佛学词汇翻译
天津会计从业资格证报名时间-小春日本留学
A
Amitabha 阿弥佗佛：Sanskrit; Amida
(Japanese). He is
one of the major Buddhas of
the Mahayana school, and
presides over the
Western Pure Land.
Ananda 阿难：One of
Sakyamuni Buddha’s Ten Great
Disciples. He
recorded the Buddha’s teachings as
sutras.
Anatta 诸法无我：There is no permanent self or
soul.
This belief is one of the Three Marks of
Existence,
along with Anicca and Dukkha.
Anicca 诸行无常：No existence is permanent.
Arhat (Arhant) 阿罗汉：Sanskrit; literally,
one
Asura (Ashura) 阿修罗：Powerful
demons, and one of the
Six Realms of
Existence.
Attachment 执、众生执：The
cause of suffering.
Avalokitesvara
观世音菩萨：Sanskrit; Kannon
(Japanese), Chenrezig
(Tibetan), Kwan Um (Korean),
Kuan Yin
(Chinese).The Bodhisattva of Compassion.
Avatamsaka 华严经：Literally, “Flower Ornament”
Sutra.
One of the longest sutras in the
Buddhist Canon, and
the epitome of Buddhist
thought, sentiment, and
experience. It is
cited by all Mahayana Buddhist
schools.
Avijja 无明：Sanskrit; Avidya (Pali).Ignorance
and
delusion, See Delusion.
B
Bhikshu, Bhikshuni
比丘，比丘尼：Buddhist monk or nun
who
renounces the worldly to pursue liberation.
Bodhi 菩提：Sanskrit for “enlightenment”.
Bodhi Mind 菩提心:Bodhicitta, or Great Mind. The
spirit of Enlightenment and the aspiration to
achieve
it.
Bodhidharma 菩提达摩 (ca.
470-543)：The first
patriarch of Zen Buddhism.
According to legend, he was
the from the
Westwho brought Zen from India
to China.
a
well-known Zen koan.
Bodhisattva
菩萨：Sanskrit; one who postpones his or
her own
Enlightenment, to help liberate other sentient
beings from their cyclic existence. Compassion
is the
main characteristic of the Bodhisattva.
Brahma Net Sutra 梵网经：Contains the Ten
Major and 48
Minor Bodhisattva precepts. These
58 precepts
constitute the Bodhisattva vows
taken by most Mahayana
nuns and monks,
and some advanced lay practitioners.
Buddha 佛：Sanskrit; Butsu (Japanese).Literally,
oneA Buddha is a person who has been
released from the world of cyclic existence,
samsara,
and has been liberated from desire
and attachment in
nirvana.
Buddha
Nature 佛性: The true, immutable nature of all
beings.
Buddha Recitation 诵经法会
(Buddha Remembrance)：
Recitation of Amitabha
Buddha's name, or contemplation
of His
auspicious marks.
C
Chakra 轮：The Dharma wheel.
D
Dedication of
Merit 普回向:见 施福移转、功德回向。
Degenerate Age
衰退时期：See Dharma Ending Age.
Delusion
(Ignorance) 惑：Unawareness of the meaning of
existence, or the true nature – Buddha nature
– of
things.
Demons 魔：Influences
which disturb the mind and hinder
cultivation.
Devas 天：Literally,
Dharma
法：Sanskrit; dhamma (Pali).The central idea of
Buddhism, and the cosmic law underlying all
existence
and, therefore, the teaching
of the Buddha. One of the
three of Buddhism,
and often used as a general
name for Buddhism.
Dharma Discourse (Dharma Talk) 论法：Formal
discussion
of a koan by a spiritual teacher.
Dharma Ending Age 末法时期：Present age. The
time
following Sakyamuni Buddha's age is
divided into (1)
the Perfect Age of the
Dharma, which lasted 500 years,
(2) the Dharma
Semblance Age, which lasted about 1000
years,
and (3) the Dharma Ending Age, lasting about
10,000 years.
Dharma Nature 法性：The
nature of all
See also Buddha
Nature.
Dharmakara昙摩迦，法藏菩萨：The Bodhisatva who
became
Amitabha Buddha. See the Longer
Amitabha Sutra, famous
for its 48 vows. The
18th vow promises rebirth in the
Pure Land to
those who recite His name with utmost
sincerity and faith at the time of
death.
Diamond Sutra 金刚经：A self-contained
section of the
Prajnaparamita Sutra. It shows
that phenomenal
appearances are not the
ultimate reality, but rather
illusions of
one's own mind.
