英文科技写作句型和词汇表达总结(2010-)
杨雅筑-三本录取
一.写作时态
以前的研究：过去时，
自己研究中做过的事：过去时，
其他都用：现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may,
might, it seems that, could,
研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is likely that,
二.词汇和常用表达结构
1.图表所示、发现、揭示等
as
illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as
is evident from
from Fig.2, from the results,
by observing Fig.2, based on the above
analysis,
Fig shows that, the results show,
It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested,
observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen,
believed) that, it is clear to
seeobserve
that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it
is evident that , it is assumed that ,
As
described below, as seen from, as explained above,
as evident from, exhibit
it follows that
由此断定…，由此得出结论…
point out
cast doubt
on：对产生怀疑
2.得到、获得、
obtain, get, attain,
capture, acquire, achieve, gain,
完成，实现:
complete, accomplish, realize,
通过什么方式去做，利用使用
throughviabywith doing sth, using sth,
by
use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid of
use, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put
into use, apply,
影响
Affect, influence,
impact on, have an effect on,
发生，开始，
occur, take place, happen, commence, begin,
start, to start with, to begin with, at the
beginning,
显然、明显，
Obviously, distinctly,
clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as
seen, conspicuous,
striking, dramatically
解释，说明，考虑
Explain, account for, allow
for，take account forof, be indicative of (表明，说明)
Considering, take into account, withwithoutin
consideration of, regarding, concerning,
描述、提出、说明：
Illustrate, manifest, present,
show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict,
annotate, appear, take on, plot,
demonstrate,
propose, put forward, put forth,
比较大小、多少
Less than, greater, more, larger,
comparable(可比较的，相当的)
经验的
Empirical,
experimental,
做，执行等，
Carry out, conduct,
perform, do, implement,
一致性：
Have
a good agreement, in good agreement with, match
very well with, agree well with, show good
agreement, in
full agreement with, in line
with
corresponding towith, consistent with, in
good accordance with, coincide with, concord with,
fit well with
研究，调查
Study, investigate,
explore, exploratory examine, make an
investigation onofinto, carry out a research
达到，
To reach this objective
Reach,
approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive,
beyond, out of reach,
验证，假设
Validate,
verify, justify，hypothesize
Assume, suppose,
assumption, hypothesis,
assume to be, it is
assumed that… postulate 公设
增加、上升、减少、下降
Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to,
increase by(增加了多少), increase up to(增加到), rise to,
give rise to, sth
arise, increase with
(随…增长增加)
完全地，基本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，
Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly,
extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually,
mainly, primarily, detailed, in
detail, in
great detail, in more detail, for more details,
Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,
similarly, inadequately, notably,
overly(过度地、极度地),
Experimentally,
改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance,
facilitate,
相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate
to, with regard to,
Be involved inwith, with
respect to, be concerned with, as for,
Around, about, approximately,
决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on
目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to,
the objective is, in order to, the aim of is to
the aim of this research is to do the
purpose is , be aimed at,
经历，保持: hold,
keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,
导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in,
originate from, arise from,
根据，基于：according
to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the
basis of, in view of, based on,
On behalf of,
in the form of, referring to, with reference to,
in reference to
除了：other than, apart from,
with the exception of, except forthat, besides, in
addition, additionally,
理论上，事实上：in principle,
in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory,
theoretically,
从某种程度上：
To some extent, to
a largecertain extent, in a way, in a sense, to
some degree, in some sense,
from the
viewpoints of , from the perspective of,
得出结论：draw a conclusion, come toreach a
conclusion,
推断,猜测：
Infer，derive from,
deduce, speculate,
认为，当作
Consider as,
regard as, refer to as,
建立模型
establish,
create，build，
rundo the simulation
in the case of : 在…情况下
遵循趋势：
obey,
follow trend, tendency，
组成
consist of
, contain, be composed of, include,
强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the
emphasis is layed on
集中：focus on, concentrate
on , be centered on
设定为 to set to be
辨别、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,
其他专业词汇表达
small batch production, small
quantity production, high volume production, mass
production,
metal-formed product, micro-formed
part,
reproducibility: 再现性、重复性
experimental determination,
in
particular, especially,
评估，评价：evaluate,
assess,
扮作：act as,
分离，隔绝，separate from,
isolate, set apart from
缺少：in the absence of
by convention：按照传统，惯例，
使成为： make sth sth
no longer（不再）
but rather(相反的)
be
typical of (典型的)
成反比：inversely scale with
涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,
拓展：extend into
最近，新近more recently，
到目前为止，迄今 to date,
解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：
attribute to, because, as
a result of, therefore, thereby, in general,
consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since,
as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to,
in summary, because of, when, cause, on account
of, result in, owing to,
contribute to, thanks
to, lead to, the reason is, that is because,
devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of,
arise
from
起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等
Furthermore, in addition, besides, first,
second, third, finally, lastly, moreover,
incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a
matter
of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for
instance, take an instance of , likewiseas
such(同样), again（此
外）, at root, as well as, as
follows, in the following, below, based on, above,
above-mentioned, aforementioned, as
with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as
noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,
as stated( 如上所述)
meanwhile：同时
对比词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等
But, however,
instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in
spite of, nonetheless, inby contrast towith , for
comparison, whereas, while, even though,
although, compared with, regardless of, as
compared to, with regard to,
in relation to,
by contrast,
irrespective of, in comparison to
与联系，联合：in association with
同时，同样的，
at the same time, in the same way, in the same
time
对应关系
A vs. B versus
三.英文研究论文中的表达句子
substitute equation (1)
into equation (2)把代入等式
The scale in Fig (a)
runs from black for low values to white for the
highest Schmid factors.
