不定式to do的作用
合肥市地方税务局-互质数
重点中学英语语法讲义-不定式
一、概说
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它通常由不定式符号to +
动词原形构成,但有时to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式,与动词
原形同形)。动词
不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能,在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等,但不能用
作谓语(故称
不定式为非谓语动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语
态和被动语态)。
二、不定式的否定式
1.不定式的否定式的构成
通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前,即构成not to do 或never to
do
的形式,注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面,而
不是其后面。如:
The doctor advised me not to smoke.
医生劝我不要抽烟。
Father warned me never to drive
after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。
注:若不定式为完成式和被动式,否定词应置于整个结构之前:
She
pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
It is nice not to be dependent on others.
不依靠别人是好的。
2. so as to do sth 和in order to
do sth 的否定式
对于这两个结构的否定式,通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前
,而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置:
Study hard so as not to
fail the exam. 努力学习,以免考试不及格。
He came in
quietly in order not to wake his wife.
他轻轻进来,以免把他妻子吵醒。
三、不定式的时态与语态
1.
不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)
一般式
进行式
完成式
完成进
行式
2. 不定式一般式的用法
有两个主要用法:
(1)
一是表示将来,即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作:
We decided to
leave early. 我们决定早点动身。
He asked me to buy
him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。
We expect him to
come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。
(2)
表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作:
He seems to be
tired. 他似乎累了。
Who heard him say that?
是谁听到他这样说的?
I’m sorry to hear that.
听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
2.
不定式进行式的用法
主要用法有:
(1)
表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作:
He seems to be saying
something. 他似乎在说什么。
He is thought to be
hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。
(2)
正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来:
He was
happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。
The
old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。
3.
不定式完成式的用法
(1)
表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
He seems to have caught a
cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled
with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
I’m sorry to have
given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作:
主 动 语 态
to do
to be doing
to have
done
to have been doing
被 动 语
态
to be done
无
to have
been done
无
I hope to
have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望:
I should like to
have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。
We were to
have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
4. 不定式完成进行式的用法
表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:
You seem to have been writing very long.
你好像已经写了很久了。
The battle was said to have
been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。
5. 不定式被动语态的用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子
的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式:
Did it
need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
It
remains to be seen whether you are right.
你是否正确,以后见分晓。
I’m pleased to have been
given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。
注:有关不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的内容,参见本讲义“被动语态”之内容。
句子中的作用:
1. 作主语
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To remember this is very
important. 记住这一点很重要。
注:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语
的不定式置于句子
后部,而在句首使用的主语位置使用形式主语it:
It’s very
important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s a
pity to leave so early. 这么早走太遗憾。
2.作表语
He
seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。
Her wish is to be a
teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。
You are not to smoke in
this room. 你不应在这个房间里吸烟。
注:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn
out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be),二是像My job is to sweep
the
floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,三是表示想法、
约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,再如:
We are to meet at the
station at three. 我约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约
定)
How
are we to convince him? 我们怎么能说服他呢? (表可能性)
You
are to come when I call. 叫你来的时候,你必须来。(表命令)
3.
作宾语
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
Remember to post the letter. 记住把信寄了。
I
hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。
注:不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(如but,
except)的宾语:
I had no choice but to wait.
除了等,我没有别的选择。
It had no effect except to make
him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何
效果。
4. 作宾语补足语
Who taught you to drive? 谁教你开车的?
He
warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要触碰它。
What
caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的?
注:当
作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定
式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾
语补足语之后:
It find it difficult to learn Japanese
well. 我感到学会日语不容易。
5. 作定语
I have a question
to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。
It is a pleasant thing
to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。
He is not a man to
tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人
注:有的名词(如way, chance,
right等)后用作定语的不定式可换成of
doing sth:
It’s the
best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的办法。
但是,以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth:
attempt 试图 courage 勇气 decision 决定
effort 努力
fortune 运气
failure 失败
invitation 邀请 permission 允许 promise 允诺
wish 愿望
6. 作状语
不定式作状语可以表示多种关系(如目的、结果、原因、条件等):
I went to
France to learn French. 我到法国去学法语。(表目的)
He
returned home to find his wife waiting for him.
他回到家发现他的
妻子在等他。(表结果)
You would make a great
mistake to accept his offer.
你要是接受他的
建议,你就犯了大错误。(表条件)
We are proud to be
members of this team. 作为这个队的队员我们感到
很自豪。(表原因)
He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他张开嘴,好像要说什么。
(表方式)
五、通常要接不定式作宾语的动词
通常只接不定式(而不是动名词)作宾语的动词有:
afford 负担得起
agree 同意 arrange 安排,设法 ask 要求
care 想要 choose 决定 decide 决定
demand 要求
determine 决心 expect 期待
fail 未能 help 帮助
hesitate 犹豫 hope 希望 long 渴望
manage 设法
offer 主动提出 plan 计划
prepare 准备 pretend 假装
promise 答应
refuse 拒绝 want 想要 wish希望
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
She refused to help me. 她不肯帮助我()。
He
agreed to come over right away. 他同意马上就来。
He managed to avoid an accident.
他设法避免了一次事故。
The boy decided not to become
a sailor. 那孩子决定将来不当水手。
He chose not to go
abroad until later. 他决定晚点出国。
He pretended
not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情。
六、“动词+宾语+不定式”用法说明
1.可用于该结构的常用动词
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词:advise, allow, ask, bear,
beg, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid,
force, get, hate, help, intend, invite,
leave,
like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade,
prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble,
want, warn, wish等。如:
He didn’t allow the
students to go there. 他没让学生们去那儿。
He
ordered the work to be started at once.
他命令马上开始工作。
He forbade me to use his car.
他不准我用他的小车。
The doctor warned him not to
smoke. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。
My parents encouraged me
to study abroad. 父母鼓励我出国留学。
I tried to
persuade him to leave, but he wouldn’t listen.
