“could+have+过去分词”的10种用法
广东农工商职业技术学校-股份合作协议
“could+have+过去分词”的10种用法
一、表示主观猜测 <
br>即对已经发生动作或已经存在的状态作出主观上的猜测，通常可译为“可能(已经)”，
有时需根
据具体语境来翻译。如：
We could not have heard them
because of the noise from the river.
由于有河水声我
们不能听见他们的话。
Tom could have taken the
money; he was here alone yesterday.
有可能是汤姆把钱拿
走了，昨天他单独一个人在这里呆过。
We knew he
couldn’t have paid for it, because he had no
money. 我们知道不可能是
他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。
【说明】该用法也可将cou
ld换成can，但这只限于否定句和疑问句，因为can表推测
时不用于肯定句(而could可以用
于肯定句)。如：
Can he have left already? 他会已经离开了吗?
They can’t have gone out because the light’s
on. 他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。
二、表示未曾实现的能力
即表示过去本来有能
力可以做某事的，但实际上没有那样去做，通常译为“本来可以”
“本来能够”等。如：
The worst of it is that I could have prevented
the accident. 最糟糕的是我本来可以防
止这次事故的。
We could
have got in for nothing—nobody was collecting
tickets. 我们本可以不买票
就进去——根本没人收票。
I could have
passed my examination easily but I made too many
stupid mistakes. 我
本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
有时用于反语。如：
You’ve broken my pen—thanks for
nothing, I could have done that for myself.
你把
我的笔给弄坏了——你得了吧，就那我自己也会弄。
三、表示未曾实现的可能性
即表示过去本来可能发生的情况，而实际上没有发生，通常译为“本来可以”“本来可
能”等。如：
She could have been seriously injured.
她本来可能伤得很重的。
It’s difficult enough, but it
could have been worse. 这事情够困难的了，本来可能会更
糟呢。
有时也可根据语境译为“好在没有”“差点”，尤其是当谈论的是“不好”的情况时。如：
She felt miserable. She could have cried.
她感到很痛苦，她差点哭了。
That was a bad place to go
skiing—you could have broken your leg.
那不是一个滑
雪的好地方，好在你没有把腿给摔断。
Why did you throw
the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have
been hurt.
你为什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢? 好在没有砸伤人。
They
were lucky—they could have been killed.
他们很幸运，差点被打死了。
Did you see him fall? He could
have killed himself. 你看见他摔倒了吗? 他差点摔死
了。
有时需要有比较灵活的翻译：
When I discovered I’d come
for the appointment on the wrong day, I could have
kic
ked myself. 我来赴约发现把日期弄错了，感到非常懊恼。
四、表示未曾实现的想法
即表示过去本来有做某事的打算或意图，但实际上没有实现，通常译为“本来可以”。
如：
I could have lent you the money. Why didn't
you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你
的。你为什么不向我提出?
I
could have given you some hints, but I suppose you
thought yourself too grand.
我
本可以给你点提示的，但是我认为你太自负了。
五、表示未曾实现的选择
即表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事，但实际上没有那样做，通常译为“本来可以”。
如：
Her husband could have told her, but he
did not choose to. 她丈夫本来可以告诉她
的，但他不想这样做。
I
could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask
me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你
的，你为什么不向我提出?
You needn’t
have typed it twice. You could have used a carbon.
你没必要打两遍的，
你当时本可以用复写纸打。
You needn’t have
walked up; you could have taken the lift.
你没必要走着上去，你本
来可以乘电梯的。
六、表示批评或责备
即表示过去本来有
责任或义务应该做某事，但实际上却没有做成，含有批评和责备的意
味，通常译为“本来应该”“本来可
以”等。如：
You could have started a little
earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
You could have helped
me—why did you just sit and watch?
你本来可以帮我一把嘛
——为什么你只是坐在那儿观望呢?
I am
disappointed that you didn’t tell me. You could
have told me. 你没告诉我，我
感到很失望，你本来应该告诉我的。
You
could have let me know you were going out tonight.
你本来可以告诉我你今晚
是要出去的()。
七、表示达到极限
表示即使人们尽力而为去做某事，但还是未能做成，通常用于否定句。如：
I
couldn’t have won, so I didn’t go in for the race.
反正我也赢不了，所以我就没有
参加赛跑。
I couldn’t have
enjoyed myself more—it was a perfect day.
我玩得没法再痛快了——
这一天简直痛快极了。
八、表示惊讶
表示对所发生的情况感到惊奇，含有“竟然”的意味。如：
It seems
inconceivable that the accident could have
happened so quickly. 这一事故发
生得这么快，简直不可思议。
Well, I’m blowed! I should never have thought
you could have done it. 真想不到!
我从未想到居然办得到。
九、用于虚拟语气
在虚拟条件句中，当谈论过去的情况时，其句型通常是：主句用“could would
sho
uld might +have+过去分词”，从句用过去完成时。如：
If I
hadn’t warned you, you could have been killed.
我如不是警告了你，你就可能丧
命了。
If you had come sooner,
you could have helped us. 你如早来一点，就会帮上我们了。
If
he had known the facts, he could have told us what
to do. 如果他了解事实，他是
可能告诉我们怎样做的。
If anybody
had asked me, I could have told them what
happened. 如果有谁问过我，
我可以告诉他们发生了什么情况。
十、用于某些口语惯用表达
可用于某些口语惯用表达，如用于I could have
sworn…，其意是“我可以发誓”“我
千真万确”。如：
I could have
sworn I’d paid that bill. 我可以发誓我付过账。
I could
have sworn I heard a knock at the door.
