新闻英语语言的翻译

玛丽莲梦兔
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2020年08月05日 05:14
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上海师范大学天华学院-中国民航大学招生网


第八讲:新闻语言的翻译

一、新闻英语的范畴
指英文报 刊上常见的各类文章,体裁多样,有新闻报道、新闻特写、广告、
公报、文艺作品、述评、访谈、学术介 绍和争鸣……题材广泛,内容包罗万象。
“由于这类文本体裁多样,涉及面广,所以没有统一的新闻文 体模式。如消
息类和通讯类的新闻体文本就有明显区别。后者主要采用散文体形式,翻译时可
运 用跟散文翻译相类似的方法;而前者则要求具有 „快速‟、„新颖‟、„简洁‟和„详
实‟等特点。” (朱徽 p182)

二、新闻的主要文体与结构类型
新闻的主要文体类型:
消息报道 News reporting
特写 Features
社论 Editorial
广告Advertisements
新闻报导的结构类型(消息的五个部分):
标题 headline
导语 lead:
主体 body
背景 background
结语 conclusion
倒金字塔结构 (Inverted Pyramid)
主体:把最 重要的内容放在新闻的最前面。随后按重要性递减依次排列其他内容。
它的优点是能迅速地把最新鲜、最 重要的事实,开门见山地告诉读者,使读者一
目了然,节省读报时间。把新闻五要素(即5W)放在第一 段

三、英文新闻标题的特点
(一)、英文标题的词汇特点(Lexical Features)
1. 广泛使用名词The Use of Nouns
Divorce New York Style (NYT) 纽约式离婚
Cabinet papers leak inquiry (Guardian) 内阁文件泄密事件调查工作
Corruption Reports Against Police Rise (NYT) 指控警方受贿呼声四起
The rod comes back (Newsweek) (英国小学中体罚之风又起
GOP Shakedown Cruise (Newsweek) 共和党的(竞选)试航(揭开序幕)(Grand Old
Party: the Republican Party in US)
2. 广泛使用简短小词The Use of Midget Words
help --- assistance try --- attempt car --- vehicle
ease --- facilitate home --- residence enough --- sufficient
fire --- conflagration begin --- implement probe --- investigate
feud --- controversy row --- conflict pact --- agreement
talk --- address envoy --- ambassador
3. 使用缩略语Abbreviations
Acronyms & Initials


NPC (the National people‟s Congress)全国人民代表大会
CPPCC (the Chinese People‟s Political Consultative Conference )中国人民政治协商
会议
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)联合国
教科文组织
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (美国)国家航空航天局
EU (European Union) 欧盟
WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织
Clipped Words
biz=business(商业) lib=liberation(解放)
pro=professional(专业的;职业的) nat'l=national(全国的)
com'l=commercial(商业的;广告) tech=technology(技术)
pix=pictures(电影) Russ=Russia(俄罗斯)
Sec=secretary(秘书) chute=parachute(降落伞)
copter=helicopter(直升机)
N. Y. Officials Want More DNA Samples纽约市官员需要更多DNA 样本
US, DPRK resume talks on nuke (nuclear weapon) Issue
美国和朝鲜民主主义共和国恢复核武器问题的会谈
Australia‟s GDP growth outlook improves澳大利亚国内生产总值稳定增长

(二)、英文标题的语法特点(Grammatical Features)
1. 广泛使用现在时,兼用其他时态
Journalistic Present Tense ( 新闻现在时)
French Culture Is In The Doldrums 法国文化颓然不振
Husband And Wife Team Unlocks New Gene Secrets 夫妻联手解开新的基因奥秘
One of the Lost Tribes of Israel Surfaces in India
一个被忘却的以色列部落在印度出现
Other Tenses
Women Are Becoming Experts At Home Repairs 妇女正在成为家庭装修能手
U. S. Analysts Find No Sign Bin Laden Had Nuclear Arms
美分析人士未发现本·拉登拥有核武器的证据
2. 广泛使用非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs)
Five Ways To Be Romantic 浪漫五法
New Efforts To Learn About Planet Mars 探测火星的新举措
Helping the Homeless to Help Themselves 帮助无家可归者自强自立
Looking Back to Look Ahead 回首往昔 展望未来
Film Star Clint Eastwood Honored in Gala Tribute 影星克林特伊斯特伍德受庆典
嘉奖
Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire 房屋起火五伤四亡
3. 从句法结构上讲,省略是标题的最大特点(Ellipsis)
Cloning Technology Unlikely to Take Over the World 克隆技术不太可能主宰世界
Ten Die in Kashmir Temple Attack 克什米尔神庙附近发生大火, 十人丧生
Anderson Chief Quits in Effort to Rescue Firm 安然总裁为挽救公司辞职
Location of 2007 Grammys in Question 2007年度格莱美奖颁奖地点未定