我想劝他离开,可他不听。
2. 容易误用于该结构的动词
容易受汉语意思误用不定式作宾语补足语的动词:
汉语可说“害怕某人做某事”,但英语不说 fear sb to do sth。
汉语可说“原谅某人做某事”,但英语不说 excuse [forgive] sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“拒绝某人做某事”,但英语不说 refuse sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“惩罚某人做某事”,但英语不说 punish sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 suggest [propose]
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“赞成某人做某事”,但英语不说 approve
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“通知某人做某事”,但英语不说 inform
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“欢迎某人做某事”,但英语不说 welcome
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“坚持某人做某事”,但英语不说 insist
[persist] sb to do sth。
汉语可说“希望某人做某事”,但英语不说 hope sb to do sth。
汉语可说“安排某人做某事”,但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。
汉语可说“要求某人做某事”,但英语不说 demand sb to do sth。
汉语可说“感谢某人做某事”,但英语不说 thank sb to do sth。
汉语可说“祝贺某人做某事”,但英语不说 congratulate sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“阻止某人做某事”,但英语不说 prevent sb to do
sth。
要表示以上意思,可换用其他表达:
汉语的“原谅某人做某事”,英语可说成 excuse [forgive] sb for
doing sth。
汉语的“希望某人做某事”,英语可说成wish sb to do
sth。
汉语的“建议某人做某事”,英语可说成 advise sb to do
sth。
汉语的“安排某人做某事”,英语可说成 arrange for sb to
do sth。
汉语的“要求某人做某事”,英语可说成 demand of sb to
do sth。
汉语的“感谢某人做某事”,英语可说成thank sb for
doing sth。
汉语的“祝贺某人做某事”,英语可说成congratulate
sb on doing sth。
汉语的“阻止某人做某事”,英语可说成
prevent sb from doing sth。
3. 关于promise sb
to do sth
该结构中的不定式的逻辑主语不其前的宾语sb,而是句子主语,所以严
格说来,此句中的不定式不是宾语补足语,如He promised me to go.
的
意思是“他答应我他去”,而不是“他答应让我去”。
七、省略to的若干情况
1. 使役动词后省to的情况
在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to:
My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film.
我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
I don’t like milk, but she
made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶,可是她强迫我喝。
I would
have him wait for me at the gate of the park.
我要他在公园门口等我。
注:(1) 当使役动词用于被动语态时,要补上在主动语态中省略
的to(主要是指make,let和have很少用于被动语态)。
(2) force,
oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to:
He
forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。
2.
感觉动词后省to的情况
在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to:
I saw the woman enter a bank.
我看见这个女人进了一家银行。
We often hear her sing this
song. 我们经常听到她唱这乎歌。
Did you notice her
leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? z
I watched
her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
注:(1)
这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel,
watch。但是它们用于被动语态时,则其后的不定式必须带to:
The woman
was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。
但是,用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch通常不用于被动语态。
(2) 类似地,动词look at和listen
to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to:
We listened to the
old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。
(3)
若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be,则要带 to(其他情况不带 to):
They felt the plan to be unwise.
他们认为这个计划不明智。
(4) 若不定式为完成式,通常应带 to。如():
I noticed her to have come early.
我注意到她来得很早。
2. 动词help后省to的情况
在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to:
Can I
help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗?
Mother helped me (to) do my homework.
妈帮助我做作业。
注:(1) 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的
不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时,不定式通常带to:
Help the
little boys at the back of the hall to carry the
chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。
These
tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。
(2) 在当help用于被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略:
The boy
was helped by a woman to collect his scattered
coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。
4. why
(not)…后省to的情况
在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to:
Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去?
Why not
ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师?
5.
动词know后省to的情况
在“know+宾语+不定式”中,不定式有时省to,有时不省,可分以下两种情况讨论:
(1) 若 know 为现在式,该结构中的不定式只限于 to
be,且其中的to不能省略:
I know him to be ill.
我知道他病了。
(2) 若know为完成式或过去式,则该结构中的不定式可以用除 to
be外的其他动词,且此时其中的to可以省留:
I never knew him
(to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。
We’ve
never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。
<
br>但在被动语态中不定式前的to不能省略。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”,而是表示一
种经历,因此常译为“曾…过”(用于肯定
句时)或“(从来)没有…过”(用于否定句时)。
6. 介词except和but后省to的情况
用作介词except,
but宾语的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。其大致原则是:若其前出现了动词
do,其后的不定式通常不带 to;若其前没有出
现动词 do,则其后的不定式通常带
to:
I had no choice but to wait.
除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay
there. 他只想留在那儿。
It had no effect except to
make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
She can do
everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。
7.
主语带do表语省to的情况
当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to:
All
you do now is (to) complete the form.
你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。
The only thing to do now
is (to) go on. 前进是现在惟一的出路。
What I’ll do is
(to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉他真相。
8. 并列不定式省to的情况
当两个或多个作用相同的
不定式并列时,通常只需在第一个不定式前用to,其余不定式前的to可以省略:
He
told me to stay there and wait him. 他叫我在那儿等他。
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
我真不知该怎么想怎么说。
It is easier to persuade
people than (to) force them. 说服人容易,强迫人难。
但是,如果两者有对比关系,则后面不定式前的to不可省略:
To try
and fail is better than not to try at all.
尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
9. 省略不定式是否保留to
在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号to:
I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。
不要来晚了。”“我尽量不来晚。”
Don’t go till I tell
you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
注:(1) 若被省略的不定式为to
be短语,则通常应保留be:
He is not the man he used
to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。
(2)
有时省略不定式时,同时也可省略to:
She may go if she likes
(to). 他想去就可以去。
八、“wh-词+不定式”结构
1.
该结构的句法功能
“wh-词+不定式”主要用作宾语::
We
must think what to do. 我们必须考虑怎么办。
I can’t
decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
He had
no idea of how to do it. 他不知道如何做此事。
除用作宾语外,还可用作主语、表语等:
When to leave has
not been decided. 何时离开还没有决定。
The question
is how to find him. 问题是如何找到他。
2.
该结构与why
原则上说,why后不接不定式,不过若不定式不带to,则可用why:
Why
not go there at once? 为什么不马上去那儿呢?
Why
argue with her? 为什么要跟她争论呢?
注:这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来,不用于谈论过去:
误:Why not
clean the room yesterday?
正:Why didn’t you
clean the room yesterday? 你昨天为什么不打扫房间?
3.
该结构与how
有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略:
Did you learn (how) to drive a car?
你学过开车吗?
但是,有些动词后面接“疑问词how+不定式”作宾
语时,尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出,但却不能将how省略:
He knows
how to play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。
He showed
her how to swim. 他教她游泳。
Soon you’ll find
out how to drive a car. 不久你就会学会开车的。
We
never discovered how to open the box.
我们一直未发现如何打开这个盒子。
Can you explain how to
make a cake? 你可以给我解释一下怎么做蛋糕吗?
