英语中国文化翻译
成人高考准考证打印-北欧四国
文房四宝
The writing brush, inkstick,
inkstone and paper were requisite treasures in the
study of the
scholars of ancient China, and
they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures
of the Study”.The
writing brush and inkstick
have been used by the Chinese to write and paint
since 5,000 years
the Qin Dynasty
(221BC-206BC), people already used feathers of
different hardness and
bamboo trunks to make
brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD),
man-made ink was
used instead of natural ink.
After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo
slips, wooden
tablets, brocade and silk, which
originally functioned as writng surfaces,
gradually faded out. The
inkstone was first
developed with the use of writing brushes and the
Song Dynasty
(960AD-1279AD), the “Four
Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to
hubi, the writing
brush produced in Huzhou,
Zhejiang province; huimo, the inkstick produced in
Huizhou, Anhui
province; xuan paper, a kind of
paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and
duanyan, the
inkstone made in Zhaoqing,
Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called
Duanzhou).Indeed,
the “Four Treasures of the
Study” have written the whole Chinese
civilization, as it is.
笔墨纸砚是中国古时文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被
称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中
国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前221—前206）时已用不同硬
度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206
—公元220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛
逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨
的使用而发展。文房四宝”到宋朝（960—1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖
州）、徽墨（安徽徽
州）、宣纸（安徽宣州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。可以说文房四宝书写了整
个中华文
明。
对联
The antithetical
couplet (also called duilian) is also known as
yinglian or duizi. An antithetical
couplet is
a kind of national writing style, which is
composed by the skillful manipulation of the
characteristic of the Chinese language that
one character corresponds with one syllable. The
philosophical origin and national cultural
psychology of the antithetical couplet are the
notion of
yin-yang duality according to which
the Chinese recognize and master things. The
feature of the
antithetical couplet is an
“antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of
speech, the level and
oblique fitting with
each other, the contents being related, and the
rhythms corresponding. There
are many types of
antithetical couplets, such as Spring Festival
couplets, marriage couplets,
birthday
couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical
couplets about tea, etc.
对联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字
一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的
哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识
事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特
征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。
对联习俗多样，有
春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。
中国道教
Taoism first originated in China. The founder
of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who
lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period
(770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching, whose authorship has
been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be
the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the
value
of a human being’s life, recommends the
discarding of all desires and worries from one's
mind,
and encourages the cultivation of moral
character and the nourishment of human
following is an example of Laozi’s golden
sayings:The way that can be told of is not an
unvarying
way; The names that can be named are
not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that
Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the
mother that rears the ten thousand creatures,
each after its kind. Truly,
He that has
never rid himself of desire can see only the
outcomes.
道教是中国土生土长的宗教。创始人是春秋（前770—前
476）末期的哲学家、思想家
老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”
，崇尚清静无为、
修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常
无，
欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
Chinese idioms
Chinese idioms refer
to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and
expressions.
Idioms are established and
accepted by constant usage and common practice. An
idiom is a
language unit that is larger than a
word, but has the same grammatical function as a
word. Most
Chinese idioms consist of four
characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi (make
unremitting efforts to
improve oneself),
qingchuyulan (bluer than indigo), and houjibofa
(success comes with time and
effort). Idioms
are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of
literature, poems, fables,
allusions, and
well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the
Chinese language that are concise and
have
great vitality.
中国成语
成语是汉
语中意义完整地表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”即是
约定俗成。成语是比词大而语
法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉
字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积
薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗
歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言
中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
Traditional Chinese festivals
Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed
according to the Lunar calendar. January 1st
on lunar calendar has been designated as the
Spring Festival (generally referred to as
guonian).
There are several customs during the
Spring Festival, such as praying for a good
harvest, etc. The
Spring Festival is the most
ceremonious traditional festival in China and
symbolizes unity and
other significant
Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival,
the Pure Bright
Festival, the Dragon Boat
Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-
Autumn Festival, the
Double-Ninth Festival,
the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the
Twelfth Lunar Month,
festival has its own
unique origin and Chinese festivals that follow
the
Lunar calendar are different from the 24
Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. They embody
China’s
cohesion and vitality.
