21世纪大学英语读写教程4第一单元课文中英对照
童年趣事作文350字-党员自查自纠报告
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21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料
Unit1
1.当阿尔伯
特.爱因斯坦是个小男孩的时候，他在学校里的成绩很差，老师
们都觉得他反应迟钝。拿破仑-
波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中
尉中的一名。没有接受过什么正规教育的乔治-
华盛顿，十几岁时不是受训
当兵而是受训做土地测量员。
As a young boy,
Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that
teachers
thought he was slow. The young
Napoleon Bonaparte was just one
of hundreds of
artillery lieutenants in the French Army. And the
teenage George Washington, with little formal
education, was being
trained not as a soldier
but as a land surveyor.
2.
尽管他们的起步平淡无奇
，但是后来个个都青史留名。究竟是什么使他
们成了伟人呢？是否他们生来就有什么特别？亦或他们的伟
大与生逢其
时、与献身精神，也许与一种坚定的个性更为有关？
Despite their
unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to
carve a
place for himself in history. What was
it that enabled them to
become great? Were
they born with something special? Or did their
greatness have more to do with timing,
devotion and, perhaps, an
uncompromising
personality?
3.
几十年来，科学家们一直在问这样的问题。在过去
几年里，他们已经发
现了一些情况，这些情况有助于解释为什么有些人出类拔萃，而另一些人
-
---也许同样具有才华----却被抛在了后面。他们的发现可能对我们每个人
都有意义。
可编辑
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For decades, scientists
have been asking such questions. And, in the
past few years, they have found evidence to
help explain why some
people rise above, while
others—similarly talented, perhaps—are
left
behind. Their findings could have implications for
us all.
4.
谁是伟人？伟人的定义取决于如何衡量成功。但标准还是有的
。“对人类
文明做出永久性贡献的人是伟大的，”基思-西蒙顿院长说。他是加州大学
戴维斯分
校的一名心理学教授，是1994年出版的《伟大：谁创造了历史，
原因何在》一书的作者。但他又提醒
说：“有时候伟人并没有被载入史册。
许多女性取得了巨大成就，或者颇具影响力，但却没有得到公认。
Who is great? Defining who is great depends on
how one measures
success. But there are some
criteria. who has made a
lasting contribution
to human civilization is great,
Simonton, a
professor of psychology at the University of
California
at Davis and author of the 1994
book Greatness: Who Makes History
and Why. But
he added a word of caution:
don't make it into
the history books. A lot of women achieved great
things or were influential but went
unrecognized.
5.
在这本书的写作中，西蒙顿融合了关于伟大人物
的历史知识以及遗传学、
精神病学和社会科学领域的最新发现。他所聚焦的伟人包括获得过诺贝尔
奖、领导过伟大国家或打赢过战争、谱写过流芳百世的交响乐、或在科学、
哲学、政治、艺术上引起过
巨变的男女人物。虽然他没有一个公式来解释
有些人怎样或者怎么出类拔萃（涉及的因素太多了），但他
却提出了一些共
同的特点。
可编辑
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In
writing his book, Simonton combined historical
knowledge about
great figures with recent
findings in genetics, psychiatry and the
social sciences. The great figures he focused
on include men and
women who have won Nobel
Prizes, led great nations or won wars,
composed symphonies that have endured for
centuries, or
revolutionized science,
philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he
doesn't have a formula to define how or why
certain people rise
above (too many factors
are involved), he has come up with a few
common characteristics.
6.
一种“永不屈服
”的态度。西蒙顿说，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的
话，那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。“往
往有人认为他们具备一些
超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有些伟人并没有惊人的智力,<
br>有的只是程度上的差异而已。伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神
的基础之上的。”
A
Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to
succeed.
to think that they are endowed with
something super-normal,
explained. what comes
out of the research is that there are
great
people who have no amazing intellectual processes.
It's a
difference in degree. Greatness is
built upon tremendous amounts
of study,
practice and devotion.
7.
他举了二战时期的英国首相温斯顿-丘吉尔作为永不放弃敢于冒险的典
范。丘吉尔在全国士气最
为低落的时候被推上了台，并出色地领导了英国
可编辑
.