九、重点考点原创精练
1. _____ the seeds and they
will grow.
A. Water B.
To water C. Watering D.
Watered
2. The purpose of the scheme is
not to help the employers but ______ work for
young people.
A. provide B.
to provide C. providing
D. provided
3. He arrived at the office
early, ______ a good example to the others.
A. set B. to set
C. to be set D. having set
4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting
— I’ve got too much work ____.
A. to do to
come B. doing coming C. to do coming
D. to do coming
5. We looked everywhere
for the keys, but they are nowhere _____.
A. to find B. to have found
C. to be found D. being found
6.
After describing the planned improvements, she
went on ______ how much they would cost.
A. to explain B. explaining
C. to be explaining D. having explained
7. To test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of
water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink
they’re good.
A. put
B. putting C. to put
D. to be putting
8. Please remember ______
the plants while I’m away.
A.
watering B. to be watering C.
to water D. being watering
9. ______ wine, first you must press the
grapes.()
A. Making B. To
make C. To be making D.
Make
10. I’ve never been so poor _______
able to afford a meal.
A. as to be not
B. not as to be C. as not to be
D. as to not be
11. I don’t know whether
to stay in teaching or ______ another job.
A. trying getting B. to try to get
C. trying to get D. try get
12.
I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I
don’t want ______ like this.
A. to see
B. to be seeing C. to be seen
D. being seen
13. In fact, she was the
first woman ______to such a post.
A. to
elect B. to be electing C.
to have elected D. to have been elected
14. I’d like ______ over the Alps and looking
down at the mountains.
A. flying
B. being flying C. to be flying
D. be flying
15. I’m learning _____ a
cake. Can you explain _____ one?
A. to
make, to make B. how to make, to make
C.
to learn, how to make
D. making, making
16. Whom would you
rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack?
A.
have go B. have to go
C. have gone D. has to go
17. The husband advised ______ to the south,
but his wife advised him _____ up the idea.
A. moving, giving B. to move, to give
C. moving, to give D. to move, giving
18. “Would you like to come for a walk with
me?” “I’d prefer _____, thank you.”
A. not
to B. to not
C. not D. can’t
19.
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know
_____.
A. how B. to
C. how to D. to how
20.
“I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.”
“What do you suppose _____ to him?”
A. was
happening B. to happen C. has
happened D. had happened
21. When
I handed the report to John, he said that George
was the person _____.
A. to send
B. for sending it C. to send it to
D. for sending it to
22. “Do you know the
girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s
party. But I’m not sure.
A. to introduce
to B. to be
introduced to
C. being introduced to
D. to have been introduced to
23. We all
agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed
______.
A. to wait, to do so B. to
wait, 不填
C. waiting, doing so D.
waiting, 不填
24. He made up his mind to
devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from
living
C. to preventing, to live
D. to preventing, from living
25. I wish
I’d been there — I would like _____ her face when
his husband came in.
A. to see
B. to have seen C. seeing
D. having seen
参考答案:01—05 ABBAC
06—10 AACBC 11—15 BCDCC 16—20 ACACC 21—25
CDBCB
动词不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语,而往往将动词不定式放在谓语或表
语之后。如:
It's not easy to learn a foreign language
well. (=To learn a foreign
language well is
not easy.) 学好一门外语不容易。
在此句型中,如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可在不定式前加
一个for
引起的短语,作不定式的逻辑主语。如:
It's difficult for us to
finish the work. 对我们来说,完成这项工作很
困难。
It's hard for me to answer your question.
要我回答你的问题很难。
但是,如果表语是kind, nice, right,
wrong, clever, polite
等描述行
为者的性格、品质的形容词,则应在不定式前加一个of 引起的短语。如:
这个例子属于上面的换一个of引起的。
It's very kind of you to
help me.你能帮我,真好。
注意:
1. of sb.和for
sb.这两种结构还有一个区别,在of
sb.结构中,可用sb.
直接作句子的主语来改写成“It's+形容词+of
sb.+动词不定式”结构。试比
较:
It's foolish of him to
go alone. (=He was foolish to go alone.)
他单
独出去太傻了。
It's kind of you to give me
the book. (=You are kind to give me the
book.)
你给我这本书,真是太好了。
for sb.结构则不能这样转换。例如,不可以说:We
are difficult to finish
the work.
2.
动词不定式作主语,同时有另一个不定式作表语时,不能转换成
“It's...to do
sth.”的句型。如:
[正] To see is to believe.
百闻不如一见。
[误] It's to believe to see.
二、“疑问代(副)词+动词不定式”也可以在句中作主语。如:
How to control
the water pollution is a big problem.
如何控制水污染
是一个大问题。
When to start the project
remains undecided. 什么时候开始这项工程
仍然没有决定。
一、不定式等非谓语形式作主语时,谓语动词一路走来都是单数身份;不少
作主语的不定式与动
名词在意义上相同。如:
To see is to believe. = Seeing is
believing. 眼见为实。
二、口语中,当作主语的不定式过长时,it不惜屈居有名无实
的形式主语,
常为平衡关系而挺身而出、替主出征,真主角反无官一身轻,悠哉断后。
如:
To learn a foreign language well
is not easy.→ It's not easy to learn a
foreign
language well. 要把一门外语学好不容易。
To play football
is very interesting. → It's very interesting to
play
football. 踢足球很有趣。
留言提醒:在实际操作中,不定式(短语)还有权招聘一个逻辑主语,并
由of
for出面料理,下例中的
me即是:
It's hard for me to
finish the task in such a short time.
对我而言,要
在如此短的时间里完成任务是困难的。
聘of还是for?点击作表语的形容
词属性可知:若形容词描述的是人的特征
与品行,能修饰人(像kind, nice, good,
clever, right, polite,
careless等),则适宜;如果形容的是事物的特点或外观等(如easy,
hard
difficult, safe, interesting,
important,necessary之类),
则主动上!下例正误可略见一斑:
不定式可用作哪些状语
本站特约作者 龙 楠
从句法上看,不定式在句子中可以用
作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,其中用作状语是不定式所有用法中最重要的用法之一,同时也是
英
语考试的重要考点。本文专门为大家归纳不定式作状语的用法,帮助大家理清思路,搞清用法。
先提醒一下,在不定式用作状语的所有用法中,用作目的状语是最重要的(几乎每年都有所考查),其次是用作
结果状语(尤其要注意only to
do sth这类表示意外结果的用法),用作条件状语也要适
当引起注意,而用作方式状语和原因状语则相对考得较少。
一、用作目的状语
不定式用作目的状语属不定式的常见用法,也是英语考试的一个高频考点。如:
________, you need to give all you have and
try your best.
