姓的笔顺-店铺介绍

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


以下是大学英语四六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题：

中国新年是中国最重要 的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延
续到元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至< br>新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕
夜 团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红
色的对联（ couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探
访亲友等。

首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕” 、“延续”、
“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等， 这些词有的比较
抽象，有的不太常见，或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没有明确对应的词，考生在翻 译时应
该抓住词的根本意思。其次，长句也较多，考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺，不仅需要单词量和单< br>词拼写过关，还需要掌握语法，分析句子成分，学会中英文转换的技巧。如果说原来的大学英语
六 级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译，将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话，那么
现在的大学 英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻
译的把握，与之前考 查的句子翻译完全不同了。最后，从选材范围来看，文章内容多是有关中国
的，也符合大学英语教学中要 求学生走出去的教学目的，考生应多关注有关中国国情介绍的英文
文章，以便积累相关词汇和表达。

二、翻译技巧

为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型，我 们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析，帮助考生掌
握翻译技巧和要点。

（一） 词的翻译

1.词义选择

所谓词义选择， 是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的 重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如
果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越 是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词
义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广 狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。

例1 原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

译文：However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to
gather for the annual reunion dinner.

分析：“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆 饭，为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯，这里
用的是annual reunion dinner，理解起来更容易。

）……couplets原文：人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（2 例

读书破万卷 下笔如有神



译文：And doors will be decorated with red couplets...

分析：原文中 “粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗，如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图，
因此这里用了“deco rate”，表意更直接。

2.词类转换

词类转换 是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。
英语则因其静态性和 抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中，
适当转换词性，可以使译文更 符合英语表达习惯。

(1)动词→名词

汉语中动词 使用比较频繁，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的
形式之分，动词甚至可 以充当句子的各种成分。相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格
限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓 语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因
为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使 用相对灵活、方便。

例: 原文：各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文： Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year
vary widely from place to place.

分析：原句中“欢度 ”是动词，但是如果译文中也用动词来表达，则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦，
不够整洁，所以译文中用了“ celebration”来表达，使得整个句子更匀称、清晰。

(2)动词→介词

介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁 出现。而且英语中有些介词本
身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以 用介词来表达。

例: 原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

译文：However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to
gather for the annual reunion dinner.

(3)动词→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词，这样
的译文有时 比直接使用动词更地道、标准。

）特别流行。the Ming and Qing Dynasties原文：在明朝和清朝时期（: 例

读书破万卷 下笔如有神



译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

(4)形容词或副词→名词

由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。

例: 原文：……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

译文： ...leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full
ease and freedom.

(5)名词→动词

有些情况下，汉语的名词由英语的动 词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中
作状语使用的副词。

例: 原文：各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文：Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year
vary widely from place to place.

分析：原文中“差异”为名词，为了符合英文的表达习惯，译文中转 换为了动词“vary”,原
文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”， 使译文更生动。

3.词的增补

（1）语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以 使译文
符合英语语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分，增补< br>的词多为冠词（英语所特有）、代词或名词（充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分）、连词和介词
等。

例: 原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

译文：However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to
gather for the annual reunion dinner.

分析：英语中 用得最多的介词有at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to和with九个。这些介
词 是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵
活地选择介 词。另外，译文中增译“an occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用，使得除夕夜

< br>的作用更加突出，彰显了中国人对于除夕夜的重视。


读书破万卷 下笔如有神


（2）意思表达需要

例: 原文：这是黄河滩上的一幕。

译文：This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.

分析：在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴
切。

（3）文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解 的词
语。因此，在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。

例: 原文：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。

译文：The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang， the
master mind.

4.词的减省

所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加 以适当
省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、< br>宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通畅。

例: 原文：为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。。

译文：It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in
order to sweep away ill fortune and bring in good luck.

分析：删减了原句中的“进行”一词。

5.词的替代

重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语
义强调或进 行语言润饰。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的
方法来避免重复。在 英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

（二）句的翻译

汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，习惯按照时 间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表

述，其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”，甚至断句不严，外形松散 ，因此汉语常被称为时而英语则以
“主——谓”的主干结构为富于弹性。主要体现为形式自由、间型的动 态结构，

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


中心来统领各语言 成分，句界分明，外形严谨。因此在汉译英时，译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体
现出英语的特点。如果是单 句，首先应当确立句子的主干及句型，如果是复杂的句子或长句，则
需要确立中心，根据上下文进行句子 组合，可以译为并列句、主从复合句（名词性从句、定语从
句、状语从句等）、并列复合句或使用独立结 构等。这是汉译英的第一步，也是正确译文的基础。

