八卦田-心得

初升高英语衔接


未名教育英语教研组


初中升高中，是中学外语学习的一个转折点，如 何处理好初、高中英语学习过程中的知识衔接问
题，将直接影响到将来参加会考和全国统考的成绩。
良好的开端是成功的一半，暑期是开始高中英语学习的黄金时期，应该结合高中阶段英语学科知
识的特点，找寻一套行之有效的学习方法，以便适应高中新的学习环境和新的挑战，打好坚实的
基础。
初中与高中英语的学习目标、学习要求和学习内容有很大差异，怎样才能使刚进入高中校门的学
生顺利完成初、高中英语的过渡？这涉及到初高中英语的衔接。初高中英语学习衔接问题一直是
中学英语 中的一大难题，衔接不好会导致学生学习失去兴趣，丧失信心。所以，我们要充分利用
暑假把漏洞弥补好 ，在后面的学习中，与高中内容做一对比，为高中学习打好基础。
一、初高中英语衔接存在的问题
高一新生入学后，学习英语时普遍感到听不懂、念不顺、译不出，会感到高中英语容量大、要求高、节奏快，面对越来越多的新单词，越来越长的长句，越来越长的文章，越来越快的语速
和形 式多变的综合能力考查题感到束手无策，有些不知所措，无所适从，面对完形填空、短文改
错等综合能力 考查题茫然所错，学习十分吃力，从而产生了畏惧、无奈的心理。甚至初中时英语
成绩较为优秀的一些学 生，也感到英语难学，虽然很努力，但成绩平平，对英语也失去了信心。
一些刚升入高一的学生抱怨说 高中英语难学，学习找不到方向感，不知道记什么、背什么，初中
的学习方法一点儿也不适用于高中的学 习。出现英语学习不适应现象：
1、不适应高中学生的英语授课及语音、语调、语速，跟不上、听不清、记不住。
2、不适应老师的教法，不适应教材的大容量。
3、语音发音不准确，如重读音节重的元音发音，朗读时不会辅音失爆，不会连读等。
4、会读而不会说的学生较多。
5、课上简单口语表达还可以，但高标准的书面表达困难较大。
6、单词量少，经常在课 文里面出现单元课后词汇表里面没有出现得生词；固定的词组积累
少，遗忘率高。

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7、对高中的教法不习惯。初中生依赖性较强，加之初中 教材内容简单，课上练习时间比较
充裕，而高中教材内容多，课时紧，以自学为主，必须充分发挥积极性 、主动性才能完成学习任
务。
8、阅读速度跟不上，对新课改模式下的开放式作业无从下手。
9、学生给的自读时间不能合理安排。
二、认识初、高中英语的区别
即将开始的高中学习生活，特别是英语的学习是与初中阶段有着很大不同的：
1. 课本编排上的 区别：初中的每一个单元是分为4课的，每篇中有的是对话，有的是阅读文，
也配有一些练习，而高中的 每个单元并不分课，而是基本上按版块划分，大体为“Warming up”

（热身） ，即是针对本单元的话题提出的一些问题，以练习口语的形式做引子，便于进入本单元
的主题，然后为“ listening”（听力）和“speaking”（说），这两部分都是旨在进一步提高我们的
听 、说能力，难度较初中有较大的提高，请同学们做好准备。下个部分就是“Reading”了，高
中的 阅读文分为阅读前和阅读后的讨论、思考问题并加入了有关的语言知识的学习及练习，可以
说在内容上是 极大地丰富了。除此之外还会有稍短的阅读，写作等方面的练习，即“Integrating
skills”（综合训练）当然书后的workbook也与初中不同，内容更为丰富，练习也更多。
2. 在词汇上的区别：初中英语的词汇量较小，初三英语教材中每个单元的单词、词组不过二三十个，而高中词汇要求和需要量猛增，高一英语教材中每个单元的单词、词组达五六十个，高三
教材 中的英语词汇量更大。我们初中的教材已是新版本了，每个单元的单词可能大家觉得已经不
少了，但高中 教材中的词汇更是成倍甚至是成三倍地增加了，这也是新编教材的一个特点，加入
了许多当前常用的，新 出现的流行的词汇，也是与我们学的新编初中课本相承接的，所以，为了
能尽快适应高中词汇的学习，我 们应该及早着手把初中阶段的词汇再熟悉一遍。另外，对于高中
英语词汇的学习，大家还要知道其要求是 远远高于初中的，在学习单词时，我们既要了解它在文
中的意思，还要掌握它在练习中，考试中可能出现 的所有意思，用法及搭配等。
3. 在所学语法上的区别：在初中阶段我们把基础的语法内容已经 学习过了，而在高中我们要学
习的是更深更高层次的语法。如定语从句，非谓语动词、名词性从句，倒装 结构、虚拟语气等等，
其中的部分内容我们并不陌生，但是初中我们所接触的还只是皮毛，高中阶段的学 习会比之前的
所学内容复杂得多，所以我们要充分利用暑假把之前的漏洞弥补好，在后面的学习中，我们 也会
一起与大家重温这些知识并将之与高中内容做一对比，为大家步入高中学习打好基础。
4. 在课堂要求上的区别：大部分的初中对学生的要求还是比较严格的，而这种严格与小学又是
不同的，所以有一部分自觉性差的学生就被分化出来，在稍微宽松的环境中，对自己要求降低导
致了滑 坡的出现，而升入高中后又会有新的变化，对于自律要求就更加明显了。如果你是按照老
师要
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求做的学生，那么在高中除了把基本要求做好之外，自己一定不可放松，适当增 加课外阅读及一
些课外习题是有必要的；如果你是不太自觉的学生，那么你要努力改掉自己的毛病，除了 完成要
求交给老师的作业，那些如读、背等要求也要认真完成才能使自己的高中英语学习逐步走上轨道。
不管你属于哪一种，都要持之以恒，千万不可因为任何原因而放松对自己的要求，即便是你已取
得了一定成绩，也没有理由沾沾自喜。
5. 教材不同。初中教材篇幅较短，高中新教材内容更加丰 富，取材更加广泛，篇幅较长。另外，
在新课改模式下，高中教材只不过是学习英语的一个课本或范本， 在高中阶段还需要涉猎大量的
课外读物。
6. 在考试评估制度上的区别：这一区别可能是 影响最大的一点，我们许多同学初中英语一直较
差的原因在很大程度上是由于初中这种不正常的考试制度 ，很多人认为英语不用下功夫学，反正
最后背背答案就可过关，这样成绩不错，学得也很轻松。一旦抱有 这种想法，初中这个重要的打
基础的阶段就被荒废过去了，这对我们升入高中后的英语学习是极为不利的 ，这就好比是建造没
有基础的空中楼阁，肯定会感到很难，很吃力。进入高中之后我们的考试是没有范围 的，不能靠
背答案过关，而且所学所考的内容应该都是向高考看齐的，难度肯定不小，阅读题不再是简单 的
从文中就能找到内容的事实题，而是更高要求的主观题。例如作者的观点或是给出文章的标题等。阅读时还要求我们去把握篇章结构。
三、高中英语学习的特点
（1）、高中英语教育具有基础性、扩展性、提高性和自主性的学习特点。
初中英语教 育目的在于为高中学习及以后的学习奠定知识基础。而高中英语教育着重培养学生
的英语素养，使学生具 有终身学习所必备的语言基础知识和基本技能。同时，注重对学生的个性
化和学习趣味性的培养。

（2）、学生用英语授课，语速较快，课堂容量略大。
（3）、学生普遍注重课文整体学习，课堂提问中的思维含量要高。
（4）、学生对学生 的管理表面看，盯得不严、逼得不紧，学生自己的时间相对多、空间相对大。
课上、课下学生提出的开放 性试题增多，学生讨论、辩论的机会增多。
（5）、学生对学生课外阅读量、英语的写作能力有较高要求。
（6）、齐读少，自读多。
（7）、机械训练少，综合训练多。
（8）、叙述性提问少，述理性和发散性提问多。
（9）、学生控制时间少，学生讨论机会多。

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（10）、模拟语言情景少，其社会功能多等等。
五、如何提前做好准备
●建议1：认真学习和研究《高中英语新课程标准》，因为在新课标中，对高中英语的听、说、
读、写能 力都细化了其要求和标准。
●建议2：多读书，积累词汇，学会记记忆的方法，扩大词汇量。可利 用假期多积累词汇，比如
阅读一些英文版名著或学生英语报刊，平时在日常生活中多注意周围的事物的英 语标示。
●建议3：注重语法知识整合，理清脉络，系统掌握。对于英语语法知识不要“死记硬背 ”，要
掌握一定的语法规则和窍门，打好语法基础，注意那些特殊的语法现象，它们往往是考试的热点< br>和学习的难点。
●建议4：查漏补缺，善于总结学习经验，夯实根基，养成良好的学习习惯 。把初中所学过的1500
多个单词和200多个短语、语法内容按照一定的顺序重新梳理，集中识记， 通过适量的练习加以
巩固和提高。
●建议5：掌握学习的方法，培养能力。《英语课程标 准》指出，“语言知识和语言技能是综合运
用能力的基础。英语学习活动要利于学生学习英语知识，发展 语言技能，从而提高实际语言运用
能力。”为此，做好初高中语言技能和语言知识的衔接是保证学生学好 英语的关键。
●建议6：树立信心，坚定学习目标，激发学习的兴趣。树立信心是衔接学习的基础 ，夯实根基
是衔接学习的关键，培养能力才是衔接学习的目的。
●建议7：英语学习习惯 的衔接。要养成课前预习；心到、眼到、耳到、口到、手到专心学习；
始终保持高度集中的注意力；用活 字典；积极思维，有意注意；勤记笔记；及时复习；反复练习；
独立自觉学习英语知识的习惯。
六、衔接内容
一、名词 4 常见不定代词的一般用法；
5. ．名词的分类 1 指示代词的一般用法
6. 疑问代词的基本用法。 ．名词的数 2三、冠词 3．名词所有格
1.不定冠词的用法 二、代词
2 . 人称代词主格、 1. 宾格形式及其主要用法；定冠词的用法
名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的 2. 3.不用冠词的情况
四、数词 形式、区别及其主要用法； 基数词 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法； 3 1.