Dogen道元禅师
(1200-1253)：Brought the Soto school of
Zen
Buddhism to Japan. He emphasized meditation as the
means to Enlightenment.
Dukkha
有为皆苦：Suffering and discontent. Duhhka is
central to human life, and one of the Three
Marks of
Existence.
Dusts 尘、六尘：All
mundane things that can cloud our
otherwise
bright self-nature, including form, sound,
scent, taste, touch, and external opinion.
Dusts
correspond to the six senses.
Dzogchen 大圆满：Tibetan; literally,
perfectionsupreme teachings of the Nyingmapa
school of Tibetan Buddhism. Adherents
believe that
these teachings are superior, and
that no other means
are necessary.
E
Easy Path of
Practice 净土：Also Pure Land Practice.
It is
called the “Easy Path” as it involves reliance
on the power of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
to attain
enlightenment.
Eightfold
Path (Noble Eightfold Path) 圣道、八圣道：
The way to
Enlightenment consists of right
understanding,
right motives, right speech, right
action,
right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, and right meditation.
Endurance World 世：See Saha World.
Enlightenment 悟道、成佛：Translation of the
Sanskrit
term bodhi (Generally used by
Mahayanists.
It is an awakening to the true
nature of reality, rather
than the
extinguishing of desire implied by the
Theravada term nirvana.
Evil Paths
三恶道：The paths of hells, hungry ghosts,
and be
interpreted as states of mind.
Expedient
Means 方便法：Or Skillful Means,
skill-in-means,
Upaya. Methods targetted to the
capacities of
individualso as to lift them to
Enlightenment.
Externalists 外在派：Followers of non-
Buddhist paths.
F
Five Desires (Five Sensual
Pleasures) 五蕴：Desires of
the five senses –
form, sound, aroma, taste, and touch.
The
sixth sense is the mind itself.
Five
Precepts 五戒：Precepts taken by lay Buddhists
vowing to abstain from killing, stealing,
lying, sexual
misconduct, and consuming
intoxicants. See Ten
Precepts.
Flower
Store World 花花世界：The entire cosmos as
described in the Avatamsaka Sutra.
Four Noble Truths 四圣谛：There will always be
suffering, or dukkha, in life. Suffering stems
from
desire. If there is no desire, suffering
will cease.
The Noble Eightfold Path will lead
to the extinguishing
of desire.
G
Gelugpa 藏佛黄教，格鲁巴:
One of the four major schools
of Tibetan
Buddhism. His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai
Lama is considered the spiritual head of the
Gelugpa
school.
Guru 宗师：Spiritual
teacher.
H
Heretical Views 六十二见：The 62 externalist views
prevalent in Sakyamuni Buddha's time.
J
Jodo-
shin-shu 净土真宗：Literally, the School of
the
Pure Land
school of Japanese Buddhism today. It
is a lay community
with no monastics, and
emphasizes reliance on Amida
Buddha (Amitabha)
for salvation.
Jodo-shu 净土宗：Literally, of
the Pure Land
A school of Japanese Buddhism,
derived from the Pure
Land School of China in
the 9th century. It was
officially founded by
Honen in the 12th century, to
provide an
easier path to liberation by invoking
theAmida
Buddha (Amitabha). In contrast to the
Jodo-
shin-shu school, Jodo-shu adherents enter the
monastic life, and consider Buddha Recitation
as an act
of gratitude rather than a way to
strengthen trust in
Amida.
K
Kagyupa
藏佛白教、噶举巴：One of the four major schools
of
Tibetan Buddhism. It emphasizes the transfer of
knowledge from master to student.
Karma 业：Sanskrit; literally, law
of cause
and effect that governs rebirth and the world
of samsara.
Kensho 见性：Japanese;
sudden realization of one’s
nature and
enlightenment in Zen Buddhism.
Koan 公案：A
paradoxical story or riddle used as a
training
device in Zen, to force the mind to abandon
logic and dualistic thought.
L
Lama 喇嘛：Tibetan
Buddhist monk of higher rank.
Lankavatara
Sutra 楞伽经：The only sutra recommended
by
Bodhidharma, the First Zen Patriarch of China.
Last Age 末期：See Dharma Ending Age.
Lotus Grades 九品之莲台：Nine grades of rebirth in
the
Western Pure Land.
Lotus Sutra
妙法莲华经：Major Buddhist text, and one
of the most
widely read sutras today.
Lotus Treasury
World 莲华藏世界：See Ocean-Wide Lotus
Assembly.