1.确立主干

在汉译英时，不管汉语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可
以变换，可以组合，但不能突破。组织英语句子时，始终不能脱离“主——谓”主干这一总的框
架，然 后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换（肯定式、否定式、疑问式、
强调句式及倒装 句式等），增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。比如，第二句“新年的庆祝活
动从除夕开始一直延续到 元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。”中文原文句子较长，翻译成英文时要将主干分
离出 来。本句的主干是“庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节”，用“run from...to...”来表达，是一个主谓结构的句子。在抓出主干之后，还需要把句子里面的其他成分分别转换成英文
里面 的状语、定语、同位语等成分，将“农历最后一个月的最后一天”和“新年第一个月的第十
五天”分别转 换为“除夕”的同位语和“元宵节”的定语。

2.语序调整

（1）定语的位置

汉语的定语常放在中心语前；而英语的定语位置分 两种：前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放
在被修饰的中心语前；而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的 中心语之后。

（2）状语的位置

汉语常把状语放在 被修饰的成分前面，但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况：单词作状语修饰
形容词或其他状语时，常前置 ；表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时，可前置或后置；单词作状语修
饰动词时，多放在动词之后；短语或从 句作状语时，可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。

（3）汉英叙事重心不同

汉语先叙事，然后表态或评论，以此来突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先 表态或
进行评论，而后再叙事，以突出主语。

（4）强弱词语的顺序不同

表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面；英语将语义轻的 内容、
弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


除了上面的技巧外 ，还要注意段落的衔接。段落的衔接是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面的
关联，即段落的各个部分的排 列和衔接要符合逻辑。汉语和英语在衔接手法上迥异。汉语常用省
略 （如主语和连接词）和重复的手段 ，依靠句与句之间内在的隐性逻辑关系体现段落的连贯；
而英语则常用连接词 （如连词、关系代词、关系副词）、替代词、指称语 （如人称代词及相应
的物主代词）、特有的冠词实现衔接，体现出段落内的语篇性。


考试范围由“校园文化、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业”改为“校园文化、社 会生
活、餐饮娱乐、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业、新兴学科发展、中国传统文化”，其中亮点就是新增了难度较大的文化领域。

为此，针对传统文化，需要掌握以下文化语句的通用表达，必背16句!

一、 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与
云雾、雷电等 自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙 具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.
The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals
including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other
natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the
multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon
signifies innovation and cohesion.

二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种 民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩
的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速 。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，
不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看 秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人
自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健 康，同事他们也乐在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in is usually performed in
northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the
performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival,
Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the
weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the
old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by
themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
< br>三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看
菲 尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长
城最初只 是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的
长城——东起山海 关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。


读书破万卷 下笔如有神

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If
you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without
visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often
say, He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true fact, it began
as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become
the Great Wall until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting
from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built
during the Ming Dynasty.

四、Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people's favorite traditional dishes.
According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical
saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make
dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make
dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing,
delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.
There's an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than
dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating
relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating
dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having
dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part
of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）
擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。< br>民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。
对 崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

五、Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the
purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as
to keep the body's yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the
internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal
diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture
involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient's body, or
adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient's acupoints so as to stimulate the
channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed
down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays,
acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial
arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of
the “four new national treasures.”

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和 气血，
来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是治以达到刺< br>激经络。或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，

读书破万卷 下笔如有神

疗病痛的目的。针灸以 其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海
外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。


六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional
Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the
art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill
and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory
of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as
nourishing one's spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and
Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many
different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal
and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers' pondering of life
and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later
generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing
(Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang),
and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears,
two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套 路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中
国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说， 同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术
源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴 含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。
后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌 等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑
戟、斧钺钩叉等。


七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people
remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique
character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same
time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with
inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original
forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous
calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive
script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square
inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a
rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the
horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left- falling stroke),
“＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特
文字。 现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了
金文、隶书、楷 书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方
“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


八、Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the
world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years
ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to
use, but possess multi- various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting
up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken
as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial
tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate
a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife
and fork or one's own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of
“Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a
hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古 时称
为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的
方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

九、Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official
and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note,
contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were
called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used
during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave
fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form
of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.
Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life,
but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is
gradually becoming one of China's unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历 代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝
王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝 、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作
是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕 刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色
钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

十、Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for
recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu,
ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: , yin, mou, chen,
si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found
that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months
account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of
the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date,
60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first
invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of
the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly

Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

读书破万卷 下笔如有神



天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁 、戊、已、庚、
辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观 测朔望
月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地
支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年
法，20XX年便是辛卯年。

十一、hinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine
national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,
especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera
evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera
is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and
dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized
acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female),
jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方
的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集
唱（ 歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙
述故事， 刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大
行当。

十二、Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi,
a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period
(770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is
considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human
being's life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one's mind,
and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.
The following is an example of Laozi's golden saying: The way that can be told of
is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It
was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that
rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids
himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself
of desire can see only the outcomes.