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2. 序数词 3. 就近一致原则
十、情态动词其他关于数的表示法 3.
1. can, could, be able to 五、形容词和副词2. may, might 形容词1.
3. must, have to 副词2.
4. should, ought to 3. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级5. need, dare 六、动词时态6. shall, will,

would 1.一般现在时的构成和用法
7. 2. 一般过去时的构成和用法 其他情态动词的用法
十一、名词性从句 3. 一般将来时的构成和用法1. 主语从句 4. 过去将来时的构成和
用法2.5. 表语从句现在完成时的构成和用法
3. 6. 过去完成时的构成和用法 宾语从句
4. 7. 将来完成时的构成和用法 同位语从句
十二、定语从句 8. 现在进行时的构成和用法
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 过去进行时的构成和用法9.
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 10. 现在完成进行时的构成和用法3. 非限制性定语从句 七、动
词语态十三、状语从句被动语态的构成和用法 1.
1. 时间状语从句 2. 被动语态使用中应注意的问题
2. 条件状语从句 八、非谓语动词
3. 地点状语从句 不定式的用法1.
4. 2. 动名词 原因状语从句
5. 3. 分词（现在分词和过去分词）目的和结果状语从句
6. 九、主谓一致 让步状语从句
7.语法一致原则1. 比较状语从句
8. 意义一致原则2. 方式状语从句

第1讲 名 词

名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词
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的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点。

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初高中衔接相关知识

在初中阶段对名词的考查主要表现在名词的单复 数、名词所有格方面，其考查题型以单项选择、
完形填空为主；而在高中阶段除了考查名词的单复数、名 词所有格外，更注重考查名词在语境中
所表达的含义，层次更深一些，主要出现在选择题中。
一、名词的分类



类别 意义 例词
Liu Xiang, Mr. Smith, Linda, Japan,
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织the Great Wall, Monday, Teachers' Day 等特有的名称的词。首
字母大写， 专有名词Bank of China
冠词、介词除外个体可teacher, pen, country, man, boy, panda 表示某类人或事物的个体的词 名
词数名team, people, family, police, class, 表示若干个体组成的集体的词，指集体普 词staff, army
名词 一群人或一些事物 通不water, milk, air, wood, glass, paper, tea, 物质表示无法分为个体的实
物的词，指名可advice, furniture, traffic, weather, snow 名词 构成各种物体的物质或材料 词数
courage, strength, knowledge, health, 抽象表示动作、状态、品质、性质、行名information, homework,
friendship
名词 为、感情等抽象概念的词 词 【注意】（1） family, class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，
强调其家庭族成员或班级成员时视为复数；
（2） 部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：
① police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。The police(主语)+谓语动词复数

② people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)…people+谓语动词复数
people指民族，有单、复数变化 e.g. fifty-six peoples 五十六个民族
二、名词的数
1、 可数名词：有单、复数形式，可以用书来计算的名词，包括个体名词和集体名词。
（1） 规则名词复数形式的构成及变化：如下图


构词情复数构成形例
maps, Britains, days, ships, sisters, Canadians, plays-s一般情s, x, ch,以buses, watches, boxes, brushes,
buzzes, classes
-es
加 sh, z结尾辅音字母以o+o结尾，多数加-es 结尾tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, Negroes, echoes
回声

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radios, zoos, bamboos, studios -s
结尾，多数加元音字母+ophotos, pianos, kilos, autos -s 只能加, motto
，也可加-es zero, cargo, volcano火山既可加-scountries, centuries, babies, factories, families, i+y为
结尾，变y辅音字母studies, cities
-es
再加 以y结尾boys, days, toys, holidays, Germanys, Henrys
-s ，直接加+y结尾 元音字母, roofs, safes, proofs, cliffs 海湾chiefs, beliefs, gulfs多数直接加-s
fef或以thieves, wives, lives, leaves, knives, shelves, halves -es 再加变f或fe为v 结尾fe或既可直
接加-s，也可变f 围巾Handkerchief手帕, scarf-es
再加为vmouths, paths, youths
-s
以th结尾 直接加 可数名词复数形式的不规则变化：2） （ 固定形式：①
human-humans German-Germans ox-oxen公牛 man-men foot-feet mouse-mice
child-children
goose-geese tooth-teeth
woman-women
policeman- policemen
walkman-walkmans

现象 phenomenon-phenomenapolicewoman-policewomen
②单复数同形：, , series, species物种；种类Chinese, fish鱼肉, ship, deer, people, Japanese, means,
Swiss, works工厂 , Portuguese葡萄牙人斤, mu亩, li元, jiao角, fen分里, jinyuan 部分集合名词既
可作单数（整体），也可作复数（成员）③
family, class, group, public, union, team, audience, army, committee, faculty
复合名词的复数情况：3（）
three → a passer-by e.g. a girl student→two girl students 将主体名词变为复数① 如有主体名词，
姐夫→four brothers-in-law过路人 a brother-in- lawpassers-by →many grown-ups成年人 如
没有主体名词，则在词末加② -s e.g. a grown-up man, woman作定语，构成复合名词时，两
部分都要变成复数 ③
three women teachers e.g. two men doctors
通常只用于复数的名词：④

glasses, pants, trousers, scissors, jeans, clothes, socks, chopsticks, shorts, compasses 表示成双成对的：
A.
遗体；财产, remainsB. 表示较多数量的：savings, stairs, surroundings, wages, circumstances,
belongings 武器, suburbs, arms遗物 特殊的复数形式：） 4（e.g. the police, the French “全体……”
表示一类人或是整体，具有复数意义 集体名词 ①the+ 双重含义的复数名词：②

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A. fish——作“鱼”的条数时，单复数同形为fish；作“鱼”的种类时，复数为fishes
作“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，fish
B. people——人民，单复数同形
民族，复数为peoples
C. works——工作，不可数名词
工厂，单复数同形 e.g. a chemical works two chemical works
著作，可数 e.g. a work by Lu Xun two works by Lu Xun

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类似的词还有： forces军队 irons脚镣手铐 customs海关 letters文学 spirits酒精；情绪
manners礼貌 goods货物 looks外表 times时代 greens青菜 drinks饮料 sands沙滩，沙地 waters
水域
brains智力 pains努力 regards问候
（5） 以s结尾，表示单数，没有复数意义的词：economics, the United StatesNations, maths, news,
physics, politics
2、 不可数名词：无复数形式，也不能由不定冠词aan限定；包括物质名词和抽象名词
（1） 专有名词：BBC英国广播公司 Mark Twain马克·吐温 the West Lake西湖
（2） 物质名词：wind, gas, light, bread, sand, rice, sugar
（3） 抽象名词：happiness, music, fun, progress, weather, housework
（4） 部分名词的两重性：既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词
work（著作工作）glass（眼镜、玻璃杯玻璃）hair beercoffeetea room（房间空间）chicken
（小鸡鸡肉）experience（经历经验）exercis e（练习锻炼）wood（森林木头）fire（火灾火）
paper（论文、文件、报纸、卷子纸）f ood（各种各样的食品食物）fruit（水果种类水果总称）
beerteacoffee
cloth（油布、桌布布料）difficulty（难事困难）success（成功的人成功）
（5） 常见易错的不可数名词：
air, news, advice, furniture, traffic, information, weather, luck, clothing, progress, equipment, fire, fun,
grass, money, meat, waste, wealth, population, time
（6） 抽象名词表示具体事物时，为可数名词，可被aan修饰，有复数形式。表示“某种人或
事”：
honor令人感到荣耀的人或事 death死者 pleasure令人感到高兴的人或事 successfailure成功失
败的人或事 surprise令人感到惊讶的人或事 worry令人感到烦恼的人或事 beauty美丽的人或事
pity遗憾的人或事
E.g. Mary is a great honor to our class.
What a surprise you gave us all.
3、 可数和不可数名词的不定量的表示：
（1） 利用单位词：“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”量词有单复数形式，of只能加原形


a bottle of, a pair of, a piece of, a drop of water, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, an article of
furniture,

a bowl of rice, a kilo of salt, a grain of sand,

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“数词或冠词+量词+of+可数名词复数”a bag of eggs, a box of books, five head of sheep


（2） 利用“few, a few, many, a number of, a large number of=large numbers of”修饰可数名词
（3） 利用“little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of”修饰不可数名词
“some, any, most, a lot of=lots of, plenty of”既修饰可数名词，也修饰不可数名词
三、名词所有格
名词所有格：英语中名词可在词尾加-'s作定语，修饰另一个名词，表示所有格关系
名词所有格有三种构成形式：'s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格
1、's所有格
（1）'s所有格形式的构成
1）一般情况，在名词词尾加-'s e.g. my brother's bag
2) 如果名词已经有复数词尾“-s”，则只加-' e.g. the teachers' office
3) 如果名词是复数，但不带词尾“-s”，则加-'s e.g. Women's Day
4) 复合名词及作整体的名词词组，在最后一个名词词尾加-'s
e.g. my father- in-law's friend each other's addresses somebody else's opinion
5) 如果几个词共同拥有的所有关系时，则只在最后一个名词后面加上-'s
e.g. Tom and Jim's father
6) 如果表示几个各自的所有关系时，则每个名词后面都要加上-'s e.g. Lily's and Lucy's rooms
（2）表示有生命的名词的所有关系。
（3）表示无生命的名词的所有关系：
1）表示地理、国家、城市、世界等地方名称的词， our country's development
2）表示时间、距离、金钱等的名词，yesterday's newspaper, a mile's distance, a dollar's worth of apple,
two days' trip
3）表示度量、价值、重量等的名词，three miles' walk
4）表示天体、自然现象、拟人等名称的词，the earth's satellite, China's weather, the moon's light, the
world's people, the earth's air
（4）'s所有格表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅（某人的家）、教堂等公共建筑时， -'s所有格后面
常省略其修饰的名词 at the doctor's在诊所，to my uncle's到我叔叔家，St.. Paul's圣保罗教堂，
at the
tailor's在裁缝店，at Mr. Green's在格林先生家

