研究生英语论文写作技巧
长春工程学院分数线-焦作大学录取分数线
研究生英语论文写作指导
1. 研究生英语论文评判标准
1)
语体
论文应该采用正式语体。
相关知识链接:语体
通常,英语语体分为
五个大类:超正式语体;正式语体;普通语体;随便语体,超随便语体。在科技文
献(包括论文)中,一
般采用正式语体。
正式语体的特点如下:
a)人称特点:通常不采用第一或第二人称。 <
br>b)词汇特点:通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇,或在需要时采用专业技术用语,少用在日常用语中采用的通俗用语,尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr.
John
Smith delivered an interminable address
at the conference.(正式)John Smith gave a very long
speech at the
meeting.(非正式)将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较,可以发现
,前一个句子采用的词汇(deliver, interminable,
address,
conference)比后一个句子采用的词汇(gave, long, speech,
meeting)要正式得多。
c) 结构特点:通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式,如:
can’t, they’re,而应该用can not, they are。
根据意义表达的需要
,通常采用比较长的句式结构,比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中,为了交流
方便,常常采用比
较简短的句式。
2) 文体
论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识,或
忽视了文体区别,曾经有一些同学将在
论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。
相关知识链接:文体
记叙文(Narration):记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述(thesis
statement)。
说明文(Exposition):说明一个事物或事理,主要目的是介绍信息(providing
information, or informing
somebody of somethin
g)。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用
写作中的描述手
法(description)。描述总要循着某个规律,或从左到右,或由表及里,或由本质到现象,或
由一般到具体,或由整体到部分,或进行比较对比(comparison or
contrast),或进行因果分析(cause analysis)。
说明事理的文章可有一个主
题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的,但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。
作者并不去试图证明或
反驳某个观点,只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实
或事例时,作者不用
遵循什么规律,只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。
议论文(Argumentation):如
同中文,议论文有论点,论据,结论。一般性的论文中,论点往往涉及一个
常见话题(issue)。
说服性的文章或称分析劝导型文章(Persuasion):此类文章常常可分为两大部分。第一部分
介绍某事多
么有趣,多么简单容易,多么必要,多么紧迫等。第二部分告诉读者如何去做
。这类文章的一种变体是解决
问题型(problem solving)。第一部分说明问题的严重性
,解决这一问题的必要性,重要性,紧迫性等。第二
部分提出各种可能的解决办法。进一步的变化是只有
第一部分,只讨论问题,而不去讨论解决办法。
3) 全文思路
全文思路清晰,重点突出,
合乎逻辑。符合英语行文习惯:重点先交代,越往后越详细,后边的解释、
支持、发展前边的。一个要点
交代完毕,再转向另一个要点。每句一个中心(句子主干);每段一个中心(段
落主题句);全文一个中
心(主题思想)。全文各个部分服从于全文中心,与主题无关的内容一律不写。
4)
客观性,权威性,理论性,可靠性
客观性,权威性,理论性和可靠性是一篇论文必须具备的特性。实现
客观性,就需要避免主观武断的论
断。坚持“言之有据”,“言之有理”。在一篇论文中,论断不宜过多
。坚持做到每个论断都要有事实,数
据或相关理论的支持。这些事实或数据都应该是来自可靠的或权威的
信息来源,相关理论应该是来自相关领
域的比较权威的专家、学者,或相关文献。这样才能保证论文的权
威性和理论性。实现了客观性,权威性和
理论性,才能保证一篇论文的可靠性。
5)
格式正确
一般论文都应该有封面、摘要,关键词和列出参考文献。本次论文练习的封面应该包含的内容
有:标题,
作者姓名(中文),班级,学号,日期。摘要应该在200词以内。关键词应该是3—5词。
应该在论文中用脚
注的形式标示出哪些材料是引用的,而且在论文最后列出的参考文献中按照顺序表明作
者姓名,年代,文献
名称,页码等信息。
6) 避免常见错误
2.