(三)、英文标题的修辞特点(Rhetorical Features)
1. 简约 (Short and Simple)
One-word Headlines and the Use of Phrases
Endgame 最后一盘棋
Playtime 欢乐时光
Alcohol and Death 酒精与死亡
Monarch at the Crossroads 英国王室处在十字路口
Nike, From Small Beginnings to World Giant 耐克,从无名小卒到世界巨人
2. 使用俚俗词语 (Slang and Colloquialism)
Cops: Man Wanted in N. J. Arrested 警方称,新泽西州通缉犯已被抓获
Florida Court Oks Proposed Office Smoking Ban
佛州法院通过办公室禁止吸烟提案
Pioneer Colleges Face Axe 一些实验学院面临砍削
Tourism Up and Violence Down, Jamaica says
牙买加称,旅游业蒸蒸日上,暴力犯罪日益减少
3.使用修辞格 (Figures of Speech)
押韵(rhymed) After the Boom, Everything is Gloom 繁荣过后,尽是萧条
双关(pun) Soccer Kicks Off With Violence 足球开赛拳打脚踢
比喻Middle East: Cradle of Terror 中东 --- 恐怖主义的摇篮
夸张(hyperbole)A Vow to Zip His Lips 誓将守口如瓶
仿拟(parody)Liberty: Mother of Success 自由是发明之母
比喻 Russian Reform --- Old Wine in New Bottle 俄罗斯改革---- 新瓶装旧酒

四. 英语新闻标题的汉译技巧(Translation Strategies)
1. 如果英语标题的 含义明白、直接,译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上
的困难,则可直译或基本直译。
如:Looking Back To Look Ahead。回首往昔展望未来。
America's Careening Foreign Policy。摇摆不定的美国对外政策。
Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White House As Us President。
比尔,克林顿入主白宫,就任美国总统。克林顿入主白宫,新总统始掌大权。
2. 添加注释性词语
即使是明白易懂的新闻标题,我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语,或新闻
人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之,应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同,适当
增补有关介绍性、注释性 词语以利读者理解,避免产生误会。
如:Li Elected CPPCC Head。李(瑞环)当选为全国政协主席。
Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties
天皇访华:(中日)双边关系的里程碑。
Young Wheelers, Big Dealers。青年摩托车手成了(保险公司)大主顾。
Older, wiser, calmer人愈老,智愈高,心愈平
3. 体现原文修辞特点,灵活处理修辞差异
如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段,如双关、比喻、押韵等,译 成汉语以后
中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难,则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。


如:幽默:Accuser Accused。原告没当成,反而成被告。
英 语标题寓意于某种修辞手段,而这种修辞手段在语言转换中如与汉语难以
契合,则不妨意译,即舍弃原来 的英语标题,按内容概括出合适的译文标题,切
忌生搬硬套,译成晦涩难懂的句子。同时适当照顾汉语新 闻标题的特点,多用动
词、尾韵、对仗等修辞手段。如:
押韵:Desperate Need, Desperate Deed。燃眉之急非常行动。
典故:1990: Year Of Marco Polo Chic。1990年:中国热的一年。
双关:'Silent' Office Workers Demand To Be Heard。
“不闻不问”的办公室员工今后将不再不闻不问了
五、英语新闻导语的翻译(参考《综合教程》下p213-214)
英语:前置式
汉语:后置式

