拗九节手抄报-单位工作证明

雅思阅读长难句结构

Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance
bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples
of actions that will make rewords more visible and potentially more motivating.

Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental
powers.

Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold.

Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we
have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we
have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.
像我们的政治社会一样，今天的大学正在受到严厉抨击，而且理由也 许相同，即：我们这个时代要做的事情已经
大都完成，但是我们做得还不尽善尽美，而且，虽然我们做出 了一些论断，但我们也说了许多不正确的话。
1.
并列结构

1. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。
way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally
influenced.
怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影响。
3．Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death
when fire breaks out.
当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死的不同结果。
4．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly
safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.
朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信 大多数动物都无害，无数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天
都多次安全地乘坐电梯。
5．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,
which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.
三百多万人住在伦 敦市区，将近五百多万人住在周边郊区——该地区由以前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今
天所谓的 外部伦敦。
6．The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work, and are of short-term and
temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.
（旅游中的）旅程和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内， 还
要有一个明确的回家的意图。
7. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces
acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
区分有机体和周围环境似乎很简单;把作 用于有机体的力量分为内部生物的力量和外部环境的力量似乎也很简单。
8．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills
necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
用于培训工人的有限 投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培
训上。
9．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to
observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own
needs.
人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且 通过这样做来确保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环
境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环 境，使其适合自己需要的能力。
10. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because
they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and

their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities .
来自低收入家庭和贫穷社区的孩子就很少将社区运动视作理所应当，因为他们经常缺少必须的金钱 来支付门票、设
备和来回车费，而且他们的社区也没有能力来建设和维持运动场和运动设备。
2.
倒装结构

1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.
一名男子站在屋子中间，手里拿着一支手枪。
2. They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional people.
他们看起来不太喜欢彼此。他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人（普通人）。
3. Down came the ―white only‖ notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches
that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.
曾经一度在南部的公车上， 旅馆里，火车上，饭店里，在体育赛事中，在公共卫生间里，在公园长椅上到处可见的―白
人专用‖的牌 子已经取下。
4. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers.
作为这座城市的中心，曼哈顿的摩天大厦有百余幢之多，其建筑十分壮观。
5. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
星期六下午去打板球这主意也许更糟糕；那个时候我的朋友通常都会自在享受悠闲时光。
6. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasn’t careful enough to make sure that he really did understand.
只有当他迷了路，他才明白到当时自己不够谨慎，没有确定自己是否真的懂了。
7. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government,
I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
如果由我来决定是有政府无报纸还是有报纸无政府，我会毫不犹豫选择后者。
8. Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and
actions are ―good‖ and others are ―bad‖.
从我们对于客观物体和事件的情感经验中产生了一种共同的社会 情绪：某些东西和行为是―好的‖而其他的是―坏的‖。
9. Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr.
Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at Tufts University School of Medicine.
由塔夫茨大学医学院舍伍德·哥尔巴赫教授和生化学家巴 利·格尔丁发现的鼠李糖乳杆菌是最有前途并且研究得最充
分的益生菌之一。
10. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and
minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.
只有当总产量增长率大于劳动力增长速率加上生产 力增长率并减去平均年劳动时间下降的速率时，失业率才会下降。
11. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in
him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise
up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
杰克·伦敦在作品中倾注了他 一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦，倾诉了这种痛苦在他心中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以
及由此产生的这样 的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗，从剥削者手中夺回社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人人有
好日子过 的地方。
3.
分词结构

1. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire.
如果业主在电气火灾中使用了错误的灭火器，可能会受伤。
2. Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.
它面临大西洋，坐落于美国的东北海岸线，其城市的大部分建设在岛屿上。
3. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as
thatching newer houses.
目前有800名全职茅屋匠人在英格兰和威尔士工作，进行维修，翻新旧屋顶并且还盖新的茅屋顶。
4. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he was a skillful
chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, France, and English.