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注意： the Smith's史密斯的家 the Smiths史密斯一家人 the Smiths'史密斯一家的住处
（5）含有else的-s'：
else常用于不定 代词、疑问代词或疑问副词后，表示“另外……、其他”，其属格形式为else's
e.g. It's someone else's. Who else's book is this?(who else's=whose else)
（6）某些习惯用语或成语，也需要用-'s
E.g. at one's wit's end黔驴技穷 for friendship's sake为了友情 at a stone's throw一箭之远

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（7）“基数词 +连字符+单数名词”可作前置定语，表示时间、距离等。当表达同一含义时，可
与名词所有格形式相互 转换 用连字符“-”时，year, meter, minute等时间或距离的名词用单数


a ten minutes' ride=a ten-minute ride a seven-year-old girl=a girl of seven
2、of所有格：“of+名词”一般适用于无生命的名词

（1）表示无生命的名词的所有关系（词序与汉语相反）“……的” e.g. the gate of our school
（2）某些表示人、事、动物、机构、组织的名词，可以用of属格代替's属格
the guests' arrival=the arrival of the guests客人的到达
（3） 有些名词有后置定语修饰，此时常用of所有格表示其所属关系
Can you tell me the name of the girl standing by the school gate?
（4） 表示名词化的词的所有关系（the rich, the dead, the aged, the wounded, suffering, the
dying, thinking, make a study, the unknown, in one's fifties在某人五十几岁时）
E.g. The life of the poor is the biggest problem in this country.
（5） 有时of并非表示所有关系，只是用来表示数量、种类或同位关系
E.g. a drop of water, the city of Beijing, a kind of fruit
（6） 有生命的名词's所有格与of所有格可以相互转换：the girl's name= the name of the girl
（7） “of+名词”结构相当于形容词，在句中作表语和定语：of + muchgreatnolittle +抽象不可
数名词（difference, help, importance, use, value等）
E.g. The computer is of much use to us.
All of them are persons of importance. =All of them are important persons.

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注意： 下列情况's所有格与of所有格不能通用：
1）必须用's所有格
① 表示类别时 children's books儿童读物 a master's degree硕士学位
② 在某些成语中 within a stone's throw一箭之遥 a wolf in sheep's clothing披着羊皮的狼 in
one's mind's eye在某人心目中
③ 当名词中心词带同位语时 Susan's husband, the doctor, is a member of the charity慈善机构.
2）必须用of所有格
① 在以the开头并且不用逗号“，”隔开的表示同为关系的结构中，通常用of所有格。the city of
Fuzhou
② 当of所有格的介词宾语成分是以“定冠词+分词”或“一类人”的结构时
The life of the poor in this area is getting better.
3）双重 所有格：当's所有格和of所有格同时使用时，即为双重所有格。“of+名词'sof+名词性物
主 代词”
名词前如有不定冠词、数词或指示代词修饰，即用双重所有格。表示“其中之一”，表达部分 概
念；表达赞扬或厌恶、不满等感情色彩

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E.g. a friend of my father's, a cousin of mine, some neighbors of Mr. Brown's, a few books of hers, a
photo of his, that girl of my uncle's, this foolish idea of Li Ming's
E.g. That car of yours is really splendid.

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区别比较：
a photo of Jack's一张杰克所拥有的照片 a photo of Jack 杰克的一张照片
one of my sister's friends =a friend of my sister's我妹妹的一个朋友（强调多个中的一个）
a friend of my sister 我妹妹的朋友（强调是朋友关系，不是其他关系）
my sister's friend 表示我妹妹唯一的一个朋友或刚刚谈及的那个朋友

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典型例题：
1. I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good _______ of direction.

A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
2. How happy they are! Obviously, they are______.
A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit
3. He said he would try every ________ to help us.
A. mean B. meaning C. means D. ways
4. One of the consequences of our planets being warming up is a(n) _______ in the number of
natural disasters.
A. result B. account C. reason D. increase
5. Towards evening, ______ came, which made things even worse.
6. — Mum, I'm thirsty.
— There is some ______ in the bottle. Help yourself.
A. orange B. apples C. bananas D. bread
7. _______ are playing tennis in the playground.
A. The Browns B. The Brown's C. Browns D. Brown's
8. Be careful. There is a _______ hole in the ground.
A. two-foot-deep B. two-feet-deep C. two-foot deep D. two-feet deep
9. I have three pen friends. One is ______, the other two are _______.
10. —Can you get a piano for me, dear?
—But there isn't enough _____ for it in our house.
A. place B. floor C. room D. ground
11. —Sorry, Jane. I took your school bag by ______.
—It doesn't matter.
A. hand B. mistake C. bike D. heart

- 11 -



第2讲 代 词

代词是用来指代人或事物，代替名词 以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可分为九类：
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词 、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词和连接
代词。

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初高中衔接相关知识

在初中阶段代词这部分，学生应主要掌握人称代词、物主代词 、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、
疑问代词等几类；而在高中阶段，学生还需掌握it, such, no, any, one, some以及all等词的用法。

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【注意事项】

指代必须准确无误
（一）
如果在使用代词时指代不清楚，就会引起他人的误解、费
解，甚至不理解。例如：


While carrying the paint can from the garage to the house, Mary was afraid that some of it might spill
on her new skirt. 当玛丽从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时，她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙子上。

使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这三类代词时，我们要注意
（二）
他们在句中的人称、单复数、性和格的一致性。

人称代词主要有主格和宾格两种形式。主格，如：I, we, he, they, she, it, you等，在句子中充当主
语；宾格，如：me, us, him, them, her, it, you等，在句子中充当宾语。

反身代词的作用
（三）
1. 构成规则：（1）第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代
词+ self (selves) 如：myself,
yourself(yourselves)等；（2）第三人称的反身代词是 宾格+self(selves) 如：herself, itself, themselves
等
2. 反身代词在句子中作宾语。
当它作介词by的宾语时，表示强调。如：The prisoner killed himself by taking poison.
3. 反身代词在句子中作同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，强调某人亲自、本人；此时放在

The students will clean the classroom themselves.
名词、代词之后，或句子末尾。如：
物主代词
（四）
1. 形容词性物主代词只能作定语。
如：My brother often does his homework in his room.
2. 名词性物主代词在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。相当于名词，=形容词性物主代词+名词 如：
We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history.

不定代词
（五）
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主要不定代词：each, both, all, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some,
any；另外还有由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词，如：somebody, anything nothing等。

all
．1在谈到两个以上的人或事物时，或是不可数的事物时，我们都可以用a ll，在句中充当主
语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，all指不可数的事物时可以作表语。 如：
This is all he knew about it. （作表语）这就是他了解有关这件事的一切。
They were all covered with dust. （作同位语）他们身上尽是尘土。

eachevery
2. 和each和every都是“每一个”的意思，但在句子里各自强调的侧重点不同。
（1）every 从每一个个体着眼而强调“整体”；形容词，只能作定语；
（2）each 把一些东西一个一个地加以考虑，强调“各个”；既是形容词也是代词，可以作主语 、
宾语、定语和同位语。
（3）every可用于：every other (every+数词) + 名词 的结构中，表示“每隔……” 如：
every other day every three days every other line every ten miles
每隔十英里每三年每隔一行每隔一天

one
3.
作不定代词时，有复数形式ones，代替前面刚提到的人或事物以 避免重复，有自己的定语或冠
词；还可以用来泛指人。 如：
This problem is a difficult one.
I don't like colored envelopes. I like white ones.
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. （泛指）

someany
“一些”4. 与（1）作定语时，some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句
或条件句。
（2） 表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some而不用any。

（3）some可与数词连用，表示“大约” 如：
Some hundred teachers have moved into new houses.
The bridge was built about two hundred years ago.

few, a few; little, a little
的用法5.
（1）few, a few 用于可数名词；little, a little用于不可数名词
（2）few, little 表示否定，“几乎没有”；a few, a little 表示肯定，“几个，一些或一点点”

nonone
均表示否定意义 与 6.
（1）no = not any 意在强调“连一个、一点都不”，只作形容词，一般与名词连用；
（2）none 则相当于名词，可独立在句中充当成分，也可与介词短语连用，表示在某一范围内
“任何一个也不”。

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典型例题：

- 13 -

1. Equipped with modern facilities, today's libraries differ greatly from ________.
A. those of the past B. the past C. which of the past D. these past
2. His father warns him not to smoke, but _____ doesn't work.
A. he B. which C. she D. it
3. David has lived in London and Manchester, but he doesn't like _______ city very much.
A. each B. both C. either D. another
4. There's only bread left; they've eaten up________.
A. everything else B. something else C. else everything D. else something
5. Can I borrow ______ pencil? ________ is broken.
A. you; My B. your; Me C. your; Mine D. yours; My
6. —You look so happy!
—Jack says I am pretty. ______ has ever told me that before.
A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Everybody D. Nobody
7. —Who taught _______ French?
—Nobody. She learned all by ________.
A. herself; her B. she; herself C. her; herself D. her; she
8. I asked John for _______ ink, but he didn't have ________.
A. any; some B. any; any C. some; any D. some; some
9. Your digital watch is quite nice. Where did you buy ______? I want to buy_____, too.
A. one; one B. it; it C. it; one D. one; it
10. —Which is your favorite sport, swimming, surfing or diving?
—_______ of them, I like water skiing best.
A. None B. Neither C. All D. Either


第3讲 冠 词

冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没 有词义。用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中
的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），
还有一种是零冠词（the Zero Article）。

