如何猜测英语阅读中生词的含义 新课标 人教版
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如何猜测英语阅读中生词的含义
提高学生阅读理解能力是高中阶段英语教学的主要目标
之一，在完成阅读理解题
时，因为对一些生词理解不准确影响了对文章的理解，使答题正确率降低。所以
中
学生通过掌握猜测生词的技巧来提高阅读理解能力是非常必要的。猜测词义主要是
根据上下文
进行逻辑推理，在具体的语言环境中用我们所熟悉的词语来推测我们不
熟悉的生词的词义。利用上下文猜
测词义常用下列几种猜词法。
1. 下定义或解释概念法 (Definition
Explanation): 往往通过下文的同位语、
定语从句、或由or that is;
that is to say; namely; in other words; that
means 等表达形式导出词义。 如：
1).Perhaps the most
startling (surprising) theory to come out of
kinesics,
the study of body movement, was
suggested by Professor Ray. (人体运动学)
2).An
extinct animal is one that once lived but does not
exist now.(绝种
的)
3).Sometimes the earth
moves between the sun and the moon. Then the
earth's
shadow falls on the moon; no
light from the sun can then reach the moon.
The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect
the sun's light. We call this
an eclipse of
the moon. (月蚀)
4).They surrendered, that is,
threw out their weapons and walked out with
their hands above their heads.
2.举例(Giving
examples):for example, such as, a case in point
is...过渡
词引出具体例子来说明或阐述.
1).John works in a
hospital where people are treated for phobia, some
of
phobias are the fear of flying, the fear of
high places, and the fear of
animals.
根据下文的举例即可推出phobia是患恐惧症的病人.
2).Many United
Nations employees are polyglots. Mrs. White, for
example,
speaks five languages.
根据后面的例证不难推出polyglots是能说多种语言的
人
3.运用同义词关系(Synonym or Restatement Clues)
有的情况下，在一段话中，通过同义关系重现了某一生词的词义。用 and; not
only…but also…; besides; similarly;
likewise; in the same way 或用分号
引出相同或类似的词。
1).There was clearly nothing left to do but
drop herself onto the shabby
little couch and
weep....When Della had finished
crying....(crying重现了
weep的词义)
2).If you are
fond of stories, you will; if you're like me, read
them quickly;
you'll 含有read quickly的意思)
3).Our uncle was a roamer, an wanderer who
never could stay one place. (到
处漂流的人)
4.根据对比关系猜词(Comparison-and-contrast Clues or
antonym)
在特定的上下文中,往往通过某种对照、转折、比较或递进等关系，可以明确一词<
br>的意思。这种类型的线索往往通过and, another, but, however,
instead, like,
thoughalthough, still, while,
on the other hand等词或词组引导出一个单词，
形成意义上的照应关系，从而帮助理
解词义。此外分号引出类似或对立的观点。如：
1).Her voice was usually
soft and sweet, but now it was hoarse, (沙哑的)
2).Though Tom's face has been washed
quite clean, his neck still remains
grubby.
(肮脏的).
在含有though , but 等含有转折词的句子中,
主从句某些词构成对比关系. 即可
看出soft and sweet 和hoarse
及clean 和grubby 意义相对.
3).If you agree, write
根据对比关系的
yes 和no,不难看出agree 和dissent是反义词.
4).He has been in office for only a few
months. He has, however, achieved
more than
any of his predecessors. (前任者) 用however
来提示下文要表达意
想不到的结果.
5.根据同等关系猜词（Words in
Series Clues)
在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴和词语来表达其思
想。如果
有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的一段特征和语义范
围推
断出生词的词义范围。如：
1).But the captain's courage,
perseverance, and powerful will mastered every
man on board, and we went to work again. (意志)
这一段文字中，反映的是船
长的积极进取的精神面貌，是船长的勇气、毅力和意志征服大
家，才使他们又重新
投入排水战斗。
2).In the ancient city of
Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle
site, theatre and public halls.
(建筑物)从这一连串词不难看出mansion的词
义.
6.经验型线索
(Experience Clues)
在上下文中,根据个人的经历、体验，和有关常识，结合句子
和段落中的相关词句，
可以理解一个词的意义。
1).孤儿)
2).Soon
the wind had piled snow into drifts (雪堆)
7.推断型线索(Inference Clues)或根据因果(cause and
effect)关系猜词
推断型线索的语境往往含有其它类型的语境因素，可以说是一种综合语境。在
其它
语境因素的作用下，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。
如：
1). ....friend, ....I....I...something chocked
him; he could not
finish the
sentence.由于感情的激动，一句话要说又说不出来。好像有什么东西
在喉咙里哽住了。
2).The stream is so turbid that it is
impossible to see the bottom even when
it is
shallow. （浑浊）
3).He is such a shrewd
businessman that he loses no money in any trade.
（精
明的）
8.构词法(word-building): root(词根);
prefix（前缀）; suffix（后缀）
1).He renamed the
restaurant
2).As they went along they saw the
fog thickening and the thickness of the
fog
made them unable to see anything.