A. Being a winner B.
To be a winner
C. Be a winner D.
Having been a winner
此题答案为B。不定式用于句首表示目的(即用
作目的状语)。句意为:要想获胜,你必面要倾其所有,全力以赴。
不定式用作目的状语有两
个可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。一般说来,用于句首属于强调性用法,即强调动词的目的。如:
To avoid any delay please phone your order
direct. 为免延误, 请直接打电话预订。
To keep themselves
awake they sat on the floor and told each other
stories. 为了不至于睡着,他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。
To trace
the origins of the Irish problem, we have to go
back over three hundred years.
要探讨爱尔兰问题的起因就要追溯到三百多年以前。
Firemen had to
break the door down to reach the people trapped
inside. 为了抢救困在屋里的人,消防人员不得不破门而入。
有时为了特别强调目的状语,可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as,即构成in
order to do sth和so as to do sth结构。如:
She
arrived early in order to get a good seat.
她到得很早,图的就是弄个好座位。
I left a message so as to
be sure of contacting her. 我留下一张便条以便与她取得联系。
二、用作结果状语
不定式用作结果状语通常放在句末,一般不放在句首。如:
He returned home to find his wife waiting for
him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。
He woke (up) to find
himself alone in the house.
他一觉醒来发现房子里只剩下他一个人了。
请注意下列句子中的so…as to…,
such... as to…, enough to…, only
to…以及too...to…等结构中的不定式也表结果:
The house is
so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.
这房子又高又窄,像一座塔。
It was such aloud noise as
to wake everybody in the house.
声音这么大,房子里的每个人都给吵醒了。
Is this bridge strong
enough to support heavy lorries?
这座桥禁得住重型卡车通行吗?
I arrived at the shop only
to find I’d left all my money at home.
我到商店却发现钱全落在家里了。
As a conductor he is too
experienced to mind what the critics say.
他是一位经验非常丰富的指挥家,根本不会在乎评论家的意见。
特别要注意only to
do sth这类结果状语,它表示的往往是一种出乎意外的结果。它曾一直是英语考试的一个重要考点,尽管今
年没有出现这
类考题,但在往年的试题中它是较受青睐的。如:
He
hurried to the booking office only ___B___ that
all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to
tell B. to be told C. telling
D. told
三、用作条件状语
不定式用作条件状语也有两个可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。如:
You
would make a great mistake to accept his offer.
你要是接受他的建议,你就犯了大错误。
To look at him you’d
never think he was a successful businessman.
若看他的外貌,谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。
To hear her talk,
you’d think she was made of money.
听她谈话的口气,你会觉得她浑身都是钱。
这类不定式通常可用if从句来改写。如:
To order a
vehicle, you have to pay a deposit.= If you want
to order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit.
要想订购一辆汽车,你必须交付押金。
To get into university
you have to pass a number of examinations.=If you
want to get into university you have to pass a
number of examinations.
如果
你想上大学,就必须通过一系列考试。
To join the club
you have to be put up by an existing member.= If
you want to join the club you have to be put up by
an existing member. 要想加入俱
乐部必须有一位会员做介绍人。
四、用作原因状语
不定式用作原因状语的情形主要用于某些“be+形容词+不定式”结构。如:
He
was glad to be home again. 他又回到家里,感到很高兴。
We’re proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
She wept to see him in such
a terrible state. 她看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。
五、用作方式状语
不定式用作方式状语的情形比较少见,主要用于as if to
do sth这类结构。如:
He opened his mouth as if to
say something. 他张开嘴,好像要说什么
She lifts his
hand as if to lead him somewhere.
她牵起他的手,像要把他带到某个地方去。
Smiling pleasantly,
the stranger turned as if to speak to me.
那个陌生人面带愉悦的笑容,转身向我,似乎想对我说话。
Steve opened
his mouth as if to speak, but stopped talking even
before he had started.
史蒂夫张开口仿佛要说话,但是还没有说出口又停住了。
学习“疑问词+不定式”结构的三点注意
疑问词+不定式”的用法要点
一、弄清句法功能
“疑问词+不定式”是英语中一个很有用的结构,尤其
在口语中用得很频繁。该结构在句子中主要用作宾语,有时也可用作主语或表语等。
如:
A traffic light tells us when
to cross the road. 交通信号告诉我们何时穿越马路。
When to
start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。
The
question is how to carry out the plan.
问题是怎样执行这个计划。
第一句中的when to cross the
road用作动词tell的宾语,第二句中的when to start用作句子主语,第三句中的how
to carry out the plan用于连系
动词后作表语。
二、记住why这个特例
只要语义允许,我们原则上可以根据需要选用疑问词用于“
疑问词+不定式”结构中,但这有一个例外,也是唯一的例外,那就是why。如:
他向我解释了他为什么迟到的原因。
误:He explained to me
why to be late.
正:He explained to me why
he was late.
疑问词why后面不能接带to的不定式。但是,如果跟一个不带
to的不定式(即动词原形)则是完全可以的。如:
Why not try again?
干嘛不再试试呢?
Why get upset just because you
got a bad mark? 何必因为没有考好就想不开呢?
三、警惕易错的how
在汉语中,我们说“做某事”和“如何做某事”是不同的,后
者侧重做事方法,其中的“如何”译为英语就是how。如:
He discovered
how to open the safe. 他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
但是在英语中,有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略,意思不变。如:
Any child can learn (how) to swim.
任何一个孩子都能学会游泳。
My mother taught me (how) to
play the piano. 妈妈教我弹钢琴。
以上两句中的how均可省略,这主要与所搭配的动词learn, teach有关。原则上说,这类
用法不会对我们的使用造成困难,因为即使我们弄不
清楚,反正用不用how都没关系。但是,下面的句
子就非常值得注意了——汉语句子中不一定有“如何”的意味,但英语句子中的how却不可省
略():
我不知道这台像机怎么用。
误:I don’t know to
use this camera.
正:I don’t know how to use
this camera.
你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?
误:Can
you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you
explain how to make a cake?
