英语中的就近,就远原则以及同位语概念和练习进步
关于读书的手抄报题目-化妆品公司管理制度
,.
英语中就近一致的原则
【就近原则】
也称“邻近原则”
“就近一致原则”(Proximity),即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词
(有时不一定是主语)在“人
称、数”上一致。
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:be+句型; or either
…or;nor;
neither…nor;whether…or;not…but; not
only…but also等。e.g.
①What he does or what
he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都
与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not you but your father is to blame .
不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not only you but(also) he
is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。
2.
在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance
was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of
the
people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There
is (are) a pen and some books on the desk
.桌上有一支钢笔和几本
书。
【就远原则】
谓语动词与前面主语一致
代表词汇:as well as;(togetheralong)with;rather
than;except;besides;
but;including;in addition
to;apart from;like
E.G:He rather than I is
right.
Nobody but two students is in the
classroom.
,.
The teacher with his
students is working in the fields. They have kept
working
for several hours. Nobody made them
work for so long.
主谓一致
1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意:
当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,
谓语动词用单数,and
此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry
is very important to our life.
典型例题
The
League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a
speech at the
meeting.
A. is B. was C.
are D. were
答案B. 注:
先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。
本题易误选D,因为The
League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,
monitor
前没有the,
在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and
相连。
这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of
等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后
面的名词,代词保持一致。
Most of his
money is spent on books.
Most of the students
are taking an active part in sports.
2)
在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one
所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词
多用单数形式。但由
,.
more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many
a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
英语中,什么是就近原则?就近原则什么时候用?
就近一致原则(1)
连词not only...but also neither...nor or
either...or not...but
Neither he nor they are
wholly right. 他和他们,谁都不是完全对的。
Either he or I
am right. 或者他对,或者我对。
就近一致原则(2)
副词here
there
Here comes the bus. 瞧,公共汽车来了。
主谓一致:and
and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。
John and
Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。
and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。
Both rice and wheat
are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。
and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。
Fish and chips is a
popular supper here.
炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为整体)
The poet
and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人既是诗人又是作
家)
I.在正式文体中:
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:…or;nor;
neither…or;whether…or;
not…but; not only…but
also等。e.g.
①What he does or what he says does
not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我
,.
无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not
you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。 <
br>英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫
“主谓一致”关
系。
它通常依据三项原则:1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.
①I
love She loves music . 我 她爱好音乐。
②Are your
mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?
Is your mother a
worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)
II
.主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。
1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)
、动名词(短语)”或“从
句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.
①The work
is important . 这项工作重要。
②To serve the country
is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。
③How and why he
left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
2.
复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.
①The children are taken
good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。
②They have gone to
Chengdu . 他们去成都了。
II. 以“and ”或“both…
and”连接的并列主语:
1.通常作复数用 。e.g.
①Plastics and
rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。
②What he says
and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
,.
③Both Tom and I are fond of
medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。
2.
如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.
①The
worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。
②A cart
and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。
③Truth and honesty is the best policy .
真诚是最好的策略。
3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many
,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单
数用。e.g. ①Every boy and every
girl enjoys equal rights here.
这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。
②No teacher and no
student is excused from taking part in the
activity .
没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。
Ⅳ.
主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:
1. a)“many a + 单名
”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓
语。e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it .
许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。
②A great many parents were
present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。
b)单名+ or
two 大多接单数谓语: 复名接复数谓语。
e.g.
①Only a word or
two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。
②One or two
reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。
c)单名+ and a
half常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数
谓语。e.g. ①A
year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。
②One and
a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。
d)
单名大多接单数谓语。e.g.
①More than one person was (were
)absent . 不止一个人缺席。
,.
复名+ than one
接复数谓语。e.g.
②More students than one have been
there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。
…)+复名 接复数谓语。
e.g.
③More than one hundred students have attended the
concert .
不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。
2.
