒的残忍报复。因为隆美尔过去对希特勒
的贡献，实际上他得到希特勒的特许，因背叛 而审判或自杀。他选择的是自杀。


（八）天赋、智力和种族
—— 特赖布硕士及其他人

尽管在见过或听过天赋时，我们大多数人都能辨识出，但是因为它是一个独
特的素质，所以很难量化 。相比之下，智力可能较容易量化，并且像天赋一样，
它具备受环境塑造的多基因的特征。但是，在这种 具体的情况下，我们想知道，
遗传和环境对智力的塑造之影响分别有多大，因为这一点具有重要的社会和 教育
的意义。
人类基因学家尝试分解由遗传或环境对相关特征影响的成分，他们开始研究< br>双胞胎。双胞胎有两种：（i）双受精卵双胞胎，他们除了年龄一样以外，与普通
的兄弟姐妹没什 么两样；（ii）单受精卵双胞胎，他们总是同性别，通常长得很像，
以至于很难分辨。双受精卵双胞胎 起源于有两个精子授精的分开的受精卵，这两
个授精时间极其接近。单受精卵双胞胎起源于同一个受精卵 ，在早期分裂时，形
成两个部分，所以每个部分分别形成一个独立的胚胎，他们在基因方面是完全相同的。
考虑到与人类实验相联系的种族的或其他方面的限制，科学家如何用单卵和
双卵 双胞胎去决定遗传和环境对人类表现型的作用呢？下面简要给出一些观点，
预测这种实验最可能的一些结 论。
单卵和双卵双胞胎的许多结构上的、生化或行为方式上的和表现类型等上的
特征都可以 量化。人们预期在单卵双胞胎的测量上，许多特征将会有较高的相似
度，因为只要他们在相似的环境中长 大，他们有着相同的基因类型。而双卵双胞
胎应该不会显出如此强的相似度，因为即使他们在相同的环境 中长成，他们有不
同的基因型。
为了衡量环境方面不同的影响，科学家们研究的是单卵双胞 胎中相同的特
征，他们在一出生便分开，然后在不同的社会环境，不同的家庭里面成长。
智 力具有数量特征，确有基因成分，但是我们不应该认为它只有一个表现维
度。因为个体基因类型差异很大 ，所以有从愚钝到聪明的线性标准衡量智力是极
为局限的。任何数量的基因组和都会使个体具有一些倾向 性，诸如音乐天赋、绘
画天赋、电脑程序设计天赋或者北极生存狩猎天赋等。这些能力的表达相互之间< br>也许有联系，也许没有。而且，相同的基因型在极不相同的环境下有极不相同的

表 现形式。
例如，智商测试分数会因为营养状况、疾病或感染、学历、社会地位、经济
状况等 方面而极具差异性——甚至监管考试的考官的肤色也会对得分产生很大
的影响！同样困难的是应用哪种智 力测试。是学习能力的吗？是学习效率的吗？
是测试最终可以习得的知识量吗？是与质疑的头脑和动机相 关吗？
结果，在给予一位英国大学生与一位澳大利亚土著居民的智力测试的比较得
出的是毫 无意义的结果，因为这个测试肯定不可能测量同样的行为。不仅仅是因
为这两位个体的基因属性和环境完 全不同，在某些具体的活动中，他们的获得成
就的动机也是非常不同的。
实际上，正如一些 讨论上述问题的文章所讲的，那些认为他们可以评估关于
种族之间基因和环境对智力影响的文章，从统计 学的角度讲，是幼稚的。
如果人类中，一些种族或社会群体被证明在智力上相对低级，那么这就开启
了一些隔离论者或是政治家制定法律或政策来压制甚至消灭人类中的这些种族
或群体的可能。
历史明确证明，当恶势力当权时，这个猜测是非常可能出现的。
你能明白为什么错误的科学结论会在政治上或社会上带来危险吗？