如何写论文摘要
论文摘要应该包含论文中的核心内容(thesis statement),应该能
够使读者明白本文的中心话题是什么,
作者对此提出了什么新的观点看法,或新的理论,以及作者为达此
目的所采用的研究方法,依据的理论,所
进行的实验,所引用的数据等等。因此,摘要中通常需要包含以
下内容:什么论题;采用了什么研究方法;
依据什么理论;作了什么分析;得出了什么结论;或提出了哪
些可能的解决方法等等。
由于摘要必须简洁,诸如引入话题或细节介绍这样的材料就不应该出现在摘要中。
实例分析:
例一:
ABSTRACT
When we talk about success, we often meet a
question, which factor is more important to
success, diligence or
opportunity? I have to
admit that besides diligence, opportunity is one
necessary condition for success. But people
should keep trying and never give up until one
good chance come. In this thesis, I choose
diligence and explain why
it is more important
than opportunity. Some students discontinue their
studying to create their own business. We
rebutted this view in this paper and give
reasons for that why students should learn more
knowledge and stay in
school. Then we
have some advises about how should students study
and what to do to prepare for the opportunity
in the future. At last, I talk about four
changes of our country's policy which had brought
people lots of
opportunities and the situation
we are in.
点评:
ABSTRACT
When we talk about success, we [语言不正
式,没有分清书面语和口语的区别。写paper的时候,应该用
正式语言,应该是客观地讨论问题,不
应该滥用I, we, you这样的第一和第二人称。] often meet a question,
[前
边的question和后边的which名词从句应该是同位语的关系,不应该用逗号隔开。]
which factor is more
important to success,
diligence or opportunity? I have to admit [语言不正式]
that besides diligence, opportunity is
one
necessary condition for success. But people [典型错误]
should keep trying and never give up until one
good
chance come[主谓语不一致.] In this thesis, I
choose [语言不正式] diligence and explain why it is
more important
than opportunity. Some students
discontinue their
studying[词类和拼写错误,应该用study。此处最好用their
college
education。] to create their own business. We[人称]
rebutted[时态错误] this view in this paper and give
reasons for that [从句连词应用错误] why students
should learn more knowledge and stay in school.
Then we[人称]
have some
advises[不可数名词,词类拼写错误advice] about how should
students study[从句词序错误。不应该
用疑问句的词序] and what to
do to prepare for the opportunity in the future.
At last, I talk about [语言不正式]four
changes of
our country's policy[没有注意可数名词单复数变化] which had
brought[时态错误。看不出为什么要
用过去完成时态] people lots of
opportunities and the situation we are in.
从这个
例子中可以看出,不仅出现了与主题思想无关的内容(如前两句),而且采用了非正式语体,还
出现了许
多比较低级的语言表达方面的错误。
改进:
In the discussion
about success, a question may inevitably arise:
which factor is more important to success,
diligence or opportunity? It can be admitted
that opportunity is one necessary condition for
success. But one should
keep trying and never
give up until a good chance comes. This thesis
tries to explain why diligence is more
important than opportunity and gives reasons
why students should stay in school and try to
learn more knowledge.
Some advice is offered
about how students should study and prepare for
the opportunity in the future. Four changes
of
our country's policies are discussed, which have
brought about lots of opportunities and the may
further change
the situation.
例二
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the paper is to
uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that
are glowing every day and give
readers some
advices on how to overcome the disadvantages of
the Internet. Through compared with the active
influences and the adverse impacts of the
Internet, Naturally we can draw a conclusion that
too much information
provided by the Internet
does no good for people. So it is time we should
strength the management of the Internet,
reduce useless things and classify the
information in rational and healthy ways.
Actually, measures have already
been taken
right now.
点评:
The purpose
of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of
the Internet [that are glowing every
day](多余,
累赘。) and [give
readers](对于一篇论文来说,这样的表达不正式) some
advices(advice不可数名词) on
how to overcome the
disadvantages of the Internet. [Through compared
with](结构错误。through sth通过什么途
径或手段。by doing
sth通过做某事。当句子的主语承受compare这个动作时,用compared
with短语,表示“与
什么相比较”。若句子的主语发出这个动作,应该用comparing A
and B表示“将A与B比较”。) the
active
(选词错误。表示“有积极意义的”应该用positive。) influences
and the adverse impacts of the Internet,
Naturally
(大小写错误。此处应该用小写)[ we can draw a
conclusion](不正式。为了客观,在论文中应该尽量避免
用第一或第二人称。) that
too much information provided by the Internet does
no good for people.(people典型
错误) So it is time
[we should strength](strength词类错误。句型结构错误。这个句型应该是It
is time that sb
did sth 或It is time (for sb)
to do sth) the management of the Internet, reduce
useless things and classify the
information in
rational and [healthy
ways.](道理不通。对于给信息分类来说,方式way无所谓“健康”。) Actually,
measures have already been taken right now.(此句
不妥。作为一篇论文,此处不应该是描述已经采取的措施,
而应该是评论已经采取的措施或探讨需要采取
的措施)
改进:
以下仅对表达方面的错误加以改进:
The
purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse
impacts of the Internet and try to explore the
possible ways
to overcome the disadvantages of
the Internet. By comparing the positive influences
and the adverse impacts of the
Internet, it
can be concluded that too much information
provided by the Internet may do much harm instead
of good
to common people. So it is time to
strengthen the management of the Internet, reduce
useless things and classify the
information
rationally.