六、新闻语言汉译英:时政翻译常用技巧和手法
由于文 化差异的影响,不同民族对同一形象往往产生不同的联想和体味,翻
译中的形象转换不可避免。若两种语 言中形象与喻义刚好巧合,这种转换就比较
顺利。在形象和喻义难以两全的情况下,是保留形象还是保留 喻义呢?通常舍形
象,保喻义,因为意义是第一位的。在新闻语言翻译中,翻译就是翻译意义。
6.2.1 形象用语的处理
汉语历来有使用形象加强表达的传统,现实社会中人们也喜 欢用些群众所喜
闻乐见的形象表达来增强语言的感染力,因此,即使在极正式的政治、经济又件
中也不时闪现出这类活泼、生动的形象表达,如“豆腐渣工程”(jerry-built project)、
“一条龙服务”(a coordinated service)、“一站式服务”(one-stop services)、“一刀
切”(adopt identical way and standard)、“条块分割”(departmental and regional
bar riers)等等,极大地增强了宣传效果。然而翻译时,由于这类带有典型中国文
化色彩的形象表达大 多在英语中不易找到相应的对等词,因而直译与意译应视情
而定,不可脱离上下文语境的约束。一般而言 ,形象的翻译不外乎有下面几种情
况:
1. 形象相同,喻义相近,这种情况下最宜采用直译法。例如:
例1.做一个快乐的单身白领丽人。 To be a happy single“white-collar lady”.
例2.在治理通货膨胀时,注意保持经济持续增长,成功实现“软着陆”。
In dealing with inflation, we paid attention to ensuring sustained expansion of
the economy and a successful “soft-landing”.
例3.为获取更多的财富,他 们还向政治领域渗透,千方百计拉拢腐蚀党政干部,
寻求“保护伞”。
To gain more property, they spare no effort to draw in leaders of the Party and
the Government as an umbrella for their criminal activities.
例4.宁夏正将旅游作为新型产业、朝阳产业和支柱产业来培育。
Ningxia is developing its tourism sector as a new, rising and pillar industry.
例5.大规模的选拔性统一考试是一把锋利的“双刃剑”,“一考 定终身”的弊端也
给中学教育、高等教育以及考生和全社会带来了一系列问题。


The national college entrance examination is also a double-edged sword. A
series of educational and social problems have cropped up due to various flaws in the
examination system.
2. 源、译语中都有约定俗成的形象用语,喻义 相近但本体不同,这种情况可顺
从译文习惯,其最大的特点是,汉、英语各自都有形象表达,且约定俗成 ,尽管
本体不同,但都指向同一喻义,异曲同工。例如:
汉:暗箱操作 英:under-the-counter operations(柜底)
汉:裙带经济 英: crony economy(密友)
汉: 打白条 英:to issue IOUs(欠条)
汉:清理“三角债”。 英:To break up the“debt chain”(债链)
汉:“拳头”产品 英:knocked-out products(击倒)
再看几个具体实例:
例1. 加快培育一批辐射面广、带动力强的龙头企业。
We will step up the development of a number of leading enterprises playing
the role of a powerhouse over a large area. ——中国翻译,“汉英时事政经词语选
登”
“龙头”变“领头”,认知角度不 同,但实质一样,唯一的遗憾是汉、英读者审
美感受不太一样。
例2.现实中存在的一些领导 在职不作为、责任心不强、爱做官样文章、搞形式
摆花架子以及干部队伍建设中能上不能下、庸不让贤等 问题。
Problems exist in China‟s system of bureaucracy—officials‟ inadequate
performance, their poor sense of responsibility, excessive red tape, formalism, and
extreme difficulty in replacing unqualified personnel with competent people.“官样文
章”变“(捆文件的)红带子”,不同的社会背景,各自表述,殊途同归。
例3.一个人在原企业的优秀业绩可以为他今后求职提供“敲门砖”。
An employee‟s previous outstanding performance is a very important stepping
stone to his or her job hunting.
“敲门”的“砖头”变“踏脚”的“石头”,思维角度的确大不一样。
3. 原文喻义在译文中确实无形象来设喻,此时可根据原文喻义采用释意的方法。
这种译法的 好处是意义准确,不会歪曲原义,不足的是,原语的形象和文化色彩
丧失殆尽。例如:
例1.不少正在读研的学生认为,现在的人才市场是水涨船高,越早考研含金量
会越高。
Many postgraduate students agree that the talent market always favors those
with a higher educational background, so earlier is better in this regard.
原文有两个形象用语:“水涨船高”与“含金量”, 译文都根据上下文做了变通,
若直译为“when the river rises the boat goes up too”和“the content of gold”,用在此
处定会十分滑稽,故去形留义,准确而又通俗易懂。
例2.决不允许擅自将耕地改为非农用地,这是一条不可逾越的“红线”。
Conversion of cultivated land to non- agricultural land without authorization
will never be allowed. This is where we draw the line.
尽管译得地道,也有“线”的形象,但已无汉语“警示”的“红色”,下一例情况
基本相同:
例3.北京商务中心区将在区域规划、配套设施建设、政府服务、政策制定上突