下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:
“someone ,somebody ,something
,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody
,
everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig
”等。e.g.
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?
②There
was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。
3.
下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.
①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us .
没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。
②Both Both (of ) these are
interesting . 两部影片都有趣。
4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:
1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.
①Who is
your brother ?你兄弟是谁?
②Who are League Members
.哪些是团员?
2)等。e.g.
①All (of the students )
are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。
②All (of the
paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。
3)余下的),
等。e.g.
①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。
②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。
,.
Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:
1.
表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.
Ten times four
makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”
等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若
干单位”时作复数用。e.g.
①Twenty years is not a long time .
二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。
②Twenty years have passed since
he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。
3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.
①About 40
percent two-fifths of the books here are (is)
worth reading . 这
些书中百分之四十五分之二值得读。
②Only
sixty percent three-fifths of the work was done
yesterday .昨天只干
完了百分之六十五分之三的工作。
4. 许多) a
varlety of (各式各样) 复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.
①A number of
students in this class are (is) from Sichuan .
这个班有不少同学
来自四川。
②There are a variety of toys
in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。
但是,“the number(数目)
the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.
①The
number of students in this college has doubled .
这所大学的学生人数翻
了一番。
②The variety of goods in
this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。
④Not only you
hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。
2.
在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was
heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the
people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
,.
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the
desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
II. 非正式文体中:
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。
e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致)
我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
Neither she nor I was there
.(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)
但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,
则常常认为是不太合
符规范的。e.g.
No one except his own
supporters agree with him
.仅他自己的支持者同意他的
意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one
”才是主语,谓
语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
练习题:
1、In our school library, there _____a
number of books on science and the number of
them _____become larger and larger.
A、have; is B、is ;have C、are;is
D、is;are
2、Either you or Tom _____a boss.
A、is B、are C、have D、has
3、There ______any new words in Lesson Two,
it’s too easy.
A、is B、are C、aren’t
D、isn’t
4、Tom,there ____a dictionary and some
books on your desk. Please put them away.
----Ok, mom. I will do it right away.
A、is
B、are C、has D、isn’t
5、____Lucy ____Lily
is going with you, because one of them must stay
at home.
,.
A、not only;but also
B、neither;nor C、either;or D、both;and
6 Neither
my father nor my mother _____rock music. They
think that it’s too_____.
A、like; noise
B、likes; noisy C、likes; noise D、like; noisy
7. The head teacher with his students ______
Nature Park if it ____tomorrow.
A、is going
to;will rain B、are going to; doesn’t rain
C、is going to; doesn’t rain D、are going
to; won’t rain
8、---How does your mother like
your presents for Mother’s Day?
---Well,
____this sweater ___that one is fit for her. They
are too big.
A、both;and B、either;or
C、neither;nor D、not only;but also
同位语
当两个词
或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时,我们称它们为
同位语。同理,当两
个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,若其中一个句子成分是用于说
明或解释另一个句子成分的
,那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,
句法功能也相同,后项是
前项的同位语。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of
my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of
my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
用法2
如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作
,.
补充解释时可用逗点隔开。
He told me that his
brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,
他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。(brother和John都是单
一的字作同位语,与其同位成
分之间不用逗点隔开。)
Yesterday I talked to my English
teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。(同位语Mr.
James补充解释my
English
teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)
就近修饰名词原则
The exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer
journalist, included circling the
globe faster
than Jules Verne’s fictional Phileas Fogg. (GRE)
“a pioneer journalist”作同位语就近修饰了“Nellie
Bly”,“of Nellie Bly”
修饰了“The exploits”,“The
exploits”的谓语动词是“included”。
【大意】 Nellie
Bly,一个先锋记者的探险包括了比Jules Verne's fictional
Phileas Fogg更快地环游地球。
在同位语从句中往往会有同位语的分割现象
以下句子中,句末的同位语从句被红色部分分隔开来(就远)。例如:
The
question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was
worth the
effort.