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著 的《道
德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可
名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老
子的至理名言。

十三、Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed
phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and

common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has
the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself),
qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort).
Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables,
allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that
are concise and have great vitality.

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定 词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗
成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大 多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例
如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文 学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、
名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and
thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang
and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people's silk-weaving techniques
had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD),
Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected
China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of
Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China's silk became
well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant
culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese
culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古 代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产
技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波 斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开
辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花 色和丰富的文化内涵闻
名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

十五、The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese
architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines
artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.
The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is,
the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese
classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes
use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for
viewers.” Of the world's three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden
is hailed as one of the origins of the world's garden due to its long history and
abundant connotations.

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有 机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术
的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典 园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，
创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久 、内涵丰富，被誉为世界

造园史上的渊源之一。


读书破万卷 下笔如有神


十六、The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and
paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and
they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush
and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years
ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different
hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD),
man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese,
bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as
writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the
use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four
Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced
in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui
province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and
duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier
called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole
Chinese civilization, as it is.

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨 书写绘画在中国可
追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨； 有了纸张
以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、
徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
四六级翻译练习题

练习1

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉 译英。翻译内容涉及中国的
历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat
Festival)是纪念古代 诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi )。中秋节
是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征 着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节(The
Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国 的农历新年(the Chinese
lunar New Year's holiday)，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗 烹制传
统食物，如铰子和年糕。

参考答案

Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For

example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet
Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling
on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the
day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese
lunar New Year's holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people

cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or
boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake .

难点精析

■ 1.中国的传统节庆膳食：翻译为Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“节庆膳食”
直接译为holiday meals , 即可，翻译时注意“中国的”和“传统”的顺序。

2.纪念：翻译为介词短语in memory of,修饰前面的a day。

■ 3.赛龙舟：翻译为hold dragon boat races,其中hold意为“举行”，“举行龙舟比赛”即
“赛龙舟”。

4.观赏满月：“满月”即fMlmoon,此处的“观赏”可以译为viewing,也可以用enjoyin g或
watching表示。

5.象征着家庭团聚：“象征”翻译为系表结构is a symbol for,也可以用动词symbolize表示，
“家庭团聚”翻译： 为 family reunion 即可。

练习2

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的< br>历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓 在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的
胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一 门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房
间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里 的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随
着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

参考答案

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs
brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not

only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually,
there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families
in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine
life of about 20 people. Therefore,

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are
replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.

难点精析

1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endless charm to。

2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要
的信息会 用 | 介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10
个家庭的差不多 20口人住”是 ： 两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with
介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。

3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。

4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也
是with介词短语的应用，在句中作伴随状语。

练习3

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minu tes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的
历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级 长度为140-160个汉字。)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

过去的七年，中国的房地产(real estate)业经历了前所未有的高速增长。对于那些月薪较低
却渴望在大城市 拥有一套属于自己的 体面、舒适的栖身之所的人来说，高昂的房价是他们无法
承受的负担。鉴于这一状况，政府近来采取了一 系列的措施来防止房价过快增长，包括提高利率
及增加房产税等。目前，这些措施在部分城市已经 取得了初步的成效。

参考答案

In the past seven years, China's real estate industry has developed in a record
high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable
place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they
cannot afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to
prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates
and increasing taxes on real estate etc. Presently, these measures have achieved
initial effects in some cities.

难点精析

1.房地产业：翻译为real estate industry。


读书破万卷 下笔如有神


2.前所未有的高速增长：翻译为a record high speed。

3.鉴于这一状况：可以根据上下文的语境转译为for this reason。

4.采取一系列的措施：翻译为take a series of measures。

5.取得初步成效：翻译为achieve initial effects。

练习4

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minu tes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的
历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级 长度为140-160个汉字。)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好工作。造成这一现象的原因如下：首先，大学生把在
校的大多数 时间都用在了专业学科学习上，只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏
必要的职业培训。其次 ，大 学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的
机会都变小了。因此，强烈建议 大学生在 课余时间做一些兼职工作，以积累相关的工作经验。

参考答案

Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great
difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows:
First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects
and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary
job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce.
And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job.
Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time
jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.