人民。在
1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中，他的话激励了全
国人民，“我们决不会退缩、永不失
败。我们一定要坚持到底......我们永远
不会屈服。”
He cited
Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during
World
War II, as an example of a risk-taker
who would never give up. Thrust
into office
when his country's morale was at its lowest,
Churchill rose
brilliantly to lead the British
people. In a speech following the Allied
evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the
nation when he said,
surrender.
8.
你会天生就伟大吗？西蒙顿经过研究丘吉尔在历史上的作用----
通过研
究其他政治和军事领袖的作用----发现了一个惊人的模式：“长子长女和独
生子女往
往会成为危难时期的优秀领导者：他们习惯于承担责任。但是在
和平时期，中间出生的人们是更好的领袖
；他们更善于倾听不同利益群体
的呼声，作出必需的妥协。独生子丘吉尔就很典型。他在危难中是伟大的
，
但是在和平时期却并不称职----甚至于不得人心。”
Can you be born
great? In looking at Churchill's role in
history—as
well as the roles of other
political and military leaders—Simonton
discovered a striking pattern:
make good
leaders in time of crisis: They're used to taking
charge.
But middle-borns are better as
peacetime leaders: They listen to
different
interest groups better and make the necessary
compromises. Churchill, an only child, was
typical. He was great in a
可编辑
.
crisis, but in peacetime he was not
effective—not even popular.
9.
生逢其时是又一
个因素。“如果你把乔治?华盛顿放在20世纪，他作为一
个政治家将一事无成，”西蒙顿宣称。“他不
善于公开演讲，他也不喜欢同
公众握手。反之，我看富兰克林?罗斯福若在华盛顿的时代也很难有所作为
。
火炉边谈话是不会有收音机来为他广播的。”
Timing is another
factor.
him in the 20th century he would go
nowhere as a politician,
Simonton declared.
didn't like shaking hands with the public. On
the other hand, I'm not
sure Franklin
Roosevelt would have done well in Washington's
time.
He wouldn't have had the radio to do his
fireside chats.
10.
你会过于太聪明吗？西蒙顿有一个出人意
料的发现，许多政治和军事领
袖虽然很聪明，但并非过于聪明。他解释说，超过了一定程度，有效沟通<
br>的能力等其它因素比智商测试测得的先天智力更为重要。西蒙顿说，最具
才智的美国总统----
如托马斯-杰斐逊，伍德罗-威尔逊和约翰-F-
肯尼迪等
----好不容易才当选总统，而其他智商接近于平均水平的人（如沃沦-G-哈
定）
却在竞选中大获全胜。因为还涉及到政治和经济因素，所以具备天才
的智商并不一定会成为伟大领袖。
Can you be too smart? One surprise among
Simonton's findings is
that many political and
military leaders have been bright but not
overly so. Beyond a certain point, he
explained, other factors, like
the ability to
communicate effectively, become more important
than
innate intelligence as measured by an IQ
test. The most intelligent
可编辑
.
U.S. Presidents, for example—Thomas Jefferson,
Woodrow Wilson
and John F. Kennedy—had a hard
time getting elected, Simonton
said, while
others with IQs closer to the average (such as
Warren G.
Harding) won by landslides. While
political and economic factors
also are
involved, having a genius IQ is not necessary to
be a great
leader.
11.
在科学领域，西蒙顿补充
说，那些具有“天才级”智商的人确实更有可
能获得承认。然而，事实也表明克服传统的思维方式也许同
样重要。
In the sciences, those with levelIQs do
have a better
chance at achieving recognition,
added Simonton. Yet evidence also
indicates
that overcoming traditional ways of thinking may
be just
as important.
12. 他提到最近的一项研究：给大学生们
一系列数据，问他们能否找出一
种数学关系。几乎三分之一的人找了出来。他们并不知道他们刚刚解出的
是历史上最著名的科学等式之一：行星运动第三定律，约翰尼斯-
开普勒在
1618年发现了一个等式。
He pointed to one recent
study where college students were given a
set
of data and were asked to see if they could come
up with a
mathematical relation. Almost a
third did. What they did not know
was that
they had just solved one of the most famous
scientific
equations in history: the Third Law
of Planetary Motion, an equation
that Johannes
Kepler came up with in 1618.