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初高中衔接相关知识

在初中阶段对冠词的考查相对而 言要简单些，只要掌握其中的规律即可；而到了高中，就要根据
语境中的具体情况具体分析。因此，一定 要在熟练掌握冠词用法的基础之上，注意特殊情况，灵
活运用。
一、不定冠词的用法

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不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作? ，而an则
用于元音音素前，一般读作 ?n 。
1. 表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。如： A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2. 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
3. 词组或成语。
二、定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this, that同源，有“那（这）个” 的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，
来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1. 特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine
2. 上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. I've been to the house.
3. 指世上独一无二的事物： the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4. 与单数可数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar美元；the fox狐狸；
5. 与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人： the rich 富人；the living 生者
6. 用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same等前面：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
7. 用在某些普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：
the People's Republic of China
8. 用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano.
? 如果乐器是中文拼音是定冠词the省略掉，如： play erhu
9. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家
10. 用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning, in the rain, in the middle of, by the way, on the whole
三、零冠词，即不用冠词的情况
1. 专有名词前。如：England, Mary
2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时。如：They are teachers.
3. 抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时。 如：Failure is the mother of success.
4. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前。如：We go to school from Monday
to Friday.
5. 在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前，如：The guards took the American to General Lee.
6.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前， 如：have breakfast, play chess
7. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时，如：I can't write without pen or pencil.
8. 当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，如：by bus, by train
9. 有些个体名词school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等个
体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：go to hospital去医院看病，go to the
hospital
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去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
四、冠词与形容词+名词结构
1. 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。例如：
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和这只白猫都是她的。
2. 若后一个形容词无冠词，则指一个物体。例如：
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫（黑白相间的）。

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典型例题：
1. If you go by ____ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get _____ fast
one.
A. the; the B. a C. the; a D.
2. _______ Turners are playing _______ chess while their son is playing ________ piano.
A. a; a B. the; the C. The; the D. The; a;
3. What ______ fine weather we are having these days!
A. a B. an C. the D.
4. An accident happened at ______ crossroads a few meters away from _____ bank.
A. a; a B. a C. the D. the;
5. —What's this in English? —It's _______ ruler.
A. a B. the C. D. an
6. We have three meals _______ days. We have ______ breakfast at 6:30 in _____ morning every day.
A. the; the; the B. the; ; the C. a; the D. a the; the
7. ______ history of this special Pacific island brought ______ unusual feeling to me.


第4讲 数 词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词。数词 分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；
表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

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初高中衔接相关知识

数次在中学语法中占有很重要的地位，在初中阶 段要求学生掌握基数词、序数词、分数、小数以
及时刻的表达和运用，数次通常在选择题和词性转换题型 中出现。而在高中的学习要求中，除了
上述的用法外，还要求掌握年代表示法、年龄表示法以及不定数量 词“多”的表示法，高中阶段
一般用选择题的方式来进行考查。
1. 倍数表示法

+ ++as+adj.+as
如： ）主语（1 谓语 倍数（或分数）

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I have three times as many as you.

+ ++ the sizeamount, lengthof
… ，如：（ …（2）主语 谓语 ） 倍数（或分数）
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
2. 分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数，如：
13 one-third； 23 two thirds
3. 年代表示法 in the 1990s in the 1990's 20世纪90年代
4. 年龄表示法
（1）表示“整岁”，直接用基数词或year, age 。例如：
He is a twenty-year-old man. = He is aged twenty. = He is at age twenty. = He is at the age of twenty.

（2）表示“在某人几十多岁”，用“in one's + 基数词复数”形式，还可以借助early, middle, late
来表达得更明确一些。例如：
He is in his seventies.
The girl is in her early twenties.
He is in his middle teens. 他今年十四五岁。
She is in her late twenties. 她今年二十八九岁。
（3）表示“快满多少岁”用进行时或将来时。例如：
He is getting on for eighteen. =He is going on eighteen years old. =He will be eighteen years old.
=It will be his eighteenth birthday. 他快满十八岁了。
（4）“不满多少岁”可用副词barely, nearly, almost, quite, yet, just等表示。例如：
She is barelynearlyalmost seventeen.=She is not quiteyet seventeen.=She is just under seventeen.
（5）表示“差多久满多少岁”用介词off。例如：
He is five months off nineteen.
She is three years off fifty.
（6）“超过多少岁”用介词past 例如：
He is past fifty.
He is a man past middle age.
The baby is two months past two years old.
3. 不定数量词“多”的表示法
被修饰名
词的数修饰
可数名词



dozens of
scores of


英语表达
many, a good(great) many, many
a()
数可数名词
汉语意几十；许许修饰许多；大量
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hundreds of
数以百计thousands of, thousands upon thousands of 成千上万millions of 数百万billions of
亿万large a a much, great(good) deal of, 修饰不可数名词 许多；大量amount of, large amounts of
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity 修饰可数名词或 许多；大量of, large quantities of
不可数名词
?
典型例题：1. About _____ of the workers in that factory _______ young people.
D. three-fifth; is C. three-five; is B. three-fifths; are A. third-fifths; are
ve never seen such a thing before. It is _____ it is long.
2. What a table! I'D. as wide as not half C. not half as wide as A. half not as wide as B.
wide not as half as
) lady was protected by a local family in Shanghai in her ____. 3. During World War II, a Jewish(犹太
D. the fiftieth
B. fifty C. fiftieth A. fifties
4. ______ the students in this primary school is about three thousand; ______ of them are girls.
B. The number of; two thirds A. A number of; two third
D. The number of; two third C. A number of; two thirds

形容词和副词 讲 5第
形容词一般在句子中 充当定语、表语、补语，有时也
充当状语；副词在句子中充当状语修饰动 词、形容词、副词、词组和句子，还可充当表语和补
语。
?
初高中衔接相关知识< br>形容词和副词是中学英语学习中的一个重要组成部分，在初中
只要熟练掌握形容词与副词的区别以 及形容词、副词的比较级和最高级即可。而在高中除此之外，
还应掌握两个以上形容词作定语 时的排列顺序，考查方式主要是选择题。 一、用形容词表示
类别和整体如：某些形容词和形容词性的分词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，1. 与谓语动词的复
数形式连接。 the dead, the rich, the poor, the blind, the wounded（伤员）等the British, 与动词的复
数连用。有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，如：2.
the English, the French, the Chinese
二、多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
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多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词- 描绘词（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）-
出处-材料性质，类别-名词，如：a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a
famous
German medical school
三、形容词和副词变为比较级或最高级形式
【注意】
（1）副词的最高级形式前的the往往可以省略，如：He runs (the) fastest in his class.
（2）以ly结尾的派生词的比较级和最高级形式一般都在原词前加上more或most
四、可修饰比较级的词
1、a bit, a little, rather, much, many, far, by far, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even, no, any等。
2、还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3、以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
五、兼有两种形式的副词
1. close, closely
close“近”；closely“仔细地”。如：He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2. late, lately
late“晚”；lately“最近”。如：You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
3. free, freely
free“免费”；freely“无限制地，自由地”。如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
4. deep, deeply
deep“深”，表示空间深度；deeply“深深地”，常表示感情上的深度。如：He pushed the stick deep
into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.

? 类似的词还有high与highly（high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much， 如：The plane
was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.）以及wide与widely（wide表示空间宽度；widely“广泛地”，“在许多地方”，如：He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.）
六、many, old, far
1. 如果后接名词时，much more+不可数名词 many more+可数名词复数。
2. old 有两种比较级和最高级形式：older oldest 和 elder eldest(只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系)。

如：My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3. far有两种比较级：farther和further。在 英国英语中两者都可指距离。在美国英语中，farther
表示距离，further表示进一步。如 ：I will go to college for further education in three years. 三年后
我要到大学去进一步深造。
七、和more 有关的词组
1. the more…the more…越…就越…，如：The harder you work, the greater progress you'll make.

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2. more B than A 与其说A不如说B，如：He is more lazy than slow at his work.=He is less slow
than lazy at his work.
3. no more…than… 与…一样…，不比…多，相当于“和……一样少矮等”，如：
He is no taller than me. = He is as short as me. 另外，no more than词组的意思是“仅仅”，如：no
more than five years old.
4. more than 不只是，非常；但 more than+名词或数词时指“多于，超过”，如：more than five books

?
典型例题：
1. Mr. Smith owns ______ collection of coins than anyone else I have met.
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a large
2. —I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.
—You can never be ______ careful in the street.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
3. —I'm very _____ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
—Mm, it does have a _____ smell.
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased
C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
4. Four of Robert's children were at the party, including ______, Luke.
A. the oldest B. an oldest one C. the old D. an old one
5. According to the recent survey, cancer is the leading cause of death among young adults in this area,
___ women.
A. clearly B. especially C. exactly D. probably
6. After three days' careful treatment, the old man was _____ to go home.
A. enough good B. good enough C. well enough D. enough well
7. The price of this computer is the ____ of the three.
A. smallest B. biggest C. highest D. tallest
8. Beijing, the capital of China, is one of ____ cities in the world.
A. the biggest B. bigger C. much bigger D. big
9. You may be _____ if you have a ____ problem.
A. exciting; excited B. excited; exciting
C. worrying; worried D. worried; worrying
10. The _____ house seems as if it hasn't been lived for years.
A. little white wooden B. little wooden white
C. white wooden little D. wooden white little


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第6讲 动词的时态和语态

（一）动词时态

现代英语语法将传 统语法所说的“时态（Tense）”分成了两部分：即“时（Tense）”和“体（Aspect）”。“时”是指谓语动词发生或存在于不同时间的变化形式，而“体”则指动作进行或过程处于什么
状态 的变化形式。

?
初高中衔接相关知识

对于动词时态这部分 内容，学生在初中阶段应主要掌握一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成进行
时、一般将来时、一般过去时 等的运用。在高中的学习中，在此基础之上还要掌握过去完成进行
时和将来进行时等知识，其考查的题型 多以选择题、完成句子、完形填空以及书面表达的形式出
现，在高考中的比值较重。

?
英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般
将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
（1）一般现在时的基本用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.
【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
5) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中
可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。 The train comes at 3 o'clock.
6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
（2）一般过去时的用法：
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状
-
21 -

语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可
以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】
1) 过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays.
2) “used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：
This river used to be clean.
（3）一般将来时的用法
1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.