offers more insight
into,
holds for all three materials，
四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看
a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性
通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如
However,
little information..
little attention...
little work...
little data
little research
or few studies
few investigations...
few
researchers...
few attempts...
or
no
none of these studies
has (have)
been less
done on ...
focused on
attempted to
conducted
investigated
studied
(with respect to)
Previous
research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, these previous results are
inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory,
questionable, controversial..
Uncertainties
(discrepancies) still exist ...
这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法
以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：
However,
data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to
aim to
have to
provide more documents
data
records
studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still
necessary...
essential...
为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究
问题的反方面，另一方面等等
比如：
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题
的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足
2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法
以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足
4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，
这种uncertainties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清
5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，
你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要
证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability)
of the ...
It is hoped that the question will
be resolved (fall away) with our proposed
method (approach).
b) 提出自己的观点
We aim
to
This paper reports on
provides
results
extends the method..
focus on
The purpose of this paper is to
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we
will also discuss...
c) 圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究
内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑
某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。
为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这
一时间范围的问题。
We preliminarily focus on the older
(younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short
term)，你可以说
两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种
2) 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区
d) 最后的原场
在前言的最后，还可以
总结
性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized
in our next
study (or elsewhere)
总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少
争论(arguments).
关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。
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怎样提出观点
在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。
不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用
We confirm that...
2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
We believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，
用， Results
indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4)
在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward
(discover,
observe..) .. he first time
来强调自己的创新。
5)
如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用
We tentatively put forward
(interrprete this to..)
Or The results may be
due to (caused by) attributed to
rsulted
from..
Or This is probably a consequence of
It seems that .. can account for (interpret)
this..
Or It is pisible that it stem from... <
br>-----------------------------------------------
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连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决
的方法有：
1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有,
However, also, in addition,
consequently,
afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,
further,
although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,
Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel
results,
In order to, despite, For example,
Compared with
other results, thus,
therefore...
用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。
比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，
最早的文献可用AA advocated
it for the first time.
接下来，可用Then BB further
demonstrated that..
再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..
如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开
AA pput forward that...
In contrast, BB believe
or Unlike AA, BB
suggest
or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明
两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB..
如果两种观点相近,可用
AA suggest
Similarily, alternatively, BB..
Or Also, BB
or BB allso does ..
表示因果或者前后关系，可用
Consequently, therefore, as
a result,
表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further,
moreover, in addition,
当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用
了这些连接词。
2) 段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意
逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there
are three aspects of this problen have to
be
addressed.
The first question involves...
The second problem relates to
The third
aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,
当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
3)
讨论部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。
一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明
的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业
的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。
所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份
详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解
文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一
部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出
较为详细的解释。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决
1)
在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表
2)
在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来
提醒读者。
总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种
措施方便于读者。
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一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来
前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文
叫做给别人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results
are
wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense,
etc.
遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：
Their studies may be
more reasonable if they had
considered this
situation.
Their results could be better
convinced if they ...
Or Their conclusion may
remain some uncertanties.
讨论部份还包括什么内容?
1.
主要数据特征的总结
2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比
3. 本文的不足
第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰
是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得
别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。
所谓不足，包括以下内容:
1.
研究的问题有点片面
讨论时一定要说，
It should be noted
that this study has examined only..
We
concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to
point out that we do not..
Some limitations
of this study are...
2. 结论有些不足
The results
do not imply,
The results can not be used to
determine
be taken as evidence
of
Unfortunately, we can not determine this
from this data
Our results are lack of ...
但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性
以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步
研究打下浮笔。
Notwithstading its limitation, this
tudy does suggest..
However, these problems
could be solved if we consider
Despite its
preliminary character, this study can clearly
indicate..