他从来没有上过中学或大学，但是他都是 自学的。到20岁时，他已经是一个很熟练的化学家，一个优秀的语言学家，
会说瑞典语，俄语，德语， 法语和英语。
5. The materials used – copper, stainless steel, concrete and glass- give the building a striking beauty.
使用的这些建材——铜，不锈钢，水泥和玻璃等——给这个建筑物增添了一种夺目的魅力。
6. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research
community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say.
但是，至少他们会分辨出 哪些组织有资格与研究机构继续进行对话，就科研活动中的动物的权力发表意见，而哪些
组织不应进行这 种对话。
7. Registering for classes, becoming familiar with the buildings on campus, buying books, adding and dropping classes, and
paying fees are confusing for everyone.
到班里注册，熟悉校园内的建筑，买书，选课还有交费——这些事把每个人都弄糊涂了。
8. Spending all their time working to a rigid curriculum, the passing of examinations by their pupils gradually became the
whole object of their working life.
他们把自己的全部时间都用于按照苛刻的课程表进行授课 ，学生能通过考试已经渐渐变成他们自己授课工作的全部
目标。
9. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and
with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
由于手头很缺钱， 同时也想干点儿有用的事，我就提出了申请，但在申请时我也担心，自己没有文凭也没有教学经
验，得到 这份工作的希望是很渺茫的。
10. They also bring together in one display a group of object drawn from various parts of the museum in an effort to
represent the whole life-style of a region or a historical period.
他们还聚集了一批来自博物馆的各个部分的展品，放在一场展览中展出，力图展示代 表了一个地区或一个历史时期
的生活方式。
11. The problem is how museums can continue to serve as storehouses for treasures while encouraging public to enjoy
visiting them.
问题是博物馆怎样既能起到珍品宝库的作用，同时又能公众乐于参观。
12. If you haven’t actively sought a job in the past week and aren’t available for an immediate start, you are moved from the
ranks of the ―unemployed‖ to one of a number of other categories—-so those who throw up their hands after a period of
looking vanish into a one-line column, becoming just blips in the statistician’s computer, along with those who haven’t been
able to get out and look for work, or aren’t in areas where jobs exist, or who don’t fulfill the other stringent guidelines to be
classed as actively looking for work.
如果 你在过去的一周里没有积极寻找工作，并且不能马上开始上班，那他们就会把你从―失业者‖群转到许多其他类< br>别中的一类，所以那些找了一段时间以后感到绝望的人和那些没能出去找工作或不在有工作的地区或是因不 符合其
他一些严格标准而没能算在积极寻找工作之列的人一道统统消失掉，变成了统计学家电脑屏幕上的 区区亮点而已。