按英语习惯,动词know,
show, discover, see, explain, find out
等之后通常不宜直接跟不定式,但可跟“疑问词
不定式”,所以在这类结构中,
千万不要漏掉汉语中可以省略的how。
重点中学英语语法讲义-不定式
一、概说
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成,但有时to也可省略(
省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式,与动词
原形同形)。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能
,在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等,但不能用作谓语(故称
不定式为非谓语
动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语态和被动语态)。
二、不定式的否定式
1.不定式的否定式的构成
通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前,即构成not to do 或never to
do
的形式,注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面,而
不是其后面。如:
The doctor advised me not to smoke.
医生劝我不要抽烟。
Father warned me never to drive
after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。
注:若不定式为完成式和被动式,否定词应置于整个结构之前:
She
pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
It is nice not to be dependent on others.
不依靠别人是好的。
2. so as to do sth 和in order to
do sth 的否定式
对于这两个结构的否定式,通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前
,而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置:
Study hard so as not to
fail the exam. 努力学习,以免考试不及格。
He came in
quietly in order not to wake his wife.
他轻轻进来,以免把他妻子吵醒。
三、不定式的时态与语态
1.
不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)
一般式
进行式
完成式
完成进
行式
2. 不定式一般式的用法
有两个主要用法:
(1)
一是表示将来,即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作:
We decided to
leave early. 我们决定早点动身。
He asked me to buy
him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。
We expect him to
come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。
(2)
表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作:
He seems to be
tired. 他似乎累了。
Who heard him say that?
是谁听到他这样说的?
I’m sorry to hear that.
听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
2.
不定式进行式的用法
主要用法有:
(1)
表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作:
He seems to be saying
something. 他似乎在说什么。
He is thought to be
hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。
(2)
正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来:
He was
happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。
The
old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。
3.
不定式完成式的用法
(1)
表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
He seems to have caught a
cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled
with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
I’m sorry to have
given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作:
主 动 语 态
to do
to be doing
to have
done
to have been doing
被 动 语
态
to be done
无
to have
been done
无
I hope to
have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望:
I should like to
have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。
We were to
have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
4. 不定式完成进行式的用法
表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:
You seem to have been writing very long.
你好像已经写了很久了。
The battle was said to have
been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。
5. 不定式被动语态的用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子
的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式:
Did it
need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
It
remains to be seen whether you are right.
你是否正确,以后见分晓。
I’m pleased to have been
given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。
注:有关不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的内容,参见本讲义“被动语态”之内容。
句子中的作用:
1. 作主语
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To remember this is very
important. 记住这一点很重要。
注:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语
的不定式置于句子
后部,而在句首使用的主语位置使用形式主语it:
It’s very
important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It’s a
pity to leave so early. 这么早走太遗憾。
2.作表语
He
seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。
Her wish is to be a
teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。
You are not to smoke in
this room. 你不应在这个房间里吸烟。
注:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn
out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be),二是像My job is to sweep
the
floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,三是表示想法、
约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,再如:
We are to meet at the
station at three. 我约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约
定)
How
are we to convince him? 我们怎么能说服他呢? (表可能性)
You
are to come when I call. 叫你来的时候,你必须来。(表命令)
3.
作宾语
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
Remember to post the letter. 记住把信寄了。
I
hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。
注:不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(如but,
except)的宾语:
I had no choice but to wait.
除了等,我没有别的选择。
It had no effect except to make
him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何
效果。
4. 作宾语补足语
Who taught you to drive? 谁教你开车的?
He
warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要触碰它。
What
caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的?
注:当
作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定
式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾
语补足语之后:
It find it difficult to learn Japanese
well. 我感到学会日语不容易。
5. 作定语
I have a question
to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。
It is a pleasant thing
to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。
He is not a man to
tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人
注:有的名词(如way, chance,
right等)后用作定语的不定式可换成of
doing sth:
It’s the
best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的办法。
但是,以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth:
attempt 试图 courage 勇气 decision 决定
effort 努力
fortune 运气
failure 失败
invitation 邀请 permission 允许 promise 允诺
wish 愿望
6. 作状语
不定式作状语可以表示多种关系(如目的、结果、原因、条件等):
I went to
France to learn French. 我到法国去学法语。(表目的)
He
returned home to find his wife waiting for him.
他回到家发现他的
妻子在等他。(表结果)
You would make a great
mistake to accept his offer.
你要是接受他的
建议,你就犯了大错误。(表条件)
We are proud to be
members of this team. 作为这个队的队员我们感到
很自豪。(表原因)
He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他张开嘴,好像要说什么。
(表方式)
五、通常要接不定式作宾语的动词
通常只接不定式(而不是动名词)作宾语的动词有:
afford 负担得起
agree 同意 arrange 安排,设法 ask 要求
care 想要 choose 决定 decide 决定
demand 要求
determine 决心 expect 期待
fail 未能 help 帮助
hesitate 犹豫 hope 希望 long 渴望
manage 设法
offer 主动提出 plan 计划
prepare 准备 pretend 假装
promise 答应
refuse 拒绝 want 想要 wish希望
I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。
She refused to help me. 她不肯帮助我()。
He
agreed to come over right away. 他同意马上就来。
He managed to avoid an accident.
他设法避免了一次事故。
The boy decided not to become
a sailor. 那孩子决定将来不当水手。
He chose not to go
abroad until later. 他决定晚点出国。
He pretended
not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情。
六、“动词+宾语+不定式”用法说明
1.可用于该结构的常用动词
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词:advise, allow, ask, bear,
beg, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid,
force, get, hate, help, intend, invite,
leave,
like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade,
prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble,
want, warn, wish等。如:
He didn’t allow the
students to go there. 他没让学生们去那儿。
He
ordered the work to be started at once.
他命令马上开始工作。
He forbade me to use his car.
他不准我用他的小车。
The doctor warned him not to
smoke. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。
My parents encouraged me
to study abroad. 父母鼓励我出国留学。
I tried to
persuade him to leave, but he wouldn’t listen.