用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前
给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章
长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。
但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能
实现。
一.写作时态
以前的研究：过去时，
自己研究中做过的事：过去时，
其他都用：现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may, might, it seems
that, could,
研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is
likely that,
二.词汇和常用表达结构
1.图表所示、发现、揭示等
as illustrated(seen, shown,
observed) in Fig.1, as is evident from
from
Fig.2, from the results,
by observing Fig.2,
based on the above analysis,
Fig shows that,
the results show,
It is (can be) revealed
(proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded,
noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to
seeobserve that, it indicates(shows, imply)
that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed
that ,
As described below, as seen from, as
explained above, as evident from, exhibit
it
follows that 由此断定…，由此得出结论…
point out
cast
doubt on：对产生怀疑
2.得到、获得、
obtain, get,
attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,
完成，实现: complete, accomplish, realize,
通过什么方式去做，利用使用
throughviabywith doing sth,
using sth,
by use of, by means of, make use
of, with the aid of
use, employ, utilize,
adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,
影响
Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect
on,
发生，开始，
occur, take place,
happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to
begin with, at the beginning,
显然、明显，
Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly,
apparently, remarkable, as seen, conspicuous,
striking, dramatically
解释，说明，考虑
Explain, account for, allow for，take account
forof, be indicative of (表明，说明)
Considering,
take into account, withwithoutin consideration of,
regarding, concerning,
描述、提出、说明：
Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate,
cite, describe, summarize, depict, annotate,
appear, take on, plot,
demonstrate, propose,
put forward, put forth,
比较大小、多少
Less
than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比较的，相当的)
经验的
Empirical, experimental,
做，执行等，
Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement,
一致性：
Have a good agreement, in good
agreement with, match very well with, agree well
with, show good agreement, in
full agreement
with, in line with
corresponding towith,
consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide
with, concord with, fit well with
研究，调查
Study, investigate, explore, exploratory
examine, make an investigation onofinto, carry out
a research
达到，
To reach this objective
Reach, approach, up to, add up to, come to,
arrive, beyond, out of reach,
验证，假设
Validate, verify, justify，hypothesize
Assume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis,
assume to be, it is assumed that… postulate 公设
增加、上升、减少、下降
Increase, decrease, reduce,
reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up
to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth
arise,
increase with (随…增长增加)
完全地，基本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，
Completely,
entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly,
indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily,
detailed, in
detail, in great detail, in more
detail, for more details,
Deeper, deeply,
better, in depth,
similarly, inadequately,
notably, overly(过度地、极度地),
Experimentally,
改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance,
facilitate,
相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate
to, with regard to,
Be involved inwith, with
respect to, be concerned with, as for,
Around, about, approximately,
决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on
目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to,
the objective is, in order to, the aim of is to
the aim of this research is to do the
purpose is , be aimed at,
经历，保持: hold,
keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,
导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in,
originate from, arise from,
根据，基于：according
to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the
basis of, in view of, based on,
On behalf of,
in the form of, referring to, with reference to,
in reference to
除了：other than, apart from,
with the exception of, except forthat, besides, in
addition, additionally,
理论上，事实上：in principle,
in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory,
theoretically,
从某种程度上：
To some extent, to
a largecertain extent, in a way, in a sense, to
some degree, in some sense,
from the
viewpoints of , from the perspective of,
得出结论：draw a conclusion, come toreach a
conclusion,
推断,猜测：
Infer，derive from,
deduce, speculate,
认为，当作
Consider as,
regard as, refer to as,
建立模型
establish,
create，build，
rundo the simulation
in the case of : 在…情况下
遵循趋势：
obey,
follow trend, tendency，
组成
consist of
, contain, be composed of, include,
强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the
emphasis is layed on
集中：focus on, concentrate
on , be centered on
设定为 to set to be
辨别、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,
其他专业词汇表达
small batch production, small
quantity production, high volume production, mass
production,
metal-formed product, micro-formed
part,
reproducibility: 再现性、重复性
experimental determination,
in
particular, especially,
评估，评价：evaluate,
assess,
扮作：act as,
分离，隔绝，separate from,
isolate, set apart from
缺少：in the absence of
by convention：按照传统，惯例，
使成为： make sth sth
no longer（不再）
but rather(相反的)
be
typical of (典型的)
成反比：inversely scale with
涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,
拓展：extend into
最近，新近more recently，
到目前为止，迄今 to date,
解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：
attribute to, because, as
a result of, therefore, thereby, in general,
consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since,
as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to,
in summary, because of, when, cause, on account
of, result in, owing to,
contribute to, thanks
to, lead to, the reason is, that is because,
devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of,
arise
from
起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等
Furthermore, in addition, besides, first,
second, third, finally, lastly, moreover,
incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a
matter
of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for
instance, take an instance of , likewiseas
such(同样), again（此
外）, at root, as well as, as
follows, in the following, below, based on, above,
above-mentioned, aforementioned, as
with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as
noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,
as stated( 如上所述)
meanwhile：同时
对比词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等
But, however,
instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in
spite of, nonetheless, inby contrast towith , for
comparison, whereas, while, even though,
although, compared with, regardless of, as
compared to, with regard to,
in relation to,
by contrast,
irrespective of, in comparison to
与联系，联合：in association with
同时，同样的，
at the same time, in the same way, in the same
time
对应关系
A vs. B versus
三.英文研究论文中的表达句子
substitute equation (1)
into equation (2)把代入等式
The scale in Fig (a)
runs from black for low values to white for the
highest Schmid factors.