4.
插入结构

1． A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, (what is more important), always in its genuine form, with the right
pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句的是hears。(what is mo re)是插入语，而插入语并不重要。所以要先理解插入语
两端的内容，再理解插入语。因此，对于插入 语，处理方法是：―先读两端，再读中间‖。with后面的right…right…and
right…是并列结构。
翻译：儿童从早到晚都能听到别人在讲（母语），而且更重要的是 ，听到的总是一种正确的发音、语调、用词以及语
法结构的纯正语言。
2．Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or
children, and a job outside the home as well.
结构：只有一个谓语动词：involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干
为：Work involves responsibility。for后面的内容修饰responsibility，而a household, a child or children, and a job outside
the home as well为并列结构。
翻译：对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者 以下的妇女而言，工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务
之外还要上班。
3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, (unless
there was a ship nearby), would be on an island 885 miles away.
结构：共有5个谓语动词，主句谓语动词为could not help。that引导think的宾语从句。could contact属于定于从句，
省略了引 导词，修饰person。unless引导条件状语从句，为插入语。拆分为：
1) Still, he could not help thinking. 2) That if anything should happen.
3) The nearest person would be on … away. 4) he could contact the person. 5) Unless there was a ship nearby.
翻译：他仍然忍不住想到，如果 发生了什么意外，那么除非附近有条船，否则他能用电台联系到的最近的人也885
英里之外的岛屿上。
4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, (at certain rare intervals), a peaceful glow or a
sudden excitement.
结构：只有1个谓语动词：has。its…, its…, its…, and a…or a…是并列结构，作为has的宾语。(at certain rare intervals)
是插入语。
翻译：然而，这另一种生活也有其情趣、快乐、满足，而且 也偶尔伴随着平静的喜悦或者突如其来的激动。
5．Our knowledge of social systems, (therefore), (while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate), is not likely to be seriously
overturned by new discoveries.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中is not是主句的谓语动词。while引导的让步状语从句，作为 插入语，分隔了主语和
系动词。拆分为：1) Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.
2) While it is in many ways extremely inaccurate.
翻译：因此，虽然在很多方面，我们对社会 体制的认识极度不准确，但是这些认识并不能够被新的发现所正式推翻。
6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, (no matter how virtuous), can not perform
the duties morality assigns them.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中is是主句的谓语动词。because引导原因状语从句。(no matter how virtuous)是插入语，
分隔了从句的主语和谓语。拆分为：
1) Self-fulfillment is important to morality. 2) Because unfulfilled citizens can not perform the duties morality assigns them.
翻译：然而，自我实现对于 道德而言至关重要，因为没有自我实现的公民，无论多么有道德，都无法履行道德赋予
他们的义务。
7． Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, (whether they work in
manufacturing or services), will have the advantage and produce the wealth.

结构：共有4组谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为will become和will have and produce。whether引导让步状语从句
为插入语。拆分：1) Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people will have the advantages and
produce the wealth.2) People possess it. 3) Whether they work in manufacturing or services.
翻译：信息和知识将会变 得更加重要，而且掌握它们的人们，不论是在制造业还是服务业，都将会拥有优势，创造
财富。

8．What I was being blamed for, (it turned out), was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the
advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper.
结构：共有5个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为was。What引导主句从句。(it turned out)为插入语。拆分为：
1) What I was being blamed for was a newspaper strike. 2) The strike made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising
inserts. 3) The inserts normally are included with the Sunday paper.
翻译：原来，我因为一场报纸行 业罢工而受到责备。罢工造成不得不用人工把那些通常是夹在周日报纸里面的广告
插页递送出去。
9．While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, (with an ingratiating smile on his false face), came up to us bearing
a large basket full of huge apples.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为came up。(with an ingratiating smile on his false face)是插入语，分隔
了主 语和谓语。Ingratiating这个形容词修饰smile，不认识也不妨碍理解。拆分为：
1) The head waiter came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples. 2) While we were waiting for the coffee.
翻译：正在我们等咖啡上来的时候，领 班面带着奉承的微笑，走到我们跟前，带来了一大篮子的特大苹果。
10．But a great book, (rich in ideas and beauty), (a book that rises and tries to answer great fundamental questions), demands
the most active reading of which you are capable.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，其中demands是主句谓语动词。(rich in ideas and beauty)和(a book that…)是插入语。前者
做a great book的后置定语，而后者是a great book的同位语，起补充说明的作用。that引导定语从句 修饰book，which
引导定语从句修饰reading。拆分为：1) A great book demands the most active reading. 2) A book rises and tries to
answer …questions.3) You are capable of the reading.
翻译：但是一本富于思想和美感的伟大的 书能够提出并试图回答一些伟大的根本问题。这样的书需要你尽最大所能
来积极阅读。
11．You found upon that a general law that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, (so far as it goes), is a perfect
induction.
结构：共有 4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为found和is。分号前后的两句话是并列的主句。upon that等于because
of that。第一个that指a general law。第二个that引导a general law的同位语从句。(so far as it goes)是插入语，意思
是―迄今为止‖。拆分为：
1) You found upon that a general law. 2) That all hard and green apples are sour. 3) And that is a perfect induction.
翻译：由此你发现了一条普遍规律，即所有又硬又青的苹果都是酸的。而且，迄 今为止，这是一条不错的归纳。
12．It is, (everyone agrees), a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so
short a period of time challenges explanation.
结构：共有6个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为is和challenges。and连接两个并列主句 。(everyone agrees)为插入语。
第二个that引导the fact的同位语从句。拆分为：1) It is a huge task. 2) The child performs the task. 3) When he learns
to speak. 4) The fact challenges explanation. 5) That he does so in so short period of time.
翻译 ：每个人都同意，孩子学说话是件艰巨的任务，而且他们能在如此短时间内做到，确实需要好好解释一下。
13．Computer crime, (a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in order to steal or modify
records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that destroys data and programs), has grown at an
alarming rate since the development of computer communications.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句的为has grown。主干为Computer crime has grown at an alarming rate…。中间的
(a phrase…programs)是插入语，虽然很长，只要明白是在解释computer crime即可。denoting illegal and surreptitious
attempts …作为分词修饰a phrase。steal or modify records, …software为并列结构。called a virus修饰software。
翻译：随着计算机通讯的发展，计算机犯罪已经在加速增长。计算机犯罪这个术语是指非法、秘密侵入数 据库盗取
或修改数据记录，或者在计算机网络上散布病毒软件来破坏数据和程序的行为。
14． Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, (that is to
say), of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为must face。主干为：Britain must face the problem。 almost more than
any other country in the world作为Britain的后置定语。(that is to say)是插入语，意为―也就是说‖。 两个of介词短语
都在修饰the problem。
翻译：英国几乎比世界上任何国家都更加需要严肃对待向高空建筑房屋的问题，也就是说，要在很高的公 寓楼里面
容纳下人口总数的一大部分的问题。