一些常见的前缀、后缀
1. adj.+ly=adv.
cheap--cheaply
cruel—cruelly
firm--firmly strange--
strangely
2. en+adj.=v.
sure--
ensure able--enable
3. n.+en=v.
fright--
frighten height--heighten strength--strengthen
+ize=v.
familiar--familiarize 使通俗 modern
--modernize 现代化
real--realize special
--specialize 以...为专业
5.n.+y=adj.
mud--
muddy rain--rainy shadow--shadowy 阴暗的
storm
--stormy wind--windy
+en=v. 使具有；使成为
black--blacken bright—brighten
sharp--
sharpen weak--weaken
7. n.+some=adj.
quarrel--quarrelsome trouble--troublesome
tire--tiresome worry--worrisome
8.n.+y=adj.
Air--airy anger--
angry hill--hilly luck--lucky
9.n.+ly=adj.
Love--lovely hour--hourly
quarter--
quarterly year--yearly
10.n.+ous=adj. 充满...的
danger--dangerous courage--courageous fame
--famous
11.n.+al=adj.
center--central
education--educational industry--industrial
12.v.+al=n.
arrive--arrival refuse--
refusal
dismiss--dismissal remove--removal
9.一词多义
We machine a machine part on a
machine tool.我们在机床上加工机器零件.
总之，语境是理解词义的源泉。由于语境是
属于语境性的、逻辑性的，因此，通过
语境途径培养理解能力，要求学生具备一定的英语
基本功后才能进行（高中阶段的
学生是完全可以的），而且也是一个长期的过程，不是能立竿见影的；也
并非在任
何场合都可以利用上下文线索去理解词义；当需要一个确切的词义时，或者该词是
一个
非常关键的词，或者前后有多个生词时，就需要借助词典；只是在有明显的上
下文线索，或者只需要了解
一个朦朦胧胧的词义时，是可以通过语境途径来理解词
义的。
当然，不论是哪种类型的上下文
线索，通常伴有其它相关因素。这里，不妨借用语
言学家海默斯归纳的语言要素SPEAKING一词中
的“SPEAK”来表示这些因素；S代
表Setting and Scene（背景），P代表Pa
rticipants（参加者），E代表Ends（目
的及结果），A代表Act
Sequence（相关信息的逻辑顺序），K代表Key（传递信息
的方式）。
Exercises:
“Are you at leisure now? I’ d
like to have a word with you”
“No, I have not
a moment’s leisure now. I have a lot of work to
do. Come
to me this evening.”
A.
free time B. busy time
C. time for sleep
D. time for work
The bell was hung from a
tree. It swings backwards and forwards whenever
the bellman strikes it.
A. to swim B.
to win
C. to move D. to hang
I’m
delighted to receive a letter from my father. In
the letter he told
me that he would buy a new
bike for me. I’m so happy, because from now on
I won’t have to walk a long way to school.
A. very sorry B. very sad
C. very
tired D. very pleased
The Young Pioneers
walked in procession through the street to the
science
museum. Many people looked out of
their windows to watch the long line of
people
passing by.
A. a line of people B. a science
museum
C. a Young Pioneer D. a lot
of cars
Joe will be put to death because he
killed an old man with a lot of money.
It is
said that the execution will take place in public.
A. beating B. killing C. hunting D.
running
Xiao Li opposed the study plan. The
reason why he did not agree to this plan
was
that his advice had not been taken yet.
A. to
be for B. to be against
C. to agree
D. to refuse
Mr. Brown is very old. He is now
over 80 years old. Two years ago his white
hair began to fall out soon more and more hair
fell out and now he is
completely bald
A.
white B. hairless C. old D. gold
It snowed heavily last night. This morning the
sun came out and shone brightly.
It got warmer
and warm. Soon the snow began to melt. The snow
turned into
water because of the sun’s heat.
A. become liquid B. become solid
C. become large D. become small
Robert lived in a small town. He was a
peddler. Every morning he carried
a basket of
cakes. He walked along the street and tried to
sell his cakes
from house to house. In this
way he could support his family.
A. a seller
B. a farmer C. a worker D. a driver
There is a legend that, long age on a Qing-
ming Holiday a young man named
Xu Xian was
coming back home when suddenly it started to rain
heavily. He
ran at once to an old tree so as
to keep out of the rain. When he reached
the
tree, he saw a beautiful lady and her servant
standing there. The young
man and the
beautiful lady fell in love with each other at
first sight.
A. a letter from England B. a
story from old times
C. a book by Lu Xun
D. a novel by Charles Dickens.
Mrs. White
lost her husband not long ago. It is now very
difficult for the
widow to feed a family of
four because she has no job and is given only a
little money by the government.
A.
a window whose glass is broken
B. a woman
whose husband is dead
C. a man whose wife is
dead
D. a child whose parents are dead
Many foreigners came to our school for a visit
yesterday. We waited for them
at the school
gate. When they arrived , we all clapped out hand
and shouted.
Welcome! The foreigners also
clapped their hands with a smile.
to make a
sound by striking the hands together.
To make
a fire by striking the stones together
To make
a living by selling green vegetables.
To make
a noise by striking the table.
( Key: 1.A 2.C
3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.B 12. A)