M
Mahayana 北传佛教、大乘佛教：Sanskrit; literally,
Great VehicleOne of the three major schools of
Buddhism which developed in the 1st century
C.E., in
India. It is called the Great Vehicle
for its
all-inclusive approach to liberation,
as embodied in
the bodhisattva desire to
liberate all beings. The
Mahayana school
introduced the notion of sunyata, and
places
less emphasis on monasticism than the Theravada
school.
Mahasthamaprapta (Shih Chih,
Seishi) 大势至菩萨：One
of the three sages in Pure
Land Buddhism. She is
recognized by the
jewelled pitcher adorning her crown.
Maitreya 弥勒菩萨：The fifth and last of the
earthly
Buddhas. Expected to arrive about
30,000 years from now,
and believed to reside
in the Tushita heaven until then.
Marks
相：Characteristics, forms, physiognomy.
Meditation Sutra 观无量寿佛经：One of the three core
sutras of the Pure Land School. The others are
the
Amitabha Sutra and the Longer Amitabha
Sutra.
Merit and Virtue 施与善： Merits are
the blessings of
the human and celestial
realms. They are temporary, and
subject to
birth and death. Virtues transcend birth and
death and lead to Buddhahood.
Mindfulness of the Buddha 念佛 ：See Buddha
Recitation.
N
Nagarjuna 龙树菩萨：Founder of the Madhyamika
school
of Buddhism.
Nirvana
寂静涅槃：Sanskrit; literally,
blowing outis
the goal of Buddhist spiritual
practice, which
is liberation from the cycle of rebirth
and
suffering.
Non-Birth (No-Birth) 无生：The
nature of Nirvana.
No-birth is the elimination
of discursive thinking.
Nyingmapa藏佛红教，宁玛巴：One of the four major
schools
of Tibetan Buddhism.
O
Ocean-Wide Lotus Assembly
华严会：The gathering of
Amitabha Buddha, the
Bodhisattvas, the sages and the
saints, and
all other superior beings in the Land of
Ultimate Bliss. The term is generally
associated with
the Avatamsaka Sutra.
Once Returner 一来：A sage who has but one
rebirth left
before reaching Arhatship, and
escaping birth and
death.
One-life
Bodhistava等觉菩萨：A Bodhisattva who is one
lifetime away from ya is a One-life
Bodhisattva.
P
Paramita 波罗蜜多：Perfection in virtue.
PrajnaparamitaHrdaya 般若波罗蜜多心经：The Heart
Sutra.
Pure Land 净土：A realm free from
suffering, in which
it is easier to attain ati
is the Pure
Land of Amitabha Buddha;
individuals need only to call
out His
name to be reborn in it. Pure Land Buddhism is
based on this devotion to Amitabha.
PratyekaBuddhas辟支佛：Buddhas who become
enlightened
by meditating upon the principle
of causality, but do
not exert themselves to
teach others.
Pure Land 净土：The realms of
the Buddhas. When the mind
is pure, any
environment can be a pure land.
R
Rinzai 临济宗：Japanese; Lin-
chi (Chinese). One of the
two major schools of
Zen Buddhism which uses koan
meditation as the
means to achieve Enlightenment.
S
Saha World
娑婆世界：World of Endurance. It refers to
this
world of suffering and afflictions.
Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼佛 (ca. 563-422 BCE)：The
historical
adin Buddhists believe that He was
the
first person to attain Enlightenment in
this age.
Sakyapa藏佛花教，萨迦巴：One of the four
major schools
of Tibetan Buddhism.
Samadhi 三摩地：Meditative absorption; usually the
final stage of pure concentration.
Samantabhadra 普贤菩萨：A major Bodhisattva who
personifies the transcendental practices of
the
y depicted as being seated on an elephant
with six tusks, for the six paramitas.
Samatha (Vipasyana) 止观：Tranquility
after stopping
evil thoughts and meditating on
truth.
Samsara 轮回转世：Sanskrit; the cyclic
existence of
birth, death, and rebirth, from
which nirvana provides
liberation.
Sangha 僧伽：Sanskrit; the Buddhist monastic
community,
which has come to include all
Buddhist practitioners.
It is one of the three
jewels of Buddhism, along with
the Buddha and
the Dharma.
Sariputra 舍利弗：One of the
great disciples of
Sakyamuni Buddha.
Satori 悟：Enlightenment and the realization of
truth,
in Zen Buddhism.
Seven
Treasures 七宝：Gold, silver, lapis lazuli,
crystal, agate, red pearl, and carnelian. They
represent the seven powers of faith,
perseverance, the
sense of shame, avoidance of
wrongdoings, mindfulness,
concentration, and wisdom.
Six
Directions 六方：North, South, East, West, above,
and below.