中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有
祈年等多种习俗，是中国
人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、
清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、
重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲
究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不
同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力
的体现。
Chinese
tea culture
As a traditional drink for
Chinese people, Chinese tea is believed to have
first
started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong,
and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties
(618AD-1279AD).Making tea was considered one
of the seven basic daily necessities along with
fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar,
while drinking tea is an apt portrayal of daily
life in
culture is the extension and
generalization of the science and the humanities
character
of China, the tea spirit blends the
thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and
it
aims to help people cultivate both mind and
body, comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm
of life through the art of drinking tea.
茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618—1279）。开门七件
事，柴米油盐酱醋
茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申
与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释
道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，
体悟大道，提升人生境界。
The four art forms in ancient
China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting.
And painting
particularly refers to
traditional Chinese ional Chinese painting is done
with a brush
dipped into black or colored ink
and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient
China, it was
called “ink-painting”. In order
to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the
Chinese people
term their works “traditional
Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese
painting”).The subject
matters of Chinese
paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds
and flowers. The drawing
skills and techniques
employed by the Chinese painters can be divided
into two forms: fine
brushwork and free-hand
artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush
and ink”.
Chinese painting emphasizes using
the shape to convey the feelings of the painter.
Even though a
painting is a finished product,
it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the
artistic creation,
traditional Chinese
painting is a reflection of the aesthetic
consciousness and artistic sentiment
of the
Chinese people.
中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指中国画。其绘画形式是
用毛笔蘸水、墨、
颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“
中国
画”， 简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术
特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意
识和情趣。
China is the home of wine and
spirits. The functions of wine and spirits were
classified by
the ancients into three kinds:
treating patients, keeping in good health, and
showing politeness
and respect to others.
China’s wine and spirits culture is an important
part of Chinese food
culture, and it embodies
its values in many aspects, such as in social and
political life, literature
and art, life
philosophies, aesthetics and so on. There is an
old saying which goes, “It is not a
banquet
without wine”. Under the custom of having dinner
together in China, drinking games
were
therefore introduced. There are many kinds of
banquet betting and drinking games, like
morra
(a finger-guessing game) , winespirits words,
winespirits chips (a drinking game), all with
rich cultural connotations. In reality, it is
difficult to win unless you have a card up your
sleeve.
中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文
化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美
情趣
等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜
拳、文字令、筹令
等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应对。
Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art
of Buddhist China, there are four major art
landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at
Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the
Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan
Grottoes at and painted on
mountains, the
Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and
secular feelings together, presenting
us a
vivid and natural appearance. They embody the
systematic combination of both the
exceptional
artistry of great nature and the extremely fine
craftsmanship of mankind. The
Chinese Buddhist
grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning
general art gallery, which are
composed of
architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The
artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes
have
attracted the attention of the world, and have
become important international cultural
heritage.
中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟
、洛阳龙门石窟、天
水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自
然，将
崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成
的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化
遗产。
Chinese classical literature includes
poetry, prose, fiction and ci (new lyrics written
to pre-existing
tunes), fu (“descriptive
poems” of prose-poetry), qu (a freer form based on
the new popular
songs and dramatic arias), and
many other styles. Its artistic expressions are
various in technique.
Four classics of Chinese
literature are “ Romance of the Three Kingdoms,”
“Water Margin,”
“Journey to the West,” and
“Dream of Red Mansions,” which have extensive and
far-reaching
significance both on a national
and international h reading “the four famous
novels”
carefully, you can experience
traditional Chinese society and human culture, and
folklore customs.
And it is an important way
to absorb the quintessence of the traditional
Chinese culture as well
as to pick up
strategies and wisdom on how to get along with
others.
中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各
异。
而小说中的《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，
至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之
心理
，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。