5.
分割结构

1. Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler’s life.
结构：只有1个谓语动词：had come，分隔了主语evening和它的同位语(the last of Adolf Hitler’s life)。(the last of Adolf
Hitler’s life)由于较长，所以放在了后面。本句的原型是：Evening, (the last of Adolf Hitler’s life), had now come.
翻译：阿道夫.希特勒生命中的最后一个夜晚已经来临了。
2. We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是live。(more than ever before in history)分隔了定语从句的引导词when和people are
moving about。拆分为：1) We live in a time. 2) In a time people are moving about (more than ever before in history).
翻译：在我们生活的时代中，人们四处奔波的程度远远超过历史上的任何时期。
3. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio
that enemy missiles are approaching.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是hope。that引导的是an announcement的同位语从句，原型是an announcement that
enemy missiles are approaching comes over the radio。但是，由于谓语动词太短，造成头重脚轻，所以同位语从句被
放到了后面。拆分为：1) Several neighbors hope to find … on their street. 2) When an announcement comes over the radio.
3) That enemy missiles are approaching.
翻译：当电台里面宣布敌人的导弹袭来的时候，有几个邻居希望能在街上唯一的避弹所里找到藏身之处。
4. The willingness to recognize the value of these newer ―unscientific‖ ways of doing science may be another instance of the
human ability to adapt and survive, of which we spoke earlier.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是may be。主干是The willingness…may be another instance…。of which引导非限
定性定语从句，修饰the human ability，被to adapt and survive分隔。
1) The willingness to recognize the value of these newer ―unscientific‖ ways of doing science may be another instance of the
human ability to adapt and survive. 2) We spoke of the human ability. 翻译：认识到从事科学工作的一些更新颖的、―非科学‖方法的价值的愿望，也许是我们早先提到过的人类所 具有的
适应能力和生存能力的另一个例子。
5. It is an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是is。主干为It is an activity…, not something…。 you turn to for pleasure是一个省
略了that 的定语从句，修饰activity。修饰something的定语从句that you have to do分隔了something和它的另一个
定语like helping with the dishes。拆分为：