例三
At present, college
students are confronted with study pressure,
employment pressure, economy pressure and
human relations pressure. The mental problem
is increasing under all of these pressures and
then having affected the
health of the college
students. So does their personal training. Analyse
the current situation of college students'
psychological quality and the factors that
influence it and resolve all of the problems, it
is of important significance.
点评:
除了存在一些结构
和词语方面的基本错误以外,这个ABSTRACT没有真正概括出全文的中心内容,没
有说明作了什么
样的分析,采用了什么样的理论或方法,提出了什么样的结论、建议或解决方案。
改进:
At present, college students in China are
confronted with various pressures, which have
directly affected their
mental health.
(提出subject)The thesis presents a description of
the situation, and, based on the recent research
results on the subject, offers an analysis on
the factors concerning the psychological problems
of college students,
and tries to explore the
possible solutions to the mental strains that
college students are faced with.
(说明本文所采
用的方法及所做的主要工作)
例四
ABSTRACT
This paper mainly discussed the
globalization. It contents six parts. With the
development of the economy,
globalization
beomce the inevitable trend. The definition and
feature of globalization introduced at the
beginning of
the paper. The first part is how
to view globalization.
The features of
globalization is free flow and optimized
allocation of capital, technology, information nad
service. The third part is China's experience,
in this part, several solutions are summerized to
turn challenges into
opportunies.
The
fifth part is China's contribution to world
economy, such as provide the world with the large
rising market.
The last part is the blueprint
for future development. Opening the country to the
outside world is China's basic and
long-term
state policy, then discussed the develop objective
of several fields such as economic cultural and
political and so on.
点评:
除了一些词类,句子结构等方
面的基本错误外,这篇摘要的主要问题是没有注意ABSTRACT在内容和
语言表达方面的特点,把摘
要变成了介绍文章中写了一些什么内容。
改进:
This paper is
mainly concerned with the influence of
globalization on the development of China. Through
the
paper, the author introduces how
globalization should be viewed, the features of
globalization and China's
experience in the
participation of the process of globalization.
Furthermore, the paper discusses the policies of
the
Chinese government and tries to explore
the ways to change challenges into opportunities
for such a developing
country as China.
3. 如何在写作中使用正式规范的语言?
由于论文的语体方面的要求,也为了保证论文的客
观性,需要在论文中采用正式规范的语言。从研究生
班学生所写的文章中摘取了一写句子加以修改,作为
示范。各位也许可以从中学到如何在写作中改善自己的
语言,使之正式,规范。
例一
In
the following, I'll give some typical example of
the differences.
点评:
在口语中,也许这样的表达可以显得亲切自然,而在论文中就显得不够正式规范。
改进:
The following examples
may illustrate the differences.
例二
How do
the Chinese great each other?
点评:
许多中国学生不用
疑问句就不能展开思想。应该改掉这个坏习惯。一个疑问句不能代替一个有效的主题
句。应该在一段文章
的开头写好一个有效的主题句。即使是在段落发展中,也最好不要用一个疑问句来引出
下文,而应该用一
个完整的论断直接表达自己的观点。
改进:
The Chinese
greetings may partly show the characteristics of
the Chinese culture.
例三
The governments
are protecting traditional culture by using their
mouths.
点评:
在正式文体的论文中,不应该用这样的情绪化的语言。
改进:
Instead of
yelling slogans, the governments should take
practical actions.
例四
But in my opinion,
doing business has its own advantages.
点评:
In my opinion这样的词语显得口语化,也不客观。这篇文章讨论的是学生是否应该参与一
些商业活动。
而doing business没有清楚地表达这个意义。这里涉及的不是advant
ages的问题,而是对学生来说是否有益
处的问题。
改进:
However, it should be recognized that there
are various benefits for students to engage in
business.