2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺， 命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，
常用shall。
I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
4）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要作的某事。
I am going to Beijing next week.
5）be + 动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
6）be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。They are about to leave.
（4）现在进行时的用法
1) 现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作， 它注重现在正在进行的动
作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。
What are you doing now? I am looking for my key.
2) 现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。
The students are preparing for the examination.
3) 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有 arrive, come, leave, start等。
They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态
①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have
②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。
（5）现在完成时的用法
1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.

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They have cleaned the classroom.
2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在
完成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。
We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
【注意】
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强 调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，
强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体 的时间状语连用。

?
试比较：
I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
（6）过去进行时的用法
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】
过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事 情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的
动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过 去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：

They were building a house last month. （上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）
They built a new house last month. （上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）
（7）过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和 by ,
before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。
We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year.
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
（8）过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态， 过去将来时较多地被运用在宾
语从句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting.
I told him that I would see him off at the station.

（二）动词语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者；被动语态表示主语是动
作的承受 者。如：The story was written by Tom last year.

?
初高中衔接相关知识

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被动语态 在中学英语学习中占有重要地位，无论是中考还是高考都是必考内容，其涉及的题型包
括选择题、词形变 化、缺词填空以及完形填空等，考查方式非常灵活。
一、被动语态的构成：
被动语态的基本构成是“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+(by)”。be 本身无词义，但有时态、人
称和数的变化。by通常紧跟在被动句谓语动词之后，有时也可省。
1、现在：
（1）一般现在时 amisare + done eg. Many accidents are caused by carelessness.
（2）现在进行时 amisare + being done eg. The matter is being discussed at the meeting.
（3）现在完成时 havehas + been done eg. The little boy has not been found.
2、过去：
（1）一般过去时 waswere + done eg. A building was damaged by the storm.
（2）过去进行时 waswere + being done eg. She told me a new style was being designed.
（3）过去完成时 had been + done eg. She asked whether the tickets had been sold out.
（4）过去将来时 shouldwould bewas(were) going to + done
Eg. He hoped that his pictures would be exhibited before long.
They announced that a new hotel was going to be rebuilt the next year.
3、将来：一般将来时 shallwill + be done 或 be going to + be + done
Eg. All the work will be done by hand.
I shall be sent to work in London.
The meeting is going to be held as planned.
4、带情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be done eg. The environment should be improved.
二、被动语态句式：
（1）肯定：主语+be+过去分词+(by) The cars are made by them.
（2）否定：主语+be + not+过去分词+(by) The cars are not made by them.
（3）一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+(by) Are the cars made by them?

（4）含有情态动词的被动语态：主语+情态动词+(not)+be< 原形>+过去分词+(by)
三、被动语态的用法：
1、为了强调或突出动作的承受者eg. Her bike is stolen. Five people were hurt in the explosion.
2、淡化动作的执行者（没有说明、没必要指出、不知道）
Eg. This coat is made of cotton. 这件大衣是棉制的。
The trees were blown down in the storm. 在暴风雨中树被刮倒了。
The glass was broken last night.
3、动作的承受者是谈话的中心 eg. The picture was drawn by a boy under eight.
4、结构的需要。例如：It is said that…；It is believed that…等结构中用被动语态

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Eg. It was said that several people had seen the strange object at the same time.
It's believed that mobile phones are harmful to our brains.
It's thought that McDonald's is one of the best fast-food restaurants in the world.
四主动与被动的转换：时态不变
A. 主动中的宾语 → 被动语态的主语 宾格→主格

B. 谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）


C. 主动中的主语 → 被动语态的宾语（介词by之后），主格→宾格


Eg. He cut down a tree. → A tree was cut down by him.
1、S+V+O
(1)主动句为带no的否定句，被动句常用no，neither，never等
Eg. No one has ever beaten her at tennis. → She has never been beaten at tennis.
(2)主动句为带any构成不定代词的否定句，被动句常用no
Eg. We didn't notice anything special in his work. → Nothing special was noticed in his work.
2、S+V+O+O
2
1


（1）主动句的间接宾语直接宾语 → 被动句的主语
Eg. They gave the children many good books.
→ The children were given many good books. （保留直接宾语）
→ Many good books were given to the children. （还原介词to）
（2）只能主动句的直接宾语 → 被动句的主语
Eg. She wrote Jim a letter. → A letter was written to Jim.
（3）宾语从句一般不可作为被动句的主语
Eg. She told me when the film started. → I was told when the film started.
（4）短语动词变为被动语态：不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词
Eg. We should take care of the homeless animals. = The homeless animals should be taken care of.
Has the doctor been sent for? 医生叫来了吗？


The waste water has been taken away. 废水被取走了。


The problem must be paid attention to. 必须注意这个问题。


Women were looked down upon in the past. 过去妇女是被看不起的。


（5）带复合宾语的动词变被动语态：只把宾语变为被 动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，
成为主语补足语。如：
Eg. I call my dog Sam. = My dog is called Sam by me.
3、“be + 过去分词”系表结构：
连系动词be, feel, seem, look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。
例如：

I'm interested in art. 我对艺术感兴趣

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He seems very satisfied with his work. 他看起来对他的工作很满意
五、主动结构表被动意义：
（1）表示感官意义的连系动词，如smell, look, sound, taste, feel等一般用主动结构表被动意义
Eg. Cotton feels soft. The food smells nice.
（2）wantneedrequiredeserve + doing动名词的主动形式相当于wantneedrequiredeserve + to be
done表示不定式的被动结构，动名词同主语有动宾关系。
Eg. The chair needs repairing. = The chair needs to be repaired.
The point deserves mentioning.
（3）在be worth doing中，doing表示被动意义。如：
Eg. This book is worth reading.
（4）表示主语特征、状态的动词，特别是后面加上副词well, easily等词修饰时。常见的这类动
词有open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive等。如：
Eg. This king of car sells well.
The fuel burns easily.
（5）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义。如：
Eg. The question is easy to answer.
I have a lot of homework to do.
（6）有些动词，如：keep, look, move, open, shut, start等与can't, won't, doesn't等连用时，也

表
示被动意义。例如：
Eg. The door won't shut.
The library doesn't open on Sunday.
六、被动语态的注意事项：
1、by短语省略的几种情况：
（1）无法确定动作执行者 eg. The Great Wall was built thousands years ago.
（2）泛指动作执行者 eg. Children should be given a good living.
（3）不愿说出动作执行者
（4）前后文对执行者已有暗示 eg. Your homework should be handed in early tomorrow.
2、主、被动转化,被保留的间接宾语前还原介词toforof (give, send, take, bring, get等)
3、在被动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式要带to (听hear, 观seewatch, 使make, 让
let,
帮help)
4、不能用于或没有被动语态的动词：
（1）不及物动词和不及物动词短语无被动语态 例如：


Eg. The price has been risen. The price has risen. 价格上升了。
The boy was slept well. The boy slept well. 男孩睡得很熟。

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The accident was happened last week. The accident happened last week. 事故是上星期发生的。
? 常见的不及物动词：
appear出现， die死亡，disappear消失，end(vi.)结束，fail失败，happen发生，last持 续，remain
仍然是，sit坐，break out爆发，come true实现，fall asleep睡着，take place发生，lie躺说谎
（2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词和及物动词短语
? fit适合，have有举行，marry结婚，wish希望，agree with和……一致，arrive atin到达，shake

hands with握手，succeed in成功，take part in参加，belong to属于
Eg. The bike is belonged to me. The bike belongs to me.
The sports meet will be had tomorrow. The sports meet will be held tomorrow.
（3）系动词无被动语态


? appear出 现，be是，become变成成为，fall变成，feel感觉，get变成，grow变成，keep保持 ，
look看上去，remain仍然是，seem似乎，smell闻上去，sound听上去，st ay保持，taste尝上去，
turn变成
Eg. The news is sounded good. The news sounds good.
Her face is turned red. Her face turns red.
（4）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态：
Eg. To swim is liked by her. She likes to swim.
（5）表示主语内在特性的动词，后接副词，也很少用被动语态。
? 这类动词有：sell, read, wash, write等。
Eg. The book is sold well.
The composition of Peter's is written well.
（6）被动语态与系表结构的区别：
① 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；而系表结构中的分词相当于形容词，表示主语的



特点或所处的状态，看不出动作的执行者。如果是形容词，则后面不能用by短语。
② 被动语态可由by引出，说明动作；而系表结构常跟其他介词短语。
Eg. I was greatly interested by his lecture. I am interested in classical music.
③ 被动语态可以有各种时态；而系表结构中be只有一般和完成时态。
Eg. The bridge is being built now.
My key has been lost.
④ 系表结构常由very, too等词所修饰，而被动语态常被much, so much修饰。例如：
Eg. I am very surprised at your words.
The man was too frightened to stand up.
He was much excited by the news.
He was so much shocked that he couldn't utter a word.

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七、不能用被动语态的情况：
（1） 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have有fit适合suit适合hold容纳cost花费l ast持续等作谓
语的句子一般不能用被动语态。如：
The hall can hold 2000 people.
The pair of shoes fits you.
How much does it cost?
（2） There be结构、主系表结构、不及物动词或have作谓语的句子一般不能变被动语态。
There are 46 students in my class.
My mother is responsible for sales.
Something exciting happened to us today.
Once a week I have violin lessons.
（3） 宾语是不定式、动名词、反身代词或相互代词的句子一般不用被动语态。如：
Wendy enjoys seeing her friends.
Trees can pass information to one another.
My two-year-old daughter can dress herself.