Six Dusts 六尘：See Dusts.
Six Planes of Existence 六道：The paths
within the realm
of birth and death. They
include the three paths of evil
(hells, hungry
ghosts, animality), and the paths of
humans,
asuras, and celestials. These paths can be
regarded as states of mind.
Sixth
Patriarch 六祖慧能 HuiNeng (638-713)：The Sixth
Patriarch of the Chinese Zen school, and
author of the
Platform Sutra.
Shinran 亲鸾 (1173-1262)：Founder of the Jodo-
shin-shu
school of Japanese Buddhism.
Skillful Means 善巧方便：See Expedient Means.
Soto 曹洞宗：Japanese; Ts'ao-tung
(Chinese). One of the
two major schools of Zen
Buddhism, brought to Japan by
Dogen in the
13th century. Its emphasis is on zazen,
or
sitting meditation.
Sunyata 空：Sanskrit;
sunnata (Pali).Literally,
is a core Buddhist
idea which
states that all phenomena are
Theravadin
Buddhists apply this idea to the
individual, to assert
the non-existence of a
soul. Mahayanists expanded on
the idea and
declared that all existence is empty.
Emptiness is the focus of the
Madhyamikaschool.
Surangama Sutra (Heroic
Gate Sutra) 大佛顶首楞严经：
Emphasizes the power of
Samadhi meditation through
which Enlightenment
can be attained.
Sutra 经：Sanskrit; a
discourse attributed to the
Buddha. Sutras
comprise the first part of the Buddhist
canon,
or Tripitaka, and generally begin with
have I
heard
by the Buddha's disciple Ananda a hundred
years after
Sakyamuni Buddha's death.
T
Tantrayana密续乘：See Vajrayana.
Tathagata 如来：“Thus Come One”. One of the
highest
titles for a Buddha.
Theravada 南传佛教、小乘佛教：Sanskrit; literally,
schools of Buddhism. It is widely
practiced in
Southeast Asia, and its teachings
focus on the Four
Noble Truths and the
Eightfold Path. Theravada Buddhism
emphasizes
personal, rather than collective,
liberation.
T'ienT'ai (Tendai) 天台宗：A major school
that uses the
Lotus Sutra as its main
text.
Transference of Merit
回向、施福移转：Sharing one's
merits and virtues with
others.
Triple Jewel 三宝：The Buddha, the
Dharma, and the
Sangha.
Tripitaka
三藏（经、律、论）：Sanskrit; literally,
three basketsIt
refers to the Buddhist canon, which
has three
parts: the sutras, the Vinaya, or monastic
code, and the Abhidharma – Buddhist
philosophical
treatise.
V
Vaidehi毗提希：Consort of King
Bimbisara of Magadha,
India. The Meditation
Sutra records Sakyamuni Buddha’
s
preachings in response to the queen’s entreaties.
Vajrayana 金刚乘：Sanskrit; literally,
Vehicle
It developed from Mahayana
teachings in northwest India
around 500 C.E.,
and then spread to Tibet, China, and
Japan. It
involves esoteric visualizations, rituals,
and
mantras, which can only be learned from a master.
Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as Tantric
Buddhism
due to the use of tantras, or sacred
texts.
Vairocana 卢舍那佛，毗卢遮那佛：Represents
the Dharma
Body of Sakyamuni Buddha, and all
Buddhas.
Vimalakirti Sutra 维摩诘经：An
important Mahayana
sutra popular with Zen and
Pure Land followers.
Vipassana
(Vipashyana) 毗钵舍那、内观：Meditation upon
one’s own
thoughts and actions, or insight into the
Three Marks of Existence.
Virtue
德、贤良：See Merit and Virtue.
W
Way, The 道：The path to
Buddhahood.
Wisdom Life 慧命：As an ordinary
person's life is
sustained by food, the life
of a Buddha or Bodhisattva
is sustained by
wisdom.
Y
Yogacara School 法相宗、唯识宗、慈恩宗：Also the Mind
Only School, founded in the 4th century.
Z
Zazen
坐禅：Seated meditation in Zen Buddhism.
Zen
禅、禅宗：Japanese; Ch'an (Chinese).A branch of
Mahayana Buddhism which developed in China
during the
6th and 7th centuries after the
arrival of Bodhidharma.
It later divided into
the Soto and Rinzai schools. Zen
stresses the
importance of Enlightenment, and the
futility
of trying to attain it through rational
thought, intellectual study, or religious
ritual. The
heart of Zen is zazen, which helps
to free the mind of
all thought. Zen buddhists
also hold that everything
has Buddha Nature.