我想劝他离开,可他不听。
2. 容易误用于该结构的动词
容易受汉语意思误用不定式作宾语补足语的动词:
汉语可说“害怕某人做某事”,但英语不说 fear sb to do sth。
汉语可说“原谅某人做某事”,但英语不说 excuse [forgive] sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“拒绝某人做某事”,但英语不说 refuse sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“惩罚某人做某事”,但英语不说 punish sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 suggest [propose]
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“赞成某人做某事”,但英语不说 approve
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“通知某人做某事”,但英语不说 inform
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“欢迎某人做某事”,但英语不说 welcome
sb to do sth。
汉语可说“坚持某人做某事”,但英语不说 insist
[persist] sb to do sth。
汉语可说“希望某人做某事”,但英语不说 hope sb to do sth。
汉语可说“安排某人做某事”,但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。
汉语可说“要求某人做某事”,但英语不说 demand sb to do sth。
汉语可说“感谢某人做某事”,但英语不说 thank sb to do sth。
汉语可说“祝贺某人做某事”,但英语不说 congratulate sb to do
sth。
汉语可说“阻止某人做某事”,但英语不说 prevent sb to do
sth。
要表示以上意思,可换用其他表达:
汉语的“原谅某人做某事”,英语可说成 excuse [forgive] sb for
doing sth。
汉语的“希望某人做某事”,英语可说成wish sb to do
sth。
汉语的“建议某人做某事”,英语可说成 advise sb to do
sth。
汉语的“安排某人做某事”,英语可说成 arrange for sb to
do sth。
汉语的“要求某人做某事”,英语可说成 demand of sb to
do sth。
汉语的“感谢某人做某事”,英语可说成thank sb for
doing sth。
汉语的“祝贺某人做某事”,英语可说成congratulate
sb on doing sth。
汉语的“阻止某人做某事”,英语可说成
prevent sb from doing sth。
3. 关于promise sb
to do sth
该结构中的不定式的逻辑主语不其前的宾语sb,而是句子主语,所以严
格说来,此句中的不定式不是宾语补足语,如He promised me to go.
的
意思是“他答应我他去”,而不是“他答应让我去”。
七、省略to的若干情况
1. 使役动词后省to的情况
在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to:
My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film.
我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
I don’t like milk, but she
made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶,可是她强迫我喝。
I would
have him wait for me at the gate of the park.
我要他在公园门口等我。
注:(1) 当使役动词用于被动语态时,要补上在主动语态中省略
的to(主要是指make,let和have很少用于被动语态)。
(2) force,
oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to:
He
forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。
2.
感觉动词后省to的情况
在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to:
I saw the woman enter a bank.
我看见这个女人进了一家银行。
We often hear her sing this
song. 我们经常听到她唱这乎歌。
Did you notice her
leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? z
I watched
her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
注:(1)
这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel,
watch。但是它们用于被动语态时,则其后的不定式必须带to:
The woman
was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。
但是,用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch通常不用于被动语态。
(2) 类似地,动词look at和listen
to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to:
We listened to the
old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。
(3)
若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be,则要带 to(其他情况不带 to):
They felt the plan to be unwise.
他们认为这个计划不明智。
(4) 若不定式为完成式,通常应带 to。如():
I noticed her to have come early.
我注意到她来得很早。
2. 动词help后省to的情况
在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to:
Can I
help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗?
Mother helped me (to) do my homework.
妈帮助我做作业。
注:(1) 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的
不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时,不定式通常带to:
Help the
little boys at the back of the hall to carry the
chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。
These
tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。
(2) 在当help用于被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略:
The boy
was helped by a woman to collect his scattered
coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。
4. why
(not)…后省to的情况
在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to:
Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去?
Why not
ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师?
5.
动词know后省to的情况
在“know+宾语+不定式”中,不定式有时省to,有时不省,可分以下两种情况讨论:
(1) 若 know 为现在式,该结构中的不定式只限于 to
be,且其中的to不能省略:
I know him to be ill.
我知道他病了。
(2) 若know为完成式或过去式,则该结构中的不定式可以用除 to
be外的其他动词,且此时其中的to可以省留:
I never knew him
(to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。
We’ve
never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。
<
br>但在被动语态中不定式前的to不能省略。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”,而是表示一
种经历,因此常译为“曾…过”(用于肯定
句时)或“(从来)没有…过”(用于否定句时)。
6. 介词except和but后省to的情况
用作介词except,
but宾语的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。其大致原则是:若其前出现了动词
do,其后的不定式通常不带 to;若其前没有出
现动词 do,则其后的不定式通常带
to:
I had no choice but to wait.
除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay
there. 他只想留在那儿。
It had no effect except to
make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
She can do
everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。
7.
主语带do表语省to的情况
当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to:
All
you do now is (to) complete the form.
你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。
The only thing to do now
is (to) go on. 前进是现在惟一的出路。
What I’ll do is
(to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉他真相。
8. 并列不定式省to的情况
当两个或多个作用相同的
不定式并列时,通常只需在第一个不定式前用to,其余不定式前的to可以省略:
He
told me to stay there and wait him. 他叫我在那儿等他。
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
我真不知该怎么想怎么说。
It is easier to persuade
people than (to) force them. 说服人容易,强迫人难。
但是,如果两者有对比关系,则后面不定式前的to不可省略:
To try
and fail is better than not to try at all.
尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
9. 省略不定式是否保留to
在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号to:
I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。
不要来晚了。”“我尽量不来晚。”
Don’t go till I tell
you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
注:(1) 若被省略的不定式为to
be短语,则通常应保留be:
He is not the man he used
to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。
(2)
有时省略不定式时,同时也可省略to:
She may go if she likes
(to). 他想去就可以去。
八、“wh-词+不定式”结构
1.
该结构的句法功能
“wh-词+不定式”主要用作宾语::
We
must think what to do. 我们必须考虑怎么办。
I can’t
decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
He had
no idea of how to do it. 他不知道如何做此事。
除用作宾语外,还可用作主语、表语等:
When to leave has
not been decided. 何时离开还没有决定。
The question
is how to find him. 问题是如何找到他。
2.
该结构与why
原则上说,why后不接不定式,不过若不定式不带to,则可用why:
Why
not go there at once? 为什么不马上去那儿呢?
Why
argue with her? 为什么要跟她争论呢?
注:这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来,不用于谈论过去:
误:Why not
clean the room yesterday?
正:Why didn’t you
clean the room yesterday? 你昨天为什么不打扫房间?
3.
该结构与how
有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略:
Did you learn (how) to drive a car?
你学过开车吗?
但是,有些动词后面接“疑问词how+不定式”作宾
语时,尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出,但却不能将how省略:
He knows
how to play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。
He showed
her how to swim. 他教她游泳。
Soon you’ll find
out how to drive a car. 不久你就会学会开车的。
We
never discovered how to open the box.
我们一直未发现如何打开这个盒子。
Can you explain how to
make a cake? 你可以给我解释一下怎么做蛋糕吗?
九、重点考点原创精练
1. _____ the seeds and they
will grow.