（4） 谓语动词与宾语组成一个不可分割的整体时，如make up one's mind, do one's best, make a
face,
take place等词组一般不用于被动语态。如：
Yesterday a daring robbery took place at the famous Pizza Palace.
We should do our best to do it better.

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典型例题：
1. —What will you do if it _______ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on, since we've got everything ready.
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
2. My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
3. —How long ______ at this job? —Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
4. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium（体育馆）_______ in Beijing.
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been completed D. had been completed
5. At this time tomorrow ________ over the Atlantic.
A. we're going to fly B. we'll be flying
C. we'll buy D. we're to fly.

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6. —______ David and Vicky _______ married?
—For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have; get
C. How long have; been D. How long did; get

第7讲 非谓语动词和主谓一致

（一）非谓语动词

非谓语动词也可叫做非限定性动词，指的是在句中起 名词、形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不
是作谓语的动词形式。主要包括三个部分：不定式、动名词和 分词（现在分词，过去分词）。

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初高中衔接相关知识

非 谓语动词的用法比较灵活，在初中阶段应主要掌握动词不定式的用法，而高中阶段应主要掌握
动名词和分 词的用法。它们的考查方式主要以选择题、词形变化和完形填空为主。
一、动词不定式
动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do
以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下：
（1）一般式：不定 式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之
后.
I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。

The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
二、不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主 语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可
用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

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It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有：1、It + be+名词+to do
2、It takes sb. +some time +to do
3、It+ be+形容词+of sb +to do
常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,la zy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形
容词，不 定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage,
help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾 语，真正的
宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask,
tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema． 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态
时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。
He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。

（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。

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The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)： 常放在never only后
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。
③表原因：常放在形容词后面
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。
The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
（7）作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。

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He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
三、动名词

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。




一般式 doing being done （谓语动词同时发生）having been having 完成式
done
done
（谓语动词发生之前） 动名词的形式： V-ing
not + 动名词 否定式： ）一般式： （1 眼见为实。 Seeing is believing.
（2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 3
（）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
动名词 （5）否定式：not +
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 + 动名词 ）复合结构：物主代词（或
名词所有格） （6 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 四、动名词的句法功能： （ 1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
集邮很有趣。 Collecting stamps is interesting.
it当动名词短语作主语时常用作形式主语。
争吵是没用的。 It's no use quarrelling. （ 2）作表语：
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
3 （）作宾语： 他们还没有建好大坝。They haven't finished building the dam.

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We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
【注意】动名 词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若
跟有宾语补足语，则常 用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

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要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），
deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel
like,
can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,
stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look
forward to,
object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
五、现在分词
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一 般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，
完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作 状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在
谓语 动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
六、现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分 词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语
做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

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现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that
followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表
示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：

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urging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
七、过去分词及过去分词的句法功能：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾- ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统
一的规则要求，要一一记住。
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单 词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分
词做定语相当于一个被动语态 的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

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注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。

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（二）主谓一致

主谓语一致主要指谓语动词的形式在人称和数上必须和主语保持一 致，即主语是复数意义的时候，
谓语动词用复数形式；主语是单数意义的时候，谓语动词用单数形式。一 般说来，主谓语一致要
遵循形态一致、意义一致、就近一致原则。

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初高中衔接相关知识

主谓语一致在英语学习中尤为重要，也是同学们在学习中容易 出错的部分。要正确使用主谓语一
致，在熟练掌握形态一致、意义一致、就近一致三个原则的基础上，还 要准确理解句子的意义，
从实际出发，灵活运用三个原则。这部分内容的考查方式主要以选择题、词形变 化、完形填空和
书面表达为主。
一、就近一致原则
1. 由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连
接的并列主语，谓语动词与* 近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
例句：Neither his parents nor Tom is at home. Tom和他的父母都不在家。

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“either…or, neither…nor, or”连接的两个主语若是一单一复，最好将复数主词放在后面而接
复数动词。
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。
There comes the bus. 汽车来了。
3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。
例句：I know the man who is talking to my father.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。
4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
例句：It is Mary's brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
二、意义一致原则
1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，
except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。
例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month.
2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sh eep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于
它在句中的含义。
例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.
3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”
4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定
其后的谓语动词的单复数。

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例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天
完他告诉我的。
5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动
词用单数 ，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。

80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。
Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。
6. 词组“a number of， a greatgood many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓
语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company,
union等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。
三、整体一致原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
例句：When to leave has not been decided.什么时候离开还没有定下来。
Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日购物是他的一个习惯。

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如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。
例句：What he said and what he did were always different.他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。
2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。
例句： The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.这位小说家兼诗人打算明年去欧洲。
The novelist and the poet are going to Europe next year.小说家和诗人都打算明年去欧洲。

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分析：a)句中小说家和诗人the novelist and poet为同一个人，故谓语动词用单数；而b)句中
有两个人，一个是小说家the novelist，另一个是诗人the poet。
3. 专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等，通常作单数用。
例句：The United States was found it 1776.美国成立于1776年。
4. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。
例句：10 minutes is enough.十分钟足够了。
5.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：2 times 3 makes 6. 二乘三等于六。
四、个体一致原则

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1. and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时（后面的一个有时也可省略），
后面的谓语动词用单数形式。
例句：Every man and every woman is busy at working.每个人都在忙着工作。
2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，既可作代词充当主语，又可作形容词修饰主语，
这时的谓语动词一律用单数。
例句：Neither of us has been abroad. 我们谁都没出过国。
3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobod y，everything，anything等）作主语
时，谓语动词用单数。
例句：Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在学校门口等你。
4. many a more than one + 单数名词，一般接单数谓语动词。
例句：Many a man does not understand Einstein's relativity.许多人不明白爱因斯坦的相对论。
5. “one and a half + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
例句：One and a half hours has passed. 一个半小时过去了。

6. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses， scissors， shoes， trousers，pants，gloves，stockings< br>等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但如果前面有a the pair of；a the suit of等词语时，则谓
语动词要用单数。
例句：A pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker.剪刀是裁缝的重要工具。
7. 以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词（例如；一些学科名词mathematics， physics， politics等），
或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。
例句：Mathematics is my favorite subject.数学是我最喜欢的科目。

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典型例题：
1. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _______ at the party, but not ____.
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
2. _____ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.
A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out
3. _______ into use in April 2004, the hotline was meant for residents（居民）reporting water and
heating supply breakdowns(坏了).
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
4. ______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president's attending
5. Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
6. It ____ Yang Liwei about 21 hours _______ the earth 14 times in his spaceship.

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A. spent; circling B. took; traveling C. spent; to travel D. took; to circle
7. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ________ on the project day and night to meet the
deadline.
A. work B. working C. is working D. are working
8. The number of people invited _______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent from different
reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were


第8讲 情态动词
情态动词是中学阶段语法重点和难点。情态动词主要有：can(could)，may(might)，m ust，have to，
shall，should，will(would)，need，dare，ought to 等。情态动词无人称和数的变化，不能独立使
用，应与其后的动词合成谓语。高考中的考查主要集中在： 回答有情态动词的问题时，人们常用
的答语；情态动词的同义表达和细微区别；情态动词表推测的用法； 情态动词加不定式表责备意
义等。

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初高中衔接相关知识

初中阶段对于情态动词，学生应主要掌握基本用法以及表示推测、判断的用法，而高中阶段在此
基础上还要掌握情态动词在虚拟语气句子中的用法。它们的考查方式基本上表现为选择题。
一．情态动词的用法

1. can 用法
1）表示能力，与be able to同义，但can只用于现在时和过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。
Two eyes can see more than one.
注：Can you … ? Yes, I can No,I can't.
2).表示允许、请求
用could比can 语气更加委婉客气，常用于could I you …..?句型中，若表示同意时，用can回
答而不用could .
Could I borrow the book ? No, you can't .
3）表示推测 “可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中。（can't表示一定不是）
It can't be true . Can it be true ?
2. may 用法
1）表允许，请求= can
表示许可或征求对方的许可，常于第一人称连用。
注：May I ….? Yes ,you may No, you can't mustn't .
在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. Certainly.
2）表推测，可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。

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3. must
1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。
We must do everything step by step.
注：Must I ….? Yes, you must No,you needn't (don't have to ).
--Must we hand in our exercise—books now?
--No, you needn't. No, you don't have to.
2）mustn't 表禁止、不允许。
You mustn't talk to her like that.
3）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can .
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.
注：must表推测时，其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致。
的用法
need既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要否定句或疑问句中。用作
实义动 词时，可用于各种句式。
1).用作情态动词，用于否定句和疑问句中。
a).Need I ….? Yes , you must No, you needn't .
b).need + do sth . 变否定句：needn't do sth
变疑问句：Need sb do sth ?
2).用作实义动词
a).need + to do sth . We need _______(buy) some school things .
变否定句：don't doesn't didn't +need to do sth .
变疑问句：Do Does Did sb + need to sth ?
Yes , … do does did No, sb don't doesn't didn't .
You don't need to do it yourself.
b).当主语是物时。Sth + need + doing sth = Sth +need to be done .
better 的用法

1). had better + 动词原形 = It's best to do sth .
2). Had better not +动词原形
与have to
1).一般情况下，两者可互换。 must = have to
2).must “必须，应该”表示说话人的主观看法，即说话人认为必须干某事。（内在原因）
have to “必须，不得不”强调客观需要，即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。（外界原因）
二．情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法

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1.情态动词后跟完成式，表“原本应该干某事，而实际上没干”
I should have finished the work earlier.
He isn't here. He must have missed the train.
2. 情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在……”，“可能正在……”，“应当正在”等意。
It's twelve o'clock. They must be having lunch.
They may be discussing this problem.
He can't be telling the truth.
She shouldn't be working like that. She's still so weak.
三．情态动词的同义转换.
= be able to
= have to
't = don't have to
do sth = need to do sth .