例五
…The present generation is
the “beat generation”. Why? That is because they
do not know how…
点评:
这样的一问一答的方式在
演讲的时候可能比较有效。但是在正式文体的论文中就显得过于口语化。另外,
the beat
generation是指西方国家中特定时期的特定人群,不好当作一个普通词语来随便应用。
改进:
…The present generation is the “beat
generation”, because they do not know how
to…
4. 注意中英文的行文习惯的差异
使用中文的人在论述中往往习惯于采用“因—果,因—果
”的格式,以及“由远及近”的论述方式。而
使用英文的人习惯于“重点先交代,越往后越详细,后边的
解释、支持、说明前边的。一个要点交代完毕,
再转向另一个要点”。这就需要在一个段落中只集中表达
一个中心意义。为此,在写英文的时候,需要养成
一个习惯:每个段落都必须先写好一个主题句。其他发
展句都应该紧密围绕这个主题句来发展。凡是与这个
主题句无关的内容都不写。在转向另一个要点的时候
,要根据上下文的意义关系,选用适当的承上启下的词
语如however,furthermore等
,或利用一个句子来承上启下,或者在段与段之间采用一个小段落来承上启下。
另外,中文的习惯是含
糊,笼统,重意会而不重结构。在中文表达中往往存在着大量的省略。而英文习
惯是准确、细致,重结构
。因此,在使用英文写作的时候,需要时时注意中英文的矛盾,要养成英文语言习
惯,把自己要表达的思
想变成simple, direct,
clear的思想。要注意每一个句子的结构必须完整,意义必须明
确具体。
5.
如何引用权威信息
为了实现论文的客观性,权威性,理论性和可靠性,做到“言之有据”,“言之有理
”,必须在论文中
引用一些权威信息。无论是引用数据,事实,或理论,都应该在论文中注明出处。可以
先在文中以脚注的形
式标明,然后在论文最后以参考文献(References, Bibliogr
aphy)的形式清楚表明信息来源,如作者姓名,
发表的年代,文献名称,页码等等。
6.
如何利用语篇结构来表现清晰的思路
一些同学错误地以为论文就是一篇扩展的作文,不知道利用语篇结
构方面的技巧来展示清晰的思路,只
是一个段落一个段落的写下去。为了思路清晰,应该将论文内容分成
几个部分。可以利用章节编号来进行清
楚的划分,还可以利用小标题来突出各个章节的重点。
7. 注意避免绝对论断
为了客观,应该注意在论文中避免绝对论断。应该慎重使用every, all, none,
always, never之类容易造成
绝对论断的词语。除此之外,还应该注意避免在意义或道理上
容易造成绝对论断的句子。
8. 注意避免滥用一般现在时态
一般现在时态通常用于表示一
些客观事实,或规律。如果应用时不注意,也容易造成绝对论断。在描写
一个动作时,总要想想,是否是
过去曾经发生过的(用一般过去时态,含义就是现在已经不这样了)?过去
发生并完成而且对现在有影响
的(用现在完成时态)?过去某时发生一直持续到现在的(用现在完成时态)?
现在正在
发生的(用现在进行时态)?现在常常发生的(用一般现在时态,用表示频率的副词作状语)?将
来可能
发生的(用现在将来时态)?或仅仅是对一种可能性的推测(用情态动词may,can)?
9.