13.
西蒙顿说，开普勒的天才并不在于解决了一道数学难题， 而在于用一
可编辑
.
种独特的方式思考数字----
将数学知识运用到对行星运动的观测之中。正是
他的胆识使他与众不同。
Kepler's
genius, Simonton said, was not so much in solving
a
mathematical challenge. It was in thinking
about the numbers in a
unique way—applying his
mathematical knowledge to his
observations of
planetary motion. It was his boldness that set him
apart.
14.
热爱工作。童年时，爱因斯坦迷上了磁铁同金属相吸
的现象。“他忍不
住要去想这种东西，”西蒙顿指出。“他16岁就对物理学的问题着了迷，并
从未停止过对它们的研究。所以他在26岁时作出重大的贡献也就不足为怪
了。”
Love
your work. As a child, Einstein became fascinated
with the way
magnets are drawn to metal.
stuff,
in physics by the time he was 16,
and he never stopped working on
them. It's not
surprising that he made major contributions by the
time he was 26.
15.
“对我们大多数人来说，并不是
我们没有这能力，”西蒙顿补充说，“而
是我们没有投入时间。你一定要投入精力，并承受一切挫折和障
碍。”
most of us, it's not that we don't have
the ability,Simonton
added,
effort and put
up with all the frustrations and obstacles.
16.
像其他有创造性的天才一样，爱因斯坦的动力并非对名誉的渴望，西蒙
可编辑
.
顿说。相反，是他对工作的痴迷使他与众不同。
Like
other creative geniuses, Einstein was not
motivated by a desire
for fame, said Simonton.
Instead, his obsession with his work was
what
set him apart.
17.
这样的动力来自何处仍是一个谜。但它几乎在一切有创造性的天才身
上都能找到----
无论他们的才华是否得到同代人的认可。
Where such drive comes from
remains a mystery. But it is found in
nearly
all creative geniuses—whether or not their genius
is
acknowledged by contemporaries.
18.
“艾米莉-
迪金森的诗歌直到她去世后被人承认，”西蒙顿说。“但她不
是为了名而写的。詹姆斯-
乔伊斯也是如此，他没有多费时间去担心有多少
人会读他的《为芬尼根守灵》。”
death,
can be said of James Joyce, who
didn't spend a lot of time worrying
about how
many people would read Finnegans Wake.
19.
如今，研究者们有证据证明，对工作的内在热情是出类拔萃的一个关键。
现任哈佛大学工商管理
教授特蕾莎-阿玛贝尔1985年在布兰代斯大学主持
的一项研究中，要求一批专业作家----
其中没有一位是有名气的----各写一
首短诗。当时每位作家被随机分别编到三个小组中：一个小组要
求记住是
为金钱而写；另一个小组要求想着只为消遣而写；第三个小组则没有给任
何指示。
Today, researchers have evidence that an
intrinsic passion for one's
可编辑
.
work is a key to rising above. In a 1985 study
at Brandeis University
conducted by Teresa
Amabile, now a professor of business
administration at Harvard University, a group
of professional
writers—none famous—were asked
to write a short poem. Each
writer was then
randomly placed in one of three groups: One group
was asked to keep in mind the idea of writing
for money; another
was told to think about
writing just for pleasure; and a third group
was given no instruction at all.
20. 然后这些诗
歌匿名交给一个由专业作家组成的评判小组进行评审。想
着为金钱而写作的人所写的诗歌排名最低。那些
想着只为消遣而写作的人
写得最好。“从对工作的喜爱中获得的动力起着重要的作用，”阿玛贝尔说。
The poems then were submitted anonymously to a
panel of
professional writers for evaluation.
The poetry written by people
who thought about
writing for money ranked lowest. Those who
thought about writing just for pleasure did
the best.
that comes from enjoying the work
makes a significant difference,
可编辑