A. Water B.
To water C. Watering D.
Watered
2. The purpose of the scheme is
not to help the employers but ______ work for
young people.
A. provide B.
to provide C. providing
D. provided
3. He arrived at the office
early, ______ a good example to the others.
A. set B. to set
C. to be set D. having set
4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting
— I’ve got too much work ____.
A. to do to
come B. doing coming C. to do coming
D. to do coming
5. We looked everywhere
for the keys, but they are nowhere _____.
A. to find B. to have found
C. to be found D. being found
6.
After describing the planned improvements, she
went on ______ how much they would cost.
A. to explain B. explaining
C. to be explaining D. having explained
7. To test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of
water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink
they’re good.
A. put
B. putting C. to put
D. to be putting
8. Please remember ______
the plants while I’m away.
A.
watering B. to be watering C.
to water D. being watering
9. ______ wine, first you must press the
grapes.()
A. Making B. To
make C. To be making D.
Make
10. I’ve never been so poor _______
able to afford a meal.
A. as to be not
B. not as to be C. as not to be
D. as to not be
11. I don’t know whether
to stay in teaching or ______ another job.
A. trying getting B. to try to get
C. trying to get D. try get
12.
I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I
don’t want ______ like this.
A. to see
B. to be seeing C. to be seen
D. being seen
13. In fact, she was the
first woman ______to such a post.
A. to
elect B. to be electing C.
to have elected D. to have been elected
14. I’d like ______ over the Alps and looking
down at the mountains.
A. flying
B. being flying C. to be flying
D. be flying
15. I’m learning _____ a
cake. Can you explain _____ one?
A. to
make, to make B. how to make, to make
C.
to learn, how to make
D. making, making
16. Whom would you
rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack?
A.
have go B. have to go
C. have gone D. has to go
17. The husband advised ______ to the south,
but his wife advised him _____ up the idea.
A. moving, giving B. to move, to give
C. moving, to give D. to move, giving
18. “Would you like to come for a walk with
me?” “I’d prefer _____, thank you.”
A. not
to B. to not
C. not D. can’t
19.
I would mend your radio, but I don’t know
_____.
A. how B. to
C. how to D. to how
20.
“I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.”
“What do you suppose _____ to him?”
A. was
happening B. to happen C. has
happened D. had happened
21. When
I handed the report to John, he said that George
was the person _____.
A. to send
B. for sending it C. to send it to
D. for sending it to
22. “Do you know the
girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s
party. But I’m not sure.
A. to introduce
to B. to be
introduced to
C. being introduced to
D. to have been introduced to
23. We all
agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed
______.
A. to wait, to do so B. to
wait, 不填
C. waiting, doing so D.
waiting, 不填
24. He made up his mind to
devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from
living
C. to preventing, to live
D. to preventing, from living
25. I wish
I’d been there — I would like _____ her face when
his husband came in.
A. to see
B. to have seen C. seeing
D. having seen
参考答案:01—05 ABBAC
06—10 AACBC 11—15 BCDCC 16—20 ACACC 21—25
CDBCB
动词不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语,而往往将动词不定式放在谓语或表
语之后。如:
It's not easy to learn a foreign language
well. (=To learn a foreign
language well is
not easy.) 学好一门外语不容易。
在此句型中,如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的,可在不定式前加
一个for
引起的短语,作不定式的逻辑主语。如:
It's difficult for us to
finish the work. 对我们来说,完成这项工作很
困难。
It's hard for me to answer your question.
要我回答你的问题很难。
但是,如果表语是kind, nice, right,
wrong, clever, polite
等描述行
为者的性格、品质的形容词,则应在不定式前加一个of 引起的短语。如:
这个例子属于上面的换一个of引起的。
It's very kind of you to
help me.你能帮我,真好。
注意:
1. of sb.和for
sb.这两种结构还有一个区别,在of
sb.结构中,可用sb.
直接作句子的主语来改写成“It's+形容词+of
sb.+动词不定式”结构。试比
较:
It's foolish of him to
go alone. (=He was foolish to go alone.)
他单
独出去太傻了。
It's kind of you to give me
the book. (=You are kind to give me the
book.)
你给我这本书,真是太好了。
for sb.结构则不能这样转换。例如,不可以说:We
are difficult to finish
the work.
2.
动词不定式作主语,同时有另一个不定式作表语时,不能转换成
“It's...to do
sth.”的句型。如:
[正] To see is to believe.
百闻不如一见。
[误] It's to believe to see.
二、“疑问代(副)词+动词不定式”也可以在句中作主语。如:
How to control
the water pollution is a big problem.
如何控制水污染
是一个大问题。
When to start the project
remains undecided. 什么时候开始这项工程
仍然没有决定。
一、不定式等非谓语形式作主语时,谓语动词一路走来都是单数身份;不少
作主语的不定式与动
名词在意义上相同。如:
To see is to believe. = Seeing is
believing. 眼见为实。
二、口语中,当作主语的不定式过长时,it不惜屈居有名无实
的形式主语,
常为平衡关系而挺身而出、替主出征,真主角反无官一身轻,悠哉断后。
如:
To learn a foreign language well
is not easy.→ It's not easy to learn a
foreign
language well. 要把一门外语学好不容易。
To play football
is very interesting. → It's very interesting to
play
football. 踢足球很有趣。
留言提醒:在实际操作中,不定式(短语)还有权招聘一个逻辑主语,并
由of
for出面料理,下例中的
me即是:
It's hard for me to
finish the task in such a short time.
对我而言,要
在如此短的时间里完成任务是困难的。
聘of还是for?点击作表语的形容
词属性可知:若形容词描述的是人的特征
与品行,能修饰人(像kind, nice, good,
clever, right, polite,
careless等),则适宜;如果形容的是事物的特点或外观等(如easy,
hard
difficult, safe, interesting,
important,necessary之类),
则主动上!下例正误可略见一斑:
不定式可用作哪些状语
本站特约作者 龙 楠
从句法上看,不定式在句子中可以用
作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,其中用作状语是不定式所有用法中最重要的用法之一,同时也是
英
语考试的重要考点。本文专门为大家归纳不定式作状语的用法,帮助大家理清思路,搞清用法。
先提醒一下,在不定式用作状语的所有用法中,用作目的状语是最重要的(几乎每年都有所考查),其次是用作
结果状语(尤其要注意only to
do sth这类表示意外结果的用法),用作条件状语也要适
当引起注意,而用作方式状语和原因状语则相对考得较少。
一、用作目的状语
不定式用作目的状语属不定式的常见用法,也是英语考试的一个高频考点。如:
________, you need to give all you have and
try your best.