1) It is an activity. 2) You turn to the activity for pleasure. 3) You have to do something.
翻译：这是一种你寻求快乐的活动，而非像帮人刷盘子那样的一些你不得不做的事情。
6. The tour races of France and Italy, held each year, cover more than 2,000 miles.
结构：只有1个谓语动词。过去分词(held each year)作为the tour races的定语，被另一个定语of France and Italy分隔。
当一个名词或代词后 面同时接有两个以上的定语，或者名词或代词后面的定语被其他成分（例如状语，插入语，同
位语等）隔 开时，称为―分割定语‖。例如：The man in old age who can see his life in this way will not suffer from the pain
of death. in old age分隔了the man的定语从句。
翻译：环法国和意大利的巡回赛每年举行，其行程长达2,000多英里。
7. I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是plan。(she reminded me)是分隔结构。Though实际上引导了一个省略的让步状
语从句，其原型是though (it will) not (be) again at 10 Downing Street。拆分为：
1) I plan to see her soon in England. 2) Though (it will) not (be) again at 10 Downing Street. 3) She reminded me.
翻译：我打算很快在英国见到她，虽然她提醒我地点将不再是在唐宁街10号了。
8. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of
London about ten miles from where I lived.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是saw。主句的原型是I saw a teaching post (advertised in a local newspaper) at a school
in a suburb of London…。(advertised in a local newspaper)也是a teaching post的定语，但是分隔了saw和a teaching post。
之所以把(advertised in a local newspaper)提到a teaching post之前，是因为主句的原型中，a teaching post的后置定语
太长，容易造成理解上的混乱。
翻译：当我等待进入大学期间，我看到当 地的一家报纸上登着一个教师职位的招聘广告，其所在的学校位于伦敦郊

区，而那个地方 离我的住处有大约10英里的路程。
9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the
special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是is。(by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen)
分隔了the application和它的定语of the special methods…。that引导的定语从句修饰the special methods。拆分为：

1) The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action.

2) Scientists use the special methods of thought and action in their work.

翻译：第二个方面是社会的全体成员，从政府官员到普通公民，都要使用科学家在他们的工作中所使用的 那些特
殊的思考和行动的方法。
10. I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about how excessive tax rates can take away the incentive
to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是launched into。I had made for years是省略了that的定语从句，分隔了the speech
和about。about后面是两个并列的宾语从句。拆分为：
1) I launched into a variation of the speech about... 2) I had made the speech for years.
3) How excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce. 4) How cutting taxes can generate growth.
翻译：我做了一次与几年前内容不同的演讲，谈的是关于过高的税率会如何挫伤生产的 积极性，以及减税如何能够
促进发展。
11. Even his critics say the Ames test – his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a
substance might cause cancer – is a remarkable achievement.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是say。his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure…是一个很长的同位语，分隔了
宾语从句中的the Ames test和is a remarkable achievement。拆分为：
1) Even his critics say. 2) The Ames test is a remarkable achievement.
3) His simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure helps determine. 4) Whether a substance might cause cancer.
翻译：甚至连他的批评者都说爱 姆兹试验是一项非凡的成就。这种试验是一种简单而又廉价的实验过程，却有助于
确定某一种物质是否能 够造成癌症。
12. The cessation（停止） of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable
evidence that biological death is imminent（即将来临的） is the decision of the patient andor her immediate family.
结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是第三个is。主干是The cessation…is the decision…，但是主语与系动词之间被长
长的定语of the employment…所分隔。that引导evidence的同位语从句。拆分为：
1) The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body is the decision of the patient
andor her immediate family. 2) When there is irrefutable evidence. 3) That biological death is imminent.
翻译：当有确凿的证据证明病人即将进入生物死亡时，停止采用非常规手段来延长其生命的决定，应该由 病人和（或）
其直系亲属做出。
13. Although her characters were portrayed（描绘） in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic
outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the
wretchedness（悲伤，痛苦） of another.
结构：共有4个谓语动词，主句的是reflected。(by the often tragic outcome of their lives)分隔了reflected和它的宾语
her profound conviction。that引导了her profound conviction的同位语从句。拆分为：
1) Although her characters were portrayed（描绘） in many settings and situations. 2) The all reflected her profound
conviction. 3) That no human could be happy. 4) If that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another.
翻译：虽然她描绘出的角色出现在各种背景和情 节当中，但是由于这些角色经常都是以悲剧而告终，因此他们都能
反映出她深深地相信，如果把快乐建立 在别人的痛苦之上，那么没有人会真的快乐。
14. A man, instead of needing, as he does, only about 4.7L of blood, would need, if he had no red blood cells, some 284L of
circulating fluid to carry oxygen to his tissues.
结构：这个句子虽然不长，但被六个逗号分割成7个部分。这个句子带有虚 拟语气的条件状语从句，主句和从句，
主句和从句都是用的虚拟语气。 if he had no red blood cells为虚拟语气的条件状语从句， instead of needing only about
4.7L of blood 为介词短语，在句中作状语，这个短语被一个方式状语从句as he does （does 代替动词needs）所分隔。
翻译：一个人如果没有红细胞，他将需要284升左右的循环液体把氧 输送到组织中去，而不是如他实际所需要的仅
仅4.7升左右的血液。