offers more insight
into,
holds for all three materials，
四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看
a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性
通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如
However,
little information..
little attention...
little work...
little data
little research
or few studies
few investigations...
few
researchers...
few attempts...
or
no
none of these studies
has (have)
been less
done on ...
focused on
attempted to
conducted
investigated
studied
(with respect to)
Previous
research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, these previous results are
inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory,
questionable, controversial..
Uncertainties
(discrepancies) still exist ...
这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法
以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：
However,
data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to
aim to
have to
provide more documents
data
records
studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still
necessary...
essential...
为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究
问题的反方面，另一方面等等
比如：
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题
的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足
2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法
以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足
4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，
这种uncertainties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清
5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，
你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要
证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability)
of the ...
It is hoped that the question will
be resolved (fall away) with our proposed
method (approach).
b) 提出自己的观点
We aim
to
This paper reports on
provides
results
extends the method..
focus on
The purpose of this paper is to
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we
will also discuss...
c) 圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究
内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑
某种可能性，某种研究手段等等。
为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围：
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这
一时间范围的问题。
We preliminarily focus on the older
(younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short
term)，你可以说
两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种
2) 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区
d) 最后的原场
在前言的最后，还可以
总结
性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized
in our next
study (or elsewhere)
总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少
争论(arguments).
关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。
------------
-------------------------------------------------
怎样提出观点
在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。
不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用
We confirm that...
2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
We believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，
用， Results
indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4)
在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward
(discover,
observe..) .. he first time
来强调自己的创新。
5)
如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用
We tentatively put forward
(interrprete this to..)
Or The results may be
due to (caused by) attributed to
rsulted
from..
Or This is probably a consequence of
It seems that .. can account for (interpret)
this..
Or It is pisible that it stem from... <
br>-----------------------------------------------
----------
连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决
的方法有：
1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有,
However, also, in addition,
consequently,
afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,
further,
although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,
Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel
results,
In order to, despite, For example,
Compared with
other results, thus,
therefore...
用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。
比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，
最早的文献可用AA advocated
it for the first time.
接下来，可用Then BB further
demonstrated that..
再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC..
如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开
AA pput forward that...
In contrast, BB believe
or Unlike AA, BB
suggest
or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明
两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB..
如果两种观点相近,可用
AA suggest
Similarily, alternatively, BB..
Or Also, BB
or BB allso does ..
表示因果或者前后关系，可用
Consequently, therefore, as
a result,
表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further,
moreover, in addition,
当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用
了这些连接词。
2) 段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意
逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there
are three aspects of this problen have to
be
addressed.
The first question involves...
The second problem relates to
The third
aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,
当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
3)
讨论部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。
一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明
的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业
的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。
所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份
详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解
文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一
部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出
较为详细的解释。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决
1)
在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表
2)
在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来
提醒读者。
总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种
措施方便于读者。
--------------------------------------------------
-------
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来
前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文
叫做给别人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results
are
wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense,
etc.
遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：
Their studies may be
more reasonable if they had
considered this
situation.
Their results could be better
convinced if they ...
Or Their conclusion may
remain some uncertanties.
讨论部份还包括什么内容?
1.
主要数据特征的总结
2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比
3. 本文的不足
第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰
是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得
别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。
所谓不足，包括以下内容:
1.
研究的问题有点片面
讨论时一定要说，
It should be noted
that this study has examined only..
We
concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to
point out that we do not..
Some limitations
of this study are...
2. 结论有些不足
The results
do not imply,
The results can not be used to
determine
be taken as evidence
of
Unfortunately, we can not determine this
from this data
Our results are lack of ...
但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性
以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步
研究打下浮笔。
Notwithstading its limitation, this
tudy does suggest..
However, these problems
could be solved if we consider
Despite its
preliminary character, this study can clearly
indicate..
用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前
给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章
长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。
但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能
实现。