注意避免文化障碍
在用英文写作时,必须考虑到读者是使用英文的人。有些只有非常熟悉了解中国文化
或中国大陆的特定
社会、正式环境的人才能理解的内容,若要用英文来表达就是非常困难或无法表达的。
即使勉强将这些内容
用英文写出来,可能使用英文的人也无法明白。因此,在论文中,要尽量避免那些在
中国大陆常见的一些政
治口号,或涉及特定历史时期的史实。避免将中文中特有的一些谚语、俗语直接翻
译为英文。避免直接用英
文表达使用中文的人喜欢用的一些比喻,因为,比喻也是最能体现文化差异的。
研究生英语论文写作指导
1. 研究生英语论文评判标准
1) 语体
论文应该采用正式语体。
相关知识链接:语体
通常,英语语体分为五个大
类:超正式语体;正式语体;普通语体;随便语体,超随便语体。在科技文
献(包括论文)中,一般采用
正式语体。
正式语体的特点如下:
a)人称特点:通常不采用第一或第二人称。
b)词汇特点:通常采用在正式场合使用的词汇,或在需要时采用专业技术用语,少用在日常用语中采
用
的通俗用语,尽量不用俚语。从以下例子中可以看出正式语体与普通语体在选词方面的差异。Mr. John
Smith delivered an interminable address at the
conference.(正式)John Smith gave a very long speech
at the
meeting.(非正式)将两个例句在词汇方面进行比较,可以发现,前一个句子采
用的词汇(deliver, interminable,
address,
conference)比后一个句子采用的词汇(gave, long, speech,
meeting)要正式得多。
c) 结构特点:通常不用在日常用语中常见的简略表达形式,如:
can’t, they’re,而应该用can not, they are。
根据意义表达的需要
,通常采用比较长的句式结构,比较多的采用各种从句。而在非正式语体中,为了交流
方便,常常采用比
较简短的句式。
2) 文体
论文应该采用议论文这样的文体。由于缺乏文体方面的知识,或
忽视了文体区别,曾经有一些同学将在
论文中错误地采用了说明文或分析劝导型文体。
相关知识链接:文体
记叙文(Narration):记叙一系列的事件的发生。有时有一个主题陈述(thesis
statement)。
说明文(Exposition):说明一个事物或事理,主要目的是介绍信息(providing
information, or informing
somebody of somethin
g)。介绍事物的说明文通常在开篇部分对所说明的事物有一个总的概括介绍。一般采用
写作中的描述手
法(description)。描述总要循着某个规律,或从左到右,或由表及里,或由本质到现象,或
由一般到具体,或由整体到部分,或进行比较对比(comparison or
contrast),或进行因果分析(cause analysis)。
说明事理的文章可有一个主
题陈述。这个主题陈述虽然可能是有争议的,但是不能将这个文体与议论文混淆。
作者并不去试图证明或
反驳某个观点,只是通过陈述一些事实或事例来解释说明主题陈述。在罗列相关事实
或事例时,作者不用
遵循什么规律,只要能够达到说明主题陈述的目的就行。
议论文(Argumentation):如
同中文,议论文有论点,论据,结论。一般性的论文中,论点往往涉及一个
常见话题(issue)。
说服性的文章或称分析劝导型文章(Persuasion):此类文章常常可分为两大部分。第一部分
介绍某事多
么有趣,多么简单容易,多么必要,多么紧迫等。第二部分告诉读者如何去做
。这类文章的一种变体是解决
问题型(problem solving)。第一部分说明问题的严重性
,解决这一问题的必要性,重要性,紧迫性等。第二
部分提出各种可能的解决办法。进一步的变化是只有
第一部分,只讨论问题,而不去讨论解决办法。
3) 全文思路
全文思路清晰,重点突出,
合乎逻辑。符合英语行文习惯:重点先交代,越往后越详细,后边的解释、
支持、发展前边的。一个要点
交代完毕,再转向另一个要点。每句一个中心(句子主干);每段一个中心(段
落主题句);全文一个中
心(主题思想)。全文各个部分服从于全文中心,与主题无关的内容一律不写。
4)
客观性,权威性,理论性,可靠性
客观性,权威性,理论性和可靠性是一篇论文必须具备的特性。实现
客观性,就需要避免主观武断的论
断。坚持“言之有据”,“言之有理”。在一篇论文中,论断不宜过多
。坚持做到每个论断都要有事实,数
据或相关理论的支持。这些事实或数据都应该是来自可靠的或权威的
信息来源,相关理论应该是来自相关领
域的比较权威的专家、学者,或相关文献。这样才能保证论文的权
威性和理论性。实现了客观性,权威性和
理论性,才能保证一篇论文的可靠性。
5)
格式正确
一般论文都应该有封面、摘要,关键词和列出参考文献。本次论文练习的封面应该包含的内容
有:标题,
作者姓名(中文),班级,学号,日期。摘要应该在200词以内。关键词应该是3—5词。
应该在论文中用脚
注的形式标示出哪些材料是引用的,而且在论文最后列出的参考文献中按照顺序表明作
者姓名,年代,文献
名称,页码等信息。
6) 避免常见错误
2.
