高分子材料专业英语配翻译
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As against this well-defined behavior of a
simple chemical compound, a polymer like
polyethylene does not melt sharply at one
particular temperature into clean liquid. 与这类简单
化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液
体。
Also, we can add a very large quantity of the
polymer to the same quantity of water
without
the saturation point ever being reached.
同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样
量的水中，不存在饱和点。
While
linear polymers are important, they are not the
only type of molecules possible.
线
状聚合物是很重要的,他们不是唯一可能类型的分子。
Substituent
groups such as methyl or phenyl groups on the
repeat units are not considered
branches.
Branching is generally introduced into a molecule
by intentionally adding some
monomer with the
capability of serving as a branch. Let us consider
the formation of a
polyester. The presence of
difunctional acids and difunctional alcohols
allows the polymer chain
to grow. These
difunctional molecules are incorporated into the
chain with ester linkages at
both ends of
each. Trifunctional acids or alcohols, on the
other hand, produce a linear molecule
by
reacting two of their functional groups. If the
third reacts and the resulting chain continues
to grow, a branch has been introduced into the
original chain. Adventitious branching
sometimes occurs as a result of an atom being
abstracted from the original linear molecule,
with chain growth occurring from the resulting
active site. Molecules with this kind of
accidental
branching are generally still
called linear, although the presence of
significant branching has
profound effects on
some properties of the polymer, most notably the
tendency to undergo
crystallization.
The
polymerization is a chain reaction in two ways:
because of the reaction kinetic and
because as
a reaction product one obtains a chain molecule.
聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两
种：因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。
Thus, molecular weight increases slowly even
at high levels of monomer conversion, and it
will continue to increase until the viscosity
build-up makes it mechanically too difficult to
remove water of esterification or for reactive
end groups to find each other. 因此，聚合反应将
以逐步的方式继
续进行，其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相
同。因此，分子量缓慢增加
直至高水平的单体转化率，而且分子量将继续增加直到粘度的增加使
其难以除去酯化反应的水或难以找到
相互反应的端基。
If some monofunctional impurity is
present, its reaction will limit the molecular
weight by
rendering a chain end inactive.
Similarly, high-purity monomers are necessary in
the A-B type
of polycondensation and it
follows that high-yield reactions are the only
practical ones for
polymer formation, since
side reactions will upset the stoichiometric
balance.
假如存在一些但
官能团杂质，由于链的端基失活，反应将使分子量减少。同样，在A-B类的缩聚反应中
高纯度
的单体是必要的，而且可以归结高收率的反应仅是形成聚合物的实际反应，因为副反应会破坏当<
br>量平衡。
Chain termination takes place only
through impurities, or through the addition of
certain
compounds such as water, alcohols,
acids, amines, or oxygen, and in general through
compounds which can react with polymerization
ions under the formation of neutral
compounds
or inactive ionic species. 链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过和某些
像水、
醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物<
br>来进行，这种化合物在中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物生成的过程中可以和活性聚合
物离子进行反应。
Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as
their molecular weight increase; the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights. 以上尺
寸,有迅速增长的力学性能,增加聚合物作为他们的分子量影响;从更高层次分子量。
The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical variations present in the
polymerization processes. 原因在于分子量分布聚合物的统计变化出现在聚合过程。
Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured
are biased differently toward the different sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample. 平均