破现有框架,率先实现与国际接轨。
The CBD will also conform to the international practice in facilities
construction, government service and policy formulation.
“接轨”没有“轨”,只有“conform to”(一致)。
对于“接轨”的译法,建议用下述三种表达为宜:
使中国经济与世界接轨:
a. so that the economy of China will converge with that of the world
b. adopt China ‟s economy to international practice
c. make China ‟s economy conform to international practice (王弄笙:2002)
但也有保留形象的,如下例,但却由“轨”变成了“线”,而后一个“轨迹” 则完
全转译为“目标”:
“与世界接轨”,是北京改革开放20多年的基本轨迹。
To be in line with international practices is the goal set by Beijing since China ‟s
introduction of the reform and opening policy more than 20 years ago.
4. 去掉形象完全不译。这种情况下,原文的 形象一般只是上下文语气的延伸或
补充,意在加深印象和强化语气,其喻义已隐含在特定的上下文中。为 避免行文
累赘或语义重复,一般可省去不译。
例1.发挥中心城市的集聚功能和辐射作用,以线串点,以点带面,带动周围地
区发展。
Major cities connected by such lines should serve as economic centers and
play leading roles in the development of their adjacent areas.
例2.既然要以公众人物的身份吃这碗饭,就应该知道这碗饭不是那么好吃的,
代价之一就是时 刻面临着被人拎出来说三道四的危险。
As a public figure, he should know that one of the costs he has to pay is the
risk of being gossiped about by the general public.
例3.本届高交会将为参展的国内外企业、科研院所、高等院校、投 资机构和中
介机构,提供良好的支持和服务平台。
The trade fair will serve both foreign and domestic enterprises, research institutes,
institutions of higher learning, investment organizations and intermediaries.
这一“平台”其功能基本相当于一个范畴词,原文“提供良好的支持 和服务”语义完
全到位,若再添“platform”一词,反倒会产生误解,以为真要在会馆搭建一“ 台子”。
6.2.2 句型结构的调整
1. 汉语的分句铺排与英语的SV主干结构
例 要着眼于搞好整个国有经济,抓好大的,放活小的,对企业实施战略性改组。
Aiming at improving the state sector of the economy as a whole, we shall
effectuate a strategic reorganization of state-owned enterprises by well managing
large enterprises while adopting a flexible policy towards small ones.
2. 汉语动词连贯句与英语逻辑主次关系
例. 广大文艺工作者要深入群众,深入生活,汲取营养,丰富自己。
Writers and artists should get nutrition, and enrich themselves by immersing
themselves among the masses, and by plunging into the thick of life. (be in the thick
of sth: involved in the busiest, most active part)
汉、英语句式结构上的差异,从形式上看, 基本可用“竹型”与“树型”之差来
形容。句型越复杂,信息量越大,其差异愈加明显。翻译时应分析原 文内在的逻