There is no doubt, in
my opinion, that what matters is not one’s looks,
but one’s inner thoughts
,.
英语中就近一致的原则
【就近原则】
也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(P
roximity),即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词
(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:be+句型; or either …or;nor;
neither…nor;whether…or;not…but; not only…but
also等。e.g.
①What he does or what he says
does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都
与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not
you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not only you but(also) he is wrong
.不仅你错了,他也错了。
2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of
hands and the shouts of the
people .
在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There is (are) a pen
and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本
书。
【就远原则】
谓语动词与前面主语一致
代表词汇:as well
as;(togetheralong)with;rather
than;except;besides;
but;including;in addition
to;apart from;like
E.G:He rather than I is
right.
Nobody but two students is in the
classroom.
,.
The teacher with his
students is working in the fields. They have kept
working
for several hours. Nobody made them
work for so long.
主谓一致
1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意:
当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,
谓语动词用单数,and
此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry
is very important to our life.
典型例题
The
League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a
speech at the
meeting.
A. is B. was C.
are D. were
答案B. 注:
先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。
本题易误选D,因为The
League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,
monitor
前没有the,
在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and
相连。
这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of
等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后
面的名词,代词保持一致。
Most of his
money is spent on books.
Most of the students
are taking an active part in sports.
2)
在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one
所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词
多用单数形式。但由
,.
more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many
a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
英语中,什么是就近原则?就近原则什么时候用?
就近一致原则(1)
连词not only...but also neither...nor or
either...or not...but
Neither he nor they are
wholly right. 他和他们,谁都不是完全对的。
Either he or I
am right. 或者他对,或者我对。
就近一致原则(2)
副词here
there
Here comes the bus. 瞧,公共汽车来了。
主谓一致:and
and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。
John and
Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。
and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。
Both rice and wheat
are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。
and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。
Fish and chips is a
popular supper here.
炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为整体)
The poet
and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人既是诗人又是作
家)
I.在正式文体中:
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:…or;nor;
neither…or;whether…or;
not…but; not only…but
also等。e.g.
①What he does or what he says does
not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我
,.
无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not
you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。 <
br>英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫
“主谓一致”关
系。
它通常依据三项原则:1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.
①I
love She loves music . 我 她爱好音乐。
②Are your
mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?
Is your mother a
worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)
II
.主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。
1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)
、动名词(短语)”或“从
句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.
①The work
is important . 这项工作重要。
②To serve the country
is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。
③How and why he
left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
2.
复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.
①The children are taken
good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。
②They have gone to
Chengdu . 他们去成都了。
II. 以“and ”或“both…
and”连接的并列主语:
1.通常作复数用 。e.g.
①Plastics and
rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。
②What he says
and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
,.
③Both Tom and I are fond of
medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。
2.
如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.
①The
worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。
②A cart
and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。
③Truth and honesty is the best policy .
真诚是最好的策略。
3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many
,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单
数用。e.g. ①Every boy and every
girl enjoys equal rights here.
这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。
②No teacher and no
student is excused from taking part in the
activity .
没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。
Ⅳ.
主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:
1. a)“many a + 单名
”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓
语。e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it .
许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。
②A great many parents were
present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。
b)单名+ or
two 大多接单数谓语: 复名接复数谓语。
e.g.
①Only a word or
two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。
②One or two
reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。
c)单名+ and a
half常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数
谓语。e.g. ①A
year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。
②One and
a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。
d)
单名大多接单数谓语。e.g.
①More than one person was (were
)absent . 不止一个人缺席。
,.
复名+ than one
接复数谓语。e.g.
②More students than one have been
there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。
…)+复名 接复数谓语。
e.g.
③More than one hundred students have attended the
concert .
不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。
2.
下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:
“someone ,somebody ,something
,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody
,
everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig
”等。e.g.
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?
②There
was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。
3.
下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.
①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us .