分子量不同性能得到被测因为有偏见对不同大小不同的聚合物分子在聚合物样品。
The purification effect of the extraction is in most cases rather slight because in many
instances the impurity is held to the polymer by strong secondary valence forces. 萃取净化效
果在很多情况下都不大,因为在许多情况下,杂质被聚合物由强大的二次价的力量。
Methanol is a sort of general precipitating agent in which most polymers, both the
benzene-soluble ones and the water-soluble polymers, are insoluble. 甲醇是一种一般沉淀剂在
聚合物两大部分,benzene- soluble孩子、水溶性高分子化合物,是无法解决的。
Initiators and other additives, such as emulsifying agents and protective colloids,are also
selected wherever possible in such a way that they can remain in the polymer without causing
problems. 发起人和其它添加剂,如乳 化剂和保护胶体特性,也尽可能选择这样一种方式,他们保
持在聚合物而不引起的问题。
In solution, a polymer molecule is a randomly coiling mass most of whose conformations
occupy many times the volume of its segments alone. 在溶液中,聚合物分子质量的随机盘绕占
据最多次采样体积的部分独自一人。
The folded-chain lamella theory arose in the late 1950's when polymer single crystals in
the form of thin platelets termed lamella were grown from polymer solutions. folded-chain薄
板理论的兴起于19 50年代后期当聚合物单晶硅薄血小板的形式被称为薄板种植从聚合物溶液。
Amorphous polymers are usually considered to be a random tangle of molecules. It is,
however, apparent that completely random packing cannot occur. This follows even from
simple arguments based on the comparatively high density but there is no distinct structure as,
for example, revealed by X-ray diffraction techniques. 非晶态聚合物通常被认为是一个随机纠
缠不清的分子。不过,很明显的,不能完全随机的包装发生。这跟甚至从简单的论点基于密度较高,但没有明显的层次性,如经x -射线衍射技术显示。
Many polymers, including polyethylene terephthalate, also crystallize if they are cooled
slowly from the melt. In this case we may say that they are crystalline but oriented. 许多聚合
物动态,包括聚乙烯,如果他们被冷 却结晶慢慢地从融化。在这个例子中,我们可以说他们是水晶但
导向。
This fringed micelle model was called into question by the discovery of polymer single
crystals grown from solution. 这须边花胶束模型也受到了怀疑的发现长出聚合物单晶硅的解决
方案。
The influence of chain folding on the structure of bulk crystalline polymers is a matter of
further controversy, although there is much evidence to support the existence of a lamellar
morphology, and this is sometimes vital to the understanding of machanical properties. 链折叠
的影响 结构的散装水晶聚合物是一种进一步的争议,虽然现在有很多的证据支持层的存在形态,
这有时是至关重 要的,了解机械性质。
We are bound to conclude that the highly entangled topology of the chains which exists in
the melt must be
substantially retained in the semicrystalline
state.
我们肯定会得出这样的结
论:高度纠缠拓扑链,它存在于熔体必须保留在实质上是半结晶状态。
Also,the polymer will be named according to
its source whenever it is derived from a
specific hypothetical monomer, or when it is
derived from two or more components which are
built randomly into the polymer. 同时,聚合物将被命名为根据
其来源每当它是源自于一个特定
的假设的单体,或者当它是源自于两个或多个部件建立随机进入聚合物。
Functional polymers are macromolecules to
which chemically functional groups are
attached; they have potential advantages of
small molecules with the same functional groups.
Their usefulness is related, both to the
functional groups and to the nature of the polymer
whose characteristic properties depend
mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the
molecules. 功能性聚合物是大分子化学官能团的相连的潜在优势,他们有小分子具有相同的
功能
组。它们的有用性,都是相关的功能组和自然的聚合物特性的主要依靠非常大的分子。
Each of the two approaches has its own
advantages and disadvantages, and one approach
may be preferred for the preparation of a
particular functional polymer when the other would
be totally impractical. the choice between the
two ways to the synthesis of functionalized
pilymers depends mainly on the required
chemical and physical properties of the support
for a
specific application. Usually the
requirements of the individual system must be
thoroughly
examined in order take full
advantage of each of the preparative techniques. 这
两种方法各有
其自身的优势和劣势,最后一种方法可能要优先用于制备一个特定的功能高分子当其他的就
完全
不切实际。选择两种方式之间的功能化的合成pilymers主要取决于所需的化学和物理性能的
支
持为某一特定的应用。通常要求的个别的系统必须彻底地检查了为了充分利用每一个制备技术。