辑语义关系,特别要弄清汉语流水句各小句间的逻辑主次关系,在译文中重新 谋
篇布局,结构上该分则分,该合则合,该打乱则打乱,以尽量保证译文的规范与
地道。
例1.语言这个东西,不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
有人不假思索照直译为:
(1) Language is something difficult to learn well and to learn it well one has to study
very hard.
典型的汉式英语,罗嗦松散,不合英语表达习惯。
(2)The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
这一译文行文用字地道得多,结构也更合理。
例2. 认真贯彻“一要吃饭、二要建设”的 方针,合理调整财政支出结构,区别轻
重缓急,该保的一定要保,该压缩的要坚决压缩。
We must conscientiously carry out the principle of “subsistence first,
development second” and rationally adjust the pattern of expenditures and do things
according to the order of their importance and urgency. Funding must be guaranteed
for what must be done and, for what is not important or urgent enough, funding must
be cut.
原文竹型排列五个小句根据内在逻辑语义划为两 大块:前者为总体,后者为
细节。对“该压缩的”一句根据上下文内容上做了增译,意义更明确。 例3.中国的野生动物,种类繁多,堪称世界种群量(populations)最多的国家之一,
拥有4,400种脊椎动物(vertebrates),占世界分布总量的百之十强。
(1) China is known as one of the world's most diverse populations of wild
animals for their variety of species. With 4,400 species of vertebrates, it takes more
than 10 percent of the world total distributions.
(2) China is home to one of the world's most diverse populations of wild animals
with its 4,400 species of vertebrates, accounting for over 10 percent of the world-wide
total.
汉语以意合句,语气连贯,但结构松散,无显性语义标记。译文(1)基本按< br>原文结构行文用字;译文(2)作了必要调整,将头三个分句用- SV主干结构统一,
后两分句分别用介词短语和V-ing短语引出,表SV主干句的伴随和结果,化零
为整,统一了句式。相对而言,比译(1)更合英语习惯。
例4.北京首都国际机场现有两条 跑道、两个候机楼、75个标准停机位,2008
年以前,机场将进行大规模的扩建,再增加1条跑道、 1座候机楼、55个标准停
机位,使年客运能力达到4800万人次。
若不推敲原文语义关系,一句句对照来译,译文可能是这样:
(1) Beijing ‟s Capital International Airport now has two runways, two terminal
buildings and 75 aircraft waiting bays. Before 2008 it will expand on a large scale by
adding one runway, an additional terminal building and 55 standard aircraft waiting
bays to improve its annual passenger handling capacity up to 48 million people.
虽很通顺,但原文一、二句的语义关系未很好地联系起来。若按英语习惯,
似乎这样更好一些:
(2)Based on its two runways, two terminal buildings and 75 aircraft waiting bays,
Beijing ‟s Capital International Airport will undergo before 2008 its large-scale
expansion, adding one runway, an additional terminal building and 55 standard


aircraft waiting bays for an annual passenger handling capacity up to 48 million
people.
但翻译这类文本时,也有根据需要一句一顿的:
例4.经过近30年的努力,中国成功地探索了一条具有本国特色的综合治理人
口问题的道路,逐步形 成了适应市场经济要求的人口调控体系和计划生育工
作管理体制,人口与发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,公 民的生存权、发展权和
经济、社会、文化权利显著改善。
After nearly 30 years of efforts, China has successfully found its own way to
have an integrated approach to the population issue with its own national
characteristics.A system of regulating and adjusting the population growth with a
proper family planning program management has gradually come into is
a system in keeping with the market ‟s population and development
program has achieved universally acknowledged citizens‟ rights to
subsistence and development and their rights in the socio-economic and cultural fields
have been notably improved.
一句一顿,斩钉 截铁,语气强烈,充满自信,原文用逗号分开的汉语小句在
译文中全都改变为独立的单句。可见,译文是 分是合,须根据原文语义内容灵活
处理。有时,简短的句式可加强语气,体现说话人行事果断、说话简要 的风格,
不失为一种合理的处理手法。
6.2.3 解释性翻译
一般而言,翻 译时若能保留原文形式而不产生理解上的障碍,则尽可直译。
但是,由于汉、英语间文化差异太大,要想 在各自语言中找到完全等同的表达形
式几乎不可能。尽管有些也可改译或套用译语相似的习语来表达,效 果虽皆大欢
喜,却失去了原味,且不符合时政翻译“紧贴原文”的宗旨,因为这类表达反映了
我 国独特的国情,表达的是中国的“traditional concepts”。在这种情况下,翻译时
往往用阐释的手法来处理这类问题,以保留原语的文化特色。例如:
例1.有的地方热衷于搞华而不 实的“形象工程”、“政绩工程”,市政建设盲目追
求高档次、高标准。
“形象工程”、“政绩工程”这是中国社会主义市场经济特有的产物,如果简单
照字译为“image project”“post-achievement project”,恐怕不易理解。
Some local authorities like to build ostentatious projects designed to build their
own images or show their achievements. In urban development, they indiscriminately
pursue things of the highest grade or standard.
例2.传统的早婚早育、多子多福和重男轻女等观念逐渐被晚婚晚育、少生优生、
生男生女都一样等科学、文明、进步的观念所取代。
The traditional concepts of “early marriage, early childbirth”, “the more sons, the
more happiness” and “men are superior to women” has been gradually replaced by the
scientific and advanced concepts of “late marriage, and later childbearing, fewer and
healthier births” and “boys and girls are equal”.
例3.“
读书就是挣大钱娶美女
”的看法无疑并无任何新鲜之处, 它无非是古话“