难点精析

1.抱怨很难找到好工作：翻译为complain about having great difficulties in
finding a good job。其中“抱怨做某事”用句型complain about doing sth.表示，having
great difficulties in finding a good job表示“找工作有困难”，用到了句型have
difficulties in doing sth.。

2.只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训：翻译为it is
only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job
training。‘‘只有当 才 ''用强调句型it is only when…that…表示。 ，


读书破万卷 下笔如有神


3.导致：翻译为results in,同义短语有lead to和bring about，但是表示不好的结果时一
般用短语result in。

4.强烈建议：翻译为it is highly suggested that...，其中highly suggested也可以用
strongly recommended 替换，都表示“强烈建议做某事”。

5.积累相关的工作经验：翻译为accumulate relevant working experience.

练习5

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)(原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的< br>历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage
from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的
历史，在明朝 和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环
境，特别是在春节和婚庆期间， 剪纸被用来 装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用
的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世 界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的
礼物。

参考答案

Paper cutting is one of China's most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese
paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly
during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper
cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper
cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous
atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes
health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and
it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

难点精析

1.传统民间艺术形式：翻译为traditional folk a rt,其中folk意为“民间的，民俗的”，art
既可以表示“艺术”这一抽象概念，也可以表示具 体的“艺术形式”，所以直接翻译为art即可，
不必加form—词。

2.美化居家环境：“美化”即beautify，“居家环境”翻译成their homes即可，不要逐字生
硬地翻译为home environment。

3.增加喜庆的气氛：翻译为enhance the joyous atmosphere。


读书破万卷 下笔如有神


4.象征健康和兴旺：翻译为which symbolizes health and prosperity,此处既可以用非限制
性定语从句，也可以用分词形式symbolizing health and prosperity。

段落翻译常用词汇：中国文化

元宵节： Lantern Festival

刺绣：embroidery

重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival Chung Yeung Festival

清明节：Qingming Festival Tomb Sweeping Day

剪纸：paper cutting

书法：calligraphy

对联：Chinese couplets contrapuntal couplets

象形文字：pictograms pictographic characters

四合院：siheyuan quadrangle

战国时代：Warring States period

风水：feng shui

红白喜事：weddings and funerals

中秋节：Mid- Autumn Day

结婚证：marriage certificate

儒家文化：Confucian culture

古装片：costume drama

武打片：chinese swordplay movie

元宵：Tangyuan

火锅：hot pot

essential-qualities- oriented education
素质教育：

读书破万卷 下笔如有神



除夕：Chinese New Year's Eve Eve of the Spring Festival

针灸：acupuncture

偏旁：radical

孟子：Mencius

亭 阁： pavilion attic

大中型国有企业：large and medium-sized state- owned enterprises

火药：gunpowder

农历：Lunar Calendar

印 玺：seal stamp

京剧：Beijing Opera Peking Opera

太极拳：Tai Chi

小吃摊：snack bar snack stand

春卷：spring roll(s)

相声：cross-talk comic dialogue

烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker

电视小品：TV sketch TV skit

长江中下游地区：the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River

门当户对：perfect match

中外合资企业：joint ventures

文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）：Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink, paper and ink
stone)

government reform英语热词：政府改革

读书破万卷 下笔如有神


政府改革（government reform）的主要目的，就是进一步理顺政府和市场、政府和社会、中
央和地方的关系（to clearly define the relations between government and the
market, between government and society and between central and local governments） ，
更好地发挥市场、社会的作用，更好地调动中央和地方两个积极性，推动政府全面正确地履行职
能（make sure that the government fully plays its part），加快现代政府建设（to
accelerate the development of modern government），努力促进经济持续健康发展、社会不断
进步，不断满足 人民群众的新期待、新要求。

在提到地方政府职能转变（the transformation of local government functions）时，李克
强讲到以下几点：

1. 要接好放好中央下放的审批事项（Local governments should properly take over
or further release as required approval power delegated by the central government）；

2. 要最大限度地取消地方行政审批事项（We should minimize the number of items
subject to administrative review and approval by local governments）；

3. 要加强地方政府管理服务职能（Local governments need to enhance their
functions in both regulation and services）；

4. 改革创新监管方式，建立一套科学监管的规则和方法（We also need to reform and
innovate ways of supervision and establish a set of scientific rules and methods
of supervision）；

5. 搞好保障民生的基本公共服务（To ensure basic public services essential to
peoples livelihood）；

6. 要更加重视基层政府建设（We need to place greater importance on the building
of community-level governments）。

地方机构改革（local institutional reform）时，李克强指出，这次地方政府机构改革，要
着力搞好“控、调、改”。

1. 要严控机构编制总量（The size of government staffing must be put under
rigorous control）；

2. 要调整优化机构编制结构（The organization and staffing structure of
government agencies should be adjusted and improved）；

3. 要通过深化改革满足事业发展的需要（Reform should be deepened to meet our
needs for development）。