如何写论文摘要
论文摘要应该包含论文中的核心内容(thesis statement),应该能
够使读者明白本文的中心话题是什么,
作者对此提出了什么新的观点看法,或新的理论,以及作者为达此
目的所采用的研究方法,依据的理论,所
进行的实验,所引用的数据等等。因此,摘要中通常需要包含以
下内容:什么论题;采用了什么研究方法;
依据什么理论;作了什么分析;得出了什么结论;或提出了哪
些可能的解决方法等等。
由于摘要必须简洁,诸如引入话题或细节介绍这样的材料就不应该出现在摘要中。
实例分析:
例一:
ABSTRACT
When we talk about success, we often meet a
question, which factor is more important to
success, diligence or
opportunity? I have to
admit that besides diligence, opportunity is one
necessary condition for success. But people
should keep trying and never give up until one
good chance come. In this thesis, I choose
diligence and explain why
it is more important
than opportunity. Some students discontinue their
studying to create their own business. We
rebutted this view in this paper and give
reasons for that why students should learn more
knowledge and stay in
school. Then we
have some advises about how should students study
and what to do to prepare for the opportunity
in the future. At last, I talk about four
changes of our country's policy which had brought
people lots of
opportunities and the situation
we are in.
点评:
ABSTRACT
When we talk about success, we [语言不正
式,没有分清书面语和口语的区别。写paper的时候,应该用
正式语言,应该是客观地讨论问题,不
应该滥用I, we, you这样的第一和第二人称。] often meet a question,
[前
边的question和后边的which名词从句应该是同位语的关系,不应该用逗号隔开。]
which factor is more
important to success,
diligence or opportunity? I have to admit [语言不正式]
that besides diligence, opportunity is
one
necessary condition for success. But people [典型错误]
should keep trying and never give up until one
good
chance come[主谓语不一致.] In this thesis, I
choose [语言不正式] diligence and explain why it is
more important
than opportunity. Some students
discontinue their
studying[词类和拼写错误,应该用study。此处最好用their
college
education。] to create their own business. We[人称]
rebutted[时态错误] this view in this paper and give
reasons for that [从句连词应用错误] why students
should learn more knowledge and stay in school.
Then we[人称]
have some
advises[不可数名词,词类拼写错误advice] about how should
students study[从句词序错误。不应该
用疑问句的词序] and what to
do to prepare for the opportunity in the future.
At last, I talk about [语言不正式]four
changes of
our country's policy[没有注意可数名词单复数变化] which had
brought[时态错误。看不出为什么要
用过去完成时态] people lots of
opportunities and the situation we are in.
从这个
例子中可以看出,不仅出现了与主题思想无关的内容(如前两句),而且采用了非正式语体,还
出现了许
多比较低级的语言表达方面的错误。
改进:
In the discussion
about success, a question may inevitably arise:
which factor is more important to success,
diligence or opportunity? It can be admitted
that opportunity is one necessary condition for
success. But one should
keep trying and never
give up until a good chance comes. This thesis
tries to explain why diligence is more
important than opportunity and gives reasons
why students should stay in school and try to
learn more knowledge.
Some advice is offered
about how students should study and prepare for
the opportunity in the future. Four changes
of
our country's policies are discussed, which have
brought about lots of opportunities and the may
further change
the situation.
例二
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the paper is to
uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that
are glowing every day and give
readers some
advices on how to overcome the disadvantages of
the Internet. Through compared with the active
influences and the adverse impacts of the
Internet, Naturally we can draw a conclusion that
too much information
provided by the Internet
does no good for people. So it is time we should
strength the management of the Internet,
reduce useless things and classify the
information in rational and healthy ways.
Actually, measures have already
been taken
right now.