中自有黄金屋,书中自有颜如玉
”的现代直译。这个观点由于其个人 主义和功利
主义而被现代教育观念所抛弃,但也不能否认,它的确是很多人刻苦读书的直接
动力 。
The view that the purpose of study is to earn lots of money and marry a beauty is


nothing more than an interpretation of the old saying “through study, one can find a
gold house and a beautiful woman.” This individualist and utilitarianist thought have
been discarded by modern education concepts. However, we can‟t deny that this idea
is still the driving force for many students.
汉语斜体部分句子 最好照直阐释,因为它们是作为直接引语而用于文中的,
是原作者思想的核心内容,不可随意篡改或删减 。当然,作为应用型文本,其主
要功能还是表达原文信息内容,大可不必为体现原古汉语形式而过分追求 与其对
应的古英语译出,那样只会得不偿失,导致“译犹未译”的结果。
例4.“以人为本 ”的人格价值观念同“以和为贵”、“海纳百川”等和平与发展的思
想主张,对中华文明与其他文明间的 交流和融合产生着重要影响。
Chinese culture advocates such values and concepts as “People come first”,
“conciliation is invaluable” and “the sea is able to take in hundreds of rivers,” which
have produced a positive influence on the exchange and integration of Chinese
civilization and other civilizations.
例5. 我们要振作精神,下苦功学习。下苦功三个字,一个叫下,一个叫苦,一
个叫功,一定要振作精神,下苦 功。
We should bestir ourselves and make arduous efforts in our study. Mark these
three words, “make”, “arduous”, “efforts”, we must bestir ourselves and make
arduous efforts.
不是“bestir ourselves and study with painstaking efforts”,完全是考虑到全句行
文的需要,与汉语行文方式对应。
例6.西方的文 化是以个人为核心,中国文化则以群体为核心。在中国,起核心
作用的是“家”,这点在语言上也有所反 映,如自己称“自家”,别人是“人家”,全
体是“大家”,全国是“国家”。
Western culture takes individual as its core while Chinese culture group as its
core. In China, “family” plays an essential role, which can also be seen in its language.
For example, Chinese people call themselves “Zi Jia”, “Jia”in Chinese means
“family”, but “Zi Jia” actually means “myself; ourselves” or “ my own” They
say ”Ren Jia” to refer to “others”; “Da Jia” to “we all ” or “the whole”; and “Guo Jia”
to “a nation” or “a country” , each with the same word “Jia” in it.
例7.两个娃娃在观灯戏狮狗。以“莲”、“灯”、“狮”等谐音,题作“莲灯太师”。 古
代官制,太师为三公之首。故为祝愿发迹升官之颂辞。
Two boys are playing with a lotus lantern, a lion and a dog. There are four
Chinese characters in the picture: lian, deng, tai and shi, which are homonymous with
the four Chinese characters in meaning: lotus (successive), lantern (ascend), and the
majestic lion('taishitutor), elucidating the theme of the picture: to be
successively promoted to the post of 'taishi(the head of the three highest-rank
officials under the emperor in ancient China: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao). The picture is
now often used to express people‟s good wish: to win promotion and get rich.


附世界主要新闻机构名称
1. Reuters: Reuters News Agency 路透社
2. AP: Associated Press 美联社
3. AFP: Agence France Presse 法新社
4. UPI : United Press International 合众国际社
5. TASS : Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union塔斯社
6. KYODO: Kyodo News Agency 共同社
7. DPA:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 德新社

ABC: American Broadcasting Company美国广播公司

BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司

CBS: Columbia Broadcasting System
哥伦比亚广播公司(美国三大商业广播电视公司之一 )

NBC: National Broadcasting Company 全国广播公司(美国国家广播公司)

CBC: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司

TBS: Tokyo Broadcasting System 东京广播公司
英美部分主要报刊名称及网址
8. New York Times 《纽约时报》:
9. USA Today 《今日美国》
10.
11. Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》
12. Time 《时代周刊》:
13. The Times 《泰晤士报》
14. Guardian 《卫报》
15. Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》

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