我千真万确听到了敲门声。
“could+have+过去分词”的10种用法
一、表示主观猜测
即对已经发生动作或已经存在的状态作出主观上的猜测，通常可译为“可能
(已经)”，
有时需根据具体语境来翻译。如：
We could not have
heard them because of the noise from the river.
由于有河水声我
们不能听见他们的话。
Tom could have taken the
money; he was here alone yesterday.
有可能是汤姆把钱拿
走了，昨天他单独一个人在这里呆过。
We knew he
couldn’t have paid for it, because he had no
money. 我们知道不可能是
他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。
【说明】该用法也可将cou
ld换成can，但这只限于否定句和疑问句，因为can表推测
时不用于肯定句(而could可以用
于肯定句)。如：
Can he have left already? 他会已经离开了吗?
They can’t have gone out because the light’s
on. 他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。
二、表示未曾实现的能力
即表示过去本来有能
力可以做某事的，但实际上没有那样去做，通常译为“本来可以”
“本来能够”等。如：
The worst of it is that I could have prevented
the accident. 最糟糕的是我本来可以防
止这次事故的。
We could
have got in for nothing—nobody was collecting
tickets. 我们本可以不买票
就进去——根本没人收票。
I could have
passed my examination easily but I made too many
stupid mistakes. 我
本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
有时用于反语。如：
You’ve broken my pen—thanks for
nothing, I could have done that for myself.
你把
我的笔给弄坏了——你得了吧，就那我自己也会弄。
三、表示未曾实现的可能性
即表示过去本来可能发生的情况，而实际上没有发生，通常译为“本来可以”“本来可
能”等。如：
She could have been seriously injured.
她本来可能伤得很重的。
It’s difficult enough, but it
could have been worse. 这事情够困难的了，本来可能会更
糟呢。
有时也可根据语境译为“好在没有”“差点”，尤其是当谈论的是“不好”的情况时。如：
She felt miserable. She could have cried.
她感到很痛苦，她差点哭了。
That was a bad place to go
skiing—you could have broken your leg.
那不是一个滑
雪的好地方，好在你没有把腿给摔断。
Why did you throw
the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have
been hurt.
你为什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢? 好在没有砸伤人。
They
were lucky—they could have been killed.
他们很幸运，差点被打死了。
Did you see him fall? He could
have killed himself. 你看见他摔倒了吗? 他差点摔死
了。
有时需要有比较灵活的翻译：
When I discovered I’d come
for the appointment on the wrong day, I could have
kic
ked myself. 我来赴约发现把日期弄错了，感到非常懊恼。
四、表示未曾实现的想法
即表示过去本来有做某事的打算或意图，但实际上没有实现，通常译为“本来可以”。
如：
I could have lent you the money. Why didn't
you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你
的。你为什么不向我提出?
I
could have given you some hints, but I suppose you
thought yourself too grand.
我
本可以给你点提示的，但是我认为你太自负了。
五、表示未曾实现的选择
即表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事，但实际上没有那样做，通常译为“本来可以”。
如：
Her husband could have told her, but he
did not choose to. 她丈夫本来可以告诉她
的，但他不想这样做。
I
could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask
me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你
的，你为什么不向我提出?
You needn’t
have typed it twice. You could have used a carbon.
你没必要打两遍的，
你当时本可以用复写纸打。
You needn’t have
walked up; you could have taken the lift.
你没必要走着上去，你本
来可以乘电梯的。
六、表示批评或责备
即表示过去本来有
责任或义务应该做某事，但实际上却没有做成，含有批评和责备的意
味，通常译为“本来应该”“本来可
以”等。如：
You could have started a little
earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
You could have helped
me—why did you just sit and watch?
你本来可以帮我一把嘛
——为什么你只是坐在那儿观望呢?
I am
disappointed that you didn’t tell me. You could
have told me. 你没告诉我，我
感到很失望，你本来应该告诉我的。
You
could have let me know you were going out tonight.
你本来可以告诉我你今晚
是要出去的()。
七、表示达到极限
表示即使人们尽力而为去做某事，但还是未能做成，通常用于否定句。如：
I
couldn’t have won, so I didn’t go in for the race.
反正我也赢不了，所以我就没有
参加赛跑。
I couldn’t have
enjoyed myself more—it was a perfect day.
我玩得没法再痛快了——
这一天简直痛快极了。
八、表示惊讶
表示对所发生的情况感到惊奇，含有“竟然”的意味。如：
It seems
inconceivable that the accident could have
happened so quickly. 这一事故发
生得这么快，简直不可思议。
Well, I’m blowed! I should never have thought
you could have done it. 真想不到!
我从未想到居然办得到。
九、用于虚拟语气
在虚拟条件句中，当谈论过去的情况时，其句型通常是：主句用“could would
sho
uld might +have+过去分词”，从句用过去完成时。如：
If I
hadn’t warned you, you could have been killed.
我如不是警告了你，你就可能丧
命了。
If you had come sooner,
you could have helped us. 你如早来一点，就会帮上我们了。
If
he had known the facts, he could have told us what
to do. 如果他了解事实，他是
可能告诉我们怎样做的。
If anybody
had asked me, I could have told them what
happened. 如果有谁问过我，
我可以告诉他们发生了什么情况。
十、用于某些口语惯用表达
可用于某些口语惯用表达，如用于I could have
sworn…，其意是“我可以发誓”“我
千真万确”。如：
I could have
sworn I’d paid that bill. 我可以发誓我付过账。
I could
have sworn I heard a knock at the door.
我千真万确听到了敲门声。