点评:
The purpose
of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of
the Internet [that are glowing every
day](多余,
累赘。) and [give
readers](对于一篇论文来说,这样的表达不正式) some
advices(advice不可数名词) on
how to overcome the
disadvantages of the Internet. [Through compared
with](结构错误。through sth通过什么途
径或手段。by doing
sth通过做某事。当句子的主语承受compare这个动作时,用compared
with短语,表示“与
什么相比较”。若句子的主语发出这个动作,应该用comparing A
and B表示“将A与B比较”。) the
active
(选词错误。表示“有积极意义的”应该用positive。) influences
and the adverse impacts of the Internet,
Naturally
(大小写错误。此处应该用小写)[ we can draw a
conclusion](不正式。为了客观,在论文中应该尽量避免
用第一或第二人称。) that
too much information provided by the Internet does
no good for people.(people典型
错误) So it is time
[we should strength](strength词类错误。句型结构错误。这个句型应该是It
is time that sb
did sth 或It is time (for sb)
to do sth) the management of the Internet, reduce
useless things and classify the
information in
rational and [healthy
ways.](道理不通。对于给信息分类来说,方式way无所谓“健康”。) Actually,
measures have already been taken right now.(此句
不妥。作为一篇论文,此处不应该是描述已经采取的措施,
而应该是评论已经采取的措施或探讨需要采取
的措施)
改进:
以下仅对表达方面的错误加以改进:
The
purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse
impacts of the Internet and try to explore the
possible ways
to overcome the disadvantages of
the Internet. By comparing the positive influences
and the adverse impacts of the
Internet, it
can be concluded that too much information
provided by the Internet may do much harm instead
of good
to common people. So it is time to
strengthen the management of the Internet, reduce
useless things and classify the
information
rationally.
例三
At present, college
students are confronted with study pressure,
employment pressure, economy pressure and
human relations pressure. The mental problem
is increasing under all of these pressures and
then having affected the
health of the college
students. So does their personal training. Analyse
the current situation of college students'
psychological quality and the factors that
influence it and resolve all of the problems, it
is of important significance.
点评:
除了存在一些结构
和词语方面的基本错误以外,这个ABSTRACT没有真正概括出全文的中心内容,没
有说明作了什么
样的分析,采用了什么样的理论或方法,提出了什么样的结论、建议或解决方案。
改进:
At present, college students in China are
confronted with various pressures, which have
directly affected their
mental health.
(提出subject)The thesis presents a description of
the situation, and, based on the recent research
results on the subject, offers an analysis on
the factors concerning the psychological problems
of college students,
and tries to explore the
possible solutions to the mental strains that
college students are faced with.
(说明本文所采
用的方法及所做的主要工作)
例四
ABSTRACT
This paper mainly discussed the
globalization. It contents six parts. With the
development of the economy,
globalization
beomce the inevitable trend. The definition and
feature of globalization introduced at the
beginning of
the paper. The first part is how
to view globalization.
The features of
globalization is free flow and optimized
allocation of capital, technology, information nad
service. The third part is China's experience,
in this part, several solutions are summerized to
turn challenges into
opportunies.
The
fifth part is China's contribution to world
economy, such as provide the world with the large
rising market.
The last part is the blueprint
for future development. Opening the country to the
outside world is China's basic and
long-term
state policy, then discussed the develop objective
of several fields such as economic cultural and
political and so on.
点评:
除了一些词类,句子结构等方
面的基本错误外,这篇摘要的主要问题是没有注意ABSTRACT在内容和
语言表达方面的特点,把摘
要变成了介绍文章中写了一些什么内容。
改进:
This paper is
mainly concerned with the influence of
globalization on the development of China. Through
the
paper, the author introduces how
globalization should be viewed, the features of
globalization and China's
experience in the
participation of the process of globalization.
Furthermore, the paper discusses the policies of
the
Chinese government and tries to explore
the ways to change challenges into opportunities
for such a developing
country as China.
3. 如何在写作中使用正式规范的语言?
由于论文的语体方面的要求,也为了保证论文的客
观性,需要在论文中采用正式规范的语言。从研究生
班学生所写的文章中摘取了一写句子加以修改,作为
示范。各位也许可以从中学到如何在写作中改善自己的
语言,使之正式,规范。
例一
In
the following, I'll give some typical example of
the differences.
点评:
在口语中,也许这样的表达可以显得亲切自然,而在论文中就显得不够正式规范。
改进:
The following examples
may illustrate the differences.
例二
How do
the Chinese great each other?
点评:
许多中国学生不用
疑问句就不能展开思想。应该改掉这个坏习惯。一个疑问句不能代替一个有效的主题
句。应该在一段文章
的开头写好一个有效的主题句。即使是在段落发展中,也最好不要用一个疑问句来引出
下文,而应该用一
个完整的论断直接表达自己的观点。
改进:
The Chinese
greetings may partly show the characteristics of
the Chinese culture.
例三
The governments
are protecting traditional culture by using their
mouths.
点评:
在正式文体的论文中,不应该用这样的情绪化的语言。
改进:
Instead of
yelling slogans, the governments should take
practical actions.