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典型例题：
1. —That T-shirt with Yao Ming's picture on it _____ belong to David. He admires him a lot.
—No, it _____ be his. He hates black color.
A. can; can't B. may; needn't C. must; mustn't D. must; can't
2. —May I play computer games, Mum?
—No. You ______ wash your clothes first.
A. would B. can C. must D. will
3. —Must I finish that work today?
—No, you _____. You may finish it in three days.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. shouldn't D. couldn't
4. The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it ____ be very
slow.
A. should B. must C. will D. can
5. —Never touch my computer while I'm away.
—_______.
A. I shouldn't B. I mustn't C. I won't D. I don't


第9讲 名词性从句

名词性从句分为主语从句、 宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。这个语法项目在英语中相当
重要。

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初高中衔接相关知识
< br>在初中阶段要求学生掌握各种从句的基本结构和用法；而在高中的学习中，则要求学生在此基础
上 能够在具体语境中判断主句与从句的逻辑关系，准确理解句意，加以灵活运用。考查方式多以
选择题为主 。
（一）概述
名词性从句主要包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词（that, whether, if）；
连接代词（what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which）；
连接副词（when, where, how, why）
（二）主语从句
1. 主语从句在复合句中充当主语。引导主语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, what, which, whom,
whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever等。
? 注意：（1）这些引导词都不可以省略。
（2）只能用whether不能用if。
（3）从句用陈述句语序。
That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
Who cooked the meal is not known yet. 谁煮的饭还不知道。
How he did it is still a mystery. 他怎么做的还是个迷。
Whether we can land on the moon is not known. 我们是否能登陆月球还不知道。
2.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。 例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底哪个队会赢形势尚不明朗。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
? 用it作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
（1）It + be + 形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
（2）It + be + -ed分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
（3）It + be + 名词+ that-从句
It is a pity that… 可惜的是…… It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……

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It is a fact that… 事实是……
（4）It + 不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… （看起来是）似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
例如：
It is obvious that the object is not UFO. 很明显这个物体不是UFO。
It is known to all that money can't grow on the tree. 众所周知，钱不会长在树上。

It is a fact that Sadam has been captured by the American army. 萨达姆已经被美军捕获是个事实。
It happened that they did the same thing in the same way. 碰巧他们用同样的方法做同样的事情。

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3. 主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况：
（1）“It doesn't matter + howwhether…”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn't matter whether he likes it or not. 不管他喜欢不喜欢都没关系。
（2）“It is saidreported…”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that the highway will be open to traffic next year. 据说高速公路将于明年通车。
（3）“It happensoccursturns out…”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to me that there was another path to the lake. 我突然想到还有另一条路通到湖边。
（4）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the afternoon? 下午有可能下雨吗？
（三）表语从句
表语从句在复合句中充当表语。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：that, whether, because, what,
which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever等。
? 注意：（1）这些引导词都不可以省略
（2）只能用whether不能用if
（3）从句用陈述句语序
例如：My question is who will take over president of the charity. 我的问题是谁将接任该慈善机构的
主席职位。
The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
The point is whether we should lend him the computer. 问题在于我们是否应该借电脑给他。
That is why he can't get along with others. 这就是为什么他不能和其他人相处好的原因。
That is because he can't get rid of his bad habits. 那是因为他不能改掉他的坏习惯。
The important thing is what he does. 重要的是他做什么。
（四）宾语从句
一、概念：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

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1、宾语从句的连接词
引导宾语从句的常用连接词主要有：that, whether, if, what, which, whom, whose, when, where,


why, how, whatever, whoever等。

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注意：①that 可以省略
②若从句中有or not 只能用whether 不能用if
③宾语从句一定用陈述句语序
④标点、语调根据主句决定
2、常接宾语从句的动词：say, tell, ask, see, decide, wonder, think等。

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3、宾语从句的时态




主句 宾语从句
一般现在时 所需要的任何时态 委婉语气 ①过去时的任何时态 过去时 ②客观真理永远用一

般现在时
主句为一般现在时或将来时，从句的时态可根据具体实际需要而定。例如：（1）I imagine he is
interested in the activity.
I wonder what has happened to the driver.
They will be told when they will retire.

，从句的谓语动词也要用相应的过去时，即一般过去时、过去进行时、（2）主句为一般过去时 过
去完成时或过去将来时的一种。例如：To our surprise, he told us that he would leave very soon.
t ask who had bought all the flowers.
' She didn
three days before. Andy said that he had gone to the Browns'
，从句的谓语动词可用所需要的任何时态。例如：3（）主句是祈使句Please tell me how long it
will take us to the library.
Show me which picture is yours.

此时宾语从句不受主句时态的限制，自然现象或永恒不变的规律，4（）从句叙述的是客观真理、 。
例如：均用一般现在时 Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 我们老师告诉我们
光速比音速快。 Everybody knew that one and one makes two. 每个人都知道一加一等于二。 二、
宾语从句应注意的问题和事项
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1、that引 导的宾语从句为陈述句。that本身是一个连接词，没
有意义，在从句中也不充当任何
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句子成分，可以被省略。例如：
I think (that) the novel is worth reading again.
Anne said (that) she was leaving for London on Wednesday.

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注意：如果谓语动词后跟有两个或更多的并列的宾语从句，第二个（或最后一个 ）连接词不
可省略，以免引起误解。例如：
I forgot (that) today was Friday and that the shop wasn't open.

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2、whether或if引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于一个一般疑问句。常放在know, ask, care, wonder,
find
out等动词之后，意思是“是否”，不可被省略。且若从句中有or not只能用whether不能用if，
介

词之后一般也不用if。例如：
I wonder whetherif he will come back with the good news.
Susan asked me whether I would go to the club this weekend.
I really don't know whether it will rain or not tomorrow.

?
注意：①少数动词，如leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether
②在不定式前只能用whether 例如：I can't decide whether to stay.
③为避免歧义，我们常用whether而不用if
④if 引导的宾语从句可以用将来时，不要将其与if引导的条件状语从句混淆。
试比较：
Can you tell me if he will come back this May?
If he comes back, please tell me as soon as possible.

?
3、连接代词（who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whosever, whomever, whatever, whichever）
或连接副词（where, when, why, how, whenever, wherever, however）引导宾语从句，在意义上相当
于特殊疑问 句，有具体的汉语意思，在宾语从句中充当成分，此时不是疑问词。what, whatever
除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。例如：
Do you know what they are looking for?
The man in the shop asked the woman which kind of boots (靴子)she liked.
That depends on where we shall go.
Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
He didn't tell me when we should meet again.

?
4、be + 形容词+ that-从句
that-从句也是宾语从句。常用这一 结构的形容词有：sure相信，afraid恐怕，happy高兴，surprised
感到惊讶 等。例如：
I'm afraid that he won't buy the most expensive bag for her.
I'm sure that Tom's composition is the best in his class.

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5、否定转移

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若主句的主语是第一人称且为一般现在时，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,
consider, fancy, gu ess等动词，则宾语从句的否定词应转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，
而从句的谓语动词用 肯定式。其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。例如：
I don't think I know you.
I don't believe the books will sell well.
We don't imagine that he will believe the truth.

?
注意：
①若主句谓语动词为hope，宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：I hope you weren't ill.
②若宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。如：
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？
③若主句的主语是第二人称或第三人称，则否定也不转移。例如：
He thought he hadn't corrected the mistake.

?
6、用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
（1）动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it作形式宾语
而将that宾语从句后置。例如：
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
（2）有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语和从句前加it，这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see
to
We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的。
（3）若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替。例如：
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。

?
典型例题：

1. _______ that the American President will visit our school next month.
A. What is reported B. What reports C. It is reported D. It reports
2. Mary wrote an article on _______ the team had failed to win the game.
A. why B. what C. who D. that
3. Do you know the fact _____ the earth goes around the sun.
A. that B. which C. of which D. what
4. Perseverance is a kind of quality — that's _______ it takes to do anything well.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
5. A computer can only do ______ you have instructed to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
6. Go and get your coat; it is ____ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there

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第10讲 定语从句和状语从句

（一）定语从句

用来说明主句中某一名词或代词 （有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子
叫做定语从句。
一. 定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词 叫做先行词。定语
从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village?
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽 带作用，使二者联系起
来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语， 定语，关系副
词可作状语。
1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例
如：
I don't like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作宾语：
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：
What's the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作状语

I'll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where I was born.
三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：
The person (who broke the window) must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：

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Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？
Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：
A dictionary is a book (which gives the meaning of words).
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
I've read the newspaper that (which) carries the important news.
Who is the person (that is reading the newspaper) over there?
6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
This is the house where=in which we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. To the east of
四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语
从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于
定语从句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.
= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.

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2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：

(1) 在非限制性定语从句中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
= The thing which he is talking about is of great importance.

（二）状语从句

在句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导，可表 示时间、地点、条件、原因、
结果、让步、比较和方式等。、
1. 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：
It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I'll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won't believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果 主句用肯定式，其含义是“一
直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是 “直到……才……”,
“在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：
The young man read till the light went out.
Let's wait until the rain stops.
We won't start until Bob comes.
Don't get off until the bus stops.
2. 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don't leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I'll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.
He won't be late unless he is ill.

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(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam.
=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：
He didn't come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.
(2)because表示 直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why
提出的问题， 只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since
引 导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：
------Why aren't going there?
------Because I don't want to.
As he has no car, he can't get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can't buy it.
(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
4. 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：
He is so poor that he can't buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn't see it.
(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：
在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副
词）+ that + 从句”。例如：
He was so glad that he couldn't say a word.
The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.
Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.
在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可 以是单数或复数可数名词，
也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名 词，前面需加不定
冠词a或an。例如：
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.

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He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid- term.

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有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can't go to the cinema with you.
5. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：
Tom runs faster than John does.
This classroom is as big as that one.
6. 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.

We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个： 1)
目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往
表示的目的很明确。例如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)
7. 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：
Go where you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.