没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。
②Both Both (of ) these are
interesting . 两部影片都有趣。
4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:
1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.
①Who is
your brother ?你兄弟是谁?
②Who are League Members
.哪些是团员?
2)等。e.g.
①All (of the students )
are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。
②All (of the
paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。
3)余下的),
等。e.g.
①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。
②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。
,.
Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:
1.
表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.
Ten times four
makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”
等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若
干单位”时作复数用。e.g.
①Twenty years is not a long time .
二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。
②Twenty years have passed since
he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。
3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.
①About 40
percent two-fifths of the books here are (is)
worth reading . 这
些书中百分之四十五分之二值得读。
②Only
sixty percent three-fifths of the work was done
yesterday .昨天只干
完了百分之六十五分之三的工作。
4. 许多) a
varlety of (各式各样) 复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.
①A number of
students in this class are (is) from Sichuan .
这个班有不少同学
来自四川。
②There are a variety of toys
in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。
但是,“the number(数目)
the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.
①The
number of students in this college has doubled .
这所大学的学生人数翻
了一番。
②The variety of goods in
this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。
④Not only you
hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。
2.
在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was
heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the
people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
,.
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the
desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
II. 非正式文体中:
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。
e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致)
我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
Neither she nor I was there
.(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)
但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,
则常常认为是不太合
符规范的。e.g.
No one except his own
supporters agree with him
.仅他自己的支持者同意他的
意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one
”才是主语,谓
语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
练习题:
1、In our school library, there _____a
number of books on science and the number of
them _____become larger and larger.
A、have; is B、is ;have C、are;is
D、is;are
2、Either you or Tom _____a boss.
A、is B、are C、have D、has
3、There ______any new words in Lesson Two,
it’s too easy.
A、is B、are C、aren’t
D、isn’t
4、Tom,there ____a dictionary and some
books on your desk. Please put them away.
----Ok, mom. I will do it right away.
A、is
B、are C、has D、isn’t
5、____Lucy ____Lily
is going with you, because one of them must stay
at home.
,.
A、not only;but also
B、neither;nor C、either;or D、both;and
6 Neither
my father nor my mother _____rock music. They
think that it’s too_____.
A、like; noise
B、likes; noisy C、likes; noise D、like; noisy
7. The head teacher with his students ______
Nature Park if it ____tomorrow.
A、is going
to;will rain B、are going to; doesn’t rain
C、is going to; doesn’t rain D、are going
to; won’t rain
8、---How does your mother like
your presents for Mother’s Day?
---Well,
____this sweater ___that one is fit for her. They
are too big.
A、both;and B、either;or
C、neither;nor D、not only;but also
同位语
当两个词
或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时,我们称它们为
同位语。同理,当两
个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,若其中一个句子成分是用于说
明或解释另一个句子成分的
,那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。
用法1
由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,
句法功能也相同,后项是
前项的同位语。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of
my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of
my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
用法2
如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作
,.
补充解释时可用逗点隔开。
He told me that his
brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,
他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。(brother和John都是单
一的字作同位语,与其同位成
分之间不用逗点隔开。)
Yesterday I talked to my English
teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。(同位语Mr.
James补充解释my
English
teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)
就近修饰名词原则
The exploits of Nellie Bly, a pioneer
journalist, included circling the
globe faster
than Jules Verne’s fictional Phileas Fogg. (GRE)
“a pioneer journalist”作同位语就近修饰了“Nellie
Bly”,“of Nellie Bly”
修饰了“The exploits”,“The
exploits”的谓语动词是“included”。
【大意】 Nellie
Bly,一个先锋记者的探险包括了比Jules Verne's fictional
Phileas Fogg更快地环游地球。
在同位语从句中往往会有同位语的分割现象
以下句子中,句末的同位语从句被红色部分分隔开来(就远)。例如:
The
question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was
worth the
effort.
There is no doubt, in
my opinion, that what matters is not one’s looks,
but one’s inner thoughts