6.
从句结构

1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed.
结构 全句有3个谓语动词：will pass，will tear和is。其中主句的是will pass。句子主干是it will pass through sharp metal
bars。第一个which引导的定语从句修饰的是sharp metal bars。第二个which引导的定语从句修饰的是the plastic bags。
这是大定语从句里面还有一个小定语从句。句子可以拆分为：First it will pass through sharp metal bars. The metal bars
will tear open the plastic bags. Rubbish is usually packed in the bags.
翻译 首先，垃圾要通过尖的金属棒，金属棒会把装垃圾的塑料袋弄破。
2. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make
that individual different from others.
结构: 全句有4组谓语动词：talk，mean，actsspeaksthinksfeels 和make。其中 主句的是：mean。句首是When引
导的时间状语从句。之后which引导的定语从句和that 引导的定语从句都是修饰the ways的。句子可以拆分：

We talk about someone’s personality.

We mean the ways.

He or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels in these ways.

These make that individual different from others.
翻译: 当我们谈到某个人 的个性时，我们指的是他她在行为，言谈和思考以及感觉等方面的方式。这些方式使这个
人区别于他人。
3. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom,
equality of opportunity and hard work are protected.
结构: 全句有3个谓语动词：is, is和are protected。其中主句的是：is, is。全句由两个有递进关系的单句构成。其
中，which引导的是定语从句，修饰the means。句子可被拆分为：

Competition is not only good in itself.

It is the means.

Other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected by these
means.
翻译 :竞争不但本身就是好事，还是其他基本的美国价值观如个人自由，机会平等和勤奋工作等得到保护的手段。
4. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
结构:全句有2个谓语动词：is和is。其中主句的是第一个is。句子主干为：My point is that。that引导的从句在句子
中的成分为表语，因而这个从句是一个表语从句。句子可以 拆分为：My point is this.
The frequent complaint … is inevitable.
翻译:我的意思是一代人对其下一代人的时常的抱怨是不可避免的。
5. The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever
attaining real happiness.
结构 全句有3个谓语动词：hold，equals和reduce。其中 主句的是reduces。句子主干为：The way actually reduces
their chances of ever attaining real happiness。The way 后面是省略了whichthat的定语从句。在这个定语从句中，还有
一个that引导的同位语从句，修饰the belief。句子可以拆分为：

This way actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness.

A fun- filled, painfree life equals happiness.