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?
典型例题：
1. —Why does she always ask you for help?
—There is no one else_____, is there?
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
2. _______ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
3. There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, _______ she was an only child.
A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as
4. It was some time _________ we realized the truth.
A. when B. until C. since D. before
5. ______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
6. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _________ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
A. which B. when C. so that D. as if
7. _________ hard they worked, they couldn't finish the project in time.
A. How B. However C. No matter D. Whatever


初高中衔接检测题




一、英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）

第一节 单项填空（共15题；每小题2分）

1. There is about 350-400mm rain fall there a year _______ average.
A. of B. in C. for D. on
2. I'll never forget the days _______ I spent on the farm.
A. in which B. in that C. that D. when
3. Is that the reading room _______ has newspapers and magazines?
A. which B. where C. in which D. the one
4. I regret ______ you that you haven't passed the exam.
A. to have informed B. to inform
C. informing D. having informed
5. The scientist and his achievements ______ you told me about are admired by us all.
A. which B. who C. that D. whose

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6. He has ______ 8-year-old son who has _____ gift for playing basketball.
A. a; a B. an; the C. the; a D. an; a
7. After the earthquake in Sichuan, people around the world have ______ their clothes, food and
money to the disaster areas.
A. donated B. bought C. brought D. sold
8. These books are ______. You don't need to pay for them.
A. free B. freely C. free of charge D. A and C
9. After I was told to _____ the army, the officer asked me if I would ______ the lecture to be given by
the general.
A. join; join B. join; attend C. attend; attend D. attend; join
10. _____ he is feeling ill, ______ he is still working.
A. Though; B. though C. Because; so D. Since; so
11. Please forgive him. He _____ to do something to help us.
A. did wanted B. did want C. does wanted D. do wanted
12. ______ at the station, I phoned him.
A. When arrived B. Upon arriving C. Upon I arrived D. As soon as arrived
13. You must have your plan _____ before you carry it out.
A. approved B. to approve C. approving D. approve
14. The machine doesn't work and it requires ______.
A. to be mended B. mended C. being mended D. to mending
15. This is the most beautiful house _____ I visited last year.

第二节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）

A. where B. which C. D. to which
Charlie came from a poor village. His parents had __1__ money to send him to school when he was
young. The boy was very sad. Mr. King lived next to him. He found the boy __2__ and had pity on him
and
lent some money to him. So the boy could go to school. He studied hard and __3__ all his lessons.
When


he finished middle school, the man introduced him to his friend in the town. And he began to work.
Once
Mr. King was seriously hurt in an accident. Dying, he asked Charlie to take care of his daughter,

Sharon.


The young man __4__ and several years later he married the girl. He loved her very much and tried his


best to make her happy. He often bought beautiful clothes and delicious food for her. He was good at
cooking and he cooked __5__ for her. So she became very fat and she felt it difficult to walk. And one
day
she found there was something wrong with her heart. Her husband wasn't at home and she had to go to
__6__ at once. The doctors looked her over and told her __7__ eat meat, sugar, chocolate and things
like


these. She was afraid __8__ the doctor's words and wrote all the names of the food on the paper. When
she

- 54 -

got home, she put the list on the table and __9__. When she returned home that afternoon, she found
many
kinds of food: meat, sugar and chocolate in the kitchen. Charlie was busy __10__ there. As soon as he
saw


her, he said happily, “I've bought all the food you like, dear!”
16. A. no B. some C. much D. enough
17. A. lazy B. clever C. careful D. hard
18. A. did well in B. was poor at C. was working D. was good for
19. A. was angry B. thought hard C. agreed D. said “No.”
20. A. a little B. a few C. many D. a lot
21. A. rest B. sleep C. hospital D. work
22. A. should B. would C. to D. not to
23. A. to remember B. to forget C. to catch D. to teach


24. A. slept B. went out C. cooked D. ate


25. A. reading B. seeing C. cooking D. writing

二、阅读理解（共20小题；满分35分）

第一节 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

A
One midnight, a little girl woke up to pass water. She by herself got up and down her bed, walked to
the bedroom door and opened it. She looked outside and walked back, for it was so dark in the hall that
she
feared.
Her mother said, “Don't be afraid, honey. Take courage!”
“What's courage?” she asked, running to her mother's bed.
“Courage is the brave breath,” her mother answered.
“Mum, do you have courage?”
“Certainly.”
The girl held out her little hands, saying, “Mum, blow some of your breath of courage to me.”
After her mother blew out two mouthfuls of breath into her little cold hands, the little girl clenched her
fists(握拳) nervously, afraid that the “breath of courage” would run away. Then with her fists
clenched, she

walked out of the bedroom towards the bathroom with nothing to fear.
Her mother said to herself, “It will be nice if someone can blow some kind of ‘breath' to me. Then I
can hold it in my hands too when I feel terrified or lost.”
In fact, mostly, what we are terrified of is nothing but the fear in our mind. Who we should defeat(战胜)
is nobody but ourselves.
26. The girl walked back because __________.
A. the bathroom was too far away. B. her mother wouldn't go with her

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C. she was too afraid of the dark D. the bedroom door was locked
27. We learn from the reading that ___________.
A. the girl went to the bathroom by herself
B. the girl pretended to be terrified of nothing
C. the girl's mother was able to blow brave breath
D. the girl's mother was very proud of herself
28. To stop “mother's breath” from running away, the girl __________.
A. held out her little hands B. clenched her fists
C. talk to her mother D. held her own breath
29. The writer mainly wants to tell us that ________.
A. adults are always brave enough
B. children learn to be brave quickly


C. the fear in one's mind is the real problem
D. the mother can deal with anything with breath
30. Which is the best title of the passage?
B. One Lonely Girl A. The Fearless Mother
D. The Breath of Courage C. One midnight

B





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31. The above reading is most probably __________.

A. an advertisement B. a food report C. a shopping list D. a menu
32. It's clear that the Eatery __________.
A. can hold 150 people at most B. only provides Chinese food
C. was set up in the year of 1980 C. doesn't offer many choices
33. At the loch Ness Eatery, visitors can ________.
A. book comfortable room B. have a picnic
C. cook for themselves D. get a good relaxation
34. The reading also tells us _________.
A. the prices of food and drinks B. the address of the Eatery
C. the name of the manager D. the way of getting in touch with the Eatery
35. The Eatery provides almost everything to _________.
A. to serve people for a long time B. meet the needs of different visitors
C. let people take away D. help people learn about people

C
He was struggling(费劲) to tie his shoes. I was struggling with whether I should help him.
I did, and he was grateful.
“Thank you,” he said.
“I'm glad I could help. I just thought it would be easier for me to reach,” I said.
He was a disabled man, and forced to look down most of the time. His arms and legs were
twisted(扭曲的) terribly, and he couldn't do what the rest of us would consider easy tasks. He always
managed to look up to see how you reacted(反应) to his words, however. He had a big smile, making
me
feel comfortable.
I was still on my knees by his wheelchair.
“Nice shoes,” he said.
“Thanks. No one ever complimented me on them before,” I said.
“No one has the same view of the world as I do,” he replied.
“Tell me about the world as you see it,” I said smiling.
“Most people can see if someone is comfortable with them or not in their eyes. I see it in their feet.”
he
said. “If people keep moving their feet, I just let them go, because I know they're impatient with me. I
don't want to make people uncomfortable.
“What about me? I asked.
“I could see your compassion. And then you came down to my level. I was the one who was nervous.”


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he said. “I don't normally have someone look me in the eye.”
“They don't know what they're missing,” I told him.
“My old face is nothing to brag(自夸) about.” he said.
“But that smile is so big.”
Yes, and it's not only a big smile but an attitude.
36. The disabled man knew people were impatient mostly by their _________.
A. words B. eyes C. feet D. smile

37. The unlined word compassion is the closet in meaning to ___________.
A. attention B. pity C. trust D. duty
38. We learn that the disabled man _________.
A. had great difficulty looking after himself
B. always asked people for help
C. couldn't have a big smile
D. liked to talk about people's shoes
39. The writer felt comfortable because _________.
A. he had a nice talk to the man
B. the man looked him in the eye
C. he didn't move his feet before the man
D. the man had a big smile on the face
40. We can infer from the passage that _________.
A. the disable man had something wrong with his mind
B. not many people went down to the man's level
C. the man was good at telling people about the world
D. the writer would not give the man move help

三、写作（共2节，满分30分）

第一节 单词拼写（共10小题；每小题1分）

请根据首字母和汉语提示完成单词拼写
41. Shall we meet at the e_________ of the cinema at eight?
42. After a careful d________ , they decided to put off the meeting.
43. W_________ is between Tuesday and Thursday.

th
century. 44. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the 2045. The engineer finished
r_____________ the tractor very soon.
46. _______（天然的）food is good for your health.
47. With the help of many _________（专家）, we soon found a way out.

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48. They climbed up Mount Qomolongma ____________（成功地）in May, 2003.
49. There are two dialogues in the ____________（第十二）lesson.
50. I could ____________（几乎不）believe it when I read the letter.

第二节 单句改错
（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
下面各句有A、B、C、D四个划线部分，每题有一处错误，将其相应的字母标号填入句后的括
号内，并在横线上加以改正。
51. She will go shopping next Sunday if she won't be busy.


A B C D （ ）

s.
52. Here are two books. One is yours and another is Mary'

） A
B C D （


53. Can you tell me how long you have bought the book?


） （ A B C D


54. Soon we got used to live in the country with the farmers.


A B C D （ ）


d better not to play football in the street.

55. You'

（ ） A B C
D


56. Yantai is one of the most beautiful city in Shandong.


A B C D ） （


t finish the work in time.
57. With your help, I can'

B A C D
（ ）

58. Not every child like sandwiches.


D A B C （ ）

59.
There is going to have a football match next Friday afternoon.


C B A D
60. Who do you think to help them finish the work on time last night?


） A D C B







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）


（


（