（九）为成功做好准备
假想一下，一架飞机在3万英尺的高度突然卷入一场大风暴，驾驶舱内的一
些测量仪器及其他 设备出现故障。如果飞行员在没有一些机械知识，仍然有不明
白的技术问题的情况下，愚蠢地摁各种按钮 ，随意地打开一些开关，那么结果注
定是送命。盲目地试错法在危急关头可不是好策略，在一些我们日常 面对的一些
关键的交流情形中（与同事、老板、雇员、朋友及陌生人等的交流），试错法也
是极 其无用的。
就像一个飞行员学习飞行的精细知识那样——从课堂上的理论知识到在飞
行模拟 器里的实际演练再到有师傅指导的许多小时实际飞行——现在，为了掌握
交流表现中的每一部分，你要学 习你需要掌握的一些方法。首要的是要学会去读
懂人，理解他们的想法和行动。
在我们与别 人的交互当中，如果没有对人性和构成人的行为的基础和动机有
最基本的了解，我们就像这位新飞行员一 样，因为没有适当的训练而卷入风暴。
我们注定会失败。
没有能力在至少最基本的水平上读 懂和理解人——预期他们的反应，共鸣他
们的情感，影响他们的行为——我们就一定会在探求构建关系上 挣扎，从而不能
够依赖我们的交际能力在我们职业和社会生活中成功。与他人有效的交流需要我
们首先对我们所交流的对象有所了解。这包括知道他们如何做决定，如何考虑生
活中的重大问题，以及他 们如何优先选择价值观。同等重要的是，如果不是更重
要，学习人们如何感受的，什么在情感上感动他们 ，以至于我们能够抓住与他们
交往的重点，加强与他们之间的关系。
这种理解水平需要我们 超越对他人的强有力的第一印象，它经常决定我们如
何感觉和理解他人的。第一印象是不可避免的，因为 我们禁不住对我们见过的人
即刻形成一连串的判断。这是正常的而且是有用的，因为为了梳理每天通过音 视
频的渠道、许多方面的数万的信息点，我们的大脑必须对他们分门别类，让它们
产生意义。这 些类别是由我们的认知过滤器决定的，像经验、态度、价值观、文

化、环境等等。比如， 我们的认知过滤器经常会保护我们分辨出那些不可信任之
人：那些穿着过多珠宝的说话很快的销售人员； 开着残破本田思域的成功教练或
者，经过深入调查查明的有破产记录的金融顾问。
但是不好 的第一印象也不见得是真实的。许多已经幸福结婚的伴侣说他们在
第一次见面时，不能容忍对方。我们经 常听到人们描述对彼此的第一印象，像这
样，“第一次见面时，他太傲慢了，以自我为中心，我不能容忍 ，”或“首先她的
生活花费高得让人难以置信，我没有办法接受她。”这些及其他的个人看法可以
终止本来可以建立的关系。幸运的是，这些人决定超越自己的第一印象，或者是
因为他们直觉感到对于 他人来说或许有更多的需要了解或者因为他们没有选择；
或许他们在一起工作，因此必须了解彼此。
我们对他人的感知力自从出生就开始了，在我们从肺部发力呼喊时，有人会
照顾我们的需求， 有关以下事情：姿势的不适，饥渴，或是疼痛、无聊。
随着我们长大，我们不断学习人类的行为和反 应，我们自己的行为和思考长
期地收到环境、父母、兄弟、学校、老师、朋友、媒体等等的影响。我们通 过观
察、倾听、反复实验、试验、经历和学术学习等提高自己的水平。能够读懂人，
也就是说能 够精确理解他们的非语言的线索和信息对于有效地交流是至关重要
的。这种能力使你能够改编信息至较好 地理解模式，能够在倾听时给予适合的反
馈，或者观察信息的信号满足它的目标。下面是几点建议：
1、寻找一贯性。一些人的交流与他们的价值观和信仰是一致的，而另一些
人表现出的是空泛 的态度和交流风格。前者比后者更容易被读懂。交流中的言行
不一致可能是在建立信任前需要考虑欺骗或 其他的因素。为了成为一名自信的演
讲者，你必须许在辨认欺骗信号能力方面有所提高。
2 、言行一致吗？我们通常通过遵守承诺来决定人们的可信度。自信的人知
道那些不履行义务的或者“总说 话”的那些人不是我们交流风格的反映，而他们
很可能是涉及我们控制不了的问题。看清或辨认出他们的 交流风格确实帮助我们
调整对他们的回馈和保护自己不被利用。
3、调频到“历史频道”。 人们在过去表现的是什么行为？了解关于他们你能
了解的，通过阅读人物传记，他们写过的文章，他们读 过书的学校，他们拥有的
位置，还有做出的重要决定。过去的行为是未来行为的很好的一个指南，对过去
的了解使得自信的讲话者恰当调整对其他人的交流风格。
4、看大图片。人们可能展现出的 是你感知其特定特征的一个方面。但是如
果你放大他的图片，你的理解或许随着你了解另一种情境而转变 。
5、保持你的认知频道的畅通。我们第一次见到某人，他们会传递特定的信
息给我们，不 管他们是不是有意的。我们很快就会给我们注意到的人贴上标签。
他们是富有、贫穷、严谨、拖沓、好的 听众、很容易走神、粗鲁、细心、高兴、
自负等等。重要的是我们保持让新的而且可能与之前会冲突的信 息进入。为了获
得尽可能完整的图片，我们不能因为我们已经做了决定、感觉我们已经了解他们
而拒绝额外的信息。人是复杂的，我们的认知过滤器通过的信号越多，我们的获
得的图片越大。通过有一 个开放的心胸，我们的认知最终会从第一印象有所转换。