People hold to this belief.
翻译 人们信奉的充实又无忧无虑的生活就等于幸福的信念实际上降低了他们获得真正的幸福的可能性。
6. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual
home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
结构:全 句有3个谓语动词：oppose，base和prefers。其中主句的是：base。句子主干为：Tho se base their case primarily
on the assumption and on the high cost。其中who引导的是定语从句，修饰those。that引导的同位语从句修饰the
assumption。
翻译:那些反对建设公寓的人的理由主要是基于大家都喜欢单独的住 宅和花园的假设以及每个居住单位的高成本。
7. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long
periods of time, and the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposure received throughout his lifetime.

结构: 全句有3个谓语动词：have pointed，are和may depend。其中主句的是have pointed。句子主干为：Responsible
public health officials have pointed out that。that引导的是pointed out的宾语从句。The danger…是省略了that 的pointed
out的宾语从句。
翻译:公共卫生部门的相关负责官员已经指出化学物 质的生物作用是长期累积的，并且其对个人的危害要视其一生暴
露于化学物质的总量而定。
8. What we expect in life and what we are accustomed to would strongly influence our evaluation.
结构:全句有3个谓语动词：expect，are accustomed和would influence。What引导的两个名词性从句在句子中作的
是并列主语，因而是两个并列的主语从句。句子可被拆分为：What we expect something in we are accustomed
to would strongly influence our evaluation.
翻译:我们在生活中所期待的东西以及我们已经习惯的事物会强烈的影响我们的评价。
9. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it
to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
结构: 全句有4个谓语动词：have established，are engaged，occur和allow。其中主句的是：have established。句
子主干为Researchers have established that。其中，第一个that引导的是have established的宾语从句。在这个宾语从
句中，when引导的是其时间状语从句。要注意的是，第二个that引导的定语从句修饰的是bioche mical changes而并
非brain。
翻译: 研究人员已经确定当人们进行心 理活动时，大脑中发生的生物化学变化时的大脑思维在认知区域（如注意力
和记忆力等）能够更加敏捷。
10. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage.
结构:全句有4个谓语动词：view，is，use和work。其中主 句的是：is。句子主干为：Part of the reason is that。其中，
the reason后面是省略了thatwhy的定语从句。Is后面的that引导的是表语从句，在这个表语从句 中的第二个 that
引导的是定语从句，修饰criteria。
翻译:我们如此肯定地看待自己的一部分原因是因为我们使用了对自己有利的标准。
11. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new
demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level.
结构:全句有3个谓语动词：is，is和are seeking。其中主句的是：is。句子主干为：It is precisely this kind of conversation。
that引导的定语从句修饰conversation。其中，在 when引导的时间状语从句中，现在分词短语being placed…作为后
置定语修饰demands。
翻译:在我们寻求提高阅读水平以满足更高层次的学习对我们的新要求时，重要的正是这种形式的对话。
12. It merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be inefficient
and possibly dangerous.
结构: 全句有3个谓语动词：says，has programmed和would be。其中主句的是：says。句子主干为：It merely says that。
that引导的是says的宾语从句。需要注意的是，在这个宾语从句中，wh en引导的是一个定语从句，修饰time，而非
时间状语从句。
翻译:它仅仅认为进化安排了我们在活动效率低并可能有危险的时侯执行这些功能。
13. Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take
full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer.
结构:全句有4个谓语动词：owe，are determined，take和has。其中主句的是：owe。句子主干为：Most Asian- American
students owe their success to the influence of parents。who引导的是定语从句，修饰parents。其中，that引导的是are
determined的宾语从句，what引导的是介词of的宾语从句。
翻译:大多亚裔 美国学生把成功归功于他们的父母。这些家长决心使自己的孩子充分利用美国的教育体系提供的条
件。
14. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to
switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.
结构:全句有3个谓语动词：had concentrated，began和improved。其中主句的是：began。句子主干为：it began to switch
to projects。Where引导的是一个地点状语从句。 which引导的是一个定语从句，修饰projects。
翻译:之前它曾将注意力集中在诸如大坝 ，道路以及桥梁等的大型基础设施建设工程上，而现在开始转向可以直接发
展国家基础服务的工程上了。