例四
But in my opinion,
doing business has its own advantages.
点评:
In my opinion这样的词语显得口语化,也不客观。这篇文章讨论的是学生是否应该参与一
些商业活动。
而doing business没有清楚地表达这个意义。这里涉及的不是advant
ages的问题,而是对学生来说是否有益
处的问题。
改进:
However, it should be recognized that there
are various benefits for students to engage in
business.
例五
…The present generation is
the “beat generation”. Why? That is because they
do not know how…
点评:
这样的一问一答的方式在
演讲的时候可能比较有效。但是在正式文体的论文中就显得过于口语化。另外,
the beat
generation是指西方国家中特定时期的特定人群,不好当作一个普通词语来随便应用。
改进:
…The present generation is the “beat
generation”, because they do not know how
to…
4. 注意中英文的行文习惯的差异
使用中文的人在论述中往往习惯于采用“因—果,因—果
”的格式,以及“由远及近”的论述方式。而
使用英文的人习惯于“重点先交代,越往后越详细,后边的
解释、支持、说明前边的。一个要点交代完毕,
再转向另一个要点”。这就需要在一个段落中只集中表达
一个中心意义。为此,在写英文的时候,需要养成
一个习惯:每个段落都必须先写好一个主题句。其他发
展句都应该紧密围绕这个主题句来发展。凡是与这个
主题句无关的内容都不写。在转向另一个要点的时候
,要根据上下文的意义关系,选用适当的承上启下的词
语如however,furthermore等
,或利用一个句子来承上启下,或者在段与段之间采用一个小段落来承上启下。
另外,中文的习惯是含
糊,笼统,重意会而不重结构。在中文表达中往往存在着大量的省略。而英文习
惯是准确、细致,重结构
。因此,在使用英文写作的时候,需要时时注意中英文的矛盾,要养成英文语言习
惯,把自己要表达的思
想变成simple, direct,
clear的思想。要注意每一个句子的结构必须完整,意义必须明
确具体。
5.
如何引用权威信息
为了实现论文的客观性,权威性,理论性和可靠性,做到“言之有据”,“言之有理
”,必须在论文中
引用一些权威信息。无论是引用数据,事实,或理论,都应该在论文中注明出处。可以
先在文中以脚注的形
式标明,然后在论文最后以参考文献(References, Bibliogr
aphy)的形式清楚表明信息来源,如作者姓名,
发表的年代,文献名称,页码等等。
6.
如何利用语篇结构来表现清晰的思路
一些同学错误地以为论文就是一篇扩展的作文,不知道利用语篇结
构方面的技巧来展示清晰的思路,只
是一个段落一个段落的写下去。为了思路清晰,应该将论文内容分成
几个部分。可以利用章节编号来进行清
楚的划分,还可以利用小标题来突出各个章节的重点。
7. 注意避免绝对论断
为了客观,应该注意在论文中避免绝对论断。应该慎重使用every, all, none,
always, never之类容易造成
绝对论断的词语。除此之外,还应该注意避免在意义或道理上
容易造成绝对论断的句子。
8. 注意避免滥用一般现在时态
一般现在时态通常用于表示一
些客观事实,或规律。如果应用时不注意,也容易造成绝对论断。在描写
一个动作时,总要想想,是否是
过去曾经发生过的(用一般过去时态,含义就是现在已经不这样了)?过去
发生并完成而且对现在有影响
的(用现在完成时态)?过去某时发生一直持续到现在的(用现在完成时态)?
现在正在
发生的(用现在进行时态)?现在常常发生的(用一般现在时态,用表示频率的副词作状语)?将
来可能
发生的(用现在将来时态)?或仅仅是对一种可能性的推测(用情态动词may,can)?
9.
注意避免文化障碍
在用英文写作时,必须考虑到读者是使用英文的人。有些只有非常熟悉了解中国文化
或中国大陆的特定
社会、正式环境的人才能理解的内容,若要用英文来表达就是非常困难或无法表达的。
即使勉强将这些内容
用英文写出来,可能使用英文的人也无法明白。因此,在论文中,要尽量避免那些在
中国大陆常见的一些政
治口号,或涉及特定历史时期的史实。避免将中文中特有的一些谚语、俗语直接翻
译为英文。避免直接用英
文表达使用中文的人喜欢用的一些比喻,因为,比喻也是最能体现文化差异的。