A. Being a winner B.
To be a winner
C. Be a winner D.
Having been a winner
此题答案为B。不定式用于句首表示目的(即用
作目的状语)。句意为:要想获胜,你必面要倾其所有,全力以赴。
不定式用作目的状语有两
个可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。一般说来,用于句首属于强调性用法,即强调动词的目的。如:
To avoid any delay please phone your order
direct. 为免延误, 请直接打电话预订。
To keep themselves
awake they sat on the floor and told each other
stories. 为了不至于睡着,他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。
To trace
the origins of the Irish problem, we have to go
back over three hundred years.
要探讨爱尔兰问题的起因就要追溯到三百多年以前。
Firemen had to
break the door down to reach the people trapped
inside. 为了抢救困在屋里的人,消防人员不得不破门而入。
有时为了特别强调目的状语,可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as,即构成in
order to do sth和so as to do sth结构。如:
She
arrived early in order to get a good seat.
她到得很早,图的就是弄个好座位。
I left a message so as to
be sure of contacting her. 我留下一张便条以便与她取得联系。
二、用作结果状语
不定式用作结果状语通常放在句末,一般不放在句首。如:
He returned home to find his wife waiting for
him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。
He woke (up) to find
himself alone in the house.
他一觉醒来发现房子里只剩下他一个人了。
请注意下列句子中的so…as to…,
such... as to…, enough to…, only
to…以及too...to…等结构中的不定式也表结果:
The house is
so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.
这房子又高又窄,像一座塔。
It was such aloud noise as
to wake everybody in the house.
声音这么大,房子里的每个人都给吵醒了。
Is this bridge strong
enough to support heavy lorries?
这座桥禁得住重型卡车通行吗?
I arrived at the shop only
to find I’d left all my money at home.
我到商店却发现钱全落在家里了。
As a conductor he is too
experienced to mind what the critics say.
他是一位经验非常丰富的指挥家,根本不会在乎评论家的意见。
特别要注意only to
do sth这类结果状语,它表示的往往是一种出乎意外的结果。它曾一直是英语考试的一个重要考点,尽管今
年没有出现这
类考题,但在往年的试题中它是较受青睐的。如:
He
hurried to the booking office only ___B___ that
all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to
tell B. to be told C. telling
D. told
三、用作条件状语
不定式用作条件状语也有两个可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。如:
You
would make a great mistake to accept his offer.
你要是接受他的建议,你就犯了大错误。
To look at him you’d
never think he was a successful businessman.
若看他的外貌,谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。
To hear her talk,
you’d think she was made of money.
听她谈话的口气,你会觉得她浑身都是钱。
这类不定式通常可用if从句来改写。如:
To order a
vehicle, you have to pay a deposit.= If you want
to order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit.
要想订购一辆汽车,你必须交付押金。
To get into university
you have to pass a number of examinations.=If you
want to get into university you have to pass a
number of examinations.
如果
你想上大学,就必须通过一系列考试。
To join the club
you have to be put up by an existing member.= If
you want to join the club you have to be put up by
an existing member. 要想加入俱
乐部必须有一位会员做介绍人。
四、用作原因状语
不定式用作原因状语的情形主要用于某些“be+形容词+不定式”结构。如:
He
was glad to be home again. 他又回到家里,感到很高兴。
We’re proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
She wept to see him in such
a terrible state. 她看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。
五、用作方式状语
不定式用作方式状语的情形比较少见,主要用于as if to
do sth这类结构。如:
He opened his mouth as if to
say something. 他张开嘴,好像要说什么
She lifts his
hand as if to lead him somewhere.
她牵起他的手,像要把他带到某个地方去。
Smiling pleasantly,
the stranger turned as if to speak to me.
那个陌生人面带愉悦的笑容,转身向我,似乎想对我说话。
Steve opened
his mouth as if to speak, but stopped talking even
before he had started.
史蒂夫张开口仿佛要说话,但是还没有说出口又停住了。
学习“疑问词+不定式”结构的三点注意
疑问词+不定式”的用法要点
一、弄清句法功能
“疑问词+不定式”是英语中一个很有用的结构,尤其
在口语中用得很频繁。该结构在句子中主要用作宾语,有时也可用作主语或表语等。
如:
A traffic light tells us when
to cross the road. 交通信号告诉我们何时穿越马路。
When to
start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。
The
question is how to carry out the plan.
问题是怎样执行这个计划。
第一句中的when to cross the
road用作动词tell的宾语,第二句中的when to start用作句子主语,第三句中的how
to carry out the plan用于连系
动词后作表语。
二、记住why这个特例
只要语义允许,我们原则上可以根据需要选用疑问词用于“
疑问词+不定式”结构中,但这有一个例外,也是唯一的例外,那就是why。如:
他向我解释了他为什么迟到的原因。
误:He explained to me
why to be late.
正:He explained to me why
he was late.
疑问词why后面不能接带to的不定式。但是,如果跟一个不带
to的不定式(即动词原形)则是完全可以的。如:
Why not try again?
干嘛不再试试呢?
Why get upset just because you
got a bad mark? 何必因为没有考好就想不开呢?
三、警惕易错的how
在汉语中,我们说“做某事”和“如何做某事”是不同的,后
者侧重做事方法,其中的“如何”译为英语就是how。如:
He discovered
how to open the safe. 他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
但是在英语中,有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略,意思不变。如:
Any child can learn (how) to swim.
任何一个孩子都能学会游泳。
My mother taught me (how) to
play the piano. 妈妈教我弹钢琴。
以上两句中的how均可省略,这主要与所搭配的动词learn, teach有关。原则上说,这类
用法不会对我们的使用造成困难,因为即使我们弄不
清楚,反正用不用how都没关系。但是,下面的句
子就非常值得注意了——汉语句子中不一定有“如何”的意味,但英语句子中的how却不可省
略():
我不知道这台像机怎么用。
误:I don’t know to
use this camera.
正:I don’t know how to use
this camera.
你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?
误:Can
you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you
explain how to make a cake?
按英语习惯,动词know,
show, discover, see, explain, find out
等之后通常不宜直接跟不定式,但可跟“疑问词
不定式”,所以在这类结构中,
千万不要漏掉汉语中可以省略的how。