7.
省略结构

1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of
similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
结构：本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句；介词短语between words of
similar sounds修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as……为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与
主句相同的部分。
翻译：译稿需要一定量的编辑工作，因为，即使计算机能够区别同音异义词，如 write和right，它仍不可能把这项
工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。
2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of
the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space？
结构：这是复合句。在if引导的状语从句中，ruled with lines 是过去分词，作paper 的定语，whose……needle 是 lines
的定语从句，whose distance apart 的意思是―它们之间的间隔‖。主句中and 后面是个省略句，省去了 can it be expected
to fall.翻译时可将英文的被动语态译成汉语的主动语态。length：长度。rule paper with lines：在纸上划平行线。
翻译：如果把一根针随机地投到一张纸上，纸上画了许多平 行线，它们之间的间隔等于针的长度，那么针落在线上
的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？
3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind, is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to
sing, and if he is fortunate and keeps alive, he will be forever in love.
结构： 本句是由and连接在一起的并列句。前一个分句的主干是All……is……to tell the story…… - to sing. all后面
有两个that引导的定语从句，第一个that 从句修饰all，第二个that指代其前的that从句，翻译时可表条件。to sing
放在破折号之后，用以加强语气，其后可视为省略了宾语the story of his love, to tell和to sing是并列关系。
翻译：一个人应该说的或做的，只要关系 到人类，那么都是以这样或那样的形式来讲述乃至讴歌自己的爱的故事；
而且，如果他是幸运的、有活力 的，他将永远是充满爱的。
4. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the
informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be
trustworthy and reliable.
结构：本句位并列句，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构
their ……，their……，their…… 在and后的分句中， the confidence 省略了is cut off，it指的是信息被切断的情况。
翻译：随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭 的亲属关系相分离，非正式的信息渠道被切断了，而
那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了 。
5. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have
conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.
结构：这是复合句。主句中 it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语not to be able to see or to establish contact with the
other person.在状语从句中as是连词，意思是―正如…一样‖，as 后面省去了we have conversations.翻译时采用逆序法，
把even though引导的让步状语从句放到句首。
翻译：即使我们适应了像打一样在互相看不见的情况下谈 话，这种看不见或接触不到对方的谈话也会使人感到很不
自在。
6. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the
mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity
and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
结构：这是主从复合句。其主句的谓语动词是had less to do with…… than ……，意为―主要与…有关，而不是与…有
关‖，因为句子结构比较清晰，省略了句子的并列部分，如在 had less to do with the mechanization of housework and
（with）an increase in leisure time省略了with；在……than it did with their own economic necessity and （ it did ）with
high marriage rates省略了it did.句中that引导的定语从句修饰high marriage rates.翻译时采用融合法，把重要的部分
放在句首。
翻译：20世纪已婚女性走出家门 参加工作人数的增加主要是因为她们自己的经济需要，还与高结婚率使可参加工作
的单身女工人数减少有 关，而与家务机械化、妇女空闲时间增多关系不大。
7. The European union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and
some on poor ones.

结构：这是简单句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是独立主格结 构，作状语。因为与前一部分
结构相同，句子后一部分省略了（with）some （of its actions based）on poor ones括号中的词。翻译时采用顺序法，
对省略部分也要进行相应省略，以使句子表达简洁。
翻译：欧盟是不完善的机构，它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。
8. To Americans, being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and
willing to make choices.
结构：这是复合句，that引导宾语从句，其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作宾语从句中的并列表语
（其前省略了is）。
翻译：对美国人而言 ，依靠自己的力量就是指这个人作为整体的一部分是完全独立并能起作用的